21.

3 CHAFTER TWENTYONE

Note: The symbob, 7, lor tension on the tigkt nide of the belt T for tesionontheslackside of the belt, T. for entritl
fore, T, toriaitial tensioa in the belt are replaced by symbos F, F, Fand F, in this revised portion of the MachineDesign
Daa Handboot, Volame l. These changes have to be takea iato accouat whik using equatioas in the desiga of bete.

Similarty the aymbol N for power is replaced by symbol Pinthe reviaed portion of Muchine Design Deta Handbook, Votume
This chamge has to be (aken into consideration whik desigaing of the belt.

Particular Formula

Be's
Fi: e i s :
e ratio of tight side to slack side of belt at low|
velocities 12 (21-1)
wer N Fov SI (21-2a)
1000c
Where Fa in newton, N in kW and v in m/s

Metrie (21-26)
Where Po in kgf, N in hp and v in m/s

102 c
Metric (21-2c)
Where F in kgf, N in kW and v in m/s
Refer Table 21-1 for c,
Pwer trans mitted per m? (cm2) of belt at low kv
N = SI (21-2d)
velocitics 1000
where k - (ers - 1)/eF6» and also from Table 21-2

o1 in N/m2, v in m/s and N in kW

O1kv Metric (21-2e) )
75
Where o in kgf/cm2, v in m/s and N in hp
The ralio of tight to slack side of belt at high velocities
(21-3a) )
2-

(21-3b
where oe 8

Power transmitted per m of belt at high P= O2)kv SI (21-4a) a

velocities 1000
Al l n , a in mlc P in iW

Equaion (21-3a) in tenns of tension on tight side (Fi)

and slack side of belt (F2), and
centrifugal force (Fe) (21-4c
where F= o1A; F2 =02A; F
Aa
=
o,A:
= area ol cross seetion of belt, m

he relation between the initial tension in

the belt (Fo)
and the tension in the belt on the
tight side (Fi.max) to F1,max= 2Fo (21-4d)
O tain rnaximum tension
in the be

Te power transnitted at max1mum

tension in belt,
i.e, when Fi 2Fo, from Eq. (21-1)
P- 1 ,ma 2Fg SI (21-4f}f
1000
Thc pawer transmitted in actual practice
co1sideration pulicy correction factor taking into P= 2K,KF SI (21-4h)
(K,),
co rection factor (K,}), and service lactor velocity 00C,
maxim1n fnsion in beit. (C) at where F, = allowable tension in belt, N
velocity of belt, m/s
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.4

TABLE 21-1
tion factors, C,
Service correction

Ciean, scheduicd maintenance on large drives

Atmospheric c o n d i t i o n

Normal
Oily, wel, or dusty 0.1
Horizontal to 60 from horizontul
center line
Angle of 60-75 from horizontal 0.9
75-90 from horizontal 0.8
Fiber on motor and small puleys 1.2
Pulley material
Cast iron or steel .0
Tenporary or infrequent 1.2
Service

Normai .0
Intermitteni or continuous 0.6
Light. steady load, such as stearn engines, sieam turbines, diesei engines, and 1.0
Peak loads
multicylinder gasoline engines
Jerky loads. reciprocating machirnes such as rormal-starting-torque squirrel. 08
and single-cylinder engines
cage motoS, shunt-wound. DC molors.
Shock and reversing loads. full-voltage start such as squirrel-cage and 0.6
synchronous motors

TABLE 21-2
Values of ( -1)/=k for various coefficients of frictions and ares of contact
Arc of contact between the belt and puliey (0, deg)

Value of a 90 100 10 120 130 140 150 i60 170 200

028 0.356 0.387 0.416 0.444 0.470 0.496 0.520 0.542 .564 0.585 0.502
0.30 0.376 0.408 0.438 0.467 0.494 0.520 0.544 0.567 0.590 9610 0 S53
0.33 0.404 0.438 0.469 0.499 0.527 0.554 0.579 0.602 0.624 0.645 0 684
0.35 0.423 0.457 0.489 0.520 0.548 0.575 600 624 0.646 0 667 0.705
0.38 0.449 0.48S 0.518 0.549 0.578 0.605 0.630 06654 0.676 0.697 0.735
0.40 0.467 0.502 0.536 0.567 0.597 0624 .649 0.673 0.695 0.715 0.753
0.43 491 0.528 0.562 0.593 0.623 0.650 676 0.699 0.72! 0.741 0.777
045 0. 507 0.544 0.579 0.610 0.640 0.667 0.692 0.715 0.737 0.757 0.792
0.48 0.529 0.567 0.602 0.634 0.663 0.690 0.715 0.738 0.759 0.779 0.813
0.50 0.544 0.582 0.617 0.649 0.678 0.705 0.730 0.752 0.773 0.792 0.825
0.53 0.565 0.603 0.638 0.670 0.700 0.726 0.750 0.772 0.793 0.811 0.843

TABLE 21-3
alues of coeficients o, for leather belts for use in Eqs. (21-3) and (214)

Belt
velocity. m/s (ft/min) 7.5(1 S00) 10.0 (1950) 12.70 (2500) 15.0 (2950) 17.5 (3500) 20.0 (3950) 22.5
(4450) 25.0 (4950)
Coeficient, o,. kgf|cm 0.57 1.05 1.63 2.35 3.10 4.07 5.14 6.34
MPa 0.0559 0.1030 0.1598 0.2305 0.3040 0.3991 0.5041 0.5237
psi 8.0 15.0 23.2 33.5 .45.0 58.0 73.0 76.0
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.6
TABLE 21-4A
Cocfticients of frictions of leather belts iron
on
pulleys depending on velocity of belt

Velocity of belt, Coefticient of Coefficient of

Velocity of helt, Coefficent of Velocity of belt,
, m/s friction, , m/s friction,
friction, v, m/s
0.360 4.0 0.432 15.0 0.500
0.25 0.285 4.5 0.440 17.5 0.505
.50 0.307 5.0 0.446 20.0 0.509
I.00 0.340 6.0 22.5 0.512
0.458
1.50 0.365 7.0 0.456 25.0 0.514

2.00 0.384 8.0 0.473 27.5 0.517

2.50 0.400 9.0 0.479 30.0 0.519
3.00 0.413 10.0 0.494 32.5 0.520
3.50 0.423 12.5 0.493

TABLE 21-4B
Properties of some flat and round materials

Minimum Allowable tension

pulley per unit width at Coefficient
Material Specification Size, in diameter, in 600 ft/min, lb/in Weight, Ib/in of friction

30 0.035-0.045 0.4
Leather I ply
3 33 0.035-0.045 0.4
0.4
2 ply 4 41 0.035-0.045

6 50 0.035-0.045 0.4
9 60 0.035-0.045 0.4

I= 0.03 0.60 10 0.035 0.5

Polyamid F-0 0.5
F-1 =0.05 1.0 35 0.035
t 0.07 2.4 60 0.051 0.5
F-2 2.4 60 0.037 0.8
A-2 0.11
4.3 100 0.042 0.8
A-3 I=0.13
t=0.20 9.5 175 .039 0.8
A-4 275 0.039 0.8
I=0.25 13.5
A-5
= 0.062 See 2 0.038-0.045 0.7
Urethaned W0.0
9.8 0.038-0.045
I0.078 Table 0.7
w0.75
I0090 17-4E 18.9 0038-0.045 0.7
W015
d See 8.3 0.038-0.045 0.7
Round
d Table 18.6 0.038-0.045 07

d 17-4E 33.0 0.038-0045

d
74.3 0.038 0.045 07

Note:
moe.
belts 8 in Widc o r I ft/min= 0.3048 m/s
AGd 2 n io pulley size for Manual, Habasit Belting, Inc., Chamblee (Atlanta), Ga I Ibf4.4482 N
arce: iabasit fingineering
rubber o n both sides.
lonitile-butadiene
TCO Ccover of acry I lbf/in 175 Ni
Co., Des Plaincs, 1
Source Eagle Beittng allowable value
1s nuaxinum .
AI6 ciongation; 12% width, 1he values given
in this lable lur
theallowablc tension are haset
Hoterd a dizmeter, f thickness,uiethase bets.
m

and
ake ky10 for polyamide
ar

llinois, table reproduced

Irom ).
E Shigley and C. R Minchhe . . . .

Co. Ies Plaines,

ourte Eagie Beiting
B o k Company. York, 1989
New
Note: 1 Ibf/ ft'
i 2 5 . 4 ns = 0.0254 I fnin- 3048 nu/s
=
0.1571 kN/m
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21. 8

TABLE 21-5
Coeficient
of friction for belts
depending on materials of pulley and belt

Pulley material
Cast iroa/steel
Belt material Compressed
Dry Wet
Greasy Wood Paper Leather face Rubber face
Leather, oak-tanned 0.25 0.20 0.15
Leather, chrome-tanned 0.30 0.33 0.38 40
0.35 0.32 0.22
Canvas, stitched 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.50
0.20 0.15 0.12
Cotton, woven 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.30
0.22 0.15 0.12
Camel hair, woven 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.30
0.35 0.25 0.20
Rubber 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45
0.30 0.18
Balata 0.32 0.35 0.40 0.42
0.32 0 20 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.42

TABLE 21-64
Thickness and width of leather belts

Average thickness, mm Width, mm

Grade Single Double Triple Quadruple Range Increment
Light 3
12-24
24-102 6
102-198 12
Medium 12.5 17.5 200-800 25
800-1400 50
Heavy 10 I5 20 800-1400 0
1500-2100 100

TABLE 21-6B
Relative strength of belt joints
Relative strength of joint to an equal
Type of joiat section of solid leather, efficiency, %

Cemented, endless
9-i00
Cemented at factory
Cernented in shop 80-90
iaced, wire
By machine 75-8S
By hand
Rawhide. smali hoies 60-70
Rawhide. large hules S-60

tHinged
Wire hooks 40
Metal tooks 3540
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21. 10

Particular Formula
ismania

21-8, 21-9 to
For cross section and properties of belts Refer 21-6, 21-6(a), 21-7.
Tables
21-12, 21-13, 21-14, and 21-15
Belt Lengths and Contact Angles for Open and
Crossed Belts (Pig. 20-1)
dôs) (21-7)
Length of belt for open drive (Fig. 20-1a) LV4C- (D-dyi + i i (DG +

Length of belt for cross drive (Fig. 20-1b) L VAC- (D+d* + ( D t d) (21-8)
(21-9)
Length of belt for quarter turn drive L -ZD + d) + VC+D+ VCd
For two-pulley open drive the centre distance C - - 0393(D + d) - 0 3944D +d)
between the two pulleys when the length ef the
(D-d (21-10)
belt is known

where 6L - a + 2 sin (21-10a)

ds
-

2 sin""( ) (21-106)

(21-10c)
0 +2sin"(
SI (21-11a)
The unit clongation of belt is given by the equa e
69000
where o in MPa
tion.
_V Metric (21-11b)
220
where o in kgf/cm2

2
Metric (21-11c)
where o in kgf/mm?

The relation between initial

belt tension erd final 2 VT-VT+VT (21-12)
where T. initial belt tension, kN (kgf)
belt tension
Pulleys (Fig. 21-2 and Fig. 21-3): a- 1.19 a + 10 mm for single belt (21-13a)
CG. Barth's formula for the width of the pulleyy -1.1 a+ S mm for double belt (21-136)
face Refer to Table 21-16 for width of pulley
h 000426 a
- SI (21-14a)
C.G. Barth's empirical
formula for the crow*n
- 0.0426 a ? Metric (21-14b)
height for wide belts
shafts. the
the SI
for rubber belts on well-aligned (21-14 )
crown height
Metric (21-14d)
200
crown height h 0.12 SI
Far poorly aligned shafts,
the (21-14e)

120 Metric (21-14/)

Refer to Tables 21-17 and 21-18 for crown height
 21. 13 CHAPTER TWENTYONE

Particular Formula

D
00+6 mm for double belt, Metric (21-29d)
The crown height Refer to Table 21-17 and Table 21-18
Arms for mild stecl pulleys Refer to Table 21-22

V-Belt Belt Cross- Power Rating per Strand, kW Maximum Valuc

The formula to obtain the Section of d, mm
maximum power in kilo-
watt which the V-belts of A 4 5 - 19.620.765 y 125 (21-30)
sections A, B, C, D and E 10
N 51.33 1.31 v7
can transmit (Table 21-23 B N- O.79
o09 d. 10
175 (21-31)
and 21-24)
N -(-143.272.34)
10
300 (21-32)

D N -
507)50
d
4.77
104
425 (21-33)

E 7.05 y 700 (21-34)

104
where N maximum power in kilowatt at 180° arc of contact for a
belt of average length

The cquivalent pitch dia- d,-d, F (21-35)

meter
Refer to Table 21-25 for Fi, the small diameter factor

Number of belts NF
i-FF (21-36)
where N - drive power in kW

Obtain F, F, and F. from Tables (21-26), (21-27)

and (21-28) respectively

The diameter of larger pulley D- (21-37)

Nominal pitch of length of belt L- 2C +5 (D+d) + D - 0 (21-38)
For nominal inside length, nominal pitch lengths| 4C
and permissible length variations for standard
Refer to Table 21-29
sizes of V-belts
Dimensions for standard V-grooved pulley Refer to Table 21-30
For small diameter factor, for speed ratio nd Refer to Fig. 214
length of belt factor
Recommend standard pitch diameters of pulleys Refer to Table 21-31
Centre distance for
ielers of pulleys
a given beit length and dia-| C- + LiD+4(D-4
8 8

(21-39)
Maximum centre distance Ca2(D+d) (21-40)
Minimum centre distance Ci055 (D+ d)+
(21-41)
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.14

Particular
Formula

MINIMUM ALLOWANCES FOR

ADJUSTMENT OF CENTERS FOR TWO
TRANSMISSION PULLEYS
Lower limiting value (21-42)
CL=Cnominal- 1.5%L
Higher limiting value
CH= Cnoninal t 3%L (21-43)

INITIAL TENSION
In order to give the initial tension, the belts may be
stretched to
AL = 0.5 to 1%L (21-44)

Are of contact angle

0=2cos 2
(21-45)

180°
- 60( (21-46)
For V-belt and pulley dimensions as per SAE J 636C Refer to Table 21-31A and Fig. 21-5A. Tabies 21-31B
standard and 21-31C.

SYNCHRONOUS BELT DRIVE ANALYSIS

The transmission ratio of synchronous belt drive
i=h=2= (21-46a)
where
Z,22 number of teeth in smaller and larger pulley
respectively
d'i,d = pitch diameter of smaller and larger pulley.
respectively, m

Datum length of synchronous belt

I=2Csin +++ (21-466)

approximate (21-46c)
Ipb (21-46d)
where
0 =
angle of ontact of belt, deg
P pitch, m
= number of teeth in belt
The minimum nunber of meshing teeth =6 to 8 teeth
 in Mild
TABLE 21-22. Number of Arms
Steel Pulley
Details of Spokes
Dimeler, mm No. Of diameter

250
to 500 6 19
S60 o 710 8 19
800 to 1000 22
:1120 12 22
1250 14 22
:1400 16 22
1600 18 22
1800 18 22
2000 22 22

IS::1691-1968

TABLE 21-24 Raiings fo.

Equivalent Pith

Beit Speed
m/s Cros
Cross Section A Cross Section B

125 130 180 180 200 220 2-0

80 90 100 1 1 0 120 140 150 160 170

0.13 0.14:0.14 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.22 0220.22 0.29 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.440:1
0.5 0.13
0.290.37, 0.440.54 0.44 0.51 0.51 0.64 0 73 081 0.18
0.22 0.24 :0.250.27 0.28
0.37 0.40 0.430.46 0.49 0.51 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.81 0.88 0.88 1.15 1.32 1.47 1.S
1.101.17 25 1.39 1.62 1.84 2.06 221
0.51 0.58 0.64 0.680.720.74 0.96 1.03
0.58 0.74.:0.81 0.88 -0.93 0.96 1.18 1.32 1.40 1 47 1.50 1.62 2.06 2.35 2.57 2.76
0.85 0.95 04I13. 118..1.47 1.541.69 184 1.91 1:99 2.35 2.79 3.09 3.38
0.74
0.81 -0.94 1.051.15 J.25 1:32 .62184 1.99 2 2.21 2.28 2 72 3 16 3 60 3. 90
0.88 1.08 1.25 1.39.1.50 1.54 .91 2.13 2.21 2 50 2:65 3.02 3.604.05 4.41
0.90 1.17 1.35 1.50 1.62 1.692.06 2.28 2.43 2.65 2 79 2.94 3.31 3.97 449 4.85
1.03 1.32 1.54A:69 1.771.84 2.212.43 2.65 2 87 3.02 3.116 3 604.27 4.95 4 37
1.10 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.91 1.99 2.35 2.65 2.87 3 09 3.31 3.46 3.82 4.56 5.22 5.81
10
11 1.18 1.47 1691.91 2.062.132.50 2.79 3.09 3 313.53 3.95 4044.92 5.59 6 18
1.25 I.54 1.84 2.06 2.21 2.28 2.65 3.02 3.31 3.53 3.75 367 4.19 5.15 5.96 6 62
1.32 i,62 91 2.132.352.43 2.79 3.36 3.46 3.75 3.97 4.19 4.34 5.44 5.25 6.91
1.32 1.69 1.992.28 :2.50 2.50 2.87 3.16 360 3-904194.56 4 49.5 59. 6.55 7.28
.42 1.77 2.06 2.35 2.572.652.94 3.38 3.75 4 05 4 34 4.634.63 5 81 6.77 7.58
1.40 1.84 2.13 2.432.652.73.023.46.3.90 4.19 4 49 4.78 4 71 5.967.06 7.87
.40 1.84 2.21 2.50 2.792.873.09 3.66 3.974.34 4.71 4.92 A.78 6.10 1.21 8 09
i.40 I.84 2.28 2.57 2.872.943.16 3.604.04 4-194.78 5.07 A.78 6.25 735 8.38
i.40 1.84 2.28 2.65 2.94 43.02 3.16 3.68 4.19 4.46 4.925.22 4.786.33.7.59 8 53
.32 1.9t 2.35 2.72 3.02 3.09 3.16 4.19 4.63 5.00 5.44 4.78 6.33 7.65 8.68
1.32 1.91 2.35 2.72 :3:02 3.16 3.16 3.75 A.27 4 71 507 5.44 4.71 6:33 7.72 8.83
1.25 1.91 2.35 2.72 3.09 3.24 3.15 3.75 4.27 4 78 5.15 5.524:56 6 3 7: 80 8.90
.25 1.84 2.35 2.793.09 3.24 3.09 3.7 4.27 4.78 5.22 5.554 34 6.05 7.80 8.97
1.18 1.84 2.35 2.79 3.16 3.31 3.0268 4.27 4.78 5.22 5.66 A.19 6.18 7.72 9.05
1.10 1.77 2.28 2.793.16 3.312.94 3.60 4.19478 5.22 5.66 415 6.03 7.72 9.05
1.03 .69 2.28 2.72 3.16 3.312.79 3.534.19 4.71 22 5.66 3.82 5.88 7.58 8.97
0.81 3.62 2.20 2.72 3.09 3.31 2.65 3.454.12 4 63 5 i.66 50 5.66 7.43 8.90
0.66 1.54 2.13 2.65 3.09 3.24 2.50 3.31 3.97
28 4.56 5.15 . .59 3 24544 7.35 8.75
29 0.5 1.47 2.06 2.57 3:02 3.24 2.43 3.16 3.82 4::49 5.00 . .52 3.99 5.15 7.06 8.60
30 0.31 1.32 1.99 2.50 2.94 3.16 2.13 2.94 3.68 .34 4.92 5.44 2.43 4.18 6.77 38
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21. 48

ooo00 TABLE 21-23

Classification of V-Belts

INCORRECT

oooo0
Cross- Nominäl Nominal
Sectional Top Width. Thick
Symbol , mm ness
T, mm
INCORRECT
13 8
B 7
ooo00 C 22 4
D 30 21
E 38 23
IS: 2494-1964
CORRECT

V-Belts in Kilowatts (kW)

Diameter dr, mm
Cross Section E
Cross Scction D
Section C
600 650 700
400 420 430 450 500 530
300 320 340 360 380
260 280 300

0.96 I.03 1.03 1.10 1.10 1.40 I.47 1.54 1.62 1.69 1.74
0.51 0.81 .88 0.96 2.65 2.87 2.94 3.09 3.24
0.51 0.51 1.77 1.84 I.91 1.91 1.99 2.43
1.47 154 1.69 4.78 5.15 5.44 5.06 5.88
0.88 0.96 0.96 3.24 3.38 3.53 3.53 4.34
2.94 3.09 8.38
1.69 1.77 1.84 2.50 2.79 5.00 6.03 6.69 7.21 7.65 8.02
4.04 4. 34 4.556 4.71 4.92
3.46 .75 8.46 9.19 9.78 10.22 12.74
2.35 2.50 2.57 5.15 5.44 5.74 6.03 6 25 6.40 7.58
4.78 9.05 10.15 11.03 11.77 12.36 13.02
3.02 3.16 3.31 4.34 7,21 7.58 7.65
6.55 6.91
5.07 5.66 6.10 11.69 12.80 13,68 14.49 15.07
3.60 3.75 3.97 7.94 8,38 8.75 8.90 10.44
5.81 6.55 7.06 7.S 9.86 10.08 11.77 13.32 14.49 15.51 16.40 17.14
4.19 4.41 4.63 7.94 8.46 8.97 9.41
6.47 .28 17.28 18.31 19.05
4.'1 5.00 5.22
9.34 10.00 10.52 10.96 11.25 13.02 14.78 16.1
7.94 8.68 21.11
S:2 5.59 5.87 7.13
10.22 10.96 11.47 12.06 12.28 14.12 16.I1 17.72 18.98 20.15
8.68 9.49 21.85 22.95
5.81 6.10 6.40 7.65 11.84 12.43 13.02 13.31 15.22 17.43 19.12 20.59
9.34 10 22 11.03
6.25 6.62 6.99 8.23 12.58 13.39 14.05 14.34 16.25 18.61 20.59 22.20 23.61 24.71
9.86 10.88 11.84
6.69 7.13 7.58 8.68
13.39 14.19 14.93 15.30 17.21 19.78 21.92 23.68 25.15 26.40
11.47 12.50
9.12 1.37 18.02 20.81 23.17 25.08 26.69 28.02
7.13 7.72 8.00 14.05 13.74 16.11
9.49 10.86 12.06 13.16 15.0
7.S8 8.16 8.46 14.56 15.74 16.35 16.99 18.84 21.85 24.35 26.40 28.10 29.57
12.88 13.75
9. 11,25
7.94 8.53 8.9 13.09 14.34 15.44 16.40 T7.28 17.72 19.56 22.80 25.45 27.65 29.49 31.04
10.00 u.62
8.31 890 9.41 14.78 15.96 16.99 18.02 18.46 20.15 23.61 26.40 28.83 30.82 32.44
u.91 13.46
9,27 9. 78 10.30 7.38 18.6l 19.05 20.74 24.42 27.36 29.86 31.99 33.76
8.61 13.83 15.22 16.55
10.44 12.21
8.90 9.56 10.1IS 15.59 16.99 18,09 19.20 19.71 21.18 25.08 28.24 30.89 33.10 35.01
9.93 10.51 10.5I 12.43 14. 12
19 5 0 14.21 15.89 17.36 18.53 19.86 20.23 21.55 25.60 28.97 31.77 34.13 36.1
9.41 10. 15 10.81 10.51 12.58 14.49 16.11 17.65 18.98 20.15 20.14 21.77 25.|I 29.71 32.58 35.08 37.2
11.11 10.51
9.63 10.44 11.11 14.56 16.40 17.87 19.27 20.52 21.11 21.99 26.48 30.23 33.17 35.97 38..17
10.37
9.86 10.66 11.33 12.58 14.56 16.47 18.02 19.49 20.81 21.48 22.06 26.77 30:74 33.19 36.70
10.22 3898
10.0 10.81 11.62 12.43 14.56 16.40 18.17 19.71 21.I1 21.70 21.99 27.07 31.04 34.42 37.29
9.93 39..72
10.08 11.03 11.77 12.21 14.34 16.40 18.24 19.18 21.26 21.99 21.92 27.07 31.33 34.79 37.88
9.63 40 38
10,15 11.11 11.91 a 19 11.91 14.27 16.25 18,17 19.78 1.33 22.06 21.71 26.99 31.48 35.08 38.25
.89
10.15 11.18 11.99 R 68 11.47 13.97 16.11 17.87 19.18 21.33 21.99 21.25 26.92 31.48 35.30 31.54
10.15 11.18 12.066 41.46
8,16 11.03 13.53 15.81 17.80 19.36 21.26 21.99 20.74 26.62 31.41 35.38 38.69
10.15 1.18 12.13 41.56
I 10.51 13.09 15.44 17.43 19.34 21.11 21.84 20.15 25.89 31.18 3.530 38.83
10.08 11.19 12.13 41.88
9.93 11.03 12.06 6.77 R6 12.58 15.00 17.14 19.12 20.89 21.62 19.49 25.74 30.89 3.508 39.76 41.98
5.96 9.12 11.91 14.42 16.70 18.68 20. 32 21.33 18.61 25.08 30.45 3.479 38.54 41 70
9.71 10.80 11.99
**** **
 21. 49 CHAPTER TWENTYONE
TABLE 22-26 Correction Factors for Arc of
TABLE 22-25 Small Diameter Factor, Fs
Contact, FF
Speed Ratio Rangel Small Diameter Factor
Arc ofCorrection fa"-| Arc of Correction
1.000to 1.019 1.00 Contact tor (Propor. Contact|Factor (Pro-
1.020 to 1.032 1:01 onSmaller
tion'of 180° on Smaller! portion of
1.033 to 1.055 1.02
Pulley. Ratings) Pulley 180 Rating)
.056 to 1.081 1.03
deg deg
1.082 to
1.110 to
1.1C9
1.142
:1.04
1.05
VV.I V-Flat W.V. V-Flat
L.143 to 1.178 .06 1.C0 0.75 133 0.87 0.86
180
I179to 1.222 .1.07 0 99 0. 6 30 0.86 0.86
1.223 to 1.274
177 0.99 0.76 2 7 +0.85 0.85
1:08 174
1.275 to 1.340 09 17 0.98- 0.77 123 *0.830.83
1.341 to 1.429 10 0.97 0. 78 A20 0.82 0.82
169
1.430 to 1.562 0.97 .79 117 0 81 081
166
L563 to 1.814 .1.12 163 0.96 0.79 13 0:80 50:80
1.815 to 2.948 .13 160 0.95 0.80 .110 40.780.78
1949 and Over 0.94. 0.81 4106 0.77 0.77
1.14 157
0.93 0.81 *103 075 0.75
IS: 2494-1964 154
15I
0.93. 0.82 599 0:73 0.73
148 0.92 0.83 95 0.72 0.72
145 0.91 0,83 91 0.70 0.70
142 0.40 0.84 87 0 68 0.68
139 0.89 0 85 83 065 0:65
16 0.88 0.85

IS 2494-2964

TABLE 22-27 Correction Factors.for Belt-Length, F

Belt Cross-Section Symbol Nominal Belt Cross-Section Symbol

Nominal
Inside Inside
Longth, Length,
mm B E mm B C E

610 0.80 215 1.05 0 99 0.90

660 0.81 2286 1.06 1.00 0.91
711 0.82 2438 1.08 0.90
787 0.84 2464 1.02
813 0.85 2540 1.03
88 ).87 0.81 2667 1.10 104 0.94
914 0.87 2845 1.11 1.05 0 95
963 0.88 0.83 3048 1.13 07 0:97 0:86
99f 0:88 3150 0.90
1016 0 89 0.84 3251 1.t4 1 08 0.98 0.97
067 0.90 0.85 3404 99
092 090 3658 1.11 1.00 0.90
i168 0.92 0.87 4013 13 1.02 0.92
1219 0.93 0.88 4115 .14 .03 0.92
1295. 0.94 0 89 0.80 4394 1.15 1.04 0.93
1372 3. 4572 .16 1.05 0.94
1397 096 090 4953 1.18 1.07 0.96
1422 0.96 0.90 5335 1.19 0.94
1473 0.97 1.08 0:96
6015 1.11 100 096
1524 0.98 0.92 082 6807 1.14 .03 .99
1600 0.99 7569 1.01
1.16 1!.05
1626 .99 8331 1.03
1651 1.00 0.94 1.19 1.07
9093 1.21 1:09 1.05
1727 I.00 0.95 0.85 9855 07
1778 1.01 0.95 1.23 1.11
10617 1.24 T.12 09
1905 1.02 0.97 0.87 12141 1.16 1 12
1981 1.03 0.98
13655 18 I.14
2038 1.04
2053 1.04 0 98 0.89
15189 20 1.17
16713 1.21 1.19

IS 2494-1964
TAMILE 21-28 Correction Factorsfor lndustrial Service, F.
Type of Driving Units
AC Motors; Normal | AC Motors; High
Torque, Squirrel Cage, | Torque, High Slip
Synchronous and Split | Repulsion - Inductio0,

Phase. Single Phase; Scrics

Wound and Slip king
DC Motors Serics
DC Motors Shunt Wound and Compoad
Severity o Type of Driven Machines Wound, Multiple Cyli-| Wound. Single Cin
Sorvice
nder Internal Combus-| der internal Combs
tion Engine Over 600 tion Engines. Multiple
pm Cylinder Internal Com
bustion Engines under
600 rpm, Line Shafts,
Clutches, Brakes,Direct
on-line Starting

Over Ovet
Upto 0ver Over Upto
10h 10hto 16A
10h 10hto 16h &
16 h to Conti- 16 h Conti-
nuous nuous
Service service
10 12 1'1 12 13
Lght Agitators for liquids, blowers and exhausters, centrifugal
pumps and compressors, fans upto 7.5 kW (10 hp) and light
Juty
duty conveyors 12 13 4
Belt conveyors for sand, grain etc; dough mixers; fan over 12 13
Medium
duty 1.5kW (10 hp): generators: line shafts;laundry machi-
nery;machine tools:punches. presses and shears; print-
ing machinery ; positive displacement rotary pumps ; revol-
ving and vibrating screens
12 13 14 14 1'5 1'6
Heavy Brick machinery, bucket elevators, cxciters, piston compres-
uty sors, conveyors (drag-pan-screw)., hammer mills, paper mill
beaters, piston pumps, positive displacement blowers, pul-|
verizers, saw mill and wood-working machinery and textile
machinery
Crushers (8yratory-jaw-roll), mills (ball-rod-tube), hoists, 13 l4 15 I'S 16
Ext
Heavy-duly and rubber (ca lenders-extruders-mills) machinery
Note The table gives only a few cxamples of particular machines, If a idler pulley is used, the following values
must be added to the service facrors
1dier pulley inside 0 Idler pulley inside:0'1
on the slack side outside : 0'1 on the tight side outside: 02 IS: 2494-1964

TALE 21-29 Nominat inside Length, Nominal Piteh Lengths and Permissible Length Variations for V-Belts
Nominal Nominal Piteh Length,mm_ Pitch Length Nominal Nominal Pitch Length, mm Pitch Length
Inside Cross-Section Symbol Variation Inside Cross-Section Symbol Variation
L.cngth,mm A CD E PLL"TMVL* Length, mmA B Ci DIEPLLIMVL
610 645 T397. 1433 1440
+11.4 1422
696 1451 1466
747 6.4 1473 1509
711
823 1524 1560 1567 1580 S,0
12.5 1600
813 848 1636
889 925 932 -7.5 1626 1661
914 9S0 1651 1687 1694 +17.8
965 1001 1008 1727 1763 1770 1783 -12.5
99 1026 1778 1814 1821
1016 1051 1059 14.0 1905 1941 1948 1991
1067 1102 1 10 -89 1981 2017 2024
092 28 2032 2068
i68 204 1212 2057 2093 2101 2113 30
2159 2195 2202 2215 -16 7.5
1219 1255 1262 ti160 2286 2322 2329 2342
1295 1331 1339 31S1
1372 1415 -9'0 2438 2414 2494
 21.51 CHAPTER TWENTYONE

TABLE 21-29 (contd.)

Nominal Nominal Pitch Length, mm Pitch Length Nominal Nominal Pitch Length, mm Pitch Length
Inside Cross-Section Symbol Cross-Scction Symbol
Variation Inside Variatioon
Length, mml LB C D E PLL IMVL Leogth, mml AA B C D I E IPLLTMVL **

2464 2507 4953 4996 5609 3032 +49

2540 2583 +34 334 5377 5390 5413 5426 28
2667
2845
2703 2710 2723 18
6045 6101 6124 6137
2880 2888 2901 6807 6163 3886 6899 56
3045 K84 3091 3104 3127 32
3150
****

3205
10 7569 7625 7648 7661|
3251 3887 3294 3300 8331 8387 8410 8423 +65 s
3330 38
9093 9149 9172 9185
3404 3459
3658 -21 9855 9934 9947 37
3693 3701 3713 3736
4013 4056 4069 4092 10617 10696 10709 +76
4115 43 17-S
4394
4158
4437
4171
4450
4194
4473
+43 12141 12220 12233
4572 4615 4628 4651 -24 13665 13744 13757| +89
50
12.5 I5189 15268 15281
16713 16792 16805 +105
59
PLL Pitch length limits, MVL*°
Maximum. variation in length within a matched set IS: 2494-1964

TABLE 21-30 Dimensions for Standard V-Grooved

Pulleys

Min1mum Height Minimum Depth Centre to Centre

Groove SectionPitch Width, lp of Ciroove Above of Groove Bclow
Distance of Edge of Pulley
to First Groove
Pitch Line, b Min Pitch Line h, Min,
Grooves, e, Centers, ,
* mm mm
mm
3.3 8.7 15 0.3 10

14 4.2 10.1 19 0.4 125

C 19 5.7 14.3 25.5 0.5 17

27 8. 19.9
370.6 24

32 9.6 23.4 44.5 0.7 29

IS: 3142-1965
 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21. 52
TABLE 22-31
TABLE 22-31 Recommended Standard Pulley Pitch Diameter

Series of Pitch Diameters |Degree ot Preference for Pitch|Series of Pitch Diameters [Degree
Diameters According to
of Preference Tor Pitch
*
Diameters According too
Nomina Pitch Diameter Groove Sections Nominal| pitch Diameter Groove Section
Value Limits Value, Limits
mm Min Max A B C D E mm Min Max A B C D E
mm mm mm
mm
15 75 76.3 3 375 375 381.0
80 80 81.3 3 400 400 406.4
85 85 86.4 3 425 425 431.8
90 90 91.4 4 50 4S0 457.2
95 95 96.5 475 475 482.6
100 100 101.6 S00 S00 508.8
107.7 2 530 530 538.5 3
106 106
112 112 113.8 S60
600
560
600
569.0
609.0
2 2
18 118 119.9
125 125 127.0 630 630 640.0
670 670 660.6
132 132 134.1 710 721.4 2
40 140. 152.2 710
150 150 152.4 750 150 762.4
800 800 812.4 3
160 160 162.6 2
170 170 172.7 900 900 914.4
180 180 182.9 1000 1000 1016.0
190 190 193.0 3 1060 1060 1077.0 3 2 2
200 200 203.2 1120 1120 1187.9
212 212 215.4 1250 1250 1270,0
224 224 1.6 2 1400 1400 1422.4
236 236 239.8 1IS00 1500 1524.0
250 250 254.0 1 1600 1600 1625.6
800 1800 1828:4
2651 265 269.2
280 280 284.5 1900 1900 1930.4
300 300 304.8 2000 2000 2032.0
315 320.0 2240 2240 2275.8
355 360.7 1 2500 2500 2540.0

First preferance, 2 second preferance and 3»not recommended IS; 3142-1965

TABLE 21-32 Maximum Inclination of Belt Conveyors

TABLE 21-34
Material Conveyed Maximumdeg Material Conveyed Maximum
nclination, Inclination, deg Talue of C

Briquets and egg shapped 12 Glass batch 20

materia Manila Rope 1.15
Run-of-mine coal 22
Wet-mixed concreate 5 Run-of-bank coal 22 Wire rope 1.07
Sized coal I8 Crushed ore Dry chain .10
ashed and screcned I8 Crushed stone 20 Grcased Chain 1.04
gravel .Tempered foundry 25
Lo0s cemeni 20 sand
Crushed and screened
Co Sand
20
20
Wood chips 28

TABLE 21-23 Vaiue of Coefficient Te for Manila Rope

Yelocity, m/s 7.56 10'00 12.50 15.00 17 50 20 00 22 50 25 00 27 50 30 00 3250 35 00

******r

oefficicat, Te296 5 40 344 1260 16 10 21 00 26'55 32 89 39 69 41'17 55 34 64.4

 21. 25 CHAPTER TWENTYONE

Formula
Particular

Wire Ropes

The relation between ultimate load, bending and P + P (21-63a)

service load in wire rope
Thc bending load P- k A (21-63b)
where k- 82728. 5 MPa (8436 kgf/mm2)
P
Another formula connecting ultimate strength of
|
rope, tensile load on rope (P), dimensions of
the rope, wire and sheave diameter
-(G)5
where Dminimum diameter of sheave or pulley,
(31-63c)

m (mm)
n factor
stress =
n ka
nfactor of safety
k - duty factor obtainable from Table 21-37
P
Arca of useful cross-section of the rope (21-63d)
The approximate ultimate strength of plow-steel |P, - 524000 d2 for 6 7 and 6 x 19 ropes

ropes SI (21-64a)
where P. in kN and d in m

5350 d2 Metric (21 64b)

where P. in kgf'and d in cm
P . - 517 800 d2 for 6 x 37 ropes SI (21-64c)
where P. in kN and d in m
5280 d2 Metric (21-64d)
where P. in kgf and d in cm

The nominal bearing pressure P Co. (21-65)

where C = 0.0015
Wire Rope Drum
The number of turn on the drum for one ropen - +2 (21-66)
member (Fig, 21-9)
The length of the drum
-(27 )p one for rope (21-67a)

- (2 + 12.)p + P1 for two ropes (21-676)

The thickness of wall of drum made of cast iron | h - 0.02 D + 0.6 ,cm to 1.0 cm
(21-68)
The outside diameter of the drum (Fig. 21-9)
D,- (D +6 d) (21-69)
The depth of groove h 0-1d (21-70)

Stresses Developed in Drum:

8 FID
The maximum bending stress (21-71)

The Maximum torque on the drum

MF (31-72)
where d diameter of rope
The maximum shcar stress 16 M, D
T(D-D (21-73)
FLEXIBE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21, 44
 21.61 CHAPTER TWENTYONE
Wire Ropes
TABLE 21-43 Dimensions and Breaking Strength of Flat Hoisting

Weight Minimum Breaking*

Nominal Size |Nominal Wire Cross-Section Strength of Rope,
Diameter of Strand,
Construction
mm' N/m kgf/m kN kgf
bx s, mm mm

298.1 30400
20 190 18.6 1,9
52.10
2 2 349 35600
1.30 223 216
56 111 259 25 26 406 0 41400
60 12 1.40 465.8 47500
297 29 3
65x 14 1.50
70 x 15 |.60 338 33 3 4 529 6 54000
37.3 3 8 597.2 60900
6 x 4 x 7 74 16 1.70 381
42.2 4 3 669 8 68300
78 x 16 1.80 427 748 2 76300
477 47.1 4 8
8218 90 827 7 84400
528 52 0 5 3
87 19 .00 911 92900
91 x 20 2 581 56.9
95 21 2.20 638 62.8 6 4 1000.3 102000

. 20 253 24.5 2 5 396 2 40400

70 100 0 466 8 47600
1.30 298 294
75 11 5413 55200
80 12 40 345 4.3 35
39.2 4. 0 620 8 63300
86 x 14 50 396
450 44.1 4.5 706 72000
8x 4 x 7
92.15
98 x 16
1.60
1..70 508 50.0 5.1 796 3 81200
104 x 17 1.80 569 55 .9 5.7 892 4 91000
11018 90 636 62.8 6.4 997 3 101700
2 00 703 68..6 7.0 1102 3 112400
116,x 19 1216 0 124400
122x 20 2..10 775 76.5 7.8
12821 2 20 851 834 8.5 1333.7 136600

*Rope having wires of tensile strength of 1569 MPa (160 kgf/mm2) IS: 5202-1269
TABLE 21-44 Tensile Grade TABLE 21-45 Values of C for Wire Ropes
Tensile Strength Range,
Grade of Rope Diameter C Rope Diameter C
Wire
MPa kgf/mm2
120 1176.8-1471.0 120 to 150 9.50 .090 15.9 064
140 1372.9-1078.7 140 to 170
160 to 190 11.11 1.083 19 00 1.054
160 1569.1-1863.3
180 1765.2-2059.4 180 to 210 12.70 1.076 22.20 I.046
200 1961.3-2353.6 200 to 240 14.30 1.070 25.40 1.040

TABLE 21-46 4pproximate Wire Rope and Sheave Data

Recommended
Ultimate Strength, Fo| Weight
Wire Area |Sheave Diameter, mm
Rope
Construction Diameter
MN kgf kN/m kgf/m dw, mm A, mm? Average Minimum

6 19 500.8d2* S1.07d 36.3d2* 0.0037d2 0.063d 0.38d2 45d 30d

6x 37 473.1d2 48.24d 35.3d2 0.0036d2 0.045d 0.38d2 27d 18d
8x 19 431.3d24 43 98d2 34.3d2* 0.0035d2 0.050d 0.35d2 31d 21d
6 X7 473.0d2 48.24d2
32.4d2*0.0033d2 0.106d 0.38d2 72d 42d

SI Units ddiameter of rope, m

Customary Metric Units d diameter of rope, mm
 FIEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21. 62

TABLE 21-47 Common Wire-Rope Application TABLE 21-48 Recommended Factors of Safety for
Wire Rope
Sheavc Dia-
meter, cm
Type of Service Rope Con- Rope Application Factor of Safety
struction Recom- Mini-
mendcd mumn
(a) From tndien Standerds 100 or other Figure Laid Down
nleyeRope: 6 x7 72d 42d by the Statury Authority
Mining ropes Class 1** Class 2&3 Class 4
Mine haulagc
Fartery-yard Haulage Wirc ropes used on the
oclincd Planes cranes and other hoist-
Tr&mwsy
Power TTansmission ingcquipment
Cuy Wires Fixed guys
Unrceved ropebridless o 3-5 40 4.5
Stancardioiating Rope: 6x 19 45d 30d
jib cranes or ancilary
(Most Commonly used rope) 60-100d
Mine hoists appliances, such as lift-
Quatrics ing beams
Ore docs Ropes which are straight
argo h0isis
Car pullers betwecn terminal fittings
Cranes
Derricks 20-30d Hoistin8. luffing and
Tiamwys reeved bridle systems
Well driiling
Elevators
of inherently flexible
cranes (for example,
|
Ea!78-Flex1dls Hoistinga Rope 8 19 31d 21d mobilc crawler towor,
Speciat Fiexible Hoisting Rope 6 x 37 27d 18d guy, derrick, stiffleg 4'0 45 5 5
Steei-mil laples derrick) where jibs are
Cranes supported by ropes or
High specd clevators
where cquivalent shock
absorbing devices are
TABLE 21-49 Ratio of Drum and Sheave Diameter incorporated in jib sup-
ports
to Rope Diameier
Crancs and hoists in
Purpose Construction Minimum Ratio general hoists blocks 4*5 6'0

(b) From Other Sources

nng All
nstalation
Mine Shafts
Depths
Cranes 6 x 37 15 17 22 to 152m
and allied 8x 19 Filler wire 305 to 660m 7
hcistiag 19 17 18 24 610 to 916m 6
upment 8 x 19Warri gton
Over 91 Sm
x19 Seale Haulage ropes b
7 Non-rotating
24 18 19 25 Small electric and air
hoists
6 x 19 Filler Wire 18 20 23
Hot ladle cranes B
6 x 19 19 23 27 Slings
6x 19 Warrington
IS: 3973-1967
7 7 Non-rotat1n
18 Seale
8 7 Non-rotating
24 28 35