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Introduction / 

that they don’t see the value in non-verbal ways of representing ideas.
Indeed, much of what they study is non-verbal; for example:
• Paintings, sculptures, and buildings in Art History
• Built environments in Archaeology
• Media representations in Media Studies
• Films in Cinema Studies
Each of these areas, like music, has its own, non-verbal language. But
academics who study these subjects work at developing a verbal language
in which to analyse what they’re studying, so that they can discuss with
others how exactly things work in their area. And in order to share such
understandings, humanities and social science disciplines traditionally
require students to produce extended written analyses.
In other fields, such as science and technology, the ideas and subject
matter that academics deal with can often be represented more
effectively in charts, tables and diagrams than in words alone — think
of pie charts, matrices, anatomical sketches …
Obviously, then, visual thinking is in no way inferior to verbal thinking.
And in fact, if we look more closely at ideas in the humanities and social
sciences, we find that many of the words are about ideas that are
actually visual metaphors and analogies! Think of:

A chain of reasoning A social pyramid


hara
oh
P

lu-
g um
ent her argumen
Conc ion
ano t

s Priests
t…


ar

-
m en t

Nobles
Hypo s
an

do
r gu

ne mo
re a
s i Soldiers
the Scribes
Artisans
Farmers
rvants
Slaves and Se

Language often expresses ideas


in highly visual ways, using an Channel of communication
object or system ‘on the ground’ as a
metaphor to carry an abstract idea
England
(like a ‘chain’ of reasoning). For this
reason, a visual metaphor, or a dia-
grammatic way of representing your
France
thoughts, may take you a long way into
the process of writing an essay.
Some ideas in the pages that follow are analogies that may help you think
about aspects of your essays: for example, the image of a caterpillar
developing into a butterfly is used to highlight how your major argument
or thesis changes and develops as you research (below 5.2, p. 34).

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