Discuss the following: E-Procurement, E-Administration and E-Democracy

ANSWER
E-Procurement (Electronic Procurement)
E-Procurement is the automation of an organization’s procurement processes using Web-based applications.
It enables widely dispersed customers and suppliers to interact and execute purchase transactions. Each
step in the procurement process is captured electronically, and all transaction data is routed automatically,
reducing time and cost of procurement. Properly deployed, E-Procurement can deliver tremendous value to
enterprises in different ways. While sales processes are driven by the supplier, procurement processes are
driven by the customer.
E-Administration (Electronic Administration)
E-administration refers to those ICT mechanisms which convert the paper processes in a traditional office
into electronic processes, with the goal to create a paperless office. Its objective is to get total transparency
and accountability within any organization.
E-Democracy (Electronic Democracy)
E-Democracy incorporates 21st-century information and communications technology to practice and
promote democracy. i.e a form of government in which all adult citizens are presumed to be eligible to
participate equally in the proposal, development, and creation of laws.

There are basically two types of portal, viz web portal and the enterprise portal. Discuss the two.

ANSWER

A portal is a website, which provides a set of services to the user so that he/she sometimes thinks that he/she is using a single but very
complex software system. Portals are often used in big organizations to control the access of employees to the different ICT systems;
each employee gets a specific menu of “his”/“her” applications. Also content providers use portals,
thoughinthenarrowsensethattheyonlydelivercontentandnoapplicationsystems.

A portal is a central entry and navigation point to provide access to a virtual area (of applications or services)
and to deliver additional information to the user. It works as an interface between user and system(s).

Web portal
A horizontal portal is used as a platform to several companies in the same economic sector or to the
same type of manufacturers or distributors.
A vertical portal (also known as a “vortal”) is a specialized entry point to a specific market or industry
niche, subject area, or interest. Some vertical portals are known as “vertical information portals”
(VIPs).
Enterprise portal
It provides a secure unified access point, often in the form of a Web-based user interface, it is a
framework for integrating information, people and processes across organizational boundaries, it is
designed to aggregate and personalize information through application- specific portlets (Portlets are
pluggable user interface software components that are managed and displayed in a Web or
enterprise port.

Doubtful sha
A revenue model is a framework for determining how a business will generate revenue. Discuss the types
of business model.

ANSWER

Online revenue model options for Internet businesses: The site advertisement revenue model. An
organization provides a medium for ads and collects fees from advertisers (i.e. Yahoo)

Revenue from subscription access to content: A business offers its customers content or services and
requests a subscription fee before accessing some or all of its products. For example, a journal publisher can
request subscription fees before accessing its conference proceedings, journal papers, and e-books.

Revenue from Pay Per User (PPU): It is a method where users only pay for the products or services content
they use out of all the available ones. Unlike the subscription model, which packs services together assuming
continuous use all-through multiple purchase sessions, PPU allows the company to collect money each time
the user needs to use the service. Besides, the PPU model can work shoulder-to-shoulder subscription
revenue, with single-use buying available in addition to reduced monthly plans.

Donation: Amazingly, organizations depend on donations as part of their revenue proceeds. Donation is
common with independent content creators, and nonprofits (non-governmental organizations (NGOs)).
Some platforms (i.e. Kickstarter and Patreon) make it easy for customers to make special donations to
support and fund the program of small businesses.

A business model defines the principle of how an organization captures, creates and delivers value. Itemize
the components that make up the Business Model.

ANSWER

 Value Proposition
 Revenue Model
 Advertising revenue models
 Subscription revenue models:
 Transaction fee revenue model
 Affiliate revenue model
 Market Opportunity
 Competitive Environment
 Competitive Advantage
 Market Strategy
 Organizational Development
 Management Team