Lecture 7&8 Anatomy

Orbital cavity:
It is the eye socket. It is pyramidal in shape with anterior base and posterior apex. It has:
- Superior surface or roof.
- Inferior surface or floor.
- Medial wall.
- Lateral wall.
- Superior margin.
- Inferior margin.
Roof of the orbit is formed by orbital plate of frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid
bone. The lateral wall is formed by zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid bone.
The medial wall formed by frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal and orbital plate of
ethmoid. The floor is formed by maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones.
Superior orbital margin contains supra-orbital notch or foramen. Infra-orbital foramen
situated below the inferior margin of the orbit.
The orbit contains posteriorly the optic canal for the passage of optic nerve. Superior
orbital fissure for the passage of 3rd , 4th and 6th cranial nerves that supplied the recti
muscles of the eye. Inferior orbital fissure separates between lateral and floor of the
orbit for the passage of infra-orbital nerve, artery and vein. The orbit also contains the
lacrimal fossa and inferior orbital groove.

Oral cavity or the mouth:

It can be divided into oral vestibule and oral cavity proper. The oral vestibule lies
between the lips and cheek and teeth. The oral cavity proper is bounded anteriorly and
laterally by the teeth, superiorly by the palate (soft and hard palate), inferiorly by the
tongue and floor of the mouth and posteriorly by oropharyngeal isthmus. Labial and
buccal frenum situated between lips and cheek and teeth. The sub-lingual region
contains the orifice of sub-mandibular gland, lingual frenum, sub-lingual papilla, sub-
lingual fold and in the ventral surface of the tongue there are deep lingual veins.
Blood supply of the mouth: in general the blood supply is derived from branches of
maxillary artery, branches of facial artery and lingual artery.
Lymphatic drainage through sub-mental, sub-mandibular and deep cervical lymph
nodes.
The palate: or roof of the mouth which consists of hard palate and soft palate. Hard
palate lies anteriorly and forms 2/3rd of the palate. It is covered by keratinized mucosa.
The soft palate situated posteriorly and contains muscles. That means soft palate is a
movable structure. The blood supply of the palate comes from greater and lesser
palatine arteries branches of maxillary artery, ascending palatine branch of facial artery
and ascending pharyngeal artery a branch of external carotid artery.
The tongue: it is a muscular organ and covered with mucus membrane. It has two
surfaces; dorsal and ventral surfaces. The dorsal surface is divided by a v-shaped
structure into anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd . the anterior 2/3rd contains villi form
papillae, fungiform papillae and valate papillae. The posterior 1/3rd contains lingual
tonsils. There is a shallow longitudinal sulcus in the dorsal surface of the tongue called
medial sulcus of the tongue.
Muscles of the tongue: there are extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The
intrinsic muscles lie within the mass of the tongue and these are: superior and inferior
longitudinal muscles. Vertical and transverse muscles. The extrinsic muscles are:
- Styloglossus: originates from styloid process and inserts in the tongue.
- Hyoglossus: originates from hyoid bone and inserts in the tongue.
- Genioglossus: originates from genial tubercle and inserts in the tongue.
- Palatoglossus: originates from the palate and inserts in the tongue.
Blood supply of the tongue: mainly from lingual artery and secondary from tonsillar
branch of facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. Venous drainage through
dorsal lingual and deep lingual veins.

Innervation of the tongue: Sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue via
lingual nerve a branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. The posterior 1/3 rd via
glossopharyngeal nerve. Chorda tympani a branch of facial nerve gives taste fibers to
anterior 2/3rd of the tongue.
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus which
is innervated by vagus nerve.
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue: this is via sub-mandibular (body and lateral border
of the tongue) and the tip of the tongue drains into the sub-mental lymph nodes.
Posterior 1/3rd is drained into deep cervical lymph nodes.