INFORMATION TO USERS

This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films
the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and
dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of
computer printer.

The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the

copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations
and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper
alignment can adversely affect reproduction.

W
In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized
IE
copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by

EV

sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing
from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
PR

Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced

xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white
photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing
in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order.

ProQuest Information and Learning

300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA
800-521-0600

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 W
IE
EV
PR

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 The Brahmasphutasiddhanta Chapter 21
with the Commentary of Prthudakasvamin

by
Setsuro Ikeyama
B.A. Hokkaido University, 1984

A.M. Kyoto University, 1991

W
IE
Thesis
EV
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in the Department of History of Mathematics at Brown

University
PR

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

May 2002

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 UMI Number 3050906

W
IE
EV

_____ ________ (f t
PR

UMI
UMI Microform 3050906
Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.

ProQuest Information and Learning Company

300 North Zeeb Road
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 W
IE
EV
PR

© Copyright 2002 by Setsuro Ikeyama

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 This dissertation by Setsuro Ikeyama
is accepted in its present form by the Department
of History of Mathematics as satisfying the
dissertation requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

1— - —

David Pingree, Director

Recommended to the Graduate Council

W
D a te 25 " *2002
Kim Plofker, Reader
IE
Date
EV
Peter Scharf, Reader
PR

Approved by the Graduate Council

D a t e i^ i-

Peder J. Estrup
D ean o f th e G ra d u a te School and R easearch

in

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 VITA

Setsuro Ikeyama

DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH:

February 19, 1962. Ise City Mie Prefecture, Japan
ACADEMIC PREPARATION:
Ph.D. Candidacy in History of Indian Philosophy, Kyoto University, Kyo­

to Japan
A.M. in History of Indian Philosophy, Kyoto University, 1991
Thesis: Siddha.ntasekh.ara of Sripati (in Japanese)
A.M. in Oriental Philosophy, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan, 1986

W
Thesis: Chapters 2, 3, and 10 of the Suryasiddhanta

B.A. in Indian Philosophy, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan, 1984

IE
Thesis: Chapter I of the Suryasiddhanta

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
EV

Teaching Assistant, Spring 1991 and Fall 1992. History of Indian Philos­

ophy, Kyoto University

A Member of the investigation tour of Jaipur manuscripts sponsored by
PR

Dharam Hinduja Indie Research Center, Columbia University, January 1997

Technical Assistant of the ACSAM Project, 1999-2002

PUBLICATIONS:
Setsuro Ikeyama (1994), Sripati’s Rule fo r the True Daily Motion o f the
Planets, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies vol. XLII No. 2, Tokyo,
1994, pp. 1080-1082.

iv

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 Setsuro Ikeyama (1999), Calculation of the laghuahargana in Indian As­
tronomy (in Japanese), Kagakushi Kenkyu No. 210, Tokyo, 1999, pp. 21-26.
Setsuro Ikeyama and Kim Plofker (2001), The Tithicintamani of Ganesa,
A Medieval Indian Treatise on Astronomical Tables, SCIAMVS vol. 2, Tokyo,
April 2001, pp. 251-289.

HONORS AND AWARDS:

Research Fellowship, Brown University, 1995-1997, and 1999-2002
Dharam Hinduja Graduate Fellowship, Columbia University, 1995 and
1996

W
IE
EV
PR

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation owes much to help of numerous people. First of all, 1

gratefully acknowledge Professor David Pingree who introduced to me the

manuscripts of Prthudaka’s commentary and directed patiently for almost
eight years. I owe to him more than I can express here. He, as my advisor,
not only gave many suggestions, but also supported me and my family both

materially and mentally.

I thank my advisor in Japan, Professor Micho Yano. It was he who led
me to study Indian astronomy through his works, especially his translation of
the Aryabhatiya. Meetings for reading Sanskrit texts with him and two other

W
Japanese graduates of History of Mathematics. Professors Takao Hayashi
and Takanori Kusuba, stimulated me to continue to study Indian science.
IE
W ithout them I would not have come to Brown.
I was lucky to be close to Dr Kim Plofker and Dr Peter Scharf who gave
EV

useful comments as readers of this dissertation. As bass part of my life in

History of Math, they helped me to play melodies with tactful obbligatos of
other graduate students, Clemency Williams and Micah Ross. I could get
PR

support for the dissertation research from Brown University and Dharam
Hinduja Indie Research Center.
I am grateful to Mariko who supported me without any complaints about
living in a foreign country keeping household and taking care of our three
children.
Finally I express gratitude my parents to whom this dissertation is ded-

vi

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 icated. My father departed from this life on the next day of the tragedy of
the World Trade Center. I am sorry I can’t show him this dissertation.

Providence, 2002 S.I.

W
IE
EV
PR

vii

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1

Sanskrit Text
XXI, 1-16 Cosmological and Geographical D iscussions..............16
XXI, 17-23 Production of Sines ..................................................... 78
XXI, 24-30 Manda and Slghra E q u atio n s.................................... 93
XXI, 31-48 Lunar and Solar E clipses.......................................... 113

XXI, 49-58 Celestial C ircles.......................................................... 130

XXI, 59-66 “Three Questions,”, Parallaxes, and Drkkarmas . 141
XXI, 67-70 Number of Spheres in Space ....................................154

W
Translation
XXI, 1-16 ......................................................................................... 158
IE
XXI, 17-23 .......................................................................................205
XXI, 24-30 ....................................................................................... 216
EV

XXI, 31-48 ...................................................................................... 233

XXI, 49-58 .......................................................................................249
PR

XXI, 59-66 .......................................................................................260

XXI, 67-70 .......................................................................................273
Commentary ................................................................................................ 275
Figures .......................................................................................................... 313
B ibliography................................................................................................. 325

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 ABBREVIATIONS

Sources

A B h the AryabhatTya of Aryabhata

B S the Brhatsamhita of Varahamihira

B S S the Brahmasphutasiddhanta of Brahmagupta

K h K h the Khandakhadyaka of Brahmagupta

P S the Pancasiddhantika of Varahamihira

W
S D V the Sisyadhtvrddhida Tantra of Lalla

SS the Suryasiddhanta
IE
SSS the Siddhantasekhara of SrTpati
EV
References

C E S S Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit

PR

D S B Dictionary of Scientific Biography

Institutes

B O R I Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

W R I Visvesvarananda Vedic Research Institute

ix

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 (leave this page blank)

W
IE
EV
PR

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 Introduction

G en eral Inform ation

B ra h m a g u p ta

W
Brahmagupta, the son of Jisnugupta, composed two astronomical
books:
IE
L The Brahmasphutasiddhanta; according to verses 7 and S of
EV
chapter XXIV, Brahmagupta composed this comprehensive as­
tronomical treatise at the age of thirty in Saka 550=A.D. 628
during the reign of King Vyaghramukha of the Capavams'a.
PR

2. The Khandakhadyaka; a karana, practical manual which gives

pragmatic rules for computing, whose epoch is Saka 587=A.D.
665 (KhKh I, 3).

He was called Bhillamalavakacarya by Prthudakasvamin and by

Utpala, who borrowed many phrases from Prthudaka’s commentary,
in their commentaries on the Khandakhadyaka (Sengupta[4, p. 1];
Pingree[16, p. 471b]). Bhillamala has been identified with “Pilo-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 molo”, which was referred by a Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang as the
capital of the Gurjara kingdom (Majumdar and Pusalker[ll, pp.
153-154, 161]).

B rah m asp h u tasid d h an ta

Brahmasphutasiddhanta is a comprehensive astronomical treatise con­

sisting of 25 chapters. The first ten adhikaras are called the Dasa-
dhyayi. The titles of these chapters are:

I. madhyamadhikara. On the mean longitudes of the planets.

W
II. sphutadhikara. On the true longitudes of the planets.
IE
III. tripras'nadhikara. On the “three questions” ; a projective ge­
ometry.
EV
IV. candragrahanadhikara. On lunar eclipses.

V. suryagrahanadhikara. On solar eclipses.

PR

VI. udayastadhikara. On heliacal risings and settings.

VII. candrasrngonnatyadhikara. On the lunar crescent.

VIII. candracchayadhikara On the lunar “shadow” .

IX. grahayutyadhikara. On planetary conjunctions.

X. bhagrahayutyadhikara. On conjunctions of the planets with

stars.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 3

XI. tantraparlksadhyaya. Examination of previous treatises on as­

tronomy.

XII. ganitadhyaya. On mathematics.

XIII. madhyagatyuttaradhyaya. Additions to the madhyamadhikara.

XIV. sphutagatyuttaradhyaya. Additions to the sphutadhikara.

XV. triprasnottaradhyaya. Additions to the triprasnadhikara.

XVI. grahanottaradhyaya. Additions to the two grahanadhikaras.

W
XVII. srngonnatyuttaradhyaya. Additions to the candras'rngonnaty-
adhikara.
IE
XVIII. kuttakadhyaya. On indeterminate equations.
EV

XIX. sankucchayadijnanadhyaya. On the gnomon.

XX. chandascittyuttaradhyaya. On meters.

PR

XXI. goladhyaya. On the sphere.

XXII. yantradhyaya. On instruments.

XXIII. manadhyaya. On measures.

XXIV. samjnadhyaya. Summary of contents.

XXV. dhyanagrahopadesadhyaya. Versified tables.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 4

Commentaries on this book were written by Balabhadra and Pr­

thudakasvamin. Balabhadra’s commentary is lost and only some
verses quoted by Prthudakasvamin and Utpala and some passages
in Arabic by al-BTrum are known. There is also an anonymous com­
m entary on the Dasadhyayi. and another on the kuttakadhyaya.

The Brahmasphutasiddhanta was edited by Sudhakara Dvivedin

with his own Sanskrit commentary (Dvivedin[2]), and again by Ram
Swarup Sharma with parts of Prthudakasvamin’s and Dvivedin’s
commentaries, a new Sanskrit commentary, and a Hindi explanation
(Sharma[5]).

W
There are an English translation of chapters XII and XVIII by H.
T. Colebrooke (Colebrooke[7]) and a Japanese translation of chapters
IE
V, I—15, XXI, 23cd-24 and XXI, 17-23 by Michio Yano (Yano[22]
and Hayashi, Kusuba, Yano[19, pp. 405-410]).
EV
For more information about Brahmagupta and the Brahmasphuta-
siddhanta. see DSB[8, vol. 2, pp. 416-418]; and G'ESS[14, series A,
vol. 4, pp. 254b-257a; vol. 5 pp. 239b-240a].
PR

P rth u d a k a sv a m in

Caturveda Prthudakasvamin, the son of Madhusudana B hatta wrote

commentaries on the two works of Brahmagupta, the Brdhmasphuta-
siddhanta and the Khandakhadyaka; the latter was edited and pub­
lished by P. C. Sengupta (Sengupta[4]). He uses Saka 786=A.D. 864
and Kuruksetra in his examples (udaharanas) in the commentary on

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 5

the Khandakhadyaka. He also uses the solar eclipse on 4 March 862

in the commentary on KhKh V, 1-2. He refers to Kanyakubja and
Sthan vis vara in his commentary on BSS XXI, 10 but these references
seems to come from the lost commentary of Balabhadra.

M an u scrip ts

I used six manuscripts for this edition:

I India Office Library Sanskrit 2769. Ff. 1-292 (59v, 178v, and 222v

W
blank). 8-10 lines. This is from H. T. Colebrooke. With many
marginal notes by him.

P t Pingree 15.
IE
Pp. 1-276. 22 lines. This is a copy of VVRI
Library no. 1781. On the cover page is written: Brahma-
EV
siddhanta (Savasanabhasya by PrithudakasvamI) copied from
the manuscript No 1781 of V. V. Research Institute, Library,
Hoshiarpur in 1960, by Shri Keshawanand and compared by
PR

Shri Dindayal.

At the end of p. 276 is written in Devanagan:

lekhaka: kesavananda
sam. dTnadayala.

P 3 Pingree 16. Pp. 1-198. 31 lines. Copied from ff. 1-226 of BORI
339 of 1879/80 in 1973.

R RORI Jodhpur 35182. Ff. 2-124. 11-15 lines.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 V l Varanasi, Sarasvatl Bhavana 98256. Ff. 1-292 (59v, 178v, and
222v blank; ff. 2, 90v-95r missing). 8-10 lines. Apparently a
copy of I. This was one of the sources of Sudhakara Dvivedin
when he edited the Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Dvivedin[2j). He
gives many corrections in the margin.

V 3 Varanasi, Sarasvatl Bhavana 98244. Ff. 2-54. 7 lines.

I also referred to two published texts:

S An excerpt from Prthudaka’s commentary on chapters XXI and

W
I—III in the edition of Ram Swarup Sharma (Sharma[5]). This
excerpt is virtually a copy, with some occacional corrections,
IE
of VVRI Library no. 1781.

A Part of Prthudaka’s commentary on BSS XXI, 2 quoted in the

EV
commentary of Am arajaon the Khandakhadyaka (Misra[3, pp.
78-81]).
PR

The following four manuscripts were not available to me:

B BORI 339 of 1879/80. 250ff. Copied in Sam. 1595=A.D. 1538.

The source of P2 and perhaps R.

V VVRI Library no. 1781. The source of P, and S.

10 2770. A copy of I.

VVBISIS 1381.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 7

Prthudaka has arranged Brahmagupta’s verses in his own order,

probably following Balabhadra. The following is a list of the extent
of the manuscripts according to his order. No manuscripts are found
for chapters I, 1-3; XVI-XX; XXII, 4-57; XXIII-XXV. Prthudka
quotes XIX, 13 in the commentary on XXI, lla b .

BSS I V, R P2 P, v2
I, 1-3 - - - - - -

XXI, 1-70 2-70 2-70 - - full -

XXII, 1-3 full full - - full -

W
I, 4-63 4-31 4-31 full full full 1-58, 61

II, 1-68 29-68 29-68 IE full full full 1-21

XV, 1-9 full full full full full -

III, 1-66 1-6, 27-33 1-6, 27-33 full full 1-56 -

EV
I V ,1-20 full full full full - -

V, 1-27 1-24 1-24 full 1-25, 27 - -

VI, 1-13 - - full full - -

PR

VII, 1-18 - - full full - -

VIII, 1-9 - - full 1-6, 8-9 - -

IX, 1-26 11-26 11-26 full 1-20 - -

X, 1-70 full full 1-64 - - -

XI, 1-63 full full - - - -

XII, 1-66 full full - - - -

XIII, 1-48 1-40, 45-48 1-40, 45-48 - - - -

XIV, 1-55 full full — - - -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 8

XV, 10-60 10-56 10-56

S tem m a o f th e M anuscripts

VVe can divide these manuscripts (and Sharma’s edition) into two
groups based on their similarities: a: I, V,, P t, S, and V; and (3: R,
P2, V2, and B.

Group a

W
That V, is a direct copy of I is clear from the fact that the place
IE
of each line of V, where a line break occurs is the same as that of I
in almost all cases, but the right margins of V, are not aligned.
The word “kaksa” is usually written “kaksya/’ in these two; and
EV

the sandhi of "-h + s” is expressed “(h om.) + s” (I) and “s + s”

(VJ.
PR

P, and S, both of which are copied from V, are generally similar

to I and V, but often give different (worse in most cases) readings.
The scribe of P t, Kesavananda (KN), seems to edit the mula us­
ing Dvivedin’s edition, and the corrector, Dlnadayala (DY), tries to
restore its original form.

Group (3

P2 and V2 are copies of B. R is slightly different from P2 and V2

but seems to come from the same source.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 Figure 1: Stemma of Manuscripts

The following are some examples of the similarities and differ­

ences between these two groups.

W
• In the commentaxy on BSS XXI, 24-26 IV, and P, show the
IE
same lacuna: svabhiprayo(IV, p ray o ) lihgana krtety.
EV
• In the commentary on BSS I, 7: RP2V2: pradaksinatah
IV, P, pradaksinena.
PR

• There is a quotation from Manusmrti I, 69-70 in the commen­

tary on BSS I, 9. IV,P, omit 70ab while RP2V2 give the full
verse.

• The introduction of BSS I, 17: RP2V2: budhasTghrajlvayoh

kalpabhaganan aryayaha O- IV ,P,: budhasTghrajlvabhaganan
aha.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 10

O verveiw o f B SS C hapter X X I

As mentioned above, Prthudaka’s commentary begins with chapter

XXI of the Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Because this chapter consists of
supplemental discussions on many topics which are discussed mainly
in chapters I, II, III, IV, and V along with a cosmology, Prthudaka,
and presumably Baiabhadra, considered it as an introduction to the
Brahmasphutasiddhanta and placed at the beginning.

C o n ten ts o f C hapter X X I

W
More detailed lists with the referrence to the corresponding verses
IE
in the Aryabhatiya are given at the beginning of each section of the
commentary.
EV
verse contents
1-16 cosmological and geographical discussions
17-23 production of sines
PR

24-30 manda and slghra equations

31-48 lunar and solar eclipses: the calculation of the diameters of
the earth, the sun, the moon, and the shadow of the earth
(31-34); a discussion of the causes of eclipses (35-48).
49-58 celestial circles
59-66 “three questions,” parallaxes, and drkkarmas
67-69 number of spheres in space
70 closing verse

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
 11

Q u o ta tio n s in ch ap ter X X I

This is a list of the quotations found in the commentary on BSS XXI.

In this list, ABh stands for the Aryabhatiya, an astronomical treatise
composed by Aryabhata in A.D. 499; PS, the Pancasiddhantika, a
sum m ary of ancient astronomical texts compiled by Varahamihira
in the mid-sixth century; and BS, the Brhatsamhita., an enormous
collection on a wide variety of omens composed by Varahamihira.

from on from on

ABh I, 4c 30 BSS II, 14a 27-28

W
ABh II, 3ab 19 BSS II, 14b,d (14b twice) 29
ABh II, 9cd 19 BSS III, 25a
IE 62
ABh III, 12 12 BSS III, 38ab 62
ABh IV, 7 3 BSS III, 47ab lOcd
EV
ABh IV, 9 30 BSS XII, 63cd 23
ABh IV, 10 4 BSS XIII, 22cd 19
ABh IV, 12 3 BSS XIV, 10 24-26
PR

ABh IV, 16 7 BSS XIV, lla b 29

ABh IV, 17ab Sab BSS XIX, 13cd lla b
ABh IV, 17cd Scd BSS XXI, 14a lla b
PS XIII, 2-3 3 ssBSS XXI, 14ab 5
PS XIII, 5 4 BSS XXI, 20ab 23
PS XIII, 6cd 4 BSS XXI, 22cd 19
PS XIII, 9 6 BSS XXI, 24ab 13-14
PS XIII, 12-13 7 BSS XXI, 32d lla b

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.