Smart Lighting: The science

1. Motion Sensor

Principle: ​By sensing changes in the infrared (radiant heat) levels emitted
by the surrounding.

Concept: ​Motion can be detected by checking for a sudden change in the

surrounding IR pattern. sensor, have elements made of a crystalline
material that generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared
energy.

The changes in the amount of infrared energy striking the element changes
the voltages generated, which are measured by an on-board amplifier.

The device contains a Fresnel lens, which focuses the infrared signals onto
the element.

Laws:​ Stefan’s law and radiation laws that govern how a body radiates
heat and IR waves. Energy conservation laws, Current laws, Diffraction,
and wave amplification/transmission laws.

Parameters:​ Emissivity, Temperature, the refractive index of the lens,

resistance of the crystalline material.

2. Networks
Principle and concept​: A network is composed of a web of base stations,
each covering a delimited area (cell) and routing communications in the
form of radio waves to and from users’ terminals

Laws​: Network Topology laws. Wave laws.

Parameters​: No. of nodes, meshes. The medium of transmission

Frequency, amplitude, and phase of the waves.

3. PCB Boards

Principle​: It is a board that has lines and pads that connect various points
together. traces that electrically connect the various connectors and
components to each other. A PCB allows signals and power to be routed
between physical devices

Concepts​: Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal

tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface,
instead of wire leads to pass through holes.

Each trace (the equivalent of wire) consists of a flat, narrow part of the
copper foil that remains after etching. ground plane for shielding and
power return.

Laws​: All electric and magnetic laws- Ohms. Biot-Savart’s etc.

Parameters​: Thickness, length, and resistivity of the traces, thereby their

resistance. Inductance, conductance on individual units as well as the
overall board. Dielectric Constant and coefficient of thermal expansion of
the board.
 4. Microcontroller

Principle​: Microcontrollers are single-chip computers that include a

minimum of a microprocessor, memory, and input-output module.
Microcontrollers are usually programmed by using a PC running an
assembler program.

Concept​: It controls a single function by interpreting data it receives from its

I/O peripherals using its central processor.

The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its

data memory, where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored
in its program memory to decipher and apply the incoming data.

It uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact the appropriate

action.

Laws​: All computing laws depending on the function

Parameters​: Limits of processors, number, sizes, and formats of

instructions, registers, and data types.

5. LED drivers

Principle and concept​: Two-lead semiconductor- it glows when an electric

current passes through it. Drivers are capable of regulating the power to an
LED.

LED is similar to a diode and the current is exponential to voltage. Any

minor change in voltage can make a huge difference in current.

As temperature increases, the forward voltage of the LED decreases,

causing the LED to draw more current.
The LED will continue to get hotter and draw more current until the LED
burns itself out LED driver is a self-contained power supply which has
outputs that are matched to the electrical characteristics of the LED(s)

Laws​: Shockley diode equation

Parameters​: Diode current, reverse bias current, diode voltage, thermal

voltage, light intensity, angle of view, power factor, harmonic distortion.