Extra-oral

Anatomical Landmarks
And Techniques

BY : NORA ALY
LECTURER OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY
FACULTY OF DENTISTRY
CAIRO UNIVERSITY
OBJECTIVES

•
•

•
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
Frankfort plane vs Canthomeatal line
indications
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•
•
•
•
•
 Skull views
1-Lateral 2-PA 3-AP

Dead skull True PA SMV

Lateral ceph Water’s

Reverse town’s
 1-LATERAL SKULL VIEWS
True / Dead lateral Lateral ceph
 1-LATERAL SKULL VIEWS
True /Dead lateral
1-LATERAL SKULL VIEWS
Lateral ceph (cephalostat)

Standardized
RIGHT & LEFT SIDES IS
IMPOSSIBLE
Orbital plate of frontal bone

Labial cortical
plate of mandible

Lingual cortical plate

of mandible
 Ear cartilage

Orbital rim

Occipital
bone
Pharynge
space
Anterior clinoid process

Sella
turcica
 INDICATIONS OF LATERAL SKULL VIEWS

1.

2.
3.
4.
 Skull views
1-Lateral 2-PA 3-AP

Lateral skull True PA SMV

Latera ceph Water’s

Reverse town’s
True PA VIEW
Zygomatic
process of
maxilla
 5

2 4
3
1. Angle of the mandible
2. Mandibular canal
3. Maxillary tuberosity
6
4. Base of the skull
5. Maxillary sinus
1 6. Anterior border of
ascending ramus
 Zygomatic
condyle bone

Neck of the condyle

coronoid
INDICATIONS OF PA VIEW

1.

2.
3.
4.
 Water’s view (sinus view)
Occipitomental projection

With opened mouth

• Coronoid (red)
• Zygoma (green)
• Zygomatic arch (yellow)
• Sphenoid sinus
• Foramen magnum
 1. Zygomatic process of

maxilla

2. Zygoma
2
1 3. Zygomatic arch
3 4
4. Coronoid process
5
5. Mastoid air cells
A: Foramen rotundum
B: Foramen ovale
C: Nasal septum
D: Floor of middle cranial fossa
 A: Inferior aspect of the base of skull
•
C: Inferior border of body of mandible
INDICATIONS OF SINUS VIEW

1.
2.
3.
 Reverse Towne’s
(occipito-frontal) projection
Zygomatic arch Condyle

NECK OF CONDYLE Nasal septum

 1-Foramen magnum
2-Nasal septum
3-Mandibular condyle
5-Zygomatic arch
INDICATIONS OF REVERSE TOWM’S PROJECTION

1. FRACTURE OF CONDYLAR NECK

2. DISPLACEMENT OF THE CONDYLE
MEDIALLY.

3. CONDYLAR HYPOPLASIA OR
HYPERPLASIA
 Skull views
1-Lateral 2-PA 3-AP

Lateral skull True PA SMV

Latera ceph Water’s

Reverse town’s
 AP PROJECTIONS

Less applicable in dentistry as they show the

back & base of the skull
the area of interest is far from the cassette
which is placed behind the pt.
Submentovertix view
 SMV

Zygomatic
arch
 Nasal Submentovertix
Mandible
septum
Coronid

Foramen
Ovale
Foramen Mandibular condyle
Spinosum

Foramen
Magnum
Sphenoid sinus
 ➢ 1-Nasal septum
➢ 2-Zygomatic arch
➢ 8-Ramus ➢ 3-Sphenoid air sinus
➢ 9-Coronoid process ➢ 4-Anterior arch of atlas
➢ 5-Dens axis
➢ 7- Mandibular condyle superimposed on mandibular
➢ 1-Nasal septum
➢ 2- Zygomatic arch
➢ 3- Sphenoid air sinus
➢ 7- Mandibular condyle
superimposed on
mandibular
➢ 9-Coronid
INDICATIONS OF SMV PROJECTION

• POSITION AND ORIENTATION OF CONDYLES ,

BODY OF THE MANDIBLE SYMPHYSIS AND
ZYGOMATIC ARCH

• ZYGOMATIC ARCH FRACTURE

• INVESTIGATION OF THE SPHENOID SINUS
• LESIONS AFFECTING PALATE, PTERYGOID
REGION AND BASE OF THE SKULL