Types of Impurities in Water

What makes water dirty, what types of impurities in water, and how to make dirty water
drinkable. What are the causes of water pollution and Water Borne Diseases? We answer
these questions of Water Contamination here. Contaminated Water is mainly due to three
reasons as explained below.

1. Dirt or Suspended Solids: These are the solids which are insoluble like dust, fine
sand, clay, rust, etc. They remain suspended in the water and cause cloudiness or
discoloration. 'Total Suspended Solids' or 'TSS' is the technical term used to measure how
much of it is there in the water. 'Turbidity' is another technical term used as a measure of
the amount of Suspended Solids in the water. A simple filter usually called a sediment
filter, with pore size of 20 microns or lower can remove almost all of the suspended matter
in water.

2. Germs or Microorganisms: Bacteria, Germs, Pathogens, Microbes, Viruses,

Parasites and their eggs (cysts) are collectively known as microorganisms. These minute
living organisms, Germs and Viruses cause Water Borne Diseases. Water tanks can
sometimes be a breeding ground for microbes. In the usual test for microorganisms, only
one group of bacteria known as Coliform or e-coli is tested for, this is because it is the
most common species, and the first microorganism to infect water. Ultrafiltration which
has a pore size of about 0.01 micron is able to filter out even the smallest microorganisms,
Germs and viruses.

3. Dissolved Solids: These are salts and other chemicals that dissolve in the water and
cannot be removed by simple filtration. 'Total Dissolved Solids' or 'TDS' is the technical
term used to give a measure of the amount of dissolved matter in the water and is usually
expressed as 'ppm' which stands for 'parts per million' or as 'milligrams per liter' (mg/L).
For convenience, usually the electrical conductivity of the water is measured and converted
by using a multiplication factor to give an approximation of the TDS in water. To remove the
dissolved solids in water it has to be distilled or special filters called Reverse Osmosis has to
be used.

Drinking Water Impurities

The introduction above gave the basics of the different types of impurities of water that can
get into the water, we will now go into a little more detail about each of the contaminants or
water impurity which cause problems in water.

Suspended Solids:
Water with suspended solids looks cloudy, muddy, rusty, etc. This is usually because of sand
or clay particles being so small that they do not settle down but stay suspended in the water.
If this water is passed through a filter it becomes clear. Some rivers or streams, during the
monsoon season become muddy, but the water may be safe to use after passing through a
filter and then disinfected with UV.

Microorganisms:
Microorganisms or microbes are minute living things which can be present in the water,
especially in water from wells and surface waters. These microbes can be classified as
Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, parasites and their eggs called 'Cysts'. Microbes are responsible
for waterborne diseases like Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, etc. Fortunately, most of the
microbes can be removed by disinfection with Chlorine. After Chlorine became widely used
as a disinfectant for public water supplies from early 1900s, Cholera and Typhoid outbreaks
has become very rare.
Recently a new type of very minute one celled parasite known as Cryptosporidium of the
protozoa family, has been identified in water as being the cause of several outbreaks of
gastroenteritis. The microbial cysts (oocysts) or eggs of this parasite known
as 'Cryptosporidium oocysts' in water is what spreads the parasite. The
Cryptosporidium parasite itself in water is killed by Chlorine and other disinfectants but the
Cryptosporidium eggs or Cysts or Oocysts are very resistant to many chemical disinfectants,
including chlorine. UV inactivates the cysts and prevents its multiplication and spreading.
These Cryptosporidium Cysts are so small that it can only be certain to be filtered out by
Ultrafiltration and RO. UV is effective in deactivating it, provided sufficient UV radiation
falls on it. Now in the US and in Europe, Municipal water treatment facilities are installing
high power UV treatment systems to make sure that their drinking water facilities are capable
to remove the threat of Cryptosporidium Cysts.

Dissolved Solids:
Some salts dissolved in water are not toxic in small quantities, but there is a limit which can
be tolerated by our bodies. For example, Sodium Chloride or the common salt, is being used
by us daily to flavor food, but that does not mean that we can drink sea water which contain a
high percentage of sodium chloride or salt. So, the individual salts, dissolved in the water,
may not be toxic in small quantities, but there is an upper limit to these dissolved solids in
our drinking water. The World Health Organization or WHO and most of the governments
around the world has set an upper limit for dissolved non-toxic salts in water to 500 ppm
(parts per million) or 500 milligrams per liter of water. Most of our Public supplied water is
safe with regards to TDS, but it is a good idea to check.
Ordinary filtration cannot get rid or reduce the dissolved solids in our water. Distillation of
the water is one method to get rid of the dissolved solids, but this requires a lot of electricity
or fuel and is not practical for domestic use. The other most common way to get rid of
dissolved solids is by a water purification process Reverse Osmosis (RO) which is described
in detail in a separate page on our site.
Some of the common problems with dissolved solids in water are discussed below.

Hard Water:
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of Calcium and Magnesium. Hard water is not
harmful to health as long as the TDS is within the limits. Hard water can be ‘softened’ by
replacing the Calcium and Magnesium with Sodium in an Ion Exchange Water Softener. For
washing clothes, treating the hard water with Sodium Carbonate or washing soda, reduces
many of its problems. Water Softeners, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis (RO) are good
treatments to make hard water soft.

Iron:
Iron causes a rusty or metallic taste in water and it can also stain clothes. Iron and manganese
occur naturally and most ground water has some amount of dissolved iron and manganese.
Aeration (the addition of air to the water), Green Sand filtration, chlorination, and dosing
hydrogen peroxide or Potassium permanganate are some of the remedies to get rid of Iron.
RO will remove dissolved Iron and Manganese.
PH:
PH is a value that determines if a substance is acid, neutral
or basic, calculated from the number of hydrogen ions
present. The initials pH stands for "Potential of Hydrogen".
It is measured on a scale from 0 to 14, on which 7 means
the substance is neutral. pH values below 7 indicate that
the substance is acidic and pH values above 7 indicate that
it is basic. The pH of pure water is neutral or 7. Carbon
Dioxide when it dissolves in water produces an acid and
lowers the pH, like in fizzy drinks. The allowable limit for
pH in drinking water as per Indian and International
Drinking Water Standards is between 6.5 and 8.5. Water
with a pH of less than 6.5 is acidic and corrosive to metals
and could have a sour taste. Water with a pH of more than
8.5 could indicate that the water is hard.
Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a difference of one pH
unit represents a tenfold, or ten times change. For example,
the acidity of a sample with a pH of 4 is ten times greater
than that of a sample with a pH of 5. A difference of 2
units, say from 5 to 3, would mean that the acidity is one
hundred times greater, and so on.
On the right is a graphical representation of the pH values
of some common items.

Organic Chemicals:
Organic chemicals in water makes the water smell or taste bad and also gives it some
discoloration. These impurities of water can vary from pesticides, petroleum products and
other various toxic chemicals.
Chlorine which is used to keep water free of bacteria, causes another problem by reacting
with some organic material in the water to form harmful chemicals like Chloroform, Tri-
metho-halanes (TMHs), Halo-acetic Acids (HAA), Trihalomethanes (THMs) and other
"Disinfection by-products" (DBPs) or "Chlorination Disinfection by-products" (CBPs), which
are all environmental pollutants and many considered 'carcinogenic', or suspected of causing
Cancer. Activated Carbon filters are very effective in getting rid of such impurities in water
which normally occurs in minute quantities.

Toxic Chemical Impurities in Water

Arsenic:
It is very unlikely that the Public water supplies being piped to your homes will have Arsenic
in it. People who use well or bore well water have to be extremely careful. They must have
their water tested in a good laboratory. Arsenic occurs naturally in rocks, soils, etc. and
waters that come in contact with these rocks and soils become contaminated. Arsenic is
odorless and tasteless, so there is no way of knowing if your water is contaminated. Many
parts of the world have Arsenic problems, so it is highly recommended to test your well and
bore well waters once every 6 months.
Exposure to arsenic can cause severe damage to health. Arsenic poisoning is cumulative,
meaning that even very minute amount of arsenic in the water is accumulated in the body
over time. What this means is that the body continues to absorb arsenic without getting rid of
any arsenic. If Arsenic contaminated water is drunk continuously, then in a few months or
years you become very sick. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the
maximum level of arsenic in drinking water should not exceed 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb or parts per
billion - a billion is a thousand times smaller than a million or 10 lakhs). So in effect they
recommend that it should be zero.
Arsenic can be removed by oxidation with chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite) or potassium
permanganate or coagulation with ferric chloride and then filtering it. Activated alumina and
ion exchange resins are also effective. The best choice will be Reverse Osmosis or RO.
For Arsenic in Pakistan, please visit: (https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/arsenic-
drinking-water-threatens-60-million-pakistan).

Mercury:
Mercury is a heavy metal and its compounds are sometimes found in the natural deposits of
certain areas. Batteries, fluorescent or tube lights, CFL bulbs, etc. usually contains Mercury
and it should not be disposed or thrown on the ground or anywhere near your water supply.
The maximum contaminant level for mercury set by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), WHO
(World Health Organization), EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of USA) and other
well-known standards is in parts per billion or ppb. This very small negligible limit for
mercury, is so set, because it is a highly toxic chemical. Mercury causes kidney damage and
also many other ill effects. Activated Carbon filters and RO can remove Mercury from water.

Lead:
Like mercury, Lead is also a heavy metal, and is harmful to health in the same way as
mercury. Some of the older pipes and fittings contain lead. RO is effective in removing all
heavy metal contaminants.

Hexavalent Chromium-6:
Chromium is actually a micro nutrient required by our body in minute quantity. This form of
Chromium is the safe trivalent or 'Chromium-3'. Chromium also exists in another very rare
form known as 'Hexavalent Chromium' or 'Chromium-6'. Hexavalent Chromium-6 is usually
introduced into ground water when chemical industries using Chromium, discharge their
water without proper treatment. Hexavalent Chromium-6 is poisonous and should be
guarded against especially by people using well water. The famous movie "Erin Brockovich"
starring Julia Roberts, is about Hexavalent Chromium-6 and its poisonous effect on some
rural people. The Environment Protection Agency of USA – EPA has set the Maximum
Contaminant Level – MCL of Chromium at 0.1 ppm (parts per million). There are several
methods of getting rid of Hexavalent Chromium-6 from water, but the simplest one is to use
an RO unit.
Nitrates in Water:
The most common way Nitrates, Nitrites and Ammonia gets into our water sources, is due to
the leakage or seepage of fertilizers or farm and animal wastes into the ground water sources.
Nitrates in water are especially dangerous to infants under 6 months, causing the ‘blue baby
syndrome’ due to the infant’s blood not being able to carry enough Oxygen from their lungs
to their body. Adults may also be affected by nitrates and nitrites in water due to the
formation of chemicals called nitrosamine in the digestive tract.
The EPA has set a maximum limit for Nitrates in water as 10 mg per Liter or ppm measured
as NO3 or Nitrate. RO is the best purifying method for removal of Nitrates and Nitrites in
water.

Fluorides in water:
Fluorides are chemicals that contain the element fluorine. Fluorides occur in many water
sources naturally. In some countries, fluorides are added to drinking water as a health
supplement for the protection of teeth and bones. Fluoride in water in very small quantities,
about 1 to 1.5 mg per Liter or ppm - parts per million, is beneficial to health, but any excess
is not good for health. Many toothpaste manufacturers add it in the toothpaste to protect the
teeth against cavities. The EPA has set a maximum limit of Fluorides in water as 4 mg per
Liter or ppm. Excess fluorides in water can have harmful effects ranging from discoloration
or pitting of teeth to bone and skeletal damage.

RADON:
Certain minerals are radioactive and people who drink water containing it over many years
may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Radon is naturally occurring and ground waters
may be contaminated with it. The only way to be certain is to get the ground or well water
tested. Activated Carbon filters are very good for the removal of radon from water supplies
and it is the most common way to reduce Radon in the water.

Ground Water and Drinking Water (National Primary Drinking Water

Regulations: NPDWR)
Please visit website: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-
drinking-water-regulations#four

References: https://www.scribd.com/document/85950394/Types-of-Impurities-in-Water