ANATOMY – BOARD II

ABDOMEN – ORAL PART

Anterior & Posterior Abdominal Wall

• Anterior abdominal wall: Show drainage areas of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Inguinal hernia: Define and Explain the basis / Define the condition & explain why it is common
in male.
• Direct inguinal hernia: Explain anatomical basis of formation.
• Inguinal lymph node: Describe drainage area of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Caput medusae: Define the condition and explain the anatomical basis of formation.
• Posterior abdominal wall in torso model: Show locations where different groups of lymph nodes
lie & describe lymphatic drainage in different groups. Mention areas of drainage of pre-aortic
group of lymph nodes.

The Alimentary System

Stomach

• Stomach in relation to skeleton: Hold viscus inside thoracic cage in anatomical position & Show
stomach bed in torso model. Outline formation & utility of gastric canal
• Stomach in relation to torso model: Hold viscus in anatomical position relation to torso. Show
interior features in viscus & posterior surface relations in torso model.
• Show its general features. Show stomach’s relations in torso model.
• Show parts of stomach mentioning artery supply. / Show mode of artery supply & explain why
lesser curvature is more prone to ulcer than greater curvature
• Describe venous drainage.
• Identify locations of different groups of lymph nodes in torso model & show their drainage areas
in stomach
• Describe what role do the sympathetic & parasympathetic play in promoting stomach function.
/ Stomach: Describe nerve supply with functional implications.
• Explain peptic ulcer disease from anatomical basis.
• Study of a figure - Development of stomach with rotation (Explanatory Figure)

Duodenum, Pancreas & Spleen

• Duodenum in relation to torso: Hold viscus/model in relation to torso model. Show different
parts with their directions. Mention lengths of those parts & peculiarities of 1st part or describe
interior of 2nd part.
• Duodenum: Mention sources of development. Explain dual sources of artery supply from
developmental background
• Pancreas: Hold viscus in anatomical position in relation to skeleton / torso model. Show
different parts & describe gross features. Mention its functions & relations of posterior surface
in torso.
• Duodenum, pancreas & spleen in relation to torso: Hold viscera in relation to torso model &
show different parts. Show relations of posterior surface of head & neck of pancreas.
• Study of a figure - Annular pancreas (Explanatory Figure)
• Pancreas: Mention its sources of development & derivatives of ventral & dorsal pancreatic buds
• Diabetes Mellitus: Define the condition and explain the cause or mechanism
• Spleen in relation to skeleton: Hold viscus inside thoracic cage in anatomical position in relation
to skeleton. Show parts & location. Describe gross features. Mention its functions.
• Show relations of both surface in torso model / Show relations of visceral surface in torso model.
Name ligaments of spleen.
• Spleen: Show mode of artery supply.
• Splenic sinusoid: Explain structure-function relationship
• Spleen: Explain structure of white & red pulp
• Midgut: Explain how physiological herniation occurs during development.
• Study of a figure: Rotation of midgut (Explanatory Figure)
• Omphalocele & Gastroschisis: Differentiate by features

Small Intestine & The Mesentery

• The mesentery in relation to torso: Hold viscus in anatomical position in relation to torso model
using root attachment. Identify free border & Show structures crossed by it.
• Identify different parts giving THREE points in favor. Show internal modification & mention
function(s). Mention TWO morphological characteristic features of jejunum & ileum.
• Show contents and relations of the mesentery in torso.
• Small intestine: Show arterial arcades & Describe mode of artery supply.
• Justify arterial supply of ‘both jejunum & parts of colon’ from one main artery.
• Small & large intestine: Show drainage areas of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Study of a figure - Development of small intestine with rotation (Explanatory Figure)

Large Intestine, Rectum & Anal Canal

• Large intestine in relation to torso: Hold viscus in relation to torso model. Show different parts
with their directions. Mention lengths of those parts & show cardinal features. State definitions
of cardinal features & describe peritoneal distribution of it
• Show interior features of cecum in torso model. Identify arrangements of taeniae coli in different
parts.
• Explain Why Pain is felt on around the umbilicus first & how it is shifted to McBurney’s point /
Explain cause of maximum tenderness in McBurney’s Point
• Large gut: Name arteries supplying it & Describe mode of supply
• Rectum and anal canal: Show different parts in model & mention their nerve supply. Show
venous drainage in torso
• Anal canal: Show different parts & mention their source of development.
• Study of a figure- Imperforate anus (Explanatory Figure)
• Hind gut: Describe process of development & explain how imperforate anus develops
• Define hemorrhoids and explain the cause of per rectal bleeding in portal hypertension.
• Explain why external hemorrhoids cause pain. / Explain why internal hemorrhoid is pain
insensitive while external hemorrhoid is pain sensitive.

Liver & Gall Bladder

• Liver in relation to skeleton: Hold viscus on correct side of chest cage in anatomical position &
Show relations of right lateral surface in torso model.
• Show surfaces, borders & lobes / Show different anatomical & physiological lobes, surfaces of
liver. Show relations of inferior surface in torso model. / Show liver’s relations in torso model.
• Divide ligaments of liver. Identify the bare area & show its boundaries
• Trace peritoneal reflection & Identify porta hepatis in torso model
• Explain why needle is inserted through 9th or 10th intercostal space in needle biopsy of liver
• Portal vein in torso: Show site of formation & identify formative tributaries. Describe its course
& termination.
• Justify presence of portal circulation in hepatobiliary system.
• Porto-caval anastomoses: Show THREE sites in torso model & Name participating veins.
Mention their clinical importance.
• Study of a figure - Different sites of porto-caval anastomoses (Explanatory Figure)
• Acute cholecystitis: Explain why pain is felt at tip of shoulder in this condition.
• Paracentesis: Describe its procedure.
• Transverse sections through the region of the stomach, liver, & spleen, showing formation of the
omental bursa: Read the figure & explain what special understanding it offers.

Urinary System

Kidney

• Hold viscus in anatomical position in relation to skeleton & mention its relations / Show
relations of anterior surface in torso model.
• Show macroscopic features in model kidney of longitudinal section.
• Show external features & structures passing through the hilum. Mention its coverings.
• Show mode of artery supply & Show mode of venous drainage.
• Kidney: Describe process of development & explain how horse-shoe kidney formed
• Mention sources of development of collecting & secretory part of kidney. Name TWO congenital
anomalies
• Study of a figure: Development of a metanephric excretory unit (Explanatory Figure)
• Study of a figure: Development of collecting part of kidney (Explanatory Figure)
• Congenital polycystic kidney disease: Explain the anatomical basis
• Renal agenesis: Explain why it causes oligohydramnios.
Urinary Bladdder

• Hold viscus in anatomical position in relation to skeleton. Show parts & positions. Identify
external features. / Show & describe gross features & Outline trigone inside viscus & mention
its importance.
• Show relations of superior surfaces in torso model & show peritoneal reflections in
hemisectioned model of male pelvis.
• Urinary bladder: Describe nerve supply with action of nerves on it / Explain parasympathetic
nerve is a nerve of micturition.
• Atonic bladder: Define & Explain anatomical basis.
• Automatic bladder: Explain the anatomical basis.
• Stress incontinence: Explain the condition.
• Development of urinary bladder: Describe process & explain ectopia vesicae

The Genital System

Male Reproductive System

• Male external genitalia in relation to skeleton: Hold viscus in anatomical position in relation to
skeleton. Show different parts of penis / Describe structure of penis. Mention layers of scrotum.
• Testis with spermatic cord in relation to skeleton: Hold viscera on correct side of
skeleton/model & describe macroscopic structure. Mention factors helping descent of testis.
• Show borders & surfaces. Mention coverings. Show & describe venous drainage
• Testis: Mention sources of development of different types of cells. Show process of development
of testis. Define hypospadias & epispadias
• Undescended testes: Define it & Explain factors those are responsible for it. Explain how this
condition is related to infertility
• Male internal genital organs: Describe lymphatic drainage
• Prostate: Describe lymphatic drainage & show location of different groups of lymph nodes in
torso model
• BPH: Explain how difficulty in micturition occurs.
• Genital ducts: Name derivatives of mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. What is bicornuate
uterus.
• Study of a figure- Genital ducts (Explanatory Figure)
• Development of gonads showing cortical & medullary cords (Explanatory Figure)

Female Reproductive System

• Female internal genitalia in relation to skeleton: Hold Viscera in anatomical position in relation
to pelvis of skeleton & Show parts of uterus & fallopian tube. Mention normal positions &
supports of uterus
• Uterus in relation to skeleton: Hold viscera in anatomical position inside pelvis in relation to
skeleton. Describe gross features of uterus. Show its peritoneal relations in sectioned model of
female pelvis / Show relations of both surfaces in torso model
• Name contents of broad ligament. Show drainage areas of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Show course of uterine artery in relation to uterus. Show mode of artery supply.
• Ectopic pregnancy: Define & Mention its sites.
• Tubal ligation: Define and Mention site of ligation.
• State importance of Pouch of Douglas.
• Female internal genital organs: Show lymphatic drainage areas of different lymph node groups
/ Uterus: Describe lymphatic drainage.
• Prolapse of uterus: Mention causes & Explain features / Utero-vaginal prolapse: Explain the
condition from anatomical basis
• Vagina: Show fornices & describe lymphatic drainage of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Female external genitalia: Show different parts & mention their sources of development
• Development of ovary (Explanatory Figure)
• Urorectal & rectovaginal fistulas (Explanatory Figure)
• Transverse section of the ovary, showing degeneration of the primitive (medullary) sex cords
and formation of the cortical cords (Explanatory Figure)

Bones & Joints, Pelvis & Perineum

• Typical lumbar vertebra: Identify in skeleton & show gross feature in bone.
• Lumber puncture: State the vertebral level of needle insertion at adult and infant and explain
why these sites are chosen.
• 5th lumbar vertebra in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features. Identify foramina in skeleton
& bone. Name structures passing through them.
• Sacrum in articulated pelvis: Show & Describe gross features in articulated pelvis. Identify
foramina & Name structures passing through them. Show relations of pelvic surface of sacrum
in torso.
• Articulated pelvis in relation to skeleton: Show formation of pelvic inlet / Outline boundary of
pelvic inlet and outlet. Identify joints of the pelvis in skeleton & mention their types.
• Pelvic girdle: Show THREE points that determine its sex. Show boundaries of different pelvic
diameter.
• Articulated pelvis in skeleton: Show location of sacral plexus & how sciatic nerve leaves pelvis.
Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of “Sartorius”.
• Pelvic diaphragm: Identify muscles & opening(s) in pelvic diaphragm in model

Vessels & Nerves

• Abdominal aorta: Show its extension in torso model. Show its ventral, lateral & terminal
branches. Identify ventral branches & describe their area of supply.
• Inferior vena cava: Show its formation & tributaries in torso model & Mention drainage areas.
• Study of a figure: Veins of abdomen (Explanatory Figure)
• Venous varicosity: Explain the basis of its formation / Explain how varicose veins develop.
• Cisterna chyli: State the location, drainage area & tributaries.
• Lumbar plexus: Show formation of plexus & branches.
• Sacral plexus: Show formation of plexus & branches.
• Enteric nervous system: Show locations & functions.
• Pelvic splanchnic nerve: Mention formation, area of supply.
• Pudendal nerve: Mention root values & Describe supply areas.
 ABDOMEN – PRACTICAL PART

Regional / Overall Dissection: Identify TWO structures & Give TWO points in favor: (3+2)

• Regions of abdomen
• Anterior abdominal wall / Anterior wall of the abdomen with rectus sheath
• Gluteal region

Living / Surface Anatomy:

➢ Draw on volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (4+2)
• Transpyloric plane
• Regions of the abdomen
• Epigastric region
• Stomach
• Duodenum
• Spleen
• Liver
• Abdominal Aorta
• Kidney / Kidney from back / Right & left kidney

➢ Point on self / volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (2+2)
• Deep inguinal ring
• Fundus of the gall bladder
• McBurney’s Point
• Anterior superior iliac spine

Radiological & Imaging Anatomy: Normal X-Ray Image:

* Identify modality (1) * Mention type/plane/view (1)

* Identify TWO structures (2) * Mentionrelevant clinical implication of modality (1)

• Pelvis
• Hip joint
• KUB region

Normal CT / MRI / Ultrasonographic image: * CT Scan – Abdomen- L2 level

* CT Scan – Abdomen- L4 level

Lucky Slide: Histological Slide: (5)

* Focus under microscope – 2 * Show structures – 1.5 * Write identifying points – 1.5

• Stomach
• Duodenum
• Pancreas
• Jejunum – small intestine / Small intestine / Mesentery & wall of small intestine
• Large intestine
• Appendix
• Liver
• Gall Bladder
• Kidney
• Adrenal gland
• Ureter
• Urinary bladder
• Testes
• Prostate
• Ovary
• Uterus / Uterus (proliferative phase)
• Uterine tube / Fallopian tube

Explanatory Histological Figure: Read figure & explain the special understanding it offers (5)

• General organization of alimentary canal

• Stomach
• Ultrastructure of parietal cell of the stomach
• Absorptive surface of the small intestine
• Intestinal Villi
• Diagram of M cell of intestineHepatic lobule
• 3D schematic diagram of hepatic sinusoid
• 3D schematic diagram of hepatic lobule, portal lobule and portal acinus / Comparison of three
models of liver organization and function
• Blood & biliary flow in the liver
• Diagrams & photomicrograph of an adult human kidney
• Renal corpuscles
• Ultrastructure of glomerular filtration barrier
• Organization & blood supply of adrenal gland
• Sertoli cell / Sertoli cell & its relationship to adjacent spermatogenic cell
• Diagram of follicle development and changes within the ovary
• Urinary tubes & uterus

SUPERIOR EXTREMITY – ORAL PART

BONES

Clavicle

• Clavicle in relation to skeleton: Show & Describe gross features. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to
insertion(s) of any ONE muscle that attached to sternal end / shaft of clavicle.
• Identify joints formed by it. Explain why junction between medial 2/3rd and lateral 1/3rd
is prone to fracture.
• Clavicle: Explain why it is a modified long bone. 7

Scapula

• Scapula in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s)
of Deltoid muscle / TWO muscles that are attached to dorsal or ventral surface of scapula /
attached to spinous process
• Show articular parts in skeleton. Identify different types of joints formed by the bone & Mention
movements occurring at them / Demonstrate movements of it in your own body.
• Winging of scapula: Mention cause & features.

Humerus

• Humerus in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features of upper end, shaft and lower end. Identify
different types of joints formed by the bone & Mention movements occurring at them.
• Mention nerves related to this bone. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of Biceps
brachii muscle / chief flexor muscle of elbow joint / any TWO muscles that form rotator cuff.
• Fracture shaft of humerus: Explain why this fracture may lead to wrist drop.
• Supracondylar fracture of humerus: Explain why it causes Volkmann’s ischemic contracture.

Radius & Ulna & Articulated Hand

• Radius & Ulna in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features of upper & lower ends. Identify
different types of joints formed by the bones & Mention movements occurring at them.
• Ulna in skeleton: Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of “triceps brachii” / muscles that
helps in supination movement.
• Articulated hand in skeleton: Show different types of joints formed by its different parts.
Demonstrate movements at any TWO of them in your own body & Mention muscles responsible
for each movement.
• Show joints between carpal, metacarpal & phalanges & mention their types. Hold a ribbon from
origin to insertion of any ONE muscle that is inserted in a phalanx.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome: Explain anatomical basis

Joints

• Wrist joint in skeleton: Show articular parts in skeleton. Mention movements & Demonstrate
any TWO of them in your own body. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of Flexor carpi
radialis muscle & mention its action.
• Elbow joint in skeleton: Show articular parts in skeleton. Demonstrate movements in your own
body & Mention muscles producing them.
• Radio-ulnar joint in skeleton: Show & Describe their formation & Mention type(s). Demonstrate
movements at any one of them in your own body.
• Shoulder joint: Show articular parts / Outline articular surfaces in skeleton. Mention movements
& Demonstrate any TWO of them in your own body with muscles producing them. Hold a ribbon
from origin(s) to insertion(s) of ONE flexor & ONE extensor muscle.
• Name factors providing stability to shoulder joint. Explain why it is less stable than hip joint.
• Shoulder joint dislocation: Explain why it occurs inferiorly.

Arm, Axilla & Mammary Gland

• Muscular compartments of Arm: Mention nerve supply of different compartments with their
origins & root values. / Mention the roots & cords from which they come.
• Mention locations & drainage areas of different groups of Axillary lymph nodes OR Open
Question.
• Mammary gland: Show different quadrants draining into specific lymph nodes. / Show drainage
areas of different groups of lymph nodes. Explain importance of drainage of different quadrants
• Mammary gland: Explain how krukenberg tumor develops

Vessels & Nerves

• Upper limb: Show venous drainage of upper limb.

• Superficial veins of upper limb: Show formations, courses & terminations.
• Upper limb: Show dermatomes of upper limb.
• Brachial plexus: Show formation of plexus & branches.
• Brachial plexus: Show medial & posterior cord with their branches.
• Show supply areas by dermatomes: * Musculocutaneous nerve * Median nerve
* Radial nerve * Ulnar nerve
• Median nerve: Describe its sensory supply to hand by root values/dermatomes.
• Radial nerve: Describe its sensory supply to hand with root values.
• Saturday night palsy: Explain how it occurs.
• Ulnar nerve: Mention its root values & muscles that it innervates. / Describe its motor supply.
Describe its sensory supply to hand by root values.
• Claw hand: Define the condition & explain why a fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus can
lead to claw hand / Explain how ulnar nerve injury may lead to it
• Intramuscular injection in upper & lower limb: Explain why specific site is chosen?
 SUPERIOR EXTREMITY – PRACTICAL PART

Regional / Overall Dissection: Identify TWO structures & Give TWO points in favor: (3+2)

• Axilla
• Front of the arm
• Front of the forearm
• Pectoral region / Pectoral region with mammary gland

Living / Surface Anatomy:

➢ Draw on volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (4+2)
• Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• Median cubital vein
• Median nerve in a forearm
• Radial nerve
• Ulnar nerve

➢ Point on self / volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (2+2)
• Radial pulse
• Medial epicondyle / Medial humeral epicondyle
• Anatomical snuff box

Radiological & Imaging Anatomy: Normal X-Ray Image:

* Identify modality (1) * Mention type/plane/view (1)

* Identify TWO structures (2) * Mentionrelevant clinical implication of modality (1)

• Shoulder joint
• Arm / X-ray-Arm including proximal & distal joints
• Elbow joint
• Wrist joint
• Hand
 INFERIOR EXTREMITY – ORAL PART

Bones

Hip Bone

• Hip bone in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features of different parts of the bone. Describe
gross features of ilium.
• Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of ONE muscle that is attached to iliac crest / muscle
that are attached to iliac fossa & anterior superior iliac spine / TWO muscles that are attached
to ischial tuberosity

Femur

• Femur in skeleton: Show & Describe different parts of the bone / gross features of upper end,
shaft and lower end. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of TWO muscles that are
attached to upper end of femur / ONE muscle that is attached to shaft.
• Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of “gluteus maximus” / “quadriceps femoris”
muscles / THREE vastus muscles.
• Identify joints formed by it. Explain how attachment of intermuscular septa and muscles in linea
aspara divides thigh into 3 compartments
• Fracture neck of femur: Explain why this fracture may lead to avascular necrosis of head.

Patella, Tibia & Fibula

• Identify patella in skeleton & show gross features of articular surfaces. Name type of joint
formed by it.
• Tibia in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features of upper end. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to
insertion(s) of TWO muscles that are attached to upper end of tibia / tibialis anterior muscle /
any TWO hamstring muscles
• Show & describe gross features of articular surfaces of Tibia. Identify different types of joints
formed by the bone & Mention movements occurring at them.
• Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of “guy ropes”. State why they are called so.
• Fibula in skeleton: Show & Describe gross features of upper & lower ends. Hold a ribbon from
origin(s) to insertion(s) of Peroneus Longus and Peroneus brevis & mention their actions.
• Neck of fibula: Explain why fracture at this site may lead to foot drop / Explain the effects of
fibular neck fracture / Common peroneal nerve: Explain its effect of injury at the level of neck of
fibula.

Skeleton Of Foot & Arches of the Foot

• Articulated foot: Show different types of joints. Demonstrate movements at any TWO of them in
your own body & Mention muscles responsible for each movement. 5
• Show ONE important joint involved during walking & outline its articular surfaces in skeleton.
• Show THREE sets of bones & Identify joints formed by them. Explain how tibialis anterior
maintains the medial longitudinal arch.
• Demonstrate inversion & eversion movements in your own body. Hold a ribbon from origin(s)
to insertion(s) of muscles responsible for eversion movement
• Club foot: Define the condition & explain how it develops.
• Flat foot: Explain the clinical disorder & its underlying cause.

Joints

• Hip joint in skeleton: Outline articular surfaces / Show articular parts in skeleton. Demonstrate
movements in your own body & Mention muscles producing them. / Demonstrate flexion and
extension movements in your own body & Name muscles responsible.
• Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of ONE muscle that causes ONE of those movements
/ “Psoas major” muscle & mention its action / ONE flexor & ONE extensor.
• Knee joint in skeleton: Show articular parts in skeleton. Mention movements & Demonstrate any
TWO of them in your own body. Hold a ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of ONE muscle that
causes ONE of those movements / TWO muscles that cross knee joint.
• Mention ligaments of knee joint. Explain structure function relationship of cruciate ligament
• Ankle Joint in skeleton: Show & Describe formation. / Show bones forming ankle joint. Mention
type. Demonstrate movements of it in your own body & Name muscles responsible. Hold a
ribbon from origin(s) to insertion(s) of ONE dorsi-flexor & ONE plantar-flexor.

• Tibio-fibular joints in skeleton: Show & Describe their formation. Mention type(s) &
Demonstrate movements at knee joint in your own body.
Vessels & Nevers

• Great saphenous vein: Show its origin & course & termination
• Valves in the great saphenous vein: Explain structure-function relationships.
• Deep vein thrombosis: Define the condition & explain the cause.
• Lymphatic drainage of lower limb: Show drainage areas of different groups of lymph nodes.
• Obturator nerve: Describe supply area by root values
• Femoral nerve: Mention its root value, describe the formation & areas of innervation & effect of
lesion
• Sciatic nerve: Mention its formation, branches & their motor supply / Describe supply areas by
root values. Explain how injury to it causes sciatica
• Common peroneal nerve: Mention divisions and supplied parts/structures. Describe supply
areas by dermatomes

Development of Limbs & Vertebral Column

• Upper limb: Describe process of development

• Development of upper & lower limb: Differentiate by TWO points
• Study of a figure:
• Development of limb
• Developing muscle cells move into the limb
• Stages of development in a somite
• Somite differentiation
• Formation of vertebral column at different stage of development
• Vertebral column: Describe process of development & Explain Spina bifida

INFERIOR EXTREMITY – ORAL PART

Regional / Overall Dissection: Identify TWO structures & Give TWO points in favor: (3+2)

• Femoral Triangle
• Front of the thigh
• Medial side of thigh
• Back of the thigh
• Popliteal fossa / Back of the leg / Back of the leg including popliteal fossa
• Lateral side of leg

Living / Surface Anatomy:

➢ Draw on volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (4+2)
• Great saphenous vein
• Anterior tibial artery
• Tibial nerve
• Common peroneal nerve
• Arteria dorsalis pedis

➢ Point on self / volunteer & mention clinical implication of such surface knowledge: (2+2)
• Adductor tubercle
• Tibial Tuberosity
• Lateral & Medial malleolus
• Dorsalis pedis artery pulse

Radiological & Imaging Anatomy: Normal X-Ray Image:

* Identify modality (1) * Mention type/plane/view (1)

* Identify TWO structures (2) * Mentionrelevant clinical implication of modality (1)

• Knee joint AP view

• Tibio-fibular joint
• Leg
• Ankle joint
• Foot / Articulated foot
 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY (ORAL PART)

• Study of a figure: Read figure & explain special understanding it offers. (Explanatory figure) 7
• Gametogenesis
• Ovulation
• Phases of fertilization
• Implantation: Define & show its normal (commonest) & abnormal site in model (Model - Sagittal
section of female pelvis) OR Open Question 5
• Decidua: Define & Name types. Explain its structure-function relationship. Describe changes of
decidual reaction. (5/7)
• Fertilization: Define & Mention steps/stages. Explain the necessity of different phases of
fertilization. Explain how polyspermy is prevented. 6
• Capacitation: Define & Describe phases. 5
• Acrosomal reaction: Explain why it is necessary for fertilization. 7
• Spermiogenesis: Define & Describe process / morphological changes OR Open Q. (Figure) 5
• Flagellum of sperm: Explain structure-function relationships 7
• Germ cell maturation: Justify importance of meiosis in creating germ cells with ‘one complete
set of genes’. 7
• 1 st week of Development: Explain why capacitation & acrosome reaction are required before
fertilization. 6
• Second week of development: Mention the important events. Explain why it is known as the
“week of 2’s”. 6
• Germ layer: Justify presence of ‘only two germ layers’ in procordal plate & cloacal membrane.
• 3 rd week of development: Explain how epiblast is the source of all three germ layers. /
Gastrulation: Explain why it is called the source of all three germ layers / Gastrulation: Describe
formation of 3 germ layers from epiblast cells. (5/6)
• Study of a figure: (Explanatory figure) 7
• Events during 1st week of development
• 13-day human blastocyst
• Trilaminar germ disc
• Gastrulation: Explain why it is considered as most characteristic event occurring during third
week 6
• Organ formation: Explain how interaction between cells and tissues form organ. 6
• Embryonic period: Explain why 3rd to 4th week period is considered vulnerable for
teratogenesis. 6
• Teratology: Justify understanding of ‘principles of teratology’ is essential to understanding of
medical embryology. 7
• Embryonic stem cells: Explain why they are considered as pluripotent. 6
• Mesenchyme: Evaluate ‘mesenchyme’ as a source of different types of tissues. 7
• Evaluate ‘epithelial-mesenchymal interactions’ in embryonic development using TWO
examples. 7
• Organizer: Justify use of the terms, 'primary' & 'secondary' organizers in embryology. 7
• Primitive streak: Explain why it is called primary organizer. 6
• Neurulation: Describe process of development & Explain anencephaly. (Figure) (5/6)
• Notochord: Mention its definition, fate and function OR Open Question. 5
• Chorionic plate: Explain structure-function relationship. (Figure) 7
• Amniotic fluid: Explain why it helps in proper growth of embryo. 6
• Placenta: Describe formation & function. Mention its developmental sources OR Open Q. 5
• Placental membrane: Explain structure-function relationship. 7
• Placenta & umbilical cord: Name contents of umbilical cord. 5
• Hemochorial placenta: Mention structure- function relationship. 7
• Study of a figure: (Explanatory figure)
• Structure of a villi at various stage of development
• Maturation of ovarian follicle
• Gut tube & body cavities
• Interrelations of fetal membranes in monozygotic twins

GENERAL HISTOLOGY – ORAL PART

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue: Mention characteristic features & compositions OR Open Question 5

• Cells of Connective tissue: Mention their name & sites OR Open Question 5
• Mast cell: Describe morphology, Mention important structural features & Mention functions 5
• Plasma cell: Describe morphology & Mention functions 5
• Fibroblast: Describe morphology, Mention TWO important structural features & functions 5
• Fibroblast: Mention ONE function & explain its role in wound healing. 6
• Fibrocyte & fibroblast: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Macrophage: Describe important structural features & name at different sites. Mention ONE
function. Explain structure-function relationship of cytoskeleton of macrophage. 7
• Explain rough endoplasmic reticulum is more in macrophage. 6
• Mononuclear phagocytic system: Mention distributions and functions. 7
• Justify presence of ‘Wandering (mobile) cells’ in loose connective tissue. 7
• Fat cell: Mention its types & distributions. 5
• Fibers: Mention types of fibers with example. 5
• Connective tissue fibers: Mention their types and compositions. Give TWO distributions of each
type / Mention special type of connective tissue & Give distribution of reticular tissue OR Open
Question 5
• Explain structure-function relationships of collagen fiber. 7
• Collagen & elastic fibers: Differentiate by TWO structural points. 6
• Reticular fiber: Describe structure / Explain structure-function relationship OR Open Q. (5/7)
• Loose Connective tissue: Mention TWO structural features with distribution / Mention the
general organization, location and example. 5
• Dense connective tissue: Mention structural features with distribution OR Open Question 5
• Explain tendons & ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue. 6
• Loose and dense connective tissues: Differentiate by THREE features. 6
• Dense regular & dense irregular connective tissues: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Bone & cartilage: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Cartilage matrix and bone matrix: Explain structure-function relationship 7
• Cartilage: Name type & Mention examples & functional importance OR Open Question / Three
types of cartilages: Compare with example. 5
• Hyaline & elastic cartilages: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Hyaline cartilage & fibrocartilage: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Fibrocartilage & elastic cartilage: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Study of a figure:
 • Loose connective tissue
• Distribution of three types of cartilages

Muscular Tissue

• Describe how calcium plays an important role in muscle contraction OR Open Question 5
• Explain how sarcomere length changes during muscle contraction. 6
• Study of a figure: Shortening of sarcomere in muscle contraction (Explanatory figure) 7
• Length of skeletal muscle fibers is reduced in muscular contraction: Explain relation of this
function with appropriate structures. 7
• Skeletal muscle contraction – Describe the process. 5
• Actin-myosin & muscle contraction: Explain structure-function relationship. 7
• Myofilaments: Differentiate thick & thin filaments by TWO points. 6
• T-tubule (triad) in skeletal muscle cells: Explain structure-function relationship. 7
• ‘Diad’ & ‘triad’: Differentiate by TWO points. 6
• Study of a figure: Organization of a skeletal muscle fiber (Explanatory Figure) 7
• Skeletal muscle: Describe ultrastructural organization of a muscle fiber / Show important
electron-microscopic features & describe them OR Open Question (Figure) 5
• Smooth muscle cell: Mention TWO histological / structural features & TWO locations where it is
present. Mention TWO functions. 5
• Cardiac muscle cell: Mention THREE important electron microscopic features / Show
ultrastructural organization. (Figure) 5
• Justify - cardiac muscles act as a functional syncytium. 7
• Cardiac muscle: Explain how intercalated discs determine function of cardiac muscle. 7
• Explain why gap junction is present in cardiac muscles. 7
• Skeletal & smooth muscles: Differentiate on functional histology by THREE structural points 6
• Skeletal & cardiac muscles: Differentiate fiber based on their structural organization by THREE
points. 6
• Cardiac muscle & smooth muscle: Differentiate on functional histology by THREE structural
points. 6
• Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle: Differentiate histologically by THREE points. 6
Lymphoid Tissue

• Lymphoid organs: Classify with examples 5

• Justify presence of MALT, with examples, from TWO body systems. 7
• Justify importance of ‘germinal centers’ in secondary lymphoid organs. 7
• Lymphatic nodule with germinal centre: Explain structure-function relationship 7
• Reticular fibers in lymph node: Explain structure-function relationship. 7

GENERAL HISTOLOGY – PRACTICAL PART

(Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue)

Lucky Slide: Histological Slide: (5)

* Focus under microscope – 2 * Show structures – 1.5 * Write identifying points – 1.5

• Compact bone
• Skeletal muscle
• Spleen

Explanatory Histological Figure

• Loose connective tissue

• Organization of a skeletal muscle fiber
• Osteons (haversian systems) in compact bone and trabeculae in spongy bone
• Sarcomere shortening in muscle contraction
• Innervation of axial skeletal muscle
• Schematic illustration of lymph flow
• 3D Schematic diagram of Spleen
• 3D schematic diagram of open and close circulation of spleen / Blood circulation in spleen
 GENERAL ANATOMY – MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (ORAL PART)

Myology

• Explain how number of muscle fibers determine its function. 7

• Justify functional importance of ‘eccentric contraction’ of muscles. 7
• Explain why myofilaments are considered as the ultimate contractile element. 6
• Explain structure-function relationship of actin-myosin & muscle contraction. 7
• Justify - among 3 information on a muscle – origin, insertion and action, any one can be assumed
from knowledge of other two. 7
• Evaluate importance of “muscle nomenclature” in understanding muscle action.
• Different types of skeletal muscle: Differentiate by TWO features. 6
• Skeletal / voluntary muscle: Classify according to direction of muscle fibers giving examples. 5
• Skeletal muscle: Evaluate importance of muscle fiber direction in bone movement. 7
• Shunt & Strao muscle: Explain how structure determines function. 7
• Pennate muscle: Classify & give ONE example of each type OR Open Question. Explain how
structure determines function. 7
• Unipennate & Bipennate Muscle: Explain structure-function relationship 7
• Multi pennate muscle: Explain by structure-function relationship, why force of contraction is
more in these muscles than in strap muscles. 7
• Spiral and parallel muscle: Differentiate with examples. 6
• Parallel muscles: Mention features & types with examples. Explain by structure-function
relationship, why range of movement is more in these muscles than pennate muscles. 7
• Red muscles have slow & sustained contraction as antigravity muscles: Explain how structure
determines function. 7
• Red & white muscles: Differentiate by THREE structural points. 6
• Circular & longitudinal muscle layers in intestine: Explain structure-function relationships. 7
• Antagonist: Define with examples. Evaluate their importance in joint movement. (5/7)
• Agonist & antagonist muscle: Differentiate by TWO points. 6
• Muscle action: Justify importance of fixator muscles. 7
• Prime mover: Define with example OR Open Questions. 5
• Prime mover: Justify ilio-psoas as the prime mover in flexion at hip joint. 7
Osteology & Arthrology

• Bone: Mention the composition of bone OR Open Question / Mention its organic & inorganic
composition & Describe functions of osteoblast. 5
• Osteocytes: Describe structures & Mention functions / Explain structure-function relationship 7
• Multiple nuclei in osteoclast: Explain structure-function relationships. 7
• Osteoblast & osteoclast: Differentiate by TWO points. 6
• Bone: Show parts of a growing long bone & define growing end with examples. 5
• Bone: Explain why the knowledge of the growing end is important. 6
• Growing end: Define & Mention the parts of growing long bone. Explain why metaphysis is called
the site of bone formation. 6
• Functionally justify presence of 'cartilaginous epiphyseal plates' in some developing bones. 7
• Epiphyseal cartilage: Explain structure-function relationship. 7
• Epiphysis: Show different types of epiphyses (in skeleton). Explain their formation with
examples OR Open Question (5/6)
• Ossification: Justify use the terms, ‘primary & ‘secondary’ ossification centers. 7
• Cartilaginous & membranous ossifications: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Long bone: Mention the features of typical & atypical long bone OR Open Question 5
• Typical & miniature long bones: Differentiate by THREE points 6
• Sesamoid bone: Explain why it is called so. 6
• Bone: Justify presence of both ‘compact’ & ‘spongy’ parts in long bones 7
• Compact bone: Describe structure. Describe Haversian system OR Open Question 5
• Canaliculi in haversian system: Explain structure-function relationships. 7
• Volkmann’s canal: Explain structure-function relationship. 7
• Bone: Justify ‘circular’ shapes or arrangements of different parts of skeleton. 7
• Justify arrangement of different ‘bony spicules’ in different directions in spongy bone. 7
• Periosteum: Describe structure / Mention its layers / Mention compositions and functions OR
Open Question. Explain how it takes part in repair of bone fracture. (5/6)
• Study of a figure: (Explanatory Figure) 7
• Immature & mature compact & spongy bone
• Haversian system
• Schematic drawing of cells associated with bone
• Stages of bone healing process
• Joint: Define & Classify types of joint according to axes with examples. 5
• Explain movements at biaxial joints with ONE example. 7
• Evaluate importance of knowing ‘plane’ & ‘axis’ of a joint movement for understanding function
of that movement. (7+7)
• Joint movement: Justify with TWO examples- one relatively fixed ‘fixed’ & one ‘mobile’ bone
together determine a joint movement. / which bone is “fixed” & which is “mobile” determine
body movements. 7
• Evaluate ‘importance of gravity’ in joint movement with TWO examples. 7
• Primary cartilaginous joints: Justify their role for bone growth rather than for movement. 7
• Primary & secondary cartilaginous joints: Differentiate by THREE points. 6
• Synovial joint: Classify according to axis. Justify - all synovial joints require a ‘cavity’. (5/7)
• Fibrous joint: Explain necessity of syndesmosis type of fibrous joint in our body. 6
• Hinge variety of synovial joint: Explain how structure determines functions. 7
• Evaluate importance of different types of joints between vertebrae 7
• Weight transmission: Justify backward (towards trunk) transmission of weight of something
held in hand. 7
• Study of a figure: (Explanatory Figure) 7
• Examples of synovial joint
• Movement of vertebral column / Flexion & extension of vertebral column

Contributed by

Arvin 71 & Tanveer 72

DMC K-79