ISIJ International, Vol. 37 (1 997), No. 11, pp.

1043-1 049

Manganeseand Phosphorus Equilibria between Liquid Copperand

MnO-P205Slag

and Tadashl MOMONO1)

SOBANDl.Hiroshl G KATAYAMA1)
AHMAD
Graduate Student, Division of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology. Mizumoto-cho, Muroran,
Hokkaido, 050 Japan. 1) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology,
Mizumoto-cho. Muroran, Hokkaido. 050 Japan.
(Received on May16. 1997, accepted in final form on August 8. 1997)

The liquid copper a[loys containing O.2-1 .Omass'/. Mn and 0.03-0.5mass'/. P were equilibrated with
MnOsaturated and unsaturated MnO-P.0=slags in a molybdenumcrucible under a flowing CO.lCOor
CO./H. atmosphere in the temperature range of
1523 to 1673 K.
Manganese-phosphorusand manganese-manganese interaction parameters in liquid copper were found
at 1623 Kas follows:

e M~ OO1O e ~~=-0.021 e ~~=0.027

These values were examined by considering the relationships amongoxygen partial pressure, the activities
of manganese and phosphorus in liquid copper. The standard free energy changes for the reduction of solid
MnO.MnO = Mn+1/2 02(g), and the dissolution of pure liquid manganesein liquid copper, Mn(1) =Mn,
(s)

were determined as a function of temperature.

The activities of MnOand P205 in MnO-P205slags were measured at 1573 K as a function of the
composition. The temperature dependenceequation of the P205 activity was also derived in the MnO
saturated condition, Onthe basis of the present results, examination wasdone concerning phosphorus and
manganeseequilibria between hot metal and the MnO-P205 slag.

KEYWORDS:
thermodynamics; dephosphorization; high MnOslag; Cu-Mn-Palloy; interaction parameters;
Siag; MnO
MnO-P205 and P205 activities.

P205slags were determined at 1573 K by using the above

1. Introduction
data and examinedby comparing with the MnO activityl)

The present authors intend to Investigate the de- of MnO-Si02 slag and the P205 activities2) of other
phosphorlzing characteristics of high MnOslags in hot phosphate slags.
metal pretreatment, based on phosphorus distribution
between the slags and liquid copper. A
problem involv- 2. Experimental Method
ed in this experimental principle lack
is of information
for interaction coefficients amongvarious solutes in liq- 2. I .
Principle
uid copper. Thus, in the previous paper,1) the thermo- Phosphorus and manganeseequilibria between liquid
dynamics of manganese-oxygeninteraction was studied copper and MnO-P205 slag can be expressed as follows:
by equilibrating liquid Cu-Mnalloys with solid MnO
in
= ~+5/4 02(g)
l/2 P205(1) (1)
1
the temperature range of 573 to 673 K. 1 5/4 /ap,os
1/2
......... ..........

In this study, Iiquid Cu-Mn-Palloys were equilibrated K1 = apPo,

with MnO-P205slags saturated or unsaturated with
= [o/oP] fp P~/4/a
l/2 (2)
. P,os """' . . . ..... .

solid MnO in the temperature range from 523 to 673 1 1 K .

MnO(s)= Mn+ 02(g) 1/2 (3)

under flowing atmosphere of C02/COor C02/H2 gas ...... .........

mixtures with various proportions. The manganese K3 = aM~Pg/2/aM*o

phosphorus and manganese-manganese interaction pa-
[o/oMn],f~*p~/2/aM~o (4)
rameters in liquid copper were determined at 1623 K, = """ """-"
where the liquid alloys were equilibrated with the MnO- where K1 and K3 are the equilibrium constant of Reac-
P205 slag saturated with solid MnO.The standard free tions (1) and (3), respectively; p02 is the oxygen partial
energy changes for the dissolution of solid MnOand pressure; ap, aM*, ,fP and ,fM~ are the activities in masso/o
liquid manganeseinto liquid copper were also inves- and activity coefficients of phosphorus and manganese
tigated in the temperature range from 1523 to 1673 K. in liquid copper relatlve to dilute solutions of I .O masso/o
Furthermore, the activities of and P20s in MnO-
MnO standard state, respectively; ap,os and aM~o are the

1043 C 1997 ISIJ

 ISIJ International. Vol. 37 (1997), No. 11
activities of P205 and MnOin
mole fraction, with and phosphorus contents in metal were determined
reference to pure liquid P20s and pure solid MnO, by spectrophotometry according to JIS (H 1222 and
respectively. The values of .fp and fM. can be obtained H1241), MnO and P205contents in slag were determined
by following equations: by ICP spectrometry.
10g,fp=e~[o/oP] + e~"[o/oMn] +e~[oloO] (5)
.......... 3. Results and Discussion
log,fM~ =eMM"~[o/oMn]+e~.[o/oP] +e~.[oloO] (6)
..... 3.1. Tbermodynamicsof Phosphorus and Manganesein
where e~ and e~* are the interaction parameters of P-i Liquid Copper
and Mn-i in liquid copper, respectively. Since oxygen Thechemical compositions of metal phase equilibrated
content in liquid copper is low enough as described in with MnOsaturated MnO-P205Slag are given in Table
the previous paper,1) the terms e~[oloO] and e~.[oloO] 1. Manganeseand phosphorus contents in liquid copper
are permitted to neglect. varied from 0.27 to O.96 masso/o and 0.03 to 0.30 masso/o,
The activitiesof MnO
and P205 in MnO-P20sslag respectively, depending on oxygen partial pressure and
can be obtained by using Eqs. (2) and (4), respectively, temperature.
whenthe values of K1' K3, e~~, e~ and e~" are known.
In the present experiment, Iiquid Cu-MnPalloys
3.1.1. Manganese-PhosphorusInteraction
In order to evaluate the Mn-Pinteraction parameter
was equilibrated with MnO
saturated or unsaturated
in liquid copper, substitution of Eq. (5) in Eq. (2) gives
MnO-P205slag a molybdenumcrucible; oxygen
in
the following equation:
partial pressure was controlled by C02/COor C021H2
gas atmosphere. As stated in the previous paper,1) the + e~[o/oP]
5/4 Iog p02 + Iog[oloP]
solubilities of molybdenum in liquid copper and its oxide
in slag are negligible in the present experimental condi- = -e~~[o/oMn] + (logKl + l/2 Iogap205) """'(7)

tion. where e~ = 03); (log K1 + I/2 Iog ap205) is constant with the

2.2. Apparatus and Procedure

MnO saturated slag. The values of
the left-hand side of
Eq. (7) at 1 K 623 were calculated and plotted against
Experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. A Cu-
Mn-Palloy weighing about 20 gand MnO-saturated or
[o/oMn] in Fig. 2. By this graph, the
PMn
interaction
in liquid copper, e~", can be found as a slope
parameter
unsaturated MnO-P20s Slag about 5 were melted in a
g of straight line and log K1 l/2 Iog ap20s as an intercept
+
molybdenum crucible (ID 18 mm,depth 28 mm)for 24
to 40h under C02/COor C02/H2 atmospheres at the
of line with
y coordinate at x coordinate = O. The value
of e~" was determined to be -0.010; and its conversion
flow rates of about 4.16 x l0~6 to 8.32 x 10~6m3/s. The
gave e~ = -0.021. The value of logK1 + 1/210gap205
temperature was measured by a R type thermocouple was found as - 15.48 at 1623 K. The value of logap205
placed in contact with the bottom of the crucible and at MnO saturation can be determined if the value of
regulated within 2K at the temperatures of 1523 to
~ log K1 is known, as will be described hereafter.
1673K a by PID regulator. After the equilibrium was
attained, sample was withdrawn quickly by a molybde- 3.1.2. Manganese-Manganese Interaction
In order to evaluate the manganese-manganese inter-
numwire and rapidly quenchedby immersing the bottom action parameter, e~:, in liquid copper, Eq. (6) was
of crucible into water under argon flowing. Manganese
substituted in Eq. (4) and the following equation was
obtained :
Gasinlet

Table 1. Chemical composition of liquid copper alloys

Al umina tube
equilibrated with MnOsaturated MnOP205
slag.

Mowire No. Tmle (h) Temp(K) IogPo (Pa)

[ ~Mn] [y*p]
l 24 l 673 - 5.94 0.743 O,
123
Mocruc ble 2 24 l 673 -
6. 19 0.881 O.
199
3 24 l 623 - 6.88 0.885 0.250
Slag 4 24 l 623 - 6.72 0.691 0.131

Oualloy
5 24 l 623 -
6. 52 0.637 O. 08
I
6 24 l 623 -
6.
16 O.442 0,039
Back up crucible
7 24 l 623 - 6.99 0.963 0.283

Alumina supporter
8 24 l 623 - 6.90 0.954 O,303
9 24 1623 - 6.43 0.489 0.053
lO 24 l 623 - 6.43 0.501 0.056
Thermccouple ll 30 l 573 7.40 0.593 0.181
12 30 l 573 -7.14 0.455 0.086
13 30 1573 -
6.93 0.406 0.061

14 40 l 523 - 7.42
0.266 0.03 l
15 40 l 523 - 7.04
.73 0.359 0,070
16 40 l 523 - 8 0.526 O. 591
Fig. l. Experimental apparatus.

@1997 ISIJ 1044

 ISIJ International. Vol. 37 (1997), No. 11
.1
4 0,0

io9ap= -874 1IB Io9pq2

5/4 Iog po, + fog [%p] =-1 5.48+0.01 [%Mn]
-0.5
CL
~~
_15
-en
O
+ O o O ,u

a
~
O
~~- a,
o
-1 ,o

~: -16
Lr)
.1 .5
Temp. 1623 K
Temp. 1623 K

-2.0
.1 7 .8 .7
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 .6 .5

[%Mn l Io
g P02 (Pa)
Fig. 4. Relationship between log ap and logpo,
Fig. 2. Relationship between 5/410gpo,+10g["loP] and at MnO
saturation.
[o/,Mn] at MnOsaturation,
-5.0 0.2

-~~
o*
1/2 Iog p02 +10g [%Mn]+eM~[%P] \9a Mn=- 327 047 Io9p02
-
e,
~ .5.5 *-5.98-0.27 [%Mn] 0.0
+
rlE
:~
~~
O ~
ao
o
+
-6.0
~D--~~~ ,U
c,)
o
-0.2

o
CL
ao
~
~
c\'
.6.5 -0.4
\ Temp.1623 K
Temp. 1623 K

-7.0
-0.6
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 .8 .7 .6 .5
[%Mn
l lo
g P02 (Pa)
Fig. 3. Relationship between l/210gpo,+10g["/oMn]+
e~.[o/oP] and [~/oMn] at MnO saturation,
Fig. 5. Relationship between logaM* and logp0= at MnO
saturation.

1/2 Iog p02 + Iog[o/oMn] + e~.[oloP] slopes of and -0.5, respectively. The present
= -eMM""[o/oMn] +10gK3+10gaM*o """""" (8) slopes are
- 1.25
1.18 and -0.47 which are close to the
-
theoretical va]ue.
where logK3 =constant and aM~o I The values of the
= .

The activities of manganeseand phosphorus in liquid

left-hand side of Eq.
(8) at 1623 K were calculated and
plotted against [o/oMn] in Fig. 3. Goodlinear relation- copper can be related to each other by the following
ship was held between the both values and the values equations:
for eMM"" and logK3 were determined to be 0.027 and
5/2 MnO(s)+ P=5/2 Mn+ l/2 P205(1) (9)
5.98, respectively. This value of eMM~~agrees with the ..............
-
value (0.03) reported by Sigworth and Elliott4) at 1517K log ap 5/2 Iog aM.
= + /2 Iog ap,0= I ~ 5/2 Iog aM.o
in consideration of the difference of temperature.
(IO)
3.1.3. Relationship amongOxygen Partial Pressure, where K9 is the equilibrium constant for Reaction (9).
Activities of Phosphorus and Manganese Aplot of log ap against log aM. at 1623 revealed good
The activities of phosphorus and manganesein liquid linear relationship
a K
as shown in Fig. 6. The slope was
copper were calculated by using the values of e~~, e~. determined to be 2.50, which agrees with the theoretical
and eMM"" obtained in the present study. Figures 4 and 5 value of 2.5.
showthe effect of oxygen partial pressure on the activities Fromthe above examination, it can be concluded that
of phosphorus and manganesein liquid copper alloys at the present experimental technique is good enough for
1623 K, respectively. As shownin Eqs. (2) and (4), plots determining the interaction parameters of
manganese-
of log ap and log aM. against log P02 should have the phosphorus, manganese-manganese
in liquid copper and

1045 O 1997 ISIJ

 ISIJ International, Vol. 37 (1997). No. 11

0.0 -60

4)
log ap O53 + 2 50 Iog aMn Sigworth &Elliott
AGo, J/mol = - 8159 - 36.945 T
-0.5
-65
7;
E
\1J~'
a
c5 -1 .O
a,
o o
O -70
.1 .5 This study
Temp.1623 K
AGo, Jlmol = - 8600 - 37.4T

-2.0 .75
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 1450 1550 1650 1750
log a Mn Temp. K
Frg. 6. Relationship between logaM* and logap at MnO Fig. 8. Temperature dependence of AG* for reaction:
saturation. Mn = Mn.
(1)

-5.0
also derived as a function of temperature as follows:
log K= 6.44 - 201 6OIT
AG~= 385 900- 123.3T (J/mol)
...............
(14)
-5.5
By combining Eq. (14) with Eq. (16) for Reaction (15)

-6.0
MnO(s)= Mn(1) + l/2 02 (g) .................
(1 5)
~e
o)
o AGI5 = 394 500 - 85.9T (J/mol)6)

1400~T~1700K ..........(16)
.6 . 5 ......

the standard free energy change for the dissolution of

manganesein liquid copper
-7.0
Mn(1)=Mil ••••••••
••••••••••(17)

-7.5
was derived as a function of temperature as follows:
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 AG17= -8 600-37.4T (J/mol) ................(18)
041T
1 Figure 8
shows the relationship between AG17 and
Flg' 7. Relationship between logK for reaction: temperature, comparedwith that reported by Sigworth
MnO(s)=Mil+l/202 and llT.
and Elliott.4) The value of AG17evaluated in the present
study is close to their value.
other thermodynamic values as will be describe here-
after. 3.2. Activities of P20s and MnOin MnO-P205Slag
3.
I .4.
Standard Free Energy Changefor Dissolution of 3.2.1. Activity of P20s in MnOSaturated MnOP205
Slag
Manganesein Liquid Copper
The values of logK3 at various temperatures were As mentioned earlier, the activity of P205 in MnO
evaluated by using the following equation: saturated MnOP20s
slag can be obtained by using Eq.
(7), if the value of logK1 is known.

= Iog[o/o Mn] + e~:[o/oMn] +

10g K3 e~*[o/oP] In evaluating the value of log K1' the following
+1/210gpo, (ll) thermodynamic data is available.
-"-"' --"'
The values of interaction parameter at any temperature 1/2 P205(1)
= l/2 P2(g) + 5/4 02(g) ..............(19)

were estimated by the following equation,5) AGI9 = 799 800 - 275.4T (J/mol)6)
ef(T)=(T'/T)ef(T') (12)
....... ......... l 300~T~1600K ..,...................(20)
where T' the temperature at which the value was
is

7
determined. Figure showsthe relationship between the
AG21= 125 OOO 0.54T (J/mol)3) .........(22)
values of logK3 and l/T. This linear relationship was -
expressed by the following equation: By combining Eq. (20) with Eq. (22) and converting, the
value of logKl was obtained as follows:
logK3= -20 160/T+6.44 ........ .........
(13)

The standard 10gK1= ~35250/T+14.36 ..........(23)

free energy change for Reaction (3) was ........

o 1997 ISIJ 1046

 ISIJ International, Vol. 37 (1997), No. 11

1.O
/
-1 5.0 e Obta~nedby Eq. (7)
/
Obtained by Eq. (24) 0.8 /
(Gibbs-Duhem)
.-~,*,
d //
O
t(,
-1 6.0
0.6 a.'
/ MnO-P02 system
c~l
o il 5
a
,11
~ 1573 K
O, Ce /
O 0.4
lo
/ /
7.0
\
-1

9.34 110401T 0.2

Iog a p205 - -
MnO-Si02sysiem I )
1673 K
-1 8.0 0.0
5.6 5.9 6.2 6.5 6.8 4O 50 60 70 80

1041T mol '/. MnO

Fig. 9. Temperature dependenceof logap,o* at MnOsatura- Fig. lO. Activity of MnOin the MnOP02
s System 1517K.
at
tion.

.8

Table 2. Chemical compositions ofliquid copper alloys and 1673 K

MnO-P20sslags in equilibrium at 1573 K.
No, Iog P02(Pa) ['/*Mn] ["/~ P] ("/*MnO) ("/'P205)
-1 2
l -6.93 0.406 O.06 l 67.5 32.5
2 -
6.93 0.272 0.075 62.3 35.4
~9 1573 K
3 - 6.93 1
O. 52 0.243 61.9 37.9
a)
4 6.93 0,1 18 0.325 60.3 40 5 o
.
;~;
5 - 6.90 0.223 1
O. 54 62.6 37.8 ~!::~~;

.1
6
6
7
8
-
-
6.7
6.7
6.87
l
l
0.077
0.075
0.291
0.372
0.419
0.042
58.9
60.8
66.4
41.7
41.6
33.6
.~ pi)d
~:;;/~!:;(
l:
,g
S~~l
~;,;
~;b_'
pll:41
\
MnO-P205
(Gibbs-Duhem)

system
- ~;~~~
C')~1
O*,4 ~~;~i OPd
~
~~1~~;~~;l

:
On the other hand, the activity of P205 in MnO -20
1O 15 20 25 30
saturation can be also evaluated according to Reaction
mol '/. P205
(9). By substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) to Eq. (lO), the
following equation was obtained, Fig. Il. Activity of P20s in the system at 1517 K.
MnO-P20s
log ap,0= 2{log[oloP]
= + e~"[o/oMn] - 5/2(log[o//oMn]
were shown Fig. lO, compared with those in
in
+ e~:[o/oMn] + e~.[oA P]) + Iog K (24)
} MnO-Si02slag system at 1673 K. 1) For this comparison,
where the values of log K9 were evaluated by combining the mole fraction of P02.s instead of P205 Wasused in
Eqs. (13) and (23). calculating the mole fraction of MnO,XM~o' Eventaking
The activities of P205in this slag were plotted against account of the difference of temperature, the present
1/T in Fig. 9. Solid circles denote the values obtained by values for the activity of MnO
decreased more abruptly
using Eq. (7) and open triangles denote those obtained with decreasing XM*ocomparedwith MnO-Si02system.
by using Eq. (24). Both values were in good agreement Theywere checkedby the Gibbs-Duhemequation, where
with each other and depended linearly upon 1/T as the observed values of activity of P02.5 Were used. As
follows: shown by dotted line in Fig, lO, the calculated values
from the Gibbs-Duhemequation are in good agreement
= ~ 9'34~ II 040/T
10g ap,0= ..........(25)
........ with the observed values.
3.2.2. Activities of MnOand P205 in MnOUnsat- The activities of P205 Were plotted against the mole
MnO-P205Slag
urated fraction of P205, Xp,0=, in Fig. 11. The values of log ap,0=
The MnO-P205
slags with various compositions were varied from 16.36 to 14.0 in the narrow range of
- -
equilibrated with liquid copper alloy for 30 at 573 h 1 K Xp,0==0.19-0.26. The activities of P205 in MnO-P205
under flowing C02/H2atmospheres. The chemical com- system were also obtained by the Gibbs-Duhemequation
positions of metal and slag samples was listed in Table where the activity of P205 at MnO saturation was used
2. The activities of MnO
and P205 Were calculated by to avoid the difficulty which was encountered in the
substituting the thermodynamicdata in the present study integration of the equation. The obtained values are
in Eqs. (8) and (7), respectively. shown by dotted line in Fig. II and agree with the
Theactivities of MnOin MnOP02.5system at 1573 K observed values.

1047 C 1997 ISIJ

 ISIJ Internationa:, Vol. 37 (1997), No. 11
The activities of P205 in MgO-P2052)system at mol '/o MnO
l K were shown in Fig. II for comparison. Even
673
taking account of the difference of temperature, these 72 74 76 78 80
values are larger than the present values for MnO-P205 3 l I l I I l 0.6

system. This fact suggests that the dephosphorization of

hot metal with MnO
in slag is superior to that with MgO,
although the CaO-equivalences of with widely MnO [•/.P]
jn Fe
accepted dephosphorization formulas7) are the sameas 2 [*/.Mn] jn Cu 0.4
or small than those of MgO.
s~ -E
Examination of Phosphorus and Manganese
~:~oo
3.2.3. ~~
Equilibria between Hot Metal and MnO-P205 ['/*P]
jn Cu
Slag ['/.Mn]
1 jn Fe
0.2
Phosphorus and between hot
manganeseequilibria
metal and the slag can be expressed as follows:
~~
l/2 P205(1)=P
-i* F* + 5/40 2(g) ..................(26) hh~~

= - 33 540/T+ 14, I
log K26 05,6)
.........
(27) o 0,0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.O
MnO(s)=Mn i* F* +1/20 2
(g) ...................(28)
aMnO
10g K28 21 6.495)
OOO/T+ (29)
=- ........... Fig. 12. Relatlonship between aM*o and phosphorus and
in liquid copper and hot metal
Under the same condition of temperature, oxygen manganesecontents
at 1573 K.
partial pressure and slag composition, the relationships
between activities of phosphorus and manganesein hot
iron, the activity
of Fe*Oin slag wasestimated to be 0.22
metal and liquid copper can be given by the following
equations:
at K Po.= l0~7 Pa, so that effect of Fe,O on
1573 and
the activities of MnO and P205 should be strickly taken
logap i~ F. =10gapi* + Iog K26- Iog K1 """""
c~
(30) into account.

log aM*i~ Iog aM~i~ Iog K28-log K3

c~ +
F* =
(31)
...... 4. Conclusions
Muraki et al.8)
found the relationship between the
activity of phosphorus in carbon-saturated iron and
Liquid Cu-Mn-Palloys were equilibrated with solid
[oloP] in liquid copper at 1573 K as follows: MnO saturated and unsaturated MnO-P205slags in a
molybdenumcrucible under a flowing C021COor
ap i* F* = 5.9[o/oP]i~
c~
(32) C02/H2 atmosphere in the temperature range of 1523
"-"""
to 1673 K. The results are summarizedas follows:
As can be seen from the comparison of Eq. (30) with
(1) Manganese-phosphorus
and manganese-manga-
Eq. (32), the coefficient of Eq. (32) is to be equal
(5.9)
nese interaction parameters in liquid copper were found
to the value of K261K1' because ap i* c~ equals [o/oP]i~
in the binary Cu-P alloy up to about I masso/o P.3) The
c~ at 1 K
623 as follows:

K26/KI value at 1573K was calculated to be 6.7 from eM'=-0.010 e~.=-0.021 eMM""
0027
Eqs. (23) and (27) and was slightly larger than 5.9.
These values were examined by considering the rela-
The phosphorus and manganesecontents in hot metal tionships amongoxygen partial pressure, the activities
saturated with carbon at 1573 K were calculated ac-
of phosphorus and manganesein 1lquid copper.
cording to the above equations, wherethe carbon content
(2) The standard free energy changes for the re-
of 4.64 masso/o9) wasused and the interaction parameters,
duction of solid MnO and the dissolution of pure liquid
e~ and e~*, of component in hot metal
i were estimated
manganese in liquid copper were determined as a func-
by extrapolating the interaction parameters5) at 1873 K. tion of temperature.
Figure 12 shows the phosphorus and manganese
(3) In spite of the limited variation in composition
contents in hot metal and liquid copper as a function of
MnO
at 1573 K,
the activities of MnO in MnO-P205system
the activity of or the mole fraction of at MnO varied from O.2 to .O I and the logarithmic value for the
Po. = lO~ 7 Pa and 1573 K. At the samemole fraction of
MnO,the phosphorus content in hot metai is higher than
activity of P205 from
-
14.0 to
-
16.36. In the MnO
saturated condition, the following equation was ob-
that in liquid copper, while the manganesecontent is
tained:
lower than in liquid copper. These results show that the
hot metal dephosphorization of MnO-P205slag is log ap=0*
= - 9.34- II 040/T
relatively poor, because of its high content of P205'
.

In the above-mentioned estimation of the phosphorus

(4) Phosphorus and manganeseequilibria between
and manganesecontents in hot metal equilibrated with hot metal and the MnO-P205 slag were examined on
the basis of the present results.
the MnOP205 slag, the presence of FetO in the slag

was not taken into consideration. From the thermo-

dynamic data5) concerning the oxidation-reduction of

C 1997 ISIJ 1048

 ISIJ International. Vol. 37 (1 997), No. 11

Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, NewYork. (1988), 125;

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