TE 223-Lec 3 (Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics) - Final

TE 223: Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lecture notes on
Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 1
Forms of Energy
 Energy is the fundamental concept of thermodynamics
and one of the most significant aspects of engineering
analysis.
 Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal,
mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total
energy E of a system.
 Thermodynamics provides no information about the

absolute value of the total energy. It deals only with the
change of the total energy.
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 2
Forms of Energy
 In thermodynamic analysis, it is often helpful to consider
the various forms of energy in two groups: macroscopic
and microscopic.
 The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system
possesses as a whole with respect to some outside
reference frame; such as kinetic and potential energies.
 The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the
molecular structure of a system and the degree of the
molecular activity and they are independent of outside
reference frames.
 The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called
the internal energy U.
Mechanical concept of energy
 Newton formulated a general description of the motions of objects under
the influence of applied forces.
 Newton’s laws of motion, led to the concepts of work, kinetic energy and
potential energy
 Kinetic Energy: The energy that a system possesses as a result of
its motion relative to some reference frame is called kinetic energy
(KE).
𝑉2
𝐾𝐸 = (KJ) 𝑚
2
On a unit mass basis
𝐾𝐸 𝑉2
= 𝑘𝑒 = (KJ/Kg)
𝑚 2
where V is the velocity of the system
𝜔2
Kinetic energy of a rotating solid body: 𝐼
2
where I is the moment of inertia of the body and w is the angular
velocity
 Since kinetic energy is associated with the body as a whole, it is an
extensive property.
Potential Energy
 Potential energy: The energy that a system possesses as a result
of its elevation in a gravitational field is called potential energy (PE).
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧 (KJ)
𝑃𝐸
= 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑔𝑧 (KJ/kg)
𝑚
 Potential energy is regarded as an extensive property of the body.
 The magnetic, electric, and surface tension effects are significant in some
specialized cases only and are usually ignored.
 In the absence of such effects, the total energy of a system consists of the
kinetic, potential, and internal energies
𝑉2
𝐸 = 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑈 + 𝑚 + 𝑚𝑔𝑧 (kJ)
2
𝑉2
𝑒 = 𝑢 + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧 (kJ/kg)
2
Kinetic energy
 Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and
thus experience no change in their kinetic and potential
energies.
 The change in total energy ∆𝐸 of a stationary system is

identical to the change in its internal energy ∆𝑈
Some physical insight to internal energy
Sensible
energy
Some physical insight to internal energy
• The molecules of a gas move through space
with some velocity and thus possess some
kinetic energy. This is known as the
translational energy.
• The atoms of polyatomic molecules rotate

about an axis, and the energy associated with
this rotation is the rotational kinetic energy.
• The atoms of a polyatomic molecule may also

vibrate about their center of mass and the
energy associated with this is known as the
vibrational kinetic energy.
Energy transfer by heat
• Energy can cross the boundary of a
closed system in two distinct forms: heat
and work
• When a body is left in a medium that is at a different

temperature, energy transfer takes place between the body
and the surrounding medium until thermal equilibrium is
established.
The direction of
energy transfer is
always from the
higher temp. body
to the lower temp.
one
• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred
between two systems (or a system and its surroundings)
by virtue of a temperature difference.
• A process during which there is no
heat transfer is called an adiabatic
process
• Adiabatic comes from Greek word
adiabatos, which means not to be
passed
Two methods are used to make a system adiabatic:
• The system is well insulated so that only a negligible amount of heat
can pass through the boundary
• Both the system and the surroundings are at the same temperature and
therefore there is no driving force for heat transfer
• Heat has energy units, kJ
• The amount of heat transferred during the process between two
states (state 1 and 2) is denoted by 𝑄12 or just 𝑄
• Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of heat transfer (the
amount of heat transferred per unit time) instead of the total heat
transferred over some time interval.
• The heat transfer rate is denoted by 𝑄ሶ , where the overdot
represents the time derivative, or “per unit time”.
• The heat transfer rate has the unit kJ/s, which is equivalent to kW
• When 𝑄ሶ varies with time, the amount of heat transfer during a
process is determined by integrating 𝑄ሶ over the time interval of the
process:
𝑡2
𝑄 = න 𝑄ሶ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
• If 𝑄ሶ remains constant during a process, 𝑄 = 𝑄∆𝑡
ሶ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑡 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Energy transfer by Work
• If the energy crossing the boundary of a closed system is
not heat, it must be work.
• Work is the energy transfer associated with a force
acting through a distance. A raising piston, a rotating
shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system
boundaries are all associated with work interactions.
• Work has unis kJ.
• The work done during a process between states 1 and 2
is denoted by 𝑊12 or 𝑊
• The work done per unit mass of a system is
𝑊
𝑤= 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚
• The work done per unit time is called power and denoted
by 𝑊. ሶ The unit of power is kJ/s or kW
Properties of a system
• Heat and work are directional quantities and thus the complete
description of a heat and work interaction requires the
specification of both the magnitude and direction.
• Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive.
• Heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are
negative.
• Another way is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate

direction.
• A positive results indicates the assumed
direction is right.
• A negative result indicates that the direction is
the opposite to the assumed direction
Electrical work
The electrical work done is:
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑉𝑁
where V is the potential difference, N electrical charge in colombs
In the rate form
𝑊ሶ𝑒 = 𝑉𝐼
where 𝑊ሶ𝑒 is the electrical power and I is the number of electrical
charges flowing per unit time (current)
The electrical work done during a time interval is
2
𝑊𝑒 = න 𝑉𝐼 𝑑𝑡 (𝑘𝐽)
1
Mechanical forms of work
• In elementary mechanics: the work done
by a constant force 𝐹 on a body displaced a
distance 𝑠 in the direction of the force is
given by:
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 (𝑘𝐽)
2
• If the force is not constant, then 𝑊 = ‫׬‬1 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 (𝑘𝐽)
• There are two requirements for a work interaction

between a system and its surroundings to exists:
(i) there must be a force acting on the boundary
(ii) the boundary must move.
Shaft work
For a specified constant torque, the done during n revolutions is
𝑇
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 → 𝐹 =
𝑟
This force acts through a distance s and is related to the radius r
𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑛
𝑇
The shaft work is 𝑊𝑠ℎ = 𝐹𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑇 (𝑘𝐽)
𝑟
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done
ሶ = 2𝜋𝑛𝑇
per unit time 𝑊𝑠ℎ ሶ where 𝑛ሶ = no of revolutions per unit
time
Spring work
• When the length of the spring changes by a differential
amount dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is
𝛿𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥
For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is
proportional to the force applied 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
where k is the spring constant
• When the length of the spring

1
𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘(𝑥22 − 𝑥12 )
2
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 17

Work done on elastic solid bar
 Solids are modeled as linear springs because under
the action of a force they contract or elongate and the
when the force is lifted they return to their original
lengths. This is true as long as the force is in the
elastic range (not large enough to cause permanent
deformation).
𝑃
 Normal stress is 𝜎𝑛 =
𝐴
 The work associated with the expansion or contraction

of an elastic solid bar:
2 2
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = න 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝜎𝑛 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
1 1

Work associated with the stretching of a liquid film
 Consider a liquid film (soap film) suspended
on a wire frame.
 The liquid film will take some force to
stretch this film by the movable portion of
the wire frame. This force is used to
overcome the microscopic forces between
molecules at the liquid-air interfaces.
 These microscopic forces are perpendicular
to any line in the surface, and the force
generated by these forces per unit length is
called the surface tension, 𝜎𝑠 (N/m).
 The work associated with the stretching of
a film is called surface tension work.
2
 𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ‫׬‬1 𝜎𝑠 𝑑𝐴 where 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝑏 𝑑𝑥 is the change in the surface area
of the film. The factor 2 is due to the fact that the film has two surfaces in
contact with air
 The force acting on the movable wier as a result of surface tension effects
is 𝐹 = 2𝑏𝜎𝑠
Work done to raise or to accelerate a body
 When a body is raised in a gravitational field, its
potential energy increases.
 Likewise when a body is accelerated, its kinetic energy
increases.
 The conservation of energy principle requires that an
equivalent amount of energy must be transferred to the
body being raised or accelerated.
1) The work transfer needed to raise a body is equal
to the change in the potential energy of the body
2) The work transfer needed to accelerate a body is
equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the
body
2
 𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ‫׬‬1 𝜎𝑠 𝑑𝐴 where 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝑏 𝑑𝑥 is the change in the surface area of
the film. The factor 2 is due to the fact that the film has two surfaces in
contact with air
 The force acting on the movable wier as a result of surface tension effects
is 𝐹 = 2𝑏𝜎𝑠

The First Law of Thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the conservation of
energy principle.
 It states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.
 The rock at some elevation possess some potential

energy.
 As the rock falls, part of potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy.
 The decrease in potential energy is 𝑚𝑔∆𝑧
 Neglecting air resistance, the increase in kinetic
1
energy 𝑚 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
2
 Based on first law of thermodynamics
1
𝑚𝑔∆𝑧 = 𝑚 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
2
Energy balance
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total
energy of the system during a process is equal to the
difference between the total energy entering and the
total energy leaving the system during that process.
𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
The above relation is applicable to any kind of

system underdoing any kind of process.
Energy change of a system
 Energy change: involves the evaluation of the energy of the system
at the beginning and at the end of the process.
Energy change=Energy at final state-Energy at initial state
∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝑬𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏
 In the absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension effects,

the change in the total energy of a system during a process is the
sum of the changes in its internal, kinetic, and potential energies.
∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑉22 − 𝑉12 )
2
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
 Most systems are stationary. ∆𝑲𝑬 = ∆𝑷𝑬 = 𝟎. Therefore, ∆𝑬 =

∆𝑼
Energy balance
 In the rate form
 For constant rates
 The energy balance per unit mass basis
 Energy balance in the differential form:
 For a closed system undergoing a cycle,

∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 0.
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 or 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
The net work output during a cycle is equal to net

heat input
Example Problem
1. Consider an automobile traveling at a constant speed along a road.
Determine the direction of the heat and work interactions, taking the following
as the system:
(i) The car radiator, (ii) the car engine, (iii) the car wheels, (iv) the
road, and (v) the air surrounding the car.
2. Consider an automobile traveling at a constant speed along a road.

Determine the direction of the heat and work interactions, taking the following
as the system:
(i) The car radiator, (ii) the car engine, (iii) the car wheels, (iv) the
road, and (v) the air surrounding the car.
Example Problem
3. Consider an electric refrigerator located in a room. Determine the direction
of the work and heat interactions (in or out) when the following are taken as
the (i) the contents of the refrigerator , (ii) all parts of the refrigerator including
the contents, and (iii) everything contained within the room during a winter
day.
Example Problem
4. A room is heated as a result of solar radiation coming in through the
windows. Is this a heat or work interaction for the room?
5. An insulated room is heated by burning candles. Is this a heat or work

interaction? Take the entire room, including the candles, as the system.
Example Problem
6. Determine the energy required to accelerate a 1300 kg car from 10 to 60
km/h on an uphill road with a vertical rise of 40 m.
The total work required is the sum of the changes in potential and kinetic
energies.
2 2
1 2 2
1 60000 10000 1
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 1300 − = 175.5 𝑘𝐽
2 2 3600 3600 1000
1
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 1300 × 9.81 × 40 × = 510
1000
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝑎 + 𝑊𝑔 = 175.5 + 510 = 685.5
Example Problem
7. Determine the work required to deflect a linear spring with a spring
constant of 70 kN/m by 20 cm from its rest position.
8. Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being stirred
by a paddle wheel. During the process, 30 kJ of heat is transferred to the
water and 5 kJ of heat is lost to the surrounding air. The paddle-wheel work
amounts to 500 N.m. Determine the final energy of the system if its initial
energy is 10 kJ.
Example Problem
9. A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with
window air-conditioning units of 5 kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may
be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 kJ/h. There are 10
lightbulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 W. The rate of heat transfer to
the classroom through the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15000
kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant temperature of 210C,
determine the number of window air-conditioning units required.
Next lecture
• Properties of pure substances
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 31

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TE 223: Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

 Thermodynamics provides no information about the

 Potential energy is regarded as an extensive property of the body.

 The change in total energy ∆𝐸 of a stationary system is

• The atoms of polyatomic molecules rotate

• The atoms of a polyatomic molecule may also

• When a body is left in a medium that is at a different

• Another way is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate

• There are two requirements for a work interaction

• When the length of the spring

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 17

 The work associated with the expansion or contraction

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 18

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Dept. TE, ISU TE 223: Mechanical Engineering 20

 The rock at some elevation possess some potential

𝑬𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

The above relation is applicable to any kind of

 In the absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension effects,

 Most systems are stationary. ∆𝑲𝑬 = ∆𝑷𝑬 = 𝟎. Therefore, ∆𝑬 =

 For constant rates

 The energy balance per unit mass basis

 Energy balance in the differential form:

 For a closed system undergoing a cycle,

The net work output during a cycle is equal to net

2. Consider an automobile traveling at a constant speed along a road.

5. An insulated room is heated by burning candles. Is this a heat or work

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝑎 + 𝑊𝑔 = 175.5 + 510 = 685.5

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