Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts

for External Water Pressure

by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 4.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.70E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 133.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 6.10 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 7.00 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 7.00 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.00 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 0.30 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 6.9105E-07 C41 : 0.00000078
C3 : No loosened/grouted rock zone C42 : 0.00000000
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00000078

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 62.64 m
pa : 626.43 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 4.97 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 5.03 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 1.00E-05 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-04 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 5.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.00 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 0.30 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 1.3391E-05 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : No loosened/grouted rock zone C42 : 0.00000000
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00000066

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 285.92 m
pa : 2859.24 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 31.86 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 0.78 < Required factor of safety of 1.80 , CHANGE DESIGN
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 1.00E-05 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-04 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 5.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.10 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 3.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 1.3391E-05 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : No loosened/grouted rock zone C42 : 0.00001712
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00001778

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 128.88 m
pa : 1288.76 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 14.36 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 1.74 < Required factor of safety of 1.80 , CHANGE DESIGN
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 1.00E-05 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-04 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 5.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.30 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 6.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 3-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.10 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 1.3391E-05 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : No loosened/grouted rock zone C42 : 0.00023114
C43 : 0.00000491
C4 : 0.00023671

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 16.06 m
pa : 160.63 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 1.79 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 13.97 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Pressure head acting at the outer side of the concrete lining as a function of the rock mass permeability
(no grouted or loosened rock zone considered)

300.00

Case A - No Concrete Crack 280.00

Case B - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete
Case C - Radial & Long. Cracks in 260.00
Pressure Head at Outer Side of Concrete Lining (m)

Concrete
240.00

220.00

200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04

Rock Permeability (m/s)

 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-08 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 5.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 6.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.00 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 0.30 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 6.9427E-08 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.88058416E-05 C42 : 0.00000000
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00000066

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 28.49 m
pa : 284.89 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 3.17 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 7.88 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-08 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 5.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 6.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.10 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 3.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 6.9427E-08 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.88058416E-05 C42 : 0.00001712
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00001778

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 1.16 m
pa : 11.63 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 0.13 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 192.99 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-08 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 5.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 6.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.30 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 6.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 3-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.10 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 6.9427E-08 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.88058416E-05 C42 : 0.00023114
C43 : 0.00000491
C4 : 0.00023671

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 0.09 m
pa : 0.88 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 0.01 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 2559.94 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Pressure head acting at the outer side of the concrete lining as a function of the rock mass permeability
(loosened rock zone considered, rg=6.50 m)

300.00

Case A - No Concrete Crack 280.00

Case B - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete
Case C - Radial & Long. Cracks in 260.00
Pressure Head at Outer Side of Concrete Lining (m)

Concrete
240.00

220.00

200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04

Rock Permeability (m/s)

 Pressure head acting at the outer side of the concrete lining as a function of the rock mass permeability
(no grouted/loosened rock zone VS. loosened rock with rg=6.50 m)

300.00

280.00
Case A - Loosened Rock - No Concrete Crack

Case B - Loosened Rock - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete 260.00

Pressure Head at Outer Side of Concrete Lining (m)

Case C - Loosened Rock - Radial & Long. Cracks in 240.00

Concrete

Case A - NO Loosened Rock - No Concrete Crack

220.00

Case B - NO Loosened Rock - Only Radial Cracks in 200.00

Concrete
180.00
Case C - NO Loosened Rock - Radial & Long. Cracks in
Concrete
160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04

Rock Permeability (m/s)

 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-08 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 8.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.00 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 0.30 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 7.3804E-08 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.44335504E-06 C42 : 0.00000000
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00000066

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 28.88 m
pa : 288.77 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 3.22 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 7.77 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-08 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 8.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.10 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 3.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 0-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.00 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 7.3804E-08 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.44335504E-06 C42 : 0.00001712
C43 : 0.00000000
C4 : 0.00001778

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 1.18 m
pa : 11.80 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 0.13 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 190.14 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Design of Concrete Linings of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
for External Water Pressure
by Anton J. Schleiss (1997, Tunneling Asia)

ATTENTION
This paper focuses on the design of pressure tunnel/shaft linings for external water
pressure "during dewatering of tunnels". Therefore, for the solutions presented here,
there is no internal water pressure (pi=0) acting on the tunnel/shaft lining. For cases with
internal pressure, other articls of the author should be referred.
This page covers the calculations for TUNNELs.

a. Seepage flow pattern from rock into a near horizontal tunnel (left)
b. Seepage flow from the rock mass through cracked concrete lining into the tunnel
or shaft (right)

Inputs
Gravitational Acceleration g : 9.81 m/s2
Kinematic Viscosity of Water νw : 1.00E-06 m2/s
Unit weight of Water γw : 10.00 kN/m3
Poisson's Ratio of Concrete νc : 0.20 -
Ultimate strength of tunnel lining concrete fc : 25.00 MPa
Factor of safety for conc. str. (depends on loading) FSRequired : 1.80 -

Permeability Data
Permeability of rock mass kr : 5.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of grouted/loosened rock mass kg : 1.00E-07 m/s
Permeability of uncracked concrete kc : 1.00E-08 m/s

Geometry & GWT Data

Tunnel Depth with res. to GWT b : 300.00 m
Internal radius of lining ri : 5.00 m
Outer radius of lining ra : 5.50 m
Radius of Loosened/Grouted Rock Zone rg : 8.50 m

Concrete Cracking Data

Average radial crack width of concrete 2a1 : 0.30 mm
Average spacing between radial cracks d : 6.00 m
Number of longitudinal cracks n : 3-
Average longitudinal crack width of concrete 2a2 : 0.10 mm
CALCULATIONS
Water inflow per unit length of the tunnel is to be calculated as follows:
qr = C1 [(b-pg)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 1)
C1 = (2.pi.kr) / ln[(b/rg)(1+(1-(r /b )) )]
g
2 2 1/2
(Eqn. 2)

Seepage flow through loossened/grouted rock zone is calculated as follows:

qg = C3 [(pg-pa)/(ρW.g)] (Eqn. 3)
C3 = (2.pi.kg) / ln(rg/ra) (Eqn. 4)

Seepage flow across the concrete lining is calculated in three parts. First part is the
seepage flow through uncracked concrete between the cracks.
qc1 = C41.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 5)
C41 = (2.pi.kc) / ln(ra/ri) (Eqn. 6)

Second is the water conductivity of radial cracks, calculated as follows:

qc2 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 7)
C42 = [2.pi.r1.(2a1) .g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri).d]
3
(Eqn. 8)

Third and final part is the water conductivity of longitudinal cracks, calculated as follows:
qc3 = C42.pa/(ρW.g) (Eqn. 9)
C43 = [n.(2a2)3.g] / [12.νw.(ra-ri)] (Eqn. 10)

Then, total inflow through concrete lining is as follows:

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3
C4 = C41 + C42 + C43

For the solution of the above equations, continuity equation (qr=qg=qc) is applied and
external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is obtained as follows:
pa/(ρW.g) = (C1.b) / [(C3+C4)/C3)(C1+C3)-C3

Then, C variables are calculated as shown below:

C1 : 7.3804E-07 C41 : 0.00000066
C3 : 1.44335504E-06 C42 : 0.00023114
C43 : 0.00000491
C4 : 0.00023671

Then, external water pressure acting on the outer radius of lining is as follows (Pint=0):
pa/(ρW.g) : 0.62 m
pa : 6.18 kN/m2

Finally, assuming a linear pressure gradient of the seepage flow across the concrete lining,
maximum compressive stress acting on the concrete lining is calculated as per theory of
pervious media (Schleiss, 1986) :

σtmax(ri) : 0.07 MPa

(Maximum tangential stress on concrete lining under external water pressure (pint.=0).
FScalc. : 363.25 ≥ Required factor of safety of 1.80, OK
 Pressure head acting at the outer side of the concrete lining as a function of the rock mass permeability
(grouted rock zone, rg=8.50 m)

220.00

Case A - No Concrete Crack

Case B - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete 200.00
Case C - Radial & Long. Cracks in
Pressure Head at Outer Side of Concrete Lining (m)

Concrete
180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04

Rock Permeability (m/s)

 Pressure head acting at the outer side of the concrete lining as a function of the rock mass permeability
(no grouted/loosened rock zone VS. loosened rock with rg=6.50 m VS. grouted rock with rg=8.50 m)

300.00
Case A - Loosened Rock - No Concrete Crack
280.00
Case B - Loosened Rock - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete
260.00
Pressure Head at Outer Side of Concrete Lining (m)

Case C - Loosened Rock - Radial & Long. Cracks in

Concrete
240.00
Case A - NO Loosened Rock - No Concrete Crack

Case B - NO Loosened Rock - Only Radial Cracks in 220.00

Concrete

Case C - NO Loosened Rock - Radial & Long. Cracks in 200.00

Concrete
180.00
Case A - Grouted Rock - No Concrete Crack

Case B - Grouted Rock - Only Radial Cracks in Concrete 160.00

Case C - Grouted Rock - No Concrete Crack
140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04

Rock Permeability (m/s)