Embryology

I. Embryology
1. Describe fusion of the developing heart.
2. Describe rotation and folding of the developing heart.
3. Explain division of the heart into four chamber, including partitioning of the truncus arteriosus and
bulbus cordis; partitioning of the primitive atrium; partitioning of the atrioventricular canal; and
partitioning of the primitive ventricle.
4. Explain development of the conducting system of the heart.
5. Explain molecular regulation of cardiac development.
6. Explain abnormalities of the heart development.

II. Mediastinum & viscera thoracis :

1. Describe the boundaries of cavum thoracis
2. Define the mediastinum and its compartment ( sup, ant, medium, & post )
3. Describe topography of the heart in cavum thoracis
4. Identified boundaries of each comparment in mediastinum
5. Identified the structures with passed through and located in each comparment
6. Describe azygos & hemiazygos system of veins ( branches & drainage )
7. Describe the branches & component of vagus nerve
8. Describe the origin, branches, & target organ of phrenic nerve
9. Describe the pattern branches of thoracic aorta in mediastinum
10. Describe the topography, structure & constriction of esophagus
11. Explain the location of lymphatic vessels in mediastinum

III. Pericardium :
1. Describe about layers and attachment of pericardium
2. Explain about the sinus of pericardial cavity
3. Define about pericardial cavity & its function
4. Describe about neurovascularization of pericardium
CASE STUDY 1
History:
A prenatal ultrasound of a 29-year-old woman in her 12th week gestation reveals an abnormal image of
the fetal heart location. The heart lies on the right side of the thorax instead of the left.
Question:
•What defect does this infant probably have? , and
•What is the cause of this condition?
CASE STUDY 2
History:
A prenatal ultrasound of a 35-year-old woman in her 20 weeks gestation reveals an abnormal image of the
fetal heart.
Instead of a four-chambered view provided by the typical cross, a portion just below the crosspiece is
missing.
Question:
•What structures constitute the cross, and
•What defect does this infant probably have?
CASE STUDY 3
History:
A 26-year-old young mother was delivered of a child with severe craniofacial defects and transposition of
the great vessels. The face of this young mother is full of ex-acne. Acne healing since 6 months ago
because of having treated by an anti acne drug (retinoid). This retinoid is effective for treating the acne.
Questions:
•What cell population may play a role in both abnormalities?
•What type of insult might have produced this effect?
CASE STUDY 4
History:

A female infant was born normally after a pregnancy complicated by a rubella infection during the first
trimester of pregnancy. She had congenital cataracts and congenital heart disease. A radiograph of the
infant’s chest at three weeks showed generalized cardiac enlargement with some increase in pulmonary
vascularity.
Questions:
- What congenital cardiovascular abnormality is commonly associated with maternal rubella during early
pregnancy?
- What probably caused the cardiac enlargement?

CASE STUDY 5
History:
A patient complains about having difficulty swallowing. Questions:
•What vascular abnormality or abnormalities might produce this complaint?
•What is its embryological origin?
CASE STUDY 6
History:
A new born infant was referred to a pediatrician because of the blue colour of the skin (cyanosis). An
ultrasound examination was ordered to confirm the preliminary diagnosis of the case. Questions:
- What defect does this infant probably have?, and
- What is the cause of this condition?

CASE STUDY 7
History:
A male infant was born after a full-term normal pregnancy. Severe generalized cyanosis was observed on
the first day. A chest radiograph revealed a slightly enlarged heart with a narrow base and increased
pulmonary vascularity. Questions:
- What defect does this infant probably have?, and
- What is the cause of this condition?

CASE STUDY 8
History:
During an autopsy on a 72-year-old man who died from chronic heart failure, it was observed that his heart
was very large and that the pulmonary artery and its main branches were dilated. Questions:
- What defect did this man probably have?
- Where would the defect likely be located?
- Explain why the pulmonary artery and its main branches were dilated?
Anatomy
I. Mediastinum & viscera thoracic :
1. Describe the boundaries of cavum thoracis
2. Define the mediastinum and its compartment ( sup, ant, medium, & post )
3. Identified boundaries of each comparment in mediastinum
4. Identified the structures with passed through and located in each comparment

Describe topography of the heart in cavum thoracis

6. Describe azygos & hemiazygos system of veins ( branches & drainage )
 7. Describe the branches & component of vagus nerve
8. Describe the origin, branches & target organ of phrenic nerve
9. Describe the pattern branches of thoracic aorta in mediastinum
10. Describe the topography, structure & constriction of esophagus
11. Explain the location of lymphatic vessels in mediastinum

II. Pericardium :

1. Describe about layers and attachment of pericardium

2. Explain about the sinus of pericardial cavity

3. Define about pericardial cavity & its function

4. Describe about neurovascularization of pericardium

2. Identified the preparat based on list below : ( 60 minutes )
( after you have done, please give the check list )
- Bounded of thoracic inlet ( post, lateral & ant )
- Bounded of thoracic outlet ( posteriorly, posterolaterally, anteriorly & anterolaterally )
- Transverse thoracic plane
- Mediastinum sup, inf ( ant, middle & post )
- Fibrous pericardium
- Sternopericardial ligament
- Pericardiophrenic ligament
- Pericardial cavity
- Transverse pericardial sinus
- Oblique pericardial sinus
- Pericardiophrenis artery & vein
- Phrenic nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Internal Thoracic artery