ECM 2018

Ans :
The Four places of oil reserved located in India are
Bomby High, upper Assam, Cambay and Krishna-Godavari

Ans :

Ans :

The key greenhouse gases driving global warming are –

 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous oxide (N2O)
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Ans : The Three effects of acid rain are-

 Acidification of lakes, streams and soils

 Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic animals and plants)
 Decay of building materials and paints, statues, sculptures.
Ans : The six states in India , where coal production is concentrated are –
i. Andhra Pradesh
ii. Uttar Pradesh
iii. Bihar
iv. Madhya Pradesh
v. Maharashtra
vi. Jharkhand

Ans:
Calorific value is the amount of energy released or produced when 1 kg of fuel burns or any other
substance is burnt in the presence of oxygen and the products of combustion are cooled to STP. Its SI unit
is kJ/kg. Basically 1 mole of hydrogen, which is 1 g, will yield some 30 calories of heat, whereas 1 mol of
carbon, which is 12 g, yields some 96 calories. So hydrogen will yield 30 calories per gram while carbon
produces only about 8 calories per gram.

Ans:
Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as the sequential generation of two
different forms of useful energy from a single primary energy source, typically mechanical energy and
thermal energy. Mechanical energy may be used either to drive an alternator for producing electricity or
rotating equipment such as motor, compressor, pump or fan for delivering various services. Thermal
energy can be used either for direct process applications o for indirectly producing steam, hot water, hot
air for dryer or chilled water for process cooling .
Cogeneration provides a wide range of technologies for application in various domains of economic
activities. The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be up to 85 per cent and above in
some cases.

Ans:
Regenerator
Regenerators are compact heat exchangers in which heat is alternately stored and removed using a
heat storage matrix. They are used at higher temperatures, beyond 1000°C pre-heat. The principle is that a
mass of chequer work— honeycomb pattern of brickwork is heated up by passing hot waste gases down
through it for a fixed time. Cold air is then passed through in the opposite direction and is thereby heated up.
The chequers at the end of the heating cycle are very hot at the top (1500°C in open hearth chequers), but
much cooler at the hot gas exit flue. Air entering is warmed by the first bricks it meets and gradually heats
up till it leaves with a temperature which might be as high as 1200°C. Two chequer chambers work together,
one on air and one on gas, the period between reversals being about 30 minutes. This system is essentially a
two-stage counter flow heat exchanger. In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side of the heat
exchanger can be the same fluid.
Regenerators are divided into two groups- fixed-bed and rotary regenerators. In a fixed-bed regenerator, a
single fluid stream has cyclical or reversible flow. Valves are employed to switching of flowing the hot and
cold gas streams. In rotary regenerators, the storage material rotates continuously through two counter-
flowing streams of fluids. Only one stream flows through a section of the storage material at a given time.
However, both streams eventually flow through all sections of the storage material during one rotation.
The advantages of regenerators are higher efficiency, the high temperature of the input gas and the much
higher surface area for the given volume, which provides a reduced exchanger volume for a given energy
density, effectiveness and pressure drop. This makes a regenerator more economical in terms of materials
and manufacturing, compared to an equivalent recuperators. One of disadvantages connected with
regenerators is mixing both streams after the flow is switched. Here, the heat has to diffuse in and out of the
intermediate storage material, hereby loosing exergy as the heat front in the flow direction is flattened and
not all heat can be regenerated. Further, the intermediate storage material (mostly the wall of the flow ducts)
needs to be a good heat conductor for the storage function, which causes high heat conduction in the flow
direction, inducing a considerable loss of effectiveness.
Ans:
Benefits of thermal insulation are -

• Reduces over-all energy consumption

• Offers better process control by maintaining process temperature.
• Prevents corrosion by keeping the exposed surface of a refrigerated system above dew point
• Provides fire protection to equipment
• Absorbs vibration

Ans:
The parameters required to evaluate economic thickness of insulation are-
i. Cost of fuel
ii. Annual hours of operation

iii. Heat content of fuel

iv. Boiler efficiency
v. Operating surface temperature
vi. Pipe diameter/thickness of surface
vii. Estimated cost of insulation.

viii. Average exposure ambient still air temperature

Ans:
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy
streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. Industrial energy audit is
an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme.
As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as "the verification, monitoring
and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for
improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption".
Ans
Preliminary Energy Audit

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

• Establish energy consumption in the organization

• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since it
evaluates all major energy using systems.
This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers
the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and
includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on
an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations
of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase

Ans:
Steps involved in ‘detailed energy audit’ -
Ans: Net Present Value

The net present value (NPV) of a project is equal to the sum of the present values of all the cash flows
associated with it. Symbolically,

Where,
NPV = Net Present Value
CFt = Cash flow occurring at the end of year ’t’ (t=0, 1 ,….n)
n = life of the project
k = Discount rate
The discount rate (k) employed for evaluating the present value of the expected future cash flows should
reflect the risk of the project.

Ans:

Financial Analysis Techniques:

i. Simple Pay Back Period:
Simple Payback Period (SPP) represents, as a first approximation; the time (number of years)
required to recover the initial investment (First Cost), considering only the Net Annual Saving.
The simple payback period is usually calculated as follows:

 It is simple, both in concept and application. Obviously a shorter payback generally indicates
a more attractive investment. It does not use tedious calculations.
 It favours projects, which generate substantial cash inflows in earlier years, and discriminates
against projects, which bring substantial cash inflows in later years but not in earlier years.
 ii. Return on Investment (ROI) :

ROI expresses the "annual return" from the project as a percentage of capital cost. The annual
return takes into account the cash flows over the project life and the discount rate by converting the total
present value of ongoing cash flows to an equivalent annual amount over the life of the project, which can
then be compared to the capital cost. ROI does not require similar project life or capital cost for
comparison.
This is a broad indicator of the annual return expected from initial capital investment, expressed as
a percentage:

ROI must always be higher than cost of money (interest rate); the greater the return on investment
better is the investment.

iii. Net Present Value:

The net present value (NPV) of a project is equal to the sum of the present values of all the
cash flows associated with it. Symbolically,

Where NPV = Net Present Value

CFt = Cash flow occurring at the end of year 't' (t=0,1,….n)
n = life of the project
k = Discount rate

The net present value criterion has considerable merits.

• It takes into account the time value of money.
• It considers the cash flow stream in its project life.

iv. Internal Rate of Return:

This method calculates the rate of return that the investment is expected to yield. The
internal rate of return (IRR) method expresses each investment alternative in terms of a rate of
return (a compound interest rate). The expected rate of return is the interest rate for which total
discounted benefits become just equal to total discounted costs (i.e net present benefits or net
annual benefits are equal to zero, or for which the benefit / cost ratio equals one). The criterion for
selection among alternatives is to choose the investment with the highest rate of return.
The rate of return is usually calculated by a process of trial and error, whereby the net cash flow is
computed for various discount rates until its value is reduced to zero.
The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project is the discount rate, which makes its net present value
(NPV) equal to zero. It is the discount rate in the equation:
 Where CFt = cash flow at the end of year "t"
k = discount rate
n = life of the project
A popular discounted cash flow method, the internal rate of return criterion has several
advantages:
• It takes into account the time value of money.
• It considers the cash flow stream in its entirety.
• It makes sense to businessmen who prefer to think in terms of rate of return and find an
absolute quantity, like net present value, somewhat difficult to work with.