Set no. Q. No.

1 Q1
Q2
Q3
2 Q1
Q2

Q3

3 Q1
Q2
Q3
4 Q1
Q2
Q3
5 Q1
Q2
Q3

6 Q1
Q2

Q3
7 Q1

Q2

Q3
8 Q1
Q2

Q3
9 Q1
Q2
Q3
10 Q1
Q2
Q3
11 Q1

Q2
Q3
12 Q1

1
 Q2
Q3
13 Q1
Q2

Q3

14 Q1
Q2
Q3

15 Q1
Q2

Q3

16 Q1
Q2

Q3

17 Q1

Q2

Q3

18 Q1

Q2

Q3

19 Q1

2
 Q2

Q3

20 Q1

Q2

Q3

21 Q1
Q2

Q3

22 Q1

Q2
Q3

23 Q1
Q2

Q3
24 Q1
Q2
Q3

25 Q1
Q2

Q3

26 Q1
Q2
Q3
27 Q1
Q2
Q3
28 Q1

3
 Q2
Q3
29 Q1
Q2
Q3
30 Q1
Q2
Q3
31 Q1
Q2
Q3
32 Q1
Q2
Q3
33 Q1
Q2
Q3
34 Q1
Q2
Q3
35 Q1
Q2
Q3
36 Q1
Q2
Q3
37 Q1
Q2
Q3
38 Q1
Q2
Q3
39 Q1
Q2
Q3
40 Q1

Q2
Q3
41 Q1
Q2

Q3
42 Q1

4
 Q2
Q3

43 Q1
Q2
Q3
44 Q1

Q2
Q3

45 Q1
Q2

Q3
46 Q1
Q2
Q3
47 Q1
Q2
Q3
48 Q1
Q2
Q3
49 Q1
Q2
Q3
50 Q1
Q2
Q3
51 Q1
Q2
Q3
52 Q1
Q2
Q3
53 Q1
Q2
Q3
54 Q1
Q2
Q3
55 Q1
Q2

5
 Q3
56 Q1

Q2
Q3

57 Q1

Q2
Q3

58 Q1

Q2
Q3

59 Q1

Q2
Q3

60 Q1

Q2
Q3
61 Q1
Q2
Q3
62 Q1
Q2

6
 Q3
63 Q1
Q2
Q3
64 Q1
Q2
Q3
65 Q1
Q2
Q3

66 Q1
Q2

Q3

67 Q1

Q2
Q3

68 Q1

Q2
Q3
69 Q1

Q2

Q3
70 Q1

Q2

7
 Q3
71 Q1
Q2
Q3
72 Q1
Q2
Q3
73 Q1
Q2
Q3
74 Q1
Q2
Q3
75 Q1
Q2
Q3

8
 Question Description
How the data or information can be represent in different forms? Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP model (Tabular forma
Draw the line encoding for: a)11001011011 ------- using Manchester encoding b)1110011001 ----------using Polar NRZ-I
Why Switch is intelligent then Hub? Distinguish between Connection-less and Connection-Oriented Services.
Explain the fundamental characteristics for the effectiveness of a data communications system. Also Discuss in detail all the la
Explain in detail various design issues of the layers with suitable examples. Differentiate between nyquist rate and Shannon ca
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network
12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s. What are the causes of impairment during transmission?

Explain in detail the topology that requires a central controller or hub with diagram, advantages, disadvantages and applicatio
Which layer deals with transmission media? Describe the functions (at least three) of each layer of OSI model. Draw
How Distortion and attenuation effect overall performance of network? What is the Significance of SNR during transmission?
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. Explain in detail. What are the different modes of Data Transmis
The functionality Error Control and flow control is avilable on both Data link layer and Transport layer. Explain it with suitable
Explain Analog and digital signal. Perform line coding of digital data 1010011100 with Manchester, Differential Man
In which topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. Explain in detail with diagram, pros a
What is the role of transmission media in a data communication system? Explain the guided media in detail wiith diagram.
Define signal element with diagram and perform line coding of digital data 110011011 with polar NRZ and polar RZ
What are the important design issues for the information exchange among computers? Give some important consideration wh

Routers, bridges and repeaters are used to connect differing networks. Under what circumstances would each of these techno
Explain SNR of a channel. We need to upgrade a channel to a higher bandwidth. Answer the following questions: i) How is the
double the SNR?
What are the major factors that have made the use of computer networks as an integral part of the business? Explain some us

Design a computer network showing hybrid topology and explain different types of devices used in the network. Make a clean
Explain the difference between propagation time and transmission time of a channel. An LCD monitor has a resolution of 136
to send the complete contents of a screen? If bits are sent over a channel of 2Mpbs, how much time needed in ms(milisecond
Why MAC address is required if there is the IP address of every system. How can you change the mac address of your system.
How does a bridge differ from a switch? What happens when you replace a hub with a switch? Can we replace the router with

What is the total delay (latency) for a frame of size 500Kb that is being sent on a link with 10 routers each having a queuing tim
the link is 2000 Km. The speed of light inside the link is 2 x 10^8 m/s. The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps. Which component o

What are the diffrent technologies are used in WAN? How does it differ from LANs and MANs? Give at least two examples and
Explain advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and coaxial cable. Also differenciate between omnidirectional waves and
What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the following cases: i)Bandwidth: 20 KHz SNRdB =40 ii)Bandwidth: 200
What is the purpose of layer isolation in the OSI reference model? Explain the different types of addresses(identifiers) used at
State with the help of a diagram the different components of typical fiber optic link. Mention the various components of signa
How can a single transmission be shared among different signals? Describe any two methods.
What common software problems can lead to network defects?

What is the total delay (latency) for a frame of size 5 million bits that is being sent on a link with 10 routers each having a queu
The speed of light inside the link is 2 × 108 m/s. The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps. Which component of the total delay is do
List and explain different factors which determine the performance of communication in a network?
What Is Multiplexing? Name The Types Of Multiplexing?

9
Explain Physical layer. what are the various function of physical layer? Explain its various design issues. 10 marks
What are the advantages and disadvantages of guided media over the unguided media. explain with the help of example.10m
Compare the telephone network and internet. What are the similarities ? what are the differences? 10 marks
Why we are using TCP/IP model instead of OSI reference model? Explian TCP/IP model. 10 marks
a) why do optical signals used in the optic fiber cables have a very short wavelenght. 5marks
baseband transmission and broadband transmission. 5marks
For each of the follwoing four networks, discuss the consequences if a connection fails :--a) Six devices arranged in mesh topo
devices arranged in bus topology. d) Six devices arranged in ring topology. 10marks
What are the drwaback of OSI model? Why TCP/IP implemented insted of OSI model? Explain each layer of TCP/IP model. 10
what are the advantages and disadvantages of uguided media over the guided media. explian with the help of example. 10 ma
For 5 devices in a network , what is the number of cables links required for the given topologies :-

c)bus topology
b) star topolgy
Explain the responsibility of each layer in the OSI reference model. 10 marks
Explain the given coversions:-

c) Analog to Digital
d) Analog to Analog
a) Explain why adding a switch makes the network perform better in terms of throughput and delay. 5 marks
router. 5 marks
Explain the responsibility of each layer in the OSI reference model. 10 marks

a) why do optical signals used in the optic fiber cables have a very short wavelenght. 5marks
baseband transmission and broadband transmission. 5marks

To provide security in network we should use which device: hub or switch? if Hub then why? if Switch then why? Explain all po
layer (OSI Model).

Perform line coding of digital data 111000111001 with Manchester, Differential Manchester scheme, polar RZ and polar NRZ.

Which type of Unguided media we have in network explain with example? Also explain signal to noise ratio and distortion imp

If you want effective communication with in the network then how you can define effectiveness? Explain with the help of exa

Perform line coding of digital data 110111001111 with Manchester, Differential Manchester scheme, polar RZ and polar NRZ.

How addresses are important in TCP/IP? Also explain which addresses changes hop to hop with diagram and explain all types o

How you can provide reliability in connection-oriented services, explain with example? Also discuss which service we should u

10
What you understand from signal to noise ratio explain with example and perform line coding of digital data 0011001111 with

How hop to hop and process to process delivery is different? Explain with the help of example. Also explain the advantages of

Hubs and switches differ in the way they handle collision domains and broadcast domains. Discuss in detail.

For two devices to communicate over the network, there are service primitives which enable them to communicate. Justify an

International standards organization developed a layered model for communication. In that model, which of the layers are de
of the layers as well as entities related to its functionalities.
How do the layers of TCP/IP model relates to OSI model.

Explain frequency and time domain representation of signal and explain their applications for different types of signals.
How TCP protocol at transport layer of TCP/IP model provides better services in UDP protocol.

How the session layer in OSI model performs synchronization. Explain in detail

How can we differentiate between periodic and non periodic signals based on frequency domain signal.
How we can decompose a composite signal into individual frequencies.
Explain the different functions of presentation layer in OSI model and also state at which particular layer these operations are p

Which type of transmission is used in Local area network for sending a digital signal from one station to another. Explain in de
Explain periodic and non periodic signals along with their applications.

Explain how headers are added and removed in OSI model.

How is shannon capacity related to data communications.
How different voice signals are transmitted in air. Which transmission is used to send them.
Explain the difference in flow and error control method at transport and data link layer

What will be the frequencies for a period of 8 s and 250 ns and also calculate period for frequencies of 10 MHz and 160 KHz.

Explain different factors that are responsible for determining a LAN or a WAN System.
With reference to OSI model, discuss various steps involved if User A wants to communicate with a User B. Also discuss the ne

Suppose a composite periodic signal with amplitude 5V, 10V and 15V and frequency 2, 4 and 8 and phase 0’, 90’ and 180’ trav
Explain with the help of suitable diagram, the concept of Pulse code modulation.
Explain with the help of a suitable diagram how the communication takes place if a user A sends a message via Whatsapp (Use
What are the causes of impairment? Suppose a wave with amplitude 10V and frequency 6Hz, travels through a medium that c
Explain the Nyquist and Shanon capacity in detail.
Categorize the four basic topologies in terms of line configuration. With the help of diagrams explain for n devices in a networ

11
The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibles per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the beginning of a cable with -0.3 dB/km
What is the total latency for a frame of size 5 million bits that is being sent on a link with 10 routers each having a queuing tim
Discuss various categories of networks in detail.
Explain in detail which characteristics of an analog signal are changed to represent the digital signal in each of the following di
Explain in detail three techniques of digital to digital conversion.
Compare and Contrast PCM and DM.
What are the performance measures for networking? What are the propogation time and the transmission time for a 5MB me
Discuss in detail bandwidth-delay product as perforamce metrics of a link.
For effective data communication, suggest its fundamental characteristics and its components along with its description.
List any four network devices and describe its features. Also mention how these devices working is different from others.
Give a brief reason why many companies are doing business electronically, especially with customers and suppliers.
Identify some network criteria which helps in proper working of a data communication.
Differentiate between personal area network, local area network, metropolitan area network and wide area network in terms
Give an example that justifies the statement "sharing information is more important than sharing physical resources such as p
With the advancement of computer technology we are facing with some social issues also. Identify some social issues and des
Identify the requirements that is needed to give a good characterization of the quality of service offered by a network used fo
Discuss the causes of transmission impairments in detail with appropriate example and diagram for each type of impairments.
Any organisation must have their network topology on which their network must be based on. Identify what are the factors an
Make ten lists of activities that you do every day in which computer networks are used. How would your life be altered if thes
The purpose of the physical layer is to transport bits from one machine to another. Various guided media can be used for the a
Compare mesh topology with bus, star and ring and write advantage and disadvantage over each other.
List all type of guided media that can be used for transmission of data. Explain all with advantages and disadvantages.
Describe the type of networks that are used at your university. Describe the network types, topologies, and switching method
What is OSI Model? Explain the functions and protocols and services of each layer?
Compare the WAN, LAN and MAN topologies.
Write the advantages of optical fibre over twisted and coaxial cables.write about various classes of IP addresses.
 What do you mean by computer network? Classify computer networks and Explain them in brief.
When we are using mesh topology, how many wires port per system are required if there are 5 station in network
Why twisted pair cables are preferable over coaxial cables? Explain.
Write the advantages of optical fibre over twisted and coaxial cables.
Explain the different topologies of the network.
 Write a detail notes on guided and unguided transmission medium giving their merits and demerits
 Differentiate between OSI and TCP /IP reference models.
Analog and Digital signals, Transmission Impairments and Performance of Nework
Briefly explain different types of transmission Medias in computer networks?
 Contrast the OSI model you have just described with the TCP/IP reference model. Using a diagram
Show the correspondence between relevant protocols in two models
Analog and Digital signals, Transmission Impairments and Performance of Neworks
Write the advantages of optical fibre over twisted and coaxial cables.write about various classes of IP addresses.
What is a Protocol Stack? Why it is required and which protocol stack is used till date for communication.
(i)Mention the various applications of computer networks.
(ii)What are the various topologies through which computer network can be connected.
(i) What are the responsibilities of data link layer in OSI model?
(ii) Explain mesh topology in detail, with advantages and disadvantages.
How we can make communication possible between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlyin

12
Define signal element with diagram and perform line coding of digital data 100111011 with polar NRZ and polar RZ scheme.
Which type of transmission of media we have in network? Explain guided media with diagram.
If you are working in organization and you have one task that is: Design a network in the form of structure, which parameters
explain that network structure.
Perform line coding of digital data 01001100 with Manchester, Differential Manchester scheme, polar RZ and polar NRZ.
Why the signal that we send from sending side are not receiving at receiver side as actual signal? Explain properly with diagram
(i) State the difference between OSI and TCP/IP model.
(ii) State the difference between UNI CAST, MULTICAST and BROADCAST.
Explain the need of media access control. What are the different protocols used for media access control? Explain each in deta
(i) Elaborate in detail the different fields of Ethernet frame format.
(ii) Differentiate between nyquist rate and Shannon capacity by taking examples of your own
Explain the function of each layer in OSI model in detail with suitable example?
(i) Explain the difference between OSI and TCP model in detail?
(ii) Briefly explain the advantages of buss topology over mesh topology?
Explain various error detection and correction methods in detail.
The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNRdb = 40 and the channel bandwidth is 20 KHz.
Design digital signal for 1000010101110101011 using 6 coding schemes.
What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network? What advantages does TD
Describe the most popular wireless Internet access technologies today. Compare and contrast them.
Design digital signal for 0001110110101011 using all coding schemes.
According to TCP/IP suit flow control and error control is the responsibility of two layers (Data and transport layer). Explain wh
a) A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal power is 100 W. At point B, the power is 90 W. What is the att
Design digital signal for 000001000101110 using all coding schemes.
(i) What do you mean by baseband transmission of a digital signal ? What are the possible types of connection of devices in a t
A signal with 200 milliwatts power passes through 10 devices, each with an average noise of 2 microwatts. What is
Design digital signal for 1110010110101110 using all coding schemes.
Explain the possible data flow modes with examples? What are the performance metrics of network ?
Design digital signal for 101011000101011 using all coding schemes.
The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNR db = 6 and the channel bandwidth is 200 KHz. W
Explain responsibilities of Lower Layers of OSI Model with diagrams? Draw a hybrid topology with a star backbone
How the data or information can be represent in different forms? Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP model (Tabular forma
Draw the line encoding for: a)11001011011 ------- using Manchester encoding b)1110011001 ----------using Polar NRZ-I
Why Switch is intelligent then Hub? Distinguish between Connection-less and Connection-Oriented Services.
Explain the fundamental characteristics for the effectiveness of a data communications system. Also Discuss in detail all the la
Explain in detail various design issues of the layers with suitable examples. Differentiate between nyquist rate and Shannon ca
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network
Explain in detail the topology that requires a central controller or hub with diagram, advantages, disadvantages and applicatio
Which layer deals with transmission media? Describe the functions (at least three) of each layer of OSI model. Draw the diagra
How Distortion and attenuation effect overall performance of network? What is the Significance of SNR during transmission?
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. Explain in detail. What are the different modes of Data Transmis
The functionality Error Control and flow control is avilable on both Data link layer and Transport layer. Explain it with suitable
Explain Analog and digital signal. Perform line coding of digital data 1010011100 with Manchester, Differential Manchester sch
In which topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. Explain in detail with diagram, pros a
What is the role of transmission media in a data communication system? Explain the guided media in detail wiith diagram.

13
Define signal element with diagram and perform line coding of digital data 110011011 with polar NRZ and polar RZ scheme.
Different network made with star, mesh, ring and bus topology, if 10 devices are to be added to each network, what changes w
Answer the following questions
a. Explain what might happen if two stations are accidently assigned same hardware address?
b. If sharing reduces costs, why are shared networks used only for local communication
c. What difference does it make to the network layer if the underlying data link layer provides a connection-oriented service v

Draw Polar RZ, NRZ-I and NRZ-L for 10111000101 digital data
Explain in detail the working of the following:
a. The duties of layer of OSI model which is responsible for delivering message to the particular process on machine
b. The duties of layer of OSI model which is responsible for hop-to-hop delivery
c. Explain propagation methods in transmission media with examples

Answer the following questions

a. Explain what might happen if two stations are accidently assigned same logical address?
b. Suppose a machine is attached to several physical networks. Why does it need a different IP address for each attachment?
c. Why do HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and POP3 run on top of TCP rather than on UDP?

Differentiate between the multipoint topology and the topology in which each device has a dedicated connection with each o
Explain the following
a. Why is IP protocol considered as best effort delivery protocol, based on this key feature in which application it should not be
b. What are the key difference in operation characteristics of TCP and UDP protocol and based on these characteristics for wh

Answer the following questions:

a. Explain how the notion of layering and internetworking make the rapid growth of applications such as the World Wide Web
b. How is independence from underlying network technologies achieved?
c. Suppose a computer is moved from one department to another. Does the physical address and ip address need to be chang
Draw NRZ-I,Manchester and Differential Manchester for 01101000110 digital data
8) Explain in detail the working of the following
a. Compare and contrast the working of two layers which have a common duty of error control and flow control
b. The layer that transmits data in the form of bit streams using electrical and mechanical systems
c. Explain the major issues faced by guided transmission media while communication

5) Answer the following questions:

a. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK on parameters like: Bandwidth, Power, Probability of Error and SNR Ratio
b. An important function of many line encoders is the elimination of the DC component. When is this desirable?
c. Apart from the inevitable delay introduced by the analog filter, are there any other delays in the system?
Differentiate between the point-to-point topology and the topology in which each device has a dedicated connection with its
Compare the topologies, mesh, tree, bus, star and ring on the following characteristics:
a. Cost
b. Length of cable
c. Future Growth
d. Cable Type
a. Explain the difference between static and dynamic ip allocation and which protocol of TCP/IP suite is responsible for dynam
b. Determine the maximum length of the cable (in km) for transmitting data at a rate of 500 Mbps in an Ethernet LAN with fra
km/s.
Draw NRZ-L,Manchester and Differential Manchester for 10101100101 digital data
Write down the difference between logical and physical network topology? Explain Mesh and Hybrid Topology in detail.
DEfine digital signal and write down the all techniques used for ananlog to digital conversion.
Differentiate analog and digital signal.Express a period of 100 ms in microseconds.
DEfine analog signal and write down the all techniques used for ananlog to analog conversion.
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?

14
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-kbyte message (an e-mail) if the bandwidth of the network
Compare OSI and TCP model in detail. Write down the PDU of each unit.
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwid
Explain about the network devices such as Router , Switch and hub in detail.
DEfine TRasmission mode and its types with examples.
A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and radians?
Define Data communication. what are the components of data communication. Write down the uses of computer networks.
DEfine analog signal and write down the all techniques used for ananlog to digital conversion.
A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, with a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak amplitude of 20 V. T
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 5-Mbyte message (an image) if the bandwidth of the network
1. Explain in detail the responsibilities of the following layers along with the different protocols of these layers
A) Explain The layer which is responsible for the reliable connection
B) Explain the layer which performs error detection and flow control
C) The layer that transmits data in the form of bit streams using electrical and mechanical systems
D) Explain various types of Guided media by taking suitable examples for each

Differentiate between the multipoint topology and the topology in which each device has a dedicated connection with two de
1. A) Use differential Menchester to represent the data 101100110
B) Assume We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 83. What are the appropriate bit rate and
“It is because of these three layers of OSI, the data gets transferred from one node to another through the network.” Explain
different protocols.
Also, discuss the different modes of transmission in networking

A) Compare OSI model with TCP/IP in detail with the help of table and diagram
B) Explain in detail the topology that involves tokens and the topology that requires a central controller or hub (with advantag

Draw Polar NRZ-I and NRZ-L for 11001100010 for digital data
1. Explain in detail the responsibilities of the following layers along with the different protocols of these layers
A) Explain the layer that converts Packets to Frames and Frames to Packets in the OSI model?
B) Explain the layer that converts Raw Bits to Frames and Frames to Raw Bits in the OSI model?
C) Explain the layer which provides services to user
D) Discuss the advantages of seven layers of OSI model
1. A) We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has a bandwidth o
channel.
B) Differentiate between Amplitude and Phase modulation in detail with suitable examples

Draw Polar NRZ-I and NRZ-L for 10101000010 for digital data
“Physical, data link and network layers are network support layers and session, presentation and application layers are user su
A) Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 6000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. Calculate the maximu
B) Draw Polar NRZ-I for 01001100011 for digital data

A) What is the propagation time if the distance between the

two points is 15,000 km? Assume the propagation speed
to be 2.4 × 108 m/s in cable.
B) Differentiate between nyquist rate and Shannon capacity by taking examples of your own

Discuss in detail all the layers in TCP/IP model. What Is The Role Of TCP/IP In Data Transmission From Source To Destination?
A) Explain in detail the topology that is a variation of star topology and the topology that is a combination of multiple topologi
B) Explain in detail various design issues of the layers with suitable examples

15
Represent the digital data 100101010011 by both Polar NRZ-I and NRZ-L. Also differentiate between Bit rate and Baud rate by
How Distortion and attenuation effect overall performance of network? Also Mention different modes of Data Transmission w
What is the Significance of SNR during transmission? Alson Mention causes of impairment during transmission.
What is Multiplexing? Why Multiplexing is important for Maximum Throughput?
What is Modulation? Explain Different types of modulation.
Describe the functions (at least three) of each OSI model with protocol hierarchy.
Why Switch is intelligent then Hub? Also write different networks performance metrics.
Explain ASK, FSK and PSK in detail with example.
What is Transmission Media? Explain its types with their advantage and disadvantage
What are Wireless transmission waves? Explain in details.
Explain the purpose of Swicth, Hub and Router by taking suitable example.
Why ASK is more vulnerable to noise then PSK? Explain by taking suitabel example.
Why Error Control and flow control function is avilable on both Data link layer and Transport layer?Explain with example.
What is Framming? Explain the need of Framming in detail.
What is Topology? Explain its all types with their advantage and disadvantage.
"FDM is continous where as TDM is discrete." Justify the statement in support of your answer.

16
17
18
m. With the help of the suitable diagrams in context with the signals show how the information flows from the sender to the receiver. [Hin

ayer in detail.
wave, briefly explain the concept of the causes of impairment. [Note that you need to retain the signal strength at the destination]

d star topology?

19
ngth of the link is 2000 Km. The speed of light inside is 2 x 10^8 m/s. The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps. Which component of the total de

stance between the sender and the reciever is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 x 10^8 m/s.

examples and their pictorial representation.

topology they are using.

idth, delay, cost, and ease of installation and maintenance. List various types of guided media discuss its features and uses in real world.

20
s the final signal power if it was originally 5 W?

ceiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s. What are the causes of impairment during transmission?

21
ese which requires the most and least changes.

22
ceiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s.

ency domain of the signal.

eiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at 2.4 × 10 8 m/s.

d rearranging the data”. Justify the statement and explain in detail

23
24
sender to the receiver. [Hint: the computer system only understands the digital signals].

h at the destination]

25
h component of the total delay is dominant? Which one is negligible?

es and uses in real world.

26