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  • 2) Spacing Between Sources v2.1

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    Esteban Soria
    40 views55 pages
    This document describes a typical subwoofer configuration problem and examines the phase shift between microphones at different positions. It shows diagrams of a mixing console with 4 microphones located at different distances from the subwoofers. Charts are presented showing the calculated phase shift in degrees between the microphones at various frequencies from 31Hz to 100Hz. A second diagram illustrates the configuration with side walls, examining the additional phase shift caused by the path difference between direct and reflected sound.

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    This document describes a typical subwoofer configuration problem and examines the phase shift between microphones at different positions. It shows diagrams of a mixing console with 4 microphones located at different distances from the subwoofers. Charts are presented showing the calculated phase shift in degrees between the microphones at various frequencies from 31Hz to 100Hz. A second diagram illustrates the configuration with side walls, examining the additional phase shift caused by the path difference between direct and reflected sound.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    40 views55 pages

    2) Spacing Between Sources v2.1

    Uploaded by

    Esteban Soria
    This document describes a typical subwoofer configuration problem and examines the phase shift between microphones at different positions. It shows diagrams of a mixing console with 4 microphones located at different distances from the subwoofers. Charts are presented showing the calculated phase shift in degrees between the microphones at various frequencies from 31Hz to 100Hz. A second diagram illustrates the configuration with side walls, examining the additional phase shift caused by the path difference between direct and reflected sound.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 55

    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 31.5Hz X 360° / 340m = 350° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 31.5Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 350° 31Hz


    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 40Hz X 360° / 340m = 444° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 40Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 444° 40Hz


    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 50Hz X 360° / 340m = 555° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 50Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 555° 50Hz


    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 63Hz X 360° / 340m = 700° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 63Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 700° 63Hz


    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 80Hz X 360° / 340m = 889° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 80Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 889° 80Hz


    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    No Boundaries

    Mixing
    Console
    10.5m Mic 1
    (34.5f)
    25m
    (82.14f)
    Mic 2

    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Temperature:
    15 °C
    Phase Shift = 10.5m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 1,111° 60 °F

    Phase Shift = 34.5f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 1,111° 100Hz


    Typical Configuration, No Boundaries

    Frequency Response at various Microphone Positions

    Blue @ Mic 1
    Red @ Mic 2
    Green @ Mic 3
    Brown @ Mic 4
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 31Hz X 360° / 340m = 111°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 31Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 111° 31Hz
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 40Hz X 360° / 340m = 144°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 40Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 144° 40Hz
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 50Hz X 360° / 340m = 180°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 50Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 180° 50Hz
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 63Hz X 360° / 340m = 226°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 63Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 226° 63Hz
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 80Hz X 360° / 340m = 288°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 80Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 288° 80Hz
    Typical Configuration Problem using Subwoofers

    With Side Walls

    Mixing
    Console
    25m
    10.5m (82.14f) Mic 1
    (34.5f)

    Mic 2
    Real
    Sources
    Mic 3

    Mic 4

    Path Difference = 3.4m (11.18f)

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 360°


    Virtual
    Sources
    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 360° 100Hz
    Typical Configuration. With Side Walls

    Frequency Response at various Microphone Positions

    Blue @ Mic 1
    Pink @ Mic 2
    Green @ Mic 3
    Orange @ Mic 4
    I) STRAIGHT LINES
    2 signals with 90° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    °
    signals 1-2 combined
    Phase Shift 90
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 1.41
    dB Sumatory 3.01 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.41 /1) = 3.01 dB
    4 signals with 90° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 90
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 0.00
    dB Sumatory -100.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.00 /1) = -100.00 dB
    8 signals with 90° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 90
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 0.02
    dB Sumatory -35.16 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.02 /1) = -35.16 dB
    2 Elements @ 90°

    Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 0.85m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 90° Phase Shift = 2.795f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 90°

    Temperature:

    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    4 Elements @ 90°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 0.85m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 90° Phase Shift = 2.795f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 90°

    Temperature:

    4 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    8 Elements @ 90°

    Lenght of Line= 5.95 m (19.56 f)


    Sum Area

    Cancel Area Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 0.85m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 90° Phase Shift = 2.795f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 90°

    Temperature:

    8 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    2 signals with 120° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    °
    signals 1-2 combined
    Phase Shift 120
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 1.00
    dB Sumatory 0.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.00 /1) = 0.00 dB
    4 signals with 120° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 120
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 1.00
    dB Sumatory 0.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.00 /1) = 0.00 dB
    8 signals with 120° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 120
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 1.02
    dB Sumatory 0.13 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.02 /1) = 0.13 dB
    2 Elements @ 120°

    Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 1.13m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 120° Phase Shift = 3.72f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 120°

    Temperature:

    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    4 Elements @ 120°

    Sum Area

    Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.13m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 120° Phase Shift = 3.72f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 120°

    Temperature:

    4 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    8 Elements @ 120°

    Lenght of Line= 7.91 m (26.04 f)

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area
    Not Sum Area Cancel Area Not Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 1.13m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 120° Phase Shift = 3.72f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 120°

    Temperature:

    8 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    2 signals with 150° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    °
    signals 1-2 combined
    Phase Shift 150
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 0.52
    dB Sumatory -5.72 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.52 /1) = -5.72 dB
    4 signals with 150° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 150
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 0.90
    dB Sumatory -0.95 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.90 /1) = -0.95 dB
    8 signals with 150° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 150
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 0.88
    dB Sumatory -1.11 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.88 /1) = -1.11 dB
    2 Elements @ 150°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.41m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 150° Phase Shift = 4.65f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 150°

    Temperature:

    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    4 Elements @ 150°

    Sum Area

    Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.41m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 150° Phase Shift = 4.65f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 150°

    Temperature:

    4 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    8 Elements @ 150°

    Lenght of Line= 9.94 m (35.22 f)

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area
    Not Sum Area
    Not Sum Area Cancel Area
    Cancel Area
    Not Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 1.41m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 150° Phase Shift = 4.65f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 150°

    Temperature:

    8 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    2 signals with 180° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    °
    signals 1-2 combined
    Phase Shift 180
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 0.00
    dB Sumatory -100.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.00 /1) = -100.00 dB
    4 signals with 180° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 180
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 0.00
    dB Sumatory -100.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.00 /1) = -100.00 dB
    8 signals with 180° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 180
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 0.02
    dB Sumatory -35.16 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.02 /1) = -35.16 dB
    2 Elements @ 180°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.7m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 180° Phase Shift = 5.59f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 180°

    Temperature:

    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    4 Elements @ 180°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.7m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 180° Phase Shift = 5.59f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 180°

    Temperature:

    4 Subwoofers a@ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    8 Elements @ 180°

    Lenght of Line= 11.90 m (39.13 f)

    Sum Area

    Not Sum Area Cancel Area


    Área sin
    Cancel Area
    suma
    Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 1.7m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 180° Phase Shift = 5.59f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 180°

    Temperature:

    8 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 15 °C
    60 °F
    2 signals with 240° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    °
    signals 1-2 combined
    Phase Shift 240
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 1.00
    dB Sumatory 0.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.00 /1) = 0.00 dB
    4 signals with 240° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 240
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 1.00
    dB Sumatory 0.00 Equation: 20 x log ( 1.00 /1) = 0.00 dB
    8 signals with 240° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 240
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 0.98
    dB Sumatory -0.13 Equation: 20 x log ( 0.98 /1) = -0.13 dB
    2 Elements @ 240°

    Sum Area

    Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 2.26m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 240°


    Phase Shift = 7.45f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 240°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    4 Elements @ 240°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area

    Not Sum Area


    Not Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 2.26m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 240°


    Phase Shift = 7.45f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 240°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    8 Elements @ 240°

    Lenght of Line= 15.86 m

    Sum Area

    Área de
    cancelación
    Not Sum Area
    Cancel Area Cancel Area
    Cancel Area
    Not Sum Area Not Sum Area Not Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 2.26m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 240°


    Phase Shift = 7.45f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 240°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    2 signals with 360° Phase Shift

    signals 1-2 not combined

    Phase Shift 360 °


    signals 1-2 combined
    # of Sources 2
    Peak Value 2.00
    dB Sumatory 6.02 Equation: 20 x log ( 2.00 /1) = 6.02 dB
    4 signals with 360° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined

    °
    signals 1-4 combined
    Phase Shift 360
    # of Sources 4
    Peak Value 4.00
    dB Sumatory 12.04 Equation: 20 x log ( 4.00 /1) = 12.04 dB
    8 signals with 360° Phase Shift

    signals 1-4 not combined signals 5-8 not combined

    °
    signals 1-8 combined
    Phase Shift 360
    # of Sources 8
    Peak Value 8.00
    dB Sumatory 18.06 Equation: 20 x log ( 8.00 /1) = 18.06 dB
    2 Elements @ 360°

    Sum Area

    Sum Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 360°


    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 360°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    4 Elements @ 360°

    Sum Area

    Cancel Area
    Not Sum Area
    Not Sum Area
    Sum Area
    Cancel Area Cancel Area

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 360°


    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 360°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    8 Elements @ 360°

    Lenght of Line= 23.80 m

    Sum Area

    Cancel & Not Sum Area


    Sum Area

    Phase Shift = 3.4m X 100Hz X 360° / 340m = 360°


    Phase Shift = 11.18f X 100Hz X 360° / 1,118f = 360°

    Maximum Distance between Sources is 240° (2/3 de cycle) Temperature:


    15 °C
    2 Subwoofers @ 100Hz 60 °F
    When creating Lines, the Maximum distance between
    Omni-directional sources must NOT exceed 240° (2/3 of cycle)
    of the Frequency with the smallest Wavelength

    The Frequency with the smallest Wavelength in a speaker,


    is the highest Frequency reproduced from the Frequency range

    In a multi-way System this Frequency is known as


    Upper Crossover Frequency
    Speed
    Maximum Distance del
    between Omni-Directional Sound 2/3 of
    = X
    Sources cycle
    when creating Lines Upper Crossover
    Frequency

    Speed of Sound @ 15°C = 340m/s

    Speed of Sound @ 60°F = 1,118f/s

    2/3 of cycle = 240° = 0.666


    Maximum Distance 340 m/s X 0.666
    (center-center) between =
    Omni-Direcional sources Upper Crossover
    when creating Lines (@15°C)
    Frequency (Hz)

    Maximum Distance 1,118 f/s X 0.666


    (center-center) between =
    Omni-Direcional sources Upper Crossover
    when creating Lines (@60°F)
    Frequency (Hz)
    STRAIGHT LINES = Straight Line Array

    The directional behavior of a Straight Line Array (created using omni-direccional sources)
    is “bi-directional” (“di-polar”)

    “sum area” based on minimal Phase Shift

    “cancel area” & “not sum area” based on excesive Phase Shift

    The frequency range wich directivity becomes narrow,


    is 2/3 octave using 2 elements separated 180° (half cycle),
    and such range is extended when increasing the number of sources,
    because the separation between multiple combinations of elements
    will be 180° (half cycle) for multiple frequencies

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