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Electrical Power Generation Notes 4
Electrical Power Generation Notes 4
Unit.5
ECONOMICS ASPECTS
Introduction. Terms commonly used in system operation. Diversity factor, load factor, plant
capacity factor, plant use factor, plant utilization factor and loss factor, load duration curve.
Firm power: Firm power is the power intended always to be available even
under emergency conditions.
Cold reserve: Cold reserve is the reserve generating capacity that is available
for service but not in operation.
1. Connected load: The sum of continues ratings of all the equipments which are
connected to the supply system is called connected load.
It is the sum of the continuous ratings of the load consuming
apparatus connected to the system.
Ex: The connected loads in the premises of a consumer are shown in Figure below
Ex: The lighting installation has 10 bulbs each of rated 100 w and at no time of the day
more than 7 lights are switched on. Fine demand factor for this lighting installation.
Connected load = 10 x 100 =1000W
Maximum demand = 7 x 100 =700W
Demand factor = 700 /1000 = 0.70 =70%
5. Load factor: It is defined as the ratio of average load to the maximum demand
during a given period.
It is always less than 1 because average demand is less than maximum
demand
That is
8. Diversity factor: The diversity factor is thus defined as the ratio of sum of
individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power station.
Mathematically it is defined as
9. Plant Capacity factor: This is the ratio of actual energy produced to the
maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given
period.
For reducing the cost utilization factor must be very close to unity.
11. Plant use factor: It is the ratio of energy (kWh or units) Produced to the
product of plant capacity the number of hours for which the plant was in
operation.
Example: A plant having installed capacity (or plant rated capacity) of 20MW
produces output of 7 X 106 kWh and remains in operation for 2080 hours inn
year then
7 X 106
Plant use factor = = 0 .168 = 16.8%
20000 X 2080
12. Loss factor: It is defined as average power loss to the peak load power loss
during a specified period of time.
Note:
1.
Where
E ------> Energy produced
C --------> Plant capacity
t ---------> hours in that period that is it should be 24 or (30X24) or (8760)
2.
Where
E ------> Energy produced
C --------> Plant capacity
t’ ---------> hours of operation here is not 24 or (30X24) or (8760)
60 x 106
8760
6849.31 kW
849.31kW 6849310
0.3424
20 MW 20000000
=
= 20.89 MW
= 0.2089
= 20.89%
22000
41950
0.5244 52.44%
5 X105
8760
570.78 MW
= 0.57078 = 57.078%
OR
Solution:
Maximum demand on
power station
= 20,000 KW
87.35 x 106
3000
29116.66 kW
= 0.2426 = 24.26%
87.35 x 106
50000 x 8760
0.1994 = 19.94%
101.0 x 106
8760
11529.68 kW
= 0.0288 = 2.88%
101.0 x 106
400000 x 8760
0.0288 = 2.88%
Note :
Use this formula to find load factor directly
Alternate method:
Max. Demand = 400 MW
Load factor = 60% = 0.6
Capacity factor = 45% = 0.45
122640 MWh
0.5 X 8760
28 MW
Hours during which the plant is not in service per year = 8760 – 7300
= 1430 hours
The maximum energy that could have been produced daily if the plant
were running all the time is given by
= installed capacity X hours in day
= 25 X 24
= 600 MWh
The maximum energy that could have been produced if the plant when
running according to operating schedule is given by
i)
ii)
Note :
1. To find the connected load on power station if demand factor and diversity
factors both are given then
Solution:
i)
ii)
Given : Diversity factor = 1.1
Solution:
1. LOAD CURVE
A load curve (or load graph) is a graphical representation of variation of load
with respect to time in chronological order.
It is a graphical record showing the power demands for every instant during
a certain time interval.
If the load curve plotted for 24 hours in a day it is called daily load curve.
If the load curve plotted for hours in a month it is called monthly load curve
If the load curve plotted for hours in a year (8760 hrs) it is called yearly load
curve.
It gives the total number of units generated for a given max. demand or upto
a given demand.
If the energy (kWh) and demand are plotted as percentage quantity the load
curve is called peak percentage load curve.
Importance of energy load curve:
It helps for estimating base load/peak load on a station
This curve helps for variation between rate of water in flow in hydro power
station & that of electrical load.
Solution:
Units generated per day = (20 x 10) +(50 x 6) +(70 x2) +(50 x 4) +(20 x 2)
= 880 kWh
= 840 MWh
= 840 MWh
i)
iii) Units generated per year= (units generated per day)X 365
= 1512 X 365
=551880 MWh
Solution:
Solution:
First draw Load duration curve