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1. EARTHWORKS 
1. Earthworks are engineering
works created through the moving of
massive quantities of soil
 – 
2. Scope  excavation,cutting & filling,
leveling & platforming
3. Earth shall be excavated to required level
4. Machineries used  excavator, bulldozer,
 – 

 backhoe, dump truck

2. DIAPHRAGM WALL 
Definition 
• Permanent retaining wall structure in substructure construction

•  Underground structural elements commonly used for retention system & permanent wall

The construction of diaphragm wall is commenced with a 20m wide working platform 

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Construction Method & Sequence 

Construction of Guide Wall 

Guide Wall 300 mm x 1.0 m is a temporary reinforced concrete wall constructed along the
diaphragm wall alignment. The purpose of guide wall is to support the upper soil and guide
the drilling equipment at the right location

Completed guide wall

Stability Fluid 
Bentonite Slurry 
Bentonite Slurry is used as a stability fluid during excavation. It is prepared by mixing
 bentonite powder with water in bentonite plant installed on site. Bentonite slurry is frequently
recycled during usage and the properties of the slurry is checked prior to concreting.

Mixing & Storage of Bentonite (Silo System)

Bentonite Storage (Pool System)

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Bentonite Supply Pipeline Networks

Diaphragm Wall Excavation 

  The excavation is carried out using a suspended mechanical line grab mounted on
heavy crawler crane, to the full required depth.
  The level of bentonite is kept as high as possible between the guide wall
  Using the grab, excavated materials are loaded on trucks and removed out from site.
  When excavation is completed, the bentonite slurry shall be replaced or recycled prior
to placing reinforcement cage and concreting.

Grab machine

Excavation Sequences 

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Installation of rubber water stop

End panel & water stop

End panel in-place in the trench  

Steel Reinforcement Cage 

  Steel Reinforcement (Rebar) Cage is fabricated on site and delivered by crane into the
 panel and lowered down into the trench.
  Steel cage is placed in segments in the trench and positioned on the top of the guide

wall at the required location within the excavated panel length.

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Fabrication of Rebar Cages

Rebar Cage with Slab Starter Bar

Rebar cage

Hoisting rebar cage

Lowering down rebar cage intro the trench

C.U.T Pipe Penetration Recess Inside Diaphragm Wall Steel Cage

CONCRETING 

  Special concrete mix design using 20% PFA (Pulverized Fuel Ash) + 80% OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement for Low Permeability & Low Absorption.
  Concreting is placed by the tremie method.
  Concrete is poured into the hopper and is raised from the bottom of the trench,
displacing the bentonite slurry.
  The tremie pipe is kept immersed in the concrete at the bottom of panel to ensure
fresh concrete does not mix with bentonite slurry.

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Concreting of diaphragm wall panel
BORED PILING 
Definition 
Cast in situ pile formed by excavating a shaft of specified size 1,500mmDia & 1,050mmDia
to required depth & casting the excavated shaft with concrete of specified strength after
reinforcement is lowered down.

Rotary drilling machines with telescopic Kelly bars and augers

Type of Auger 

BORING OF BORED PILE 

method & construction sequence 

  Kelly bars is mounted with auger

  Verticality of Kelly bar is checked

  Auger is lowered & boring commence
  Temporary casing is used to prevent collapse (top soil)
  Bentonite fluid is used to prevent collapse
  If hard materials encountered- other drilling tools used  chiseling  – 

  After reaching required depth  cleaning bucket is used to clean bottom of b/hole
 – 

Installation of temporary casing

Boring work in progress

Drilling Using Cleaning Bucket

Fabrication of steel reinforcement

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Steel Reinforcement Installation

Concrete is discharged into the bore holes using tremie method

Concreting Until Bentonite Overflow

4. Plunge-In Column 

  Plunge-In Column (PIC), designed exclusively to support the basement slab during
excavation, are installed concurrently with the piling work at the boring platform level
  PIC are I beams designed to cater slab weight with max live load of 2.5 kPa in a grid
of 8.5m x 9 m

Bored Piling work will commence from 1.5m below Ground Floor Level to the require bored
 pile depth.

Plunge In Columns (350 x 350 Universal Beam) will be installed and embedded 2m into the
 bored pile immediately upon the concreting of Bored Piles.

Plunge-in Column ( 350 x 350 Universal Beam)

Installation of Guide Frame

Installation of PIC

TYPICAL PLUNGE IN COLUMN

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Connection Plate to Plunge-in Columns

Completed Plunge-in Column inside Permanent Column (Composite)

4. Deep Excavation at Lower Basement  

5. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS 

Structural elements:

  Column  a vertical structural element that transmit through compression the weight
 – 

of the structure above to other element below

  Beam- a structural element placed horizontally to carry vertical loads.The loads
carries by a beam are transferred to columns, wall or girder, which in turn transfer the
force to adjacent structural members
  Slab  structural member that spanning between beams, walls, girders or column
 – 

- slab is used for floors

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION & SEQUENCE OF WORKS 

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1.Site is trimmed to a general platform of RL +30.50 to facilitate the commencement of bored
 pile & diaphragm wall
2.Guide wall for diaphragm wall to constructed along the perimeter of wall with top of guide
wall is approx. 300 mm below ground
3. A perimeter working platform of approx. 20m wide perpendicular from d/wall alignment is
to be allowed for d/wall activities where center portion to be cut down to RL +27.50 with 1:1
slope to facilitate bored piling works

Temporary Openings 
Four (4) Temporary Openings will be provided at the Lift Core Wall area for the purpose of:
1. Ventilation
2. Access for construction materials
& machineries
3. Access for removal of excavated soil
4. Construction of lift pit & core wall
 by conventional method (bottom up)

Ground Floor slab will be cast once the Plunge In Columns were
completely Installed at the particular Zone

Excavation to 1.5m below the Basement 1 slab will continue after 16 days
casting of the Ground Floor Slab 

Construction of Basement 1 slabs will then proceed 

Preparation of Scaffolding, Formworks & Rebar for Lower Basement Slab

Installation of Chemical Anchors for Slab Starter Bars

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Sequence of Works for Lower Basement Slab

Ground Monitoring Instrumentation  

-
The objectives : 

To monitor Wall.
Diaphragm the effects of Deep Excavation works to Common Utility Tunnel (CUT) &
-
Th e M ethods : 
Settlement Marker (inside CUT, Bldg & Adjacent Pavement)
Strain Gauges
Standpipe Piezometer
Inclinometer

Settlement Points for Common Utility Tunnel (CUT)

Monitoring Device : Inclinometer

Subsequent excavation below the Basement 3 slab level will then proceed after 16 days
casting of the Basement 1 slabs.

Construction of Basement 3 slabs will continue.

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Excavation to pilecap level will be carry out after construction of the basement 3 slab.
The Basement 2 slab will construct simultaneously while excavation to the lowest Basement
is in progress.

Construction of the Basement 4 slabs will then continue

Completed Basement Slabs

CONSTRUCTION OF LIFT CORE WALL 

(conventional method)
The construction work for lift core wall & lift pit (previously temporary openings) will be
done using conventional method Due to lift pit level is lower than lowest basement slab,
Contiguous Bored Piles (CBP) will be installed as retaining wall to facilitate the construction
of lift pits

Sequence Of CBP Works 

  Construct CBP concurrently with the foundation bored piles from existing ground
level
  Cast CBP until RL 12.10 which is approximately 900mm from B4 level
  Upon excavation until B4 level, construct 900mm thick capping beam to tie all CBP

 prior to the excavation for lift pit

  Excavate to RL 9.00 for the installation of strutting and water at RL 10.00
  Upon strutting, excavate further to final excavation at RL 3.00 for the casting of raft
slab and build up shear wall
  Remove strut before casting the remaining of B4 slab

Construction of Lowest Basement Pilecap at B4  

Installation of Pressure Relieve Valves  

  Excavation of Lift Pits to the face of the contiguous bored piles will be carry out
concurrently with the removal of excavated earth by hoisting out using cranes and
 buckets.
  Construction of Lift wall pile caps will then continue.
  Construction of Basement 4 columns will be carry out upon the completion of
Basement 4 slabs.

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Construction of Lift Core Pile Cap  

Construction of Shear Wall at B3-B4 

  Construction of Lift Pit walls will proceed to the Basement 4 level.

  Construction of the columns from B3 to B2 will then continue.

  Construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B4 to B3 will proceed and the
temporary opening will be sealed off
  Construction of columns from B2 to B1 will then continue.

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  Similarly, the construction of Lift Wall and the columns from B3 to B2 will proceed
and the temporary opening will be seal off.
  Construction of columns from B1 to Ground Floor will continue.

Construction of Columns (Tower) 

Construction of Columns (Podium) 

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Construction of Lift wall and the columns from B2 to B1 will commence and the temporary
opening will be sealed off.

Construction of Lift Wall and the Columns from B1 to Ground Floor will proceed and finally
temporary opening will be sealed off

Finally the construction of the Basement Car park is then complete

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Posted by Abi Husna at 12:52 AM 

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3 comments:

1. 

hantu rayaFebruary 1, 2012 6:01 PM 

Like...........

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2. 

hantu rayaFebruary 1, 2012 6:02 PM 

like.........

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3. 

 Abi HusnaFebruary 1, 2012 6:29 PM 

TQ.. Silakan share2 ilmu kalau ada, insya Allah..

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