Machines

Inclined Plane:
An inclined plane is a sloping surface that behaves like a simple machine whose
mechanical advantage is always greater than 1.
𝑀.𝐴.
Efficiency 𝜂 = = 1 where, M.A. = Mechanical advantage, V.R. = Velocity ratio
𝑉.𝑅.

Gears:
 A gear is a wheel with teeth around its rim
 The gear wheel closer to the source of power is called the driver or the driving gear
 The gear wheel which receives motion from the driver is called driven gear
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
 𝑉. 𝑅. = = =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

 𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Uses of gear:
 Use of gear system to obtain gain in torque
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟
 Gain in torque (or turning effect) =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟

 Use of gear system to obtain gain in speed

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
 Gain in speed = =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Pulley:
A Pulley is one of the original simple machines. The original primary use for pulleys was
to make it easier to lift heavy items. A pulley is a simple machine made with a wheel and
a rope, cord, or chain.

Single fixed pulley:

 A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed in position is called a fixed pulley
 M.A. = V.R. = 1
 Mass of the string and friction in the pulley bearing are ignored.
 A single fixed pulley is used only to change the direction of the force applied i.e., the effort
can be applied in a more convenient direction.
 The weight of the pulley itself does not affects its M.A.
Single movable pulley:

· A pulley whose axis of rotation is not fixed in position, is called a movable pulley
1. M.A. = 2 = V.R. →η=1→η=1 or 100 %
· A single movable pulley is used as a force multiplier
The weight of the pulley itself reduces its M.A.

Combination of pulleys:

Using one fixed pulley and other movable pulleys

 n is the number of movable pulleys

 M.A. = 2n, V.R. = 2n, η = 1 or 100%

Block and tackle system:

 n is the total number of pulleys in both the blocks

 For negligible weight of the lower block along with pulleys
 M.A. = n, V.R = n, η = 1 or 100%
 Let w be the total weight of the lower block along with pulleys
𝑤
 M.A = 𝑛 − where E is the effort, V.R. = n
𝐸
𝑤
 η=1–
𝐸
 For greater efficiency, the pulleys in the lower block should be as light as possible

Machines:

It is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force (or load) at some
point by applying a small force (or effort) at a convenient point and in a desired direction
or by which we can obtain a gain in speed.

Principle of a machine:

 When energy is supplied to a machine by applying the effort, it does some useful work.
 The point at which the energy is supplied to a machine by applying the effort, is called effort
point
 The point where the energy is obtained by overcoming the load, is called load point
 Input energy = Work done at effort point = Effort × displacement of the point of application
of effort
 Output energy = Work done at load point = Load × displacement of the point of application
of load

Ideal and actual machine:

 An ideal machine is that in which there is no loss of energy in any manner.

 In an actual machine, the output energy is always less than the input energy.
 The reasons are:

1. The moving parts in it are neither weightless nor smooth.

2. The string in it (if any) is not perfectly inelastic.
3. Its different parts are not perfectly rigid

Technical terms

The resistive or opposing force to be overcome by a machine is

Load (L)
called the load

The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called

Effort (E)
the effort

Mechanical advantage
M.A = L/E
(M.A.)

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 (𝑉𝐸 ) 𝑑𝐸

=
Velocity ratio (V.R.) 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑉𝐿 ) 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐸 = displacement of the point of application of effort
𝑑𝐿 = displacement of the point of application of load

Work input Work input (𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) = Work done by the effort

Work output Work output (𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) = Work done on the load

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency η η= 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Relationship between Efficiency(Η), Mechanical advantage (MA) and Velocity ration (VR)

 The mechanical advantage of a machine is equal to the product of its efficiency and velocity
ration M.A = V.R. × η.
 For an ideal machine, the mechanical advantage is numerically equal to the velocity ratio
(η of ideal machine = 1).
 For actual machine, the mechanical advantage is always less than its velocity ratio (η of
actual machine < 1).
Levers:

A lever is a rigid, straight or bent bar which is capable of turning about a fixed axis

 The axis, about which the lever turns, passes through a point of the lever which is called
the fulcrum (F)
 This point does not move, but remains fixed when the lever is in use

Principle of lever:

 Moment of load about fulcrum = moment of effort about fulcrum

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚
On solving we get, M.A. =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚

 This reaction is known as the law of levers.

Kinds of levers:

Class I lever Class II lever Class III lever

The M.A. and V.R. can have

The M.A. and V.R. are The M.A. and V.R. are
any value either greater than 1,
always greater than 1 always less than 1
or equal to 1, or less than 1