COST DOCOMENT

RSA SYSTEM
A BRAIF DOCOMENT
FOR COST OF THE PROJECT
AND SOME PARTS OF THE PROJECT

PREPARED BY:
ENG.HEMN SABAH
1
PIPELINE
HEMN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. RSA SYSTEM
1.1. EXPLAIN
1.2. ENGINERING SYSTEM
1.3. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
2. COST
2.1. Rf cost and parts
2.2. Cruise controller
2.3. Warning sign
2.4. Camera recognition
3.
3. Other technology
3.1. Environmental Science Division
3.2. Engineering company INTECH GmbH
3.3. Pipeline Engineering Research and Education at Universities in the United States
3.4. PIPELINE ENGINEERING - Pipeline Engineering - Y. Frank Cheng
3.5. 6 Types of Pipelines and their Construction Method
3.6. Fra tracker alliance
3.7. U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

2
PIPELINE
HEMN
1. PIPELINE
1.1. Introduction
Pipelines have provided economic, reliable
means to transport oil and natural gas from
upstream production, often very remote regions,
to downstream refineries, power
stations and markets, crossing nations, oceans
and continents. The pipelines could be
very large in diameter, e.g., a Russian pipeline
system has diameter up to 1422
millimeters,
and can be over
several
thousands of
kilometers in
length
(Hopkins,
2007).
Most of
pipelines are
underground and undersea, while some operate
above ground.
Pipelines are lifelines of the global oil/gas
industry, contributing to strong national
economies to most countries. For example, in
Canada, a total length of over 580,000
kilometers of pipeline network transports 97% of
crude oil and natural gas production
from the producing regions to markets
throughout Canada and the United States.
Statistics show [Canadian Energy Pipeline
Association, 2007] that Canadian pipelines
transport approximately 2.65 million barrels of
crude oil and equivalent and 17.1 billion
cubic feet of natural gas daily. Moreover,
virtually all oil and gas exports – worth $38
billion in 2005 – are carried by pipelines. With
an asset value of approximately US$20
billion, the Canadian pipelines are anticipated to
double in size by 2015 to meet the
forecasted oil/gas production increases.
Transportation of liquids and gases by pipelines
has been used for thousands of years.
understanding about pipeline engineering will be
Ancient Chinese and Egyptian used
pipes to transport water, hydrocarbons
and even natural gases (Hopkins, 2007).
Today’s pipeline industry was originated from
the oil
business that brought considerable amount of
profits to the energy producers and
pipeline operators. Nowadays, pipeline
development has been driving by the expanding
energy demands. In addition to be one of the
most environment-friendly and the safest
means for oil and natural gas transportation,
pipelines have been integrated into the
components of national security in most
countries.
Pipeline Engineering as a specific subject of
major has been enriched significantly its
connotation with the development of pipeline
industry. Understanding pipeline
engineering needs a comprehensive knowledge
ranging from pipeline design,
construction, instrumentation and control to
maintenance, inspection, integrity
management and corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking prevention. A complete review
of Pipeline Engineering on both engineering
application and scientific knowledge is
contained in this theme. It is anticipated that a
fundamental, comprehensive
developed to provide insights into the
essence of pipeline engineering to oil/gas
transportation, economic development,
environmental sustainability and the community
and society as a whole.
1.2. Understand the
Pipeline Engineering
Most people don’t give much thought to the
pipelines that make up a huge part of the world’s
infrastructure. They’re crucial to the modern way
of life though, and the design and construction of
these pipes are the responsibility of pipeline
engineers. The oil industry in particular, as well
as the natural gas industry, depend on these
pipelines to stay in business. Without well-built
pipelines, the transfer of these materials would be
near impossible. Demand is simply too great.
Hundreds of thousands of individual pipes are in
use at this time, and the number will only grow
in the future. It seems like a lot of work; but it is
all needed to keep business running, homes
warm, and cars on the road. Pipeline engineers
are going to be needed to keep up with new
construction and maintenance in the years to
come. If you’re thinking of becoming a pipeline
engineer, here is what you can expect to be
responsible for:
-Developing pipeline routes in all terrains.
– Designing physical pipelines.
-Overseeing contruction of new pipelines.
-QC of existing pipes.
-Repair and maintenance.
This occupation is not for the faint of heart. It
requires the engineer to have a good head on
their shoulders, as well as a small taste for
danger. Engineers must work quickly to fix
costly problems. They must ensure that new
pipes are ready in time to keep up with demand.
Engineers also must venture into potentially
dangerous situations when pipes fail. This is not
a job for everyone, so if you enter the field don’t
complain that you weren’t warned. If you want to
know more then read this piece from TRS
Staffing. You’ll usually be homed to a certain
area; but there are some opportunities for travel if
1.4. Pipeline Operations For Gas
In today’s competitive transportation
you become an engineer. For certain pipeline
engineers, there are even chances to visit off-
shore sites. If you are averse to leaving home for
weeks at a time, this may not be the job for you.
Now that you know what goes into the job, here
are the skills you’ll need to build:
-Creativity.
-Attitude, persistence, and attention to detail.
-A love for challenges, and the mechanical and
mathematical skills required to meet said
challenges. -The ability to understand how
projects fit into a larget infrastructure.Few grow
up wanting to build pipelines; but it is the pefrect
job for those with the above skills and a passion
for making the world a better place. The pay is
great, the job secure, and the opportunities
endless.
1.3. Pipeline Design and
Construction
The major steps in pipeline system design
involve establishment of critical pipeline
performance objectives and critical engineering
design parameters such as:
• Required throughput (volume per unit time for
most petroleum products;
pounds per unit time for petrochemical
feedstocks )
;• Origin and destination points;
• Product properties such as viscosity
and specific gravity;
• Topography of pipeline route;
• Maximum allowable operating pressure
(MAOP); and• Hydraulic calculations to
determine:
• Pipeline diameter, wall thickness, and
required yield strengths;
• Number of, and distance between, pump
stations; and
• Pump station horsepower required.14
market, pipeline companies must effectively and
efficiently operate their pipelines in real- time,
 while at the same time ensuring pipeline
controllers have strong situational
awareness. They must be certain that the
plan for moving product through the pipeline
is being maintained and that all information
is being logged appropriately for both
business and regulatory needs.
Gas gathering, transportation, and
distribution companies must be able to accurately
measure the volume and quality of the gas that is
flowing through their pipelines to the ultimate
gas users. They must also provide an accurate
measurement of gas delivered and sold at
custody transfer points, which represents their
key source of revenue.

1.5. Basic Provisions for Pipeline Flow Calculation

The nature of medium flow in a pipeline and while flowing around obstacles may significantly vary from
fluid to fluid. Medium viscosity, characterized by such a parameter as a viscosity coefficient, is one of
critical indicators. Osborne Reynolds, an Irish engineer-physicist, conducted a series of experiments in
1880; based on the results of these experiments, he managed to derive a dimensionless value that
characterizes the nature of a viscous fluid flow, called the Reynolds criterion and denoted by Re.
Re = (v· L ·ρ )/μ
Where:
ρ — fluid density;
v — flow velocity;
L — characteristic flow element length;
μ – dynamic viscosity coefficient.
In other words, the Reynolds criterion characterizes the ratio of inertia forces to viscous frictional forces in
a fluid flow. A change in the value of this criterion reflects the change in the ratio of these forces, which,
in its turn, influences the fluid flow behavior. In this regard, three flow regimes are usually distinguished
dependent on the Reynolds criterion value. At Re<2300, the so-called laminar flow is observed, when a
fluid moves in thin layers, which are almost immiscible with each other; also, a gradual increase in the
flow velocity is observed in the direction from the wall towards the center of the pipe. A further increase
in the Reynolds number destabilizes this flow structure, and at 2300<Re<4000 a transient regime occurs,
at which individual layers begin to mix with each other. At Re>4000, a stable behavior is already
observed; this behavior is characterized by an erratic change in the flow velocity and direction at each
individual point of the flow, resulting in a flow velocity equalization throughout the volume. This
behavior is called a turbulent regime. The Reynolds number depends on a discharge head, developed by
the pump, medium viscosity at the operating temperature, and dimensions and a shape of a cross-section
of the pipe through which the flow passes.
The Reynolds criterion is a similarity criterion for a viscous fluid flow. I.e., it can be used to simulate a
real process at a reduced scale, convenient for study. This is extremely important, because often it is
extremely difficult, and sometimes it is completely impossible to study the nature of fluid flows in real
units because of their large size.
1.6. Pipeline Calculation. Pipeline Diameter Calculation
If a pipeline is not heat insulated, i.e. heat exchange between the transferred medium and ambient
environment may occur, then the flow pattern in the pipeline may change even at a constant velocity (flow
rate). This can take place at a rather high transferred medium temperature at the inlet and a turbulent flow.
The temperature of the transported medium tends to fall along the pipe length due to heat losses to the
environment, which may entail a change in the flow regime (to laminar or transient regime). The
temperature, at which the flow regime is changed, is called the critical temperature. Since the fluid
viscosity values directly depend on the temperature, such a parameter as the critical viscosity,
corresponding to the flow regime change point at the critical Reynolds criterion value, is used in similar
cases: vкр = (v·D)/Reкр = (4·Q)/(π·D·Reкр)
Where:
νкр – critical kinematic viscosity;
Reкр – Reynolds criterion critical value;
D – pipe diameter;
v – flow velocity;
Q – flow rate.
Another important factor to consider is a friction that occurs between the pipe walls and the moving flow.
In this case, the coefficient of friction largely depends on the pipe wall roughness. The relationship
between the coefficient of friction, the Reynolds criterion and the roughness is established by the Moody
diagram, which allows one of the parameters to be determined, knowing the other two parameters.
The Colebrook-White formula is also used to calculate the coefficient of friction of a turbulent flow.
Based on this formula, it’s possible to plot charts to be used to establish the coefficient of friction.
(√λ)-1 = -2·log(2,51/(Re·√λ) + k/(3,71·d))
Where:
k – pipe roughness coefficient;
λ – coefficient of friction.
There are also other formulas for an approximate calculation of frictional losses at a pressure fluid flow in
pipes. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is one of the most frequently used equations in this case. It is based
on empirical data and is used primarily in system
modeling. Frictional losses are a function of fluid velocity and
pipe resistance to fluid motion, expressed through the
roughness value of the pipeline walls.
∆H = λ · L/d · v²/(2·g)
Where:
ΔH – pressure head loss;
λ – coefficient of friction;
L – pipe section length;
d – pipe diameter;
v – flow velocity;
g – gravity acceleration.
1.7 Pressure
Pipeline operating pressure is the biggest gauge pressure that ensures a specified mode of operation of the
pipeline. A decision on the pipeline size and the number of pump stations is usually taken with the
consideration of the pipe operating pressure, pump capacity and flow rates. Maximum and minimum
pipeline pressure as well as the working medium properties define the distance between and power
consumption of the pump stations.
Nominal pressure (PN) is a nominal value corresponding to the
maximum working medium pressure at 20°C, at which a continuous
operation of the pipeline with the specified dimensions is possible.
As the temperature increases, the throughput capacity as well as the
permissible gauge pressure of the pipe tend to decrease. The value
(Pe, zul) indicates the maximum gauge pressure in the pipeline
system at increased operating temperature.
The permissible excess pressure chart is provided below (permissible gauge pressure vs. operating
temperature): Transported Working Media

TRANSPORTED WORKING MEDIA

Pipes are most often used to transport water, but they can also be used to transport slurry,
suspensions, steam, etc. In the oil industry, pipelines are used to transfer a wide range of
hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures, which differ greatly in term of chemical and physical
properties. Crude oil can be transported for long distances from onshore fields or offshore oil
rigs to terminals, intermediate points and refineries Pipelines are also used to handle:
Refined products such as
 gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, etc.;
 Petrochemical feedstock: benzene, styrene, propylene, etc.;
 Aromatic hydrocarbons: xylene, toluene, cumene , etc.
 Liquefied petroleum fuel such as liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane
(gases with standard temperatures and pressures, but liquefied under pressure);
 Carbon dioxide, fluid ammonia (transported under pressure as liquids);
 Bitumen and viscous fuels, which are too viscous to be transported through pipelines, so
distillate oil fractions are used to dilute this feedstock and produce a mixture that can be
transported by pipeline;
 Hydrogen (at short distances).
2.AN INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS PIPELINES
2.1. What are pipelines, and what are
they used for?
The pipeline network in the U.S. is a transportation
system used to move goods and materials. Pipelines
transport a variety of products such as sewage and water.
However, the most common products transported are for
energy purposes, which include natural gas, biofuels, and
liquid petroleum. Pipelines exist throughout the country,
and they vary by the goods transported, the size of the
pipes, and the material used to make pipes.
While some pipelines are built above ground, the
majority of pipelines in the U.S. are buried underground.
Because oil and gas pipelines are well concealed from the
public, most individuals are unaware of the existence of
the vast network of pipelines.
Pipelines typically cost
more than roads or
open channels. It takes
years and requires
many surveys and
studies and plans to be
completed to develop a
comprehensive plan
that addresses the
societal,
developmental, environmental and safety considerations
necessary to build the pipeline.
However, they can offer reductions in cost based on
shorter and more direct routes than roads or open
channels. Construction of pipelines, especially for large
scale water-supply or petroleum projects, are large multi-
disciplinary activities which involve the investment of
large amounts of cash and other resources.
There are different types of pipelines classified on the
basis of manufacturing material, transported substance,
and function of the pipes
EXTEND OF U.S
PIPELINE SYSTEM
The United States has the most miles
of pipelines than any other country,
with 1,984,321 km (1,232,999 miles) in
natural gas transport and 240,711 km
(149,570 miles) in petroleum products.
The country with the second most
miles of pipelines is Russia with
163,872 km (101,825 miles), and then
Canada with 100,000 km (62,137
miles).
Right-of-Way (ROW)
Before pursuing plans to build new
pipelines, a ROW needs to be secured
from private and public landowners,
which pipeline companies usually will
pay for. ROW are easements that
must be agreed and signed upon by
both the landowner and pipeline
company, and permits pipeline
operators to go forth with installing and
maintaining pipelines on that land.
Pipeline operators can obtain ROW by
purchasing the property or through a
court-ordered procedure. ROW can be
permanent or temporary acquisitions,
and needs approval from FERC. .
2.2. Types of Oil and Gas Pipelines
There are two main categories of pipelines used to transport energy products: petroleum pipelines and
natural gas pipelines.

1. Petroleum pipelines transport crude

oil or natural gas liquids, and there
are three main types of petroleum
pipelines involved in this process:
gathering systems, crude oil
pipeline systems, and refined
products pipelines systems. The
gathering pipeline systems gather
the crude oil or natural gas liquid
from the production wells. It is then
transported with the crude oil
pipeline system to a refinery. Once
the petroleum is refined into
products such as gasoline or
kerosene, it is transported via the
refined products pipeline systems to
storage or distribution stations.

2. Natural gas pipelines transport

natural gas from stationary facilities
such as gas wells or import/export
facilities, and deliver to a variety of
locations, such as homes or directly
to other export facilities. This
process also involves three different
types of pipelines: gathering systems,
transmission systems, and
distribution systems. Similar to the
petroleum gathering systems, the
natural gas gathering pipeline system
gathers the raw material from
production wells. It is then
transported with large lines of
transmission pipelines that move
natural gas from facilities to ports, refiners, and cities across the country. Lastly, the
distribution systems consist of a network that distributes the product to homes and businesses.
The two types of distribution systems are the main distribution line, which are larger lines that
move products close to cities, and the service distribution lines, which are smaller lines that
connect main lines into homes and businesses.
3. REFRENCE

3.1. Environmental Science Division

3.2. Engineering company INTECH GmbH

3.3. Pipeline Engineering Research and Education at Universities in the

United States

3.4. PIPELINE ENGINEERING - Pipeline Engineering - Y. Frank Cheng

3.5.16 Types of Pipelines and their Construction Method

3.6. Fra tracker alliance

3.7. U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline & Hazardous Materials

Safety Administration