Lab3

TheSkel
etalSy
stem

(TheBones)
TheBone
Boneisal i
vingti
ssuecapabl eofchanging
i
tsstruct
ureasther esultoft
hestressesto
whichitissubj
ected.Likeotherconnecti
ve
ti
ssues,bone
consi
stsof
:
1-cel
ls,
2-f
iber
s,and
3-mat
ri
x.
Bone i s har d because of t he
cal
cifi
cat
ionofi t
sextracel
lul
armat ri
x
and possessesa degreeofel ast
ici
ty
because oft he pr
esence oforganic
fi
bers.

Boneexi
stsi
ntwof
orms:
1-compactand
2-cancel
lous.
Compactboneappear sasasol idmass;
cancellous bone consi st
s of a
branchingnetworkoftrabeculae(Fig.)
.
Thet rabecul
aear earrangedi nsucha
mannerast or esi
stthest r
essesand
strai
nst owhichthebonei sexposed.
Funct
ionsofBonei
ngener
al:
1-a pr ot
ecti
vef uncti
on;t he skul
land v er
tebral
column,forexampl e,protectthebrainandspi nal
cordf r
om inj
ury
;t hesternum andr i
bspr ot
ectthe
thoraci
candupperabdomi nalv
iscer
a( Fi
g.).

2-Itser
vesasal
ever
,asseeni
nthel
ongbonesof
theli
mbs.

3-asani mpor t
antst
orageareaforcal
cium sal
ts.
.
The storage of cal
cium The bones stor
e and
rel
easecal ci
um inthebonesi sunderhor monal
contr
ol.

4-Ithousesand protect
swi t
hinitscavi
ti
esthe
deli
cate bl
ood-
for
ming bone marr
ow.The bones
assistt
helymphat
icsy
stem andimmunit
y.
Classifi
cat
ionofBonesBonesmaybe
classif
ied regi
onal
ly oraccor
ding t
o
theirgener
alshape:
1-l
ongbones,
2-shor
tbones,
3-f
latbones,
4-i
rr
egul
arbones,
and
5-sesamoi
dbones.
1-LongBones:
Longbonesar ef oundi nt hel i
mbs( e.g.
,the
humer us,femur,met acarpal
s,metatarsals,and
phalanges).Theirlengthi sgr eat
erthant hei
r
breadth.Theshaf thasacent r
almar r
owcav it
y
containingbonemar row.Theout erpar tofthe
shafti scomposedofcompactbonet hatis
covered bya connect iv
et i
ssue sheat h,the
peri
ost eum.The ends of l ong bones ar e
composedofcancel l
ousbonesur roundedbya
thi
nl ayerof compactbone.The ar ti
cul
ar
surfacesoftheendsoft hebonesar ecov ered
byhy ali
necarti
lage.
2-
Shor
tBones:
Shor tbonesarefoundi nt hehandandf oot
(e.
g., t he scaphoid, lunat
e, t al
us, and
calcaneum).Theirl engthis equalt otheir
breadth..Theyareroughlycuboidalinshape
and ar e composed of cancel lous bone
surroundedbyat hinl ay
erofcompactbone.
Shor tbonesarecoveredwithperi
osteum,and
thear ti
cul
arsurf
acesar ecov er
edbyhy ali
ne
carti
lage.
3-Fl
atBones:
Flatbonesar ef oundinthev aul
tofthe
skull( e.
g.,t he frontaland par i
etal
bones).They ar e composed oft hi
n
i
nnerandout erlayersofcompactbone,
the tables,separ ated by a layerof
cancell
ous bone, t he diploe. The
scapulae, al though i rr
egular, are
i
ncludedi nthisgroup.
4-I
rr
egul
arBones:
Irr
egular bones i
nclude those not
assignedtot hepr
eviousgroups( e.
g.,
thebonesoft heskull
,thev er
tebrae,
and the pel v
ic bones)
. They are
composedofat hi
nshellofcompact
bone wi t
h an int
eri
or made up of
cancel
lousbone.
5-
Sesamoi
dBones:
Sesamoidbonesar esmal lnodul esof
bonethataref oundincer taintendons
wheretheyrubov erbonysur f
aces..The
l
argestsesamoi d bonei st hepat el
la,
whichislocatedi nt hetendonoft he
quadri
cepsf emoris.Thef uncti
onofa
sesamoidbonei st oreducef ri
cti
onon
the tendon; it can also al ter the
dir
ecti
onofpullofat endon.