The Components We recommend working through the experiment manual

step by step from the beginning. That will allow you to get
Electronics Workshop 2 consists of many electronic compo-
nents along with this 172-page instruction manual contain-
ing over 300 experiments. The component list begins on
this page and continues through page 10, with photos, part
numbers, circuit diagram symbols, and assembly symbols.
Some of the plastic parts, buttons, etc., may be found on or
in the consoles.
to know all of the lab components and carry out all the
experiments successfully.
Please pay attention to the safety advice on the inside
front page! We wish you lots of success and many enjoyable
hours with the Thames & Kosmos Electronics Workshop 2
kit!

Assembly and
Experiment panel

Upper console,
section 1
070 207
Upper console,
section 2
070 307
Lower console
Upper console sections 1 and 2 are each assembled with a lower console section, a hinge pin, 2 pieces
and two caps (Assembly Image 1). 070 407

Component tree 1

With 2 caps and knob

for double variable
capacitor
004 012
The caps serve as hinges on the outside and for connecting the upper and lower console sec-
tions. The dial is fastened with the long screw from bag 1 onto the variable capacitor shaft. To
do that, first turn the variable capacitor all the way to the left, set the dial onto the variable
capacitor with its marker pointing to the left, and then screw it on (Assembly Image 5).
M N
+
R
HS
X

Speaker terminal wires SP –

Component tree 2
connected to contact clips M and N

C
TF With hinge pin
C
TF and knob for
E C
potentiometer
E 004 022 LED 3
The hinge pin connects console 1 to console 2. A K
After attaching
+
the 10-kilohm potentiometer, stick the dial onto its shaft inVsuch a way that
E

+ A K
the dial’s marker
C lines up with the first scale marker on the console when the potentiometer is IR-LED
AMP– A
AMP

turned all the way to the left (Assembly Image 5).

A

B C
–

E
p
n B
A D E F Component treep 3
E E
D P
Ge
With 2 caps and knob
7

K Potentiometer terminal wires connected

to contact clips D, E, and F for potentiometer
324
004 032
10

11

12

13

14
8

The additional caps are for connecting the upper and lower console sections when you want to
OUT

VCI
IN

operate EPboth consoles independently.

PLL

Stick this second dial onto the shaft of the 100-kilohm potentiometer after attaching it, once
+

–
VCO
PCO

again in such a way that the dial’s marker lines up with the first scale marker on the console
R

when the potentiometer is turned all the way to the left (Assembly Image 5). A
D Si
A K D
Ta Si

K Contact clips
+

A
+
Bag with 102 pieces
LED 771 860
–
K Bag with 33 pieces
000 612 G H I
C G H I
The contact clips are for grabbing components, wires, and the modules. They provide a mechani-
cal holdB and, at the
T
same time, create an electrical connection for the components. Insert the
contact clips into the rectangular recesses of the experiment console until you hear them click
(Assembly Images 2 and 3). Potentiometer terminal wires connected
E
to contact clips G, H, and I
A C 3
NTC

citor
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd B3 8/9/10 7:03 PM
and C
T1

T2
V

V
 Reset

Beep
GND

in
Start
+5V
+9V

Uin
C E A AK K
K A A K
M N
+
R R M N
+
X
R Photo
R Assembly
CDS CDS Circuit diagram symbol
Speaker terminal wires SP X
9-volt battery
A Kclip connected to contact clips M and N

GND

PWM
D5GND
D4D5
D3D4
D2D3
D1D2
Speaker terminal wires

PWM
D1
SP

D0
100 nF

D0
connected to contact clips M and N 9C V

Din
C

Reset

Din
Beep
GND

Start
+5V
+9V

Reset

Beep
GND

Uin
Start
+5V
+9V TF

Uin
2 pieces C +C –
TF
C
042 106 E TF C A
CDS C K KA A TF AK K
E M N C E
K A LED
+
R Insert one battery
R clip in a compartment under console 1, thread its terminal wires E through and A LED 3
C insert them+into contact clip 404 (red positive terminal) and contact clip 804V (black negative X

V
10 µF
+ A
– terminal). Place
C the second battery clip Speaker
in console terminal 2 and
wires connect it to contact clips
SP 110 (positive)
+

M and N each clip on a AMP

AMP AMP
C V A
+
and 810 (negative) (Assembly Images 9 to 12). Finally, clipsmount 9-volt
+– + battery, and

V
– connected to contact –
C
+

it’s ready to go. EAMP CM A

A
B

–
100 nF 100 nF

+
K A A K
U – C V

A
B

+
C E
A T
D EF F +
C B
D Ge TF E
A K A D E D E FC P
B C
D Ge Ge E 10 mF E
A K p
D E LED 3
n P K
p KA A

5
E E K Ge Potentiometer220terminal
kΩ wires connected
100 nF to contact clips D, E, and F A

5
C K Potentiometer terminal wires connected V
Short wire +

V
10 µF 10 µF
to contact clips D, E, and F +

10
O R

9
–
C
+

bridges AMP–

AMP
A
C 10 kΩ

10
EP

9
P

A
B

IN
E
4 bags EP C C
EP B
with 10 pieces each

PCO PCO IN
K A

+
B C
n EP A NTCD E F B
+ +
000
D Ge282 p B E E

+
n
A K D P 100 nF
EB CE A
10BµF
p
C
p
The short wire
bridges have to be bent to a size
Ge
D Siof 15 mm (Assembly Images 13 and 14);
E E they cre- 10 mF
10 mF
n
p n
ate an electrical connection between the Aindividual contact
K clips. A D
Ta

5
E E
p
K Potentiometer terminal
220 kΩ 220RkΩ wires connected R D Si R Si R
E E Ta
to Acontact clips D, E,Kand F D
NTC
Ta

C
Ta K Si
Long wire bridges Sp

10
Sp

9
LED 1 A B
+ K C connect
220connecte
kΩ
C
EP +

IN
A LED 1 K EP A 10 mF
4 bags E
C
C
B B
+

+
LED
with
A LED 2K10 pieces
B
each
C
BkΩ
220 C
NTC
C
C –

PCO
n NTC
n E
000
A LED292
2K
p
n p
n
K LED C EE
100 nF
100 nF
E E E E A –
K
A
B
K
C
The long wire C bridges have to be bent to Aa K
sizeDG Siof
H I30 mm (Assembly Images 13 and 14);
PHT they cre-
D
Ta

ate an electrical
Ta C connection
C between the individual contact clips.
G H I Si
B C B T C +
C +
B –– K
EWire sections
E Potentiometer terminal wires connected C
++

AMP
B T C

AMP
E
E(about
NTC
LED 1 E 300 mm) A E to contact clips G, H, and I 220 kΩ
220 kΩ
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
E 100 nF +
A A B KC A C to contact clips G, H, and I
3 bundles +
A
–
A B2 C
LED A LED C A
with 4 pieces each D Ge S T –
K A D Ge K
000
A 151
K
Double variable capacitor A K D
D
Ge
B Ge
connected to clips A, B, and C For some experiments,
C the ready-to-bend wireG bridges
H I won’t be enough. Sometimes, you will
Double BvariableC capacitor 220 kΩ K Potentiom
Potentiom

OUT 1OUT 1

OUT 2OUT 2
connected to clips A, B, and C K
need longerB pieces of wire. You will also need them to lengthen the terminal connection for the

+ 9V + 9V
to
to
B
LEDs, when youTwant to install them in the console (AssemblyAImage DGe18). D Ge

C
E

E
6

K
6

E E Potentiometer terminal wires connected

C
E

E
6

E
to contact clips G, H, and I
61

A K
43

Bag 1 with small pieces EP

EP Speaker te
2

000
A B 148
C A C EP connected to co
3
1

EP
2

Pushbutton K L A B C A C
+
Double variable capacitor
B
connected to clips A, B, and C E
TaTa

2 pieces
OUT 1

OUT 2
Galvanometer terminal wires – Ta
Variable capacitor terminal wires Ta
+ 9V

connected to contact clips K and L connected to contact B

DGeclips A, B, and C D GeD Ge
C
E

E
6

DGe
A K
6

A K
DSi
LED 1 A A K
E

LED 1 A A AK
6

K
3
1

Speaker
Speakt
6

AMP
2

The pushbutton serves to create a temporary Aconductive connection between two points in a
4
1

A HS K
K connected to cot
connected
circuit. You can use it to close an electrical circuit and, for example, switch on an LED LED for as long
3

–
1

LED 2 LED
you release it, theLEDconnection
2
2

as the button is pushed.

K L K After is broken again. In the diagrams,
1

L M N A B AC B C K A C
A K K A C
the pushbutton
DGe is labeled “Ta.” D Ge A + K
+ D
A K LED 3 A
B C C E
A K B C C
Screws Galvanometer terminal
Galvanometer terminal A
wireswires K – – Variable capacitor terminal wires
Variable
LED Speaker terminal wirescapacitor terminal
BSP wires T
connected to contact
connected clipsclips
to contact K and L L
K and B
connected toconnected to contact
connected
contact clips Mtoand clips
contact A, B,A,
N clips Band C C T
B, and B
Potentiomete
A
IR-LED
K
KEE E
E EP Potentiom
connected to con
E EP Potentiom
R
K L 3 pieces for the vari- C E to
E

to
E

A B C
6

A C
6

able capacitor +
6

TF
AMP
4
6

AMP
4

A B C A C
AHSB HS
C A TFC
E C
3

–
1

–
1

alvanometer terminal wires

2

–
1

Variable capacitor terminal wires E

ected to contact clips K and L The variable
connected capacitor
to contact clips A, B, is
andsecured
C toB console 1 with
Double variablethe two short screws. First, though, the two
capacitor
Double
A variable
A clipscapacitor
D
plastic pieces have toLED 3
beLED removed
3 from connected
that location
connected to
to
inB,
A,
clips A, B,the Cconsole (Assembly Image
and C
and
B
B 4). The best C
V
way is to wiggle them
A Aback
K Kand forth until they break off. Be sure to save these parts, because
E

V
6

+
they will be needed later for the phototransistor, infrared transmitting diode and Aoptical fiber
6

AMP
AMP
4

LED LED
66

44

HS Potentiomet
Potentio
experiments (Assembly
A A Images
K 19 to 29). TheKlong screw is for attaching
EP EP the dial
– to the variable
66

44

K
K connected to con
A
3

IR-LED
–

+
1

IR-LED E connected to
capacitor (Assembly Image 5).
2

EP EP
1

33
11

22

C
11

22

33

LED 3 A D E F –
+

4 P
A K
LED
Potentiometer terminal wires
A
IR-LED
K
K EP connected to contact clips D, E, and F
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 4 EP 8/9/10 7:03 PM
 C C

+
B B

B C B C
p
E E 10 mF
p
n n
p
Photo Assembly Circuit diagram symbol
p
E E 220 kΩ 220 kΩ
E E

Bag 2 with small parts

001 006
C C

Connection
B B
pins
B C B C
n n NTC NTC
p
n
p E E
n
100 nF
E E E E 4 pieces

The connection pins are used to connect the two consoles to one another. To do that, insert the
220 kΩ
pins into the dovetail-shaped guides along the joint between the two consoles (Assembly Image
1).

Screws

2 pieces

Eyelets

2 pieces

M
DGe DGe D Ge D Ge
A A K K
The loudspeaker and the galvanometer are each mounted in console 2 with one screw and one
eyelet (Assembly Image 7). A K A K
Speaker ter
connected to conn
con
Galvanometer
K L K L A B C A B C A C A C
+ M NM N
+
R R R R
001 010 E
Galvanometer terminal wiresterminal wires
Galvanometer – – Variable capacitor terminal
Variable wiresterminal wires
capacitor
connected to connected
contact clips K and L clips K and L
to contact connected to connected
contact clips Speaker
C Speaker B terminal
terminal wires
wires B
to A, B, and
contact clips A, B, and C
connected
connected to contact
to contact clips
clips M and
M and N N

E
The galvanometer works with a rotating mounted coil, so it is a moving coil galvanometer. The

4
6

4
C C
6

AMP
6
4

4
more current that flows through the coil, the farther the needle moves. When it is all TF TF
HS Cthe way to
C HS
the right, 100 µA is flowing through the coil! The galvanometer is very sensitive. Please do not
3

–
1

3
1

E E C C
2

2
1

32
1

3
connect it directly to a battery, or it could be destroyed!
LED 3 LED 3 A A D
Speaker
AM
M N
N
C CK A K +
+ + + HS
E

V
E

V
RR – –
LED LED
C C
+
+

AMP
AMP

XX PotentiometerP
A
IR-LED
K
IR-LED
A K K K EP EP003
001 connected to conn
cont
Speaker
Speaker terminal
terminal wires
A
wires EP––
–

+
A
–

+
SP
SP EP
connected
connected to contact clips M and
to contact clips M and N
N
A A D ED FE F
DMGeDNGe CC
A A M N K K D D ++
The speakerRuses
C a coil and a membrane to convert
TTFF electrical signals into mechanical vibrations,
Ge Ge
HS
HS
RC TF
or sound waves, which you can hear. EE CC
TF
XX
K K Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wires
wires connected
connected
Speaker
Speakerterminal
terminalwires
wires SPSP EE 33 –contact
to
to contact
LED
LED – clipsclips
D, E,D,and
E, and
F F
connected
Earphone
connectedtotocontact
contactclips
clipsMMand
andNN
A
A KK
VV CC
+
EE

VV

+ A KK
T FEP
EP +
+ A
CCC 042 056 IR-LED
AMP IR-LED
AMP

TF A
AMP

C EP EP A TFTF
EE CC ––
AA

BB CC
––

++

EE
EE LED pp
LED3 3 nn BB
A pp
A D
D EE FF
The earphone converts electrical signals into audible sounds with the help of a coil and a AA E
E
KK
E D Si
DESi
A A K K
metallic membrane.
D In that process, the membrane is more less strongly or Vmore V PP or less quickly
Ta
Ta

D
++
E

+ +Ta Ta AA KK
E

Ge
attracted by Ge
the
C C coil depending on the signal, just like with an electromagnet. Whenever
AMP we IR-LED
AMP

AA IR-LED
AMP
AMP

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

produce sounds
K
K Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wires
wires connected
or listen to the radio, we will be using the earphone.
connected ––
A

B
to
to contact
contact clips
clips D,
D, E,
E, and
and FF 324 C C
–

EE
A

B
–

LEDLED
1 1 A A p
Potentiometer np1pn B
10

11

12

13

14
10

11

12

13

14
88

99

AA p
A DAD E EKF FK
E E
E E
OUT

DD P P LEDLED
VCI
OUT

K LEDLED
2 2
VCI
IN
IN

EP GeGe
EP K K 10 kilohms
PLL
PLL

A A K K
++

––
7

KK Potentiometer
Potentiometerterminal
terminalwires
wiresconnected 001 004
7

connected
VCO
PCO

VCO
PCO

totocontact
contactclips
clipsD,D,E,E,and
andF F C C 324
324
G HG IH I
RR

B B C C
A
A
10

11

12

13

14
8

D
10

11

12

13

14

DSi
8

Si B B T T
A
The 10-kilohm potentiometer is an adjustableA resistor.KKE You can use a slider on a track
D
D
Si
made of
E E
OUT

Ta E Si Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wires
wires connected
connected
VCI

Ta
resistantEPmaterial to select any desired level of resistance between 0 and 10 kilohms. E EThe 10-ki-
VCO PLL OUT
IN

VCI
IN

EP to contact
to contact clips
clips G,and
G, H, H, and
I I
lohm potentiometer has “10 k” printed on it. KK
PLL
+

–
+

–
++

––

A BA CB C A A C C
VCO
PCO
PCO

A
A 5
R
R

AA +
+
DD
SiSi
LED A K DD
LED Double
Double variable
A variable capacitor
K
capacitor
Ta SiBSi B ––
KK Ta connected
connected to clips
to clips A, B,A,and
B, and
C C
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 5 8/9/10 7:03 PM
KK
G
G H
H II
+

C G
G H
H II
+

–
6

4
6

4
 EP

0 D4 Din +5V
GND

PWM
D5

D3
D2
D1
EP K E LE

D0
EP

Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V
+9V
EP

Uin
LED 1 A A

Din
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+9V

Uin
C V +
+

V
A K – K A +
C

+
AMP

AMP
LED 2 LED K AA
–
Photo Assembly
R
Circuit Ediagram
R
symbol – A

TaTa
A
K

+
A
A K R Ta
TaR
Potentiometer 2 Sp
B C
AC G H I
D E F
D Ge connecte
Spe
E
A K D LED 1 PA
B connecte
Ge T LED 1 100 nF A
100
E
kilohms
E A C K wires connected 100 nF
Potentiometer AterminalK wires connected
001 011

6
KE Potentiometer terminal
totocontact clips
C 2 G,D,H,E,and
LEDclips
contact andI F LEDC
LED 2 LEDC
A B C A C K
A K K

9
A K
The 100-kilohm potentiometer is an adjustable resistor. You can use a slider on a track
C made
EP B
of resistant material to select any desired level
C
B of resistance
C C
between 0 and 100 kilohms. The

IN
Double variable capacitor EP C
100-kilohm potentiometer
B has “100 k” printed on it. 10 µF B + T

+
connected to clips A, B, and C B T C
–
C

+ +
+

AMP
E E Potentiome

PCO
10 µF

OUT 1

OUT 2
E
– E E C Potentiome

AMP
+ 9V
A E to c
to c

C
E

E
6

4
Double variable D C
A BSi C
6

A K A C
capacitor A B C D C
Ta

A A
Ta Si
B
3

D Ge
1

A
2

A K
1

3
D
000 143 D Ge K B
DGe
B C
A
Double K
variable capacitor E
p
n Double variable capacitor B Ge
LED 1 A p B C
connected to clips A, B, and C KB Potentiom
E E p connected to clips A, B, and C 220 kΩ
n
p
K220 kΩ to
+
Potentiom
A K
E E
to c

66

44
LED 2 The double variable
LED capacitor is made of two capacitors with capacities of about 80 and 150 pi-

66

44
–
cofarads, formed
K by pushing several mutually insulated metal plates into each other. A variable C
A K EP
capacitor is used for adjusting resonant circuits, EP so it can be used, for example,EPto set the recep-

33
11

22

11

22

B C
E E
33
tion frequency of a radio. The double variable capacitor has three terminals, one
C G H I
EP
per capacitor B
B C
plus a common terminal. n Terminal wires O, G, and A of the variable capacitor
NTC are connected to B
B E
ofT nEthe panel
p
the lower edgeE
B C
n with contact clips A, B, and C (Assembly Images 5 to 7).NTC
p
n Potentiometer terminal wires connected
E E E
to contact clips G, H, and I

Ta Ta
Ta A
A B C A C
Ta
Light-emitting di-
odes LED 1 A
Double variable capacitor LED 1 A
B A K
1 x to
connected red
clips A, B, and C
A K LED

OUT 1
000 145 LED 2

+ 9V
LED 2 KLED

C
A K

E
6

K
6

1 x green
4

A K
C
002 198 When current flows through a light-emitting diode, it emits a red, green, or yellowC light de- B C
3
1

B C
1

pending on its semiconductor material. B T

1 x yellow Careful! Never connect directly to a battery. The
E light-emitting
E diode will immediately
B T burn out! Potentiom
001 013 Always operate with a limiting resistor of atE least 470 E ohms. E
to
Potentiom
The light-emitting diodes have two poles, and they only let current flow in one direction. E So you to c
have to pay attention to their polarity – the endA with
B C
the short terminal is the Acathode C
(-), and
A B C A C
the one with the long terminal is the anode (+).
The abbreviation for light-emitting diode is LED.
Double variable capacitor
B
connected to clipscapacitor
Double variable A, B, and C
B
connected to clips A, B, and C
Contact sleeves
6

4
DGe
6

A K
6

DGe
6 1

4 3

A K
2 sets
2

with 6 pieces each

3
1

000 612
K L A B C
The contact sleeves serve to connect the extension wires KtoL the LED terminals + when they are A B C
installed in the left of the console next to the variable capacitor. Simply insert one+ LED terminal
and one extension wire together intoGalvanometer
a contact sleeve; the contact sleeve
terminal wires – becomes Variable
narrower on terminal wires
capacitor
the inside and clamps the two connections
connected together.
to contact Then,
clips
GalvanometerK andbend
L
terminal the wire downward
wires – andtothe
connected contact clips
Variable A, B, and
capacitor C
termina
LED with lengthened terminals is ready (Assembly Image
connected 19).clips K and L
to contact connected to contact clips A,
Proceed similarly with the infrared emitter (IR-LED) and the phototransistor, which are then
6

inserted into the holder with LED written on it from console 1 and 2 (Assembly Image 19).
6

HS
6

4
3
1

HS
2

2
3
1

Infrared emitters LED 3 A

A K LED 3 A

A K LED
001 012 A K
K LED EP
IR-LED
A
IR-LED
K
K EP E

These emitters (IR-LEDs) work just like the light-emitting diodes, except they emit invisible infrared
light instead of light you can see. Infrared emitters like this are built into in all remote controls.
Careful! Never connect directly to a battery. The infrared emitter will immediately burn out!
Always operate with a limiting resistor of at least 470 ohms.
This kind of diode also has two poles, and only lets current flow in one direction. So you have to
pay attention again to their polarity – the end with the short terminal is the cathode (-), and the
one with the long terminal is the anode (+).
6

EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 6 8/9/10 7:03 PM

 Speaker terminal
Speaker terminal wires
wires
connected to
connected to contact
contact clips
clips M
M and
and N
N
+ – D0 D0
M MN N
M ++
HS
HS
V RR CC
+ 5V + 5V D1 D1 XX TTFF
CC
Photo Speaker Assembly
Speakerterminal
terminalwires
D2 totocontactD2clips
wires Circuit diagram symbol SPSP – – EE CC
connected
connected contact clipsMMand
andNN
Phototransistor
CC
GND GNDD3 D3
TCCFT F
++

EE

VV
CC –– TFTF
CC 002 159

++

AMP
R Dig EE Dig
CC

AMP
10 kΩ EE LED 33

AA
––

++
P LED

AA KK
A
A
VV D EE FF
D
The phototransistor
++ is a sensitive light sensor. ItDDGe
has just two terminals, the emitter (abbrevi-

V
E

V
Ge ++ AA KK
A
A KK D IR-LED
IR-LED
ated “E”) andC Cthe collector (“C”). The basic control takes AMP
place with light rather ADA electrical
than

AMP
AMP

AMP
Ge
– – Ge
current. When light falls on the transparent housing, the phototransistor becomes conductive

A
B C

+
A
B C

+
EE K Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wires connected
wires connected
between the collector and the emitter. When installing it, you have to pay attention K to its direc- contactpnclips
to contact p
clips D, E,
E, and
and FF
to n D, BB
NTC tion. The collector
AA C is identified by a flattened section on the edge of the housing and by a
D DE E F F
pp

shorter terminal wire. In the diagrams, the phototransistor is labeled “TF”. E E E E

DD PP
GeGe
EP Optical fiber

1
Potentiometer
Potentiometerterminal
terminalwires
wiresconnected EP

1
KK connected EP M MN N
totocontact
contactclips D, E, and F
clips
R R D, E, and F 324
324
R R
000 676

10

11

12

13

14
10

11

12

13

14
8

9
8

9
E
Speaker
SpeakerDterminal
D Si terminalwires
wires
Si

OUT
PHT

VCO PLL OUT

connected
connected
A to to
contact
contact
clips
KKclips
MM and
and
NN

VCI
VCI
Ta A

IN
IN
Ta
EPEP Ta
Ta

PLL
+
+

–
–
Optical fiber can conduct light without letting it escape
out to the sides. You can even use it to
C C

VCO
PCO
PCO
T FT F

R
R
C C
guide light around a corner. Optical fibers playLED an11 important role in telecommunications.
LED AA A
A Simi-
E E C C
larly to fiber optic cable, you can use optical
AA A
fibers
D SiSi to achieve a large bandwidth and transmit a
D
KK
A KK DD
lot of channels
TaTa
at one time. A lot of experiments can be performed with optical Sifiber
Si together
+ – LED
with the infrared emitter and phototransistor. LEDThe
LED 2 optical fiber is sometimes labeled
2 LED “LWL.”
T K K KK
A
A CKKC + +

E
E–

V
V
+
+

–
AA
–– NPN transistor
C C
+
+

AMP
AMP
G H II
BB CC CC module + + G H

A
A
–
–

+
+
BB TT
N LED
LED
+ +
2 pieces –
EE HSHSEE +A+A –
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
KK
EE
043 Potentiometer
006 terminal
D DE Ewires
F F connected
X XD Ge
D Ge x HSx HS to contact
to contact clips
clips G,
G, H,
H, and
and II
A A K K DD G GH HI I
CC G GH HI I – – GeCGe
minal
nal wires
wires SP SP AA –BB – CC AA C
act
t clips
clips
MM and
and
NN The transistor module has an NPN transistor soldered onto the small plate with four
BB TT K K terminal Potentiometer
Potentiometer
terminal
terminal wires
wires connected
connected
connections. Terminal E (= emitter) of the transistor, which itself has just three terminals, is pres- toto
contact
contact
clips
clips
D, D,
E, E,
andand
F F
C C Potentiometer
ent in duplicate.
EE There is just one of each of terminal
Potentiometer
Double
toDouble
terminal
the wires
other
variable
variable
wiresconnected
connected
two
capacitor
capacitor terminals, B (= base) and C (= collec-
F tocontact
connected
clips
contactto G,G,
clips
clips
H,H,and
A, andI I BB HSHS
tor). You can think of the transistor as an
TF TF adjustable
connected B, and CC with the resistance between
B, and
to clips A,resistor, the
C C collectorA Aand emitter
CC terminals being controllable by the base terminal. In a certain sense, then,
EPEP
NTC
NTC
the base terminalE Eis like a dial that you turn to adjust the resistance. Of course, EPyouA A don’t actu-
EP
66

44

LEDLED
3 3
66

44

ally turn it with yourA hand, butA with electrical current!

Ta

Ta
DSi DSi A A K K
itor
acitor Ta Ta
33
11

A AK V VB B
K D D
LED
LED
22

and
, andC C
V
V

11

22

33

+ + Si Si A A K K
IR-LED
IR-LED
AMP
AMP D SiD Si
E OUT 1

E OUT 2
COUT 1

COUT 2
A A K K PNP transistor
+ 9V
7

4
7
3
6
2
5
1
4

– 9V
+ 9V

– 9V
+ + A A K K
Ta
Ta

IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
IN 4
K K

IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
IN 4
– – LED 1 LED 1

0V
A A

0V
B B324 C C 324 OPC CTa Ta module
E

E
6

C
6

OP
+
+

E E – –
p p A K A K
10

11

12

13
10
14
11

12

13

14

n n
8

B B T T
F F
p p
pnp
pnp LED 2
2LED
pieces
2 LED LED
E E 1 1E E 043 066
1

3
1

LED
LED A A
P P E E K K
A K A K
A A K K
7

4
7
3
6
2
5
1
4

1
2

1
R

R
CLK

CLK

4024 4024 C C
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

nal
l wires
wiresconnected
connected 4024
LED
LED
2 2 4024 + + LED
LED B C B C
–

– Q1 12
+ Q7

+
7

14

14

The
R PNP transistor works Rjust like the
R NPN transistor,
324324 except with reversed polarity.
Q7

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1

ps
D, D,
E, and
E, and
F F R OPOPK K
3

11

11

12

C
10

11

12

13
10
14
11

12

13

14

A A K K – – B TB T
8

9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
8
8
9
9

TF C C
E E E Dual gate
E MOSFET
G GH HI I
B B C C E E
D D (n-channel)
OUT
VCO PLL OUT

G2 D G2 D
VCI
VCI
IN
IN

E B B T T
VCO OUT
VCO OUT
PCO + IN
IN

PLLVCI
– VCI

G2 G2
PLL

PLL

042 956
+
+

+
–
–

E E E E Potentiometer
Potentiometer
terminal
terminal
wires
wires
connected
connected
C C G1 G1
PCO

E E
VCO
PCO
PCO

S S
G1 MOSFET G1 MOSFET toto
contact
contact
clips
clips
G, G,
H, H,
andand
I I
R
R

C C
R
R

S S
A A
A AB BC C A A C C
A
K K D D
This is a field effect
Si Si transistor with two control terminals (dual gate). You can use it for some
K1

K2

K1
CTRL

K2
–

CTRL

–
555

555

555 computer memory– cell.

–+ +
K1

K2

CTRL

K1

K2

CTRL

interesting applications, from sensor dimmer through

555 DRAM
555

555
–

–
+

K K Double
Doublevariable
variable
capacitor
capacitor
OUT

OUT

C C Solar
Solar
DIS

DIS

+ +
R

R
OUT

DIS

OUT

DIS

B B
connected
connected
toto
clips
clips
A, A,
B, B,
andand
CC
+
+
–
–

– –
–

–
R

R
+

+
+

C C L module
++
G H I G H I
6
6

4
4

MM
6
6

4
4

P P
– – 000 144
3
3
1
1

2
2

1
1

2
2

3
3

G GH HI I
HI I
P P

The L module consists of a coil with two windings and several terminals, or so-called taps. It rep-
nal
l wires
wires
connected
connected resents the counterpart to the capacitor, together with which it creates a resonant circuit that
ps
G, G,
H, H,
andand
I I can be set to a certain frequency.
The effect of the coil can be strengthened or weakened by turning an adjustable iron core with
a screwdriver. When the core is screwed in, the frequency
NTC
NTC of the resonant circuit is lower. So
there are two ways of adjusting the resonant circuit frequency, with the coil or with
NTC the variable
NTC
capacitor.

IN IN
7
E OUT 1
COUT 1

E OUT 2
COUT 2
+ 9V
+ 9V

– 9V
– 9V
IN 1
IN 1
2
IN 2
3
IN 4
3
IN 4
0V
0V
IN
IN
IN
C

C
E

EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 7 8/9/10 7:03 PM

 Speaker
Speaker terminal
terminal wires
wires

Uin
SP SP

+5V

Din
eep
ND

eset
+9V

Uin
+5V
set

Din
9V

eep
ND
9V

art

tart
9V connected
connected to contact
to contact clips
clips M and
M and N N
+ – –
+ A A C C

Ta
Ta
C C DSi DSi
K A TF TF
A C C K D D
Si Si TF TF
E E C C

1
Photo Assembly Circuit diagram symbol

1
K K + + E E
LED 1 LED 1
324 324 OP OP LED
– –
M N Amplifier module AMP A K A KA A

10

11

12

13

14
10

11

12

13

14
8

9
8

9
+ –C C D0 V V
+ – + + D0 LED 2

V
+ + LED 2
M
– –
M C C
+
+
AMP
AMP

AMP

AMP
K A A
U V A K A K
SP with IC TBA
Speaker terminal wires U SP 820 M V
wires + 5V + D1
5V D1 – –

7A

6+

5+

1
7

1
A
B

1
cted to contact
s M and N clips M 043 036
and N E E

CLK
R

CLK
4024
4024 4024 4024 B C B C

+
–

14
7

14

Q7

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1
Q7

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1
R R R
R D2

11

12
3

11

12
C C A A D2F

10

11

12

13

14
10

11

12

13

14
D ED FE

9
B

9
TF D GeD Ge E
A A K K
TF TF The amplifierDGemodule
D
Ge
can amplify small
GND D3signals enough to power an 8-ohm speaker.
P P It has
E a simi-
E E E

E C GND D3
lar construction to an operational amplifier, so
G it has
D many Gpotential
D uses.
D D
2 2

7
6

6
5
E E K K Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wires
wires connected
connected
O RO R Digto contact
to contact Dig
clipsclips
D, E,D,and
E, and
F F G2 G2
10 kΩ 10 kΩ C C G1S G1
S
P C G1 MOSFET G1 MOSFET

10
P C

8
9

9
V V S S
E

V
V

+
+
Timer module
AMP A EP EPAMP A
AMP

IN

IN
– – EP EP

K1

K2

CTRL

–
A
–

K1

K2

CTRL

–
+

E E

+
555

K1

K2

CTRL
555

K1

K2

CTRL
555

555
with IC 155 555

555

PCO

PCO
–

OUT
C

OUT

DIS
C

DIS
+

R
+

R
OUT

DIS
001 014

OUT

DIS
D E F –

–
R
A A

+
–

–
R

+
+
C
+

C
P NTC P D Si D Si
NTC A A K K D D
Ta
Ta

G H I G H I Si Si
Ta Ta
tentiometer
al wires terminal wires The timer module is equipped with the infinitely useful IC 555 timer.
P You can easily
P use the vari-
sted to contact
D, E, and F clips D, E, and F K
ous control terminals and outputs to create timing switches with short and longK response times,
0 mF 1 M 1NM N
LED LED but with a little
A A wiring skill you can also create
+ sound synthesizers, blinkers, and a lot more. + HS + +
HS +
A K K A X X x HS
C E x HS
C E
LED LED
2 2 LED LED – –
Speaker terminal
Speaker wires
terminal wires SP SP – –
–
connected PHT
A toA contact clips M and
PHTN N K K
connected
IC toKcontact
base clips
K module M and

B B C C C CC C G HG I H I

TF T HS HS
F
001 015
E C C
B B T TF
T TF
E
E E E E Potentiometer
Potentiometer terminal
terminal wireswires connected
connected
0 nF
E EE E LED 3 clips A A
+ – to contact
to contact
LED 3 clips
G, H,G,and
H, and
I I
+ –
S A BA CB TSC
A A K K
T A A C C
The IC base
V V can accommodate the quadruple operational amplifier, IC 324, or the 7-place coun-
LEDLED
E

A A K K
E

+ +
ter, IC 4024. This Alets the ICs achieve contact with the
IR-LED contact clips via the connector pins. To
AMP
AMP

IR-LED K
switch out AMP
AMP –

A K
20 kΩ Double
Double
variable
variable
capacitor
capacitor the
– ICs
– and to straighten their 14 connector pins, you will be using certainC C elements
A

B B C C
+

on the experiment
E E B B console (Assembly Images 31 top35).
A
–

connected
connected
to clips
to clips
A, B,A,and
B, and
C C
n p
B B T T

OUT 1

OUT 1

OUT 2
p n

+ 9V

+ 9V
D ED FE p pnppnp
F E E

EC
E E

E
6
6

4
4

P P E E
Quadruple opera-
6
6

4
4

tional amplifier
3
3
1
1

Potentiometer terminal wires connected

7

Potentiometer terminal wires connected + +

2
2

1
1
2
2

3
3

to contact clips
to contact D, E,
clips D,and F F
E, and 324324 OP OP
IC 324 – –
001 016
10

11

12

13

14
8

10

11

12

13

14
8

OUT

VCI
OUT
IN

VCI
IN

VCO OUT
PCO+ IN

R PLLVCI
OUT
IN

The operational amplifier (op-amp) is an ideal all-purpose amplifier. Depending on the external VCI
PLL

VCOPLL

A
PLL
+

+
–

–
A
+

Ta
DSiwiring, it can amplify the differential voltage at the two inputs and can reproduce complex func-

Ta
PCO
VCO
PCO

D
VCO

Si
PCO

A KA
R

D
R

tions. These Akinds of

K amplifiers usedD to be used for computer circuits, or computer operations
R

A Si Si
D SiD in analog computers – hence the name “operational amplifier.” The IC 324 contains four such
7

Si +
7

A A K K D D K
operational amplifiers. K
324 OP
+ LED 1 LED 1
Si Si 324 –
OP
– ––+ + A K
M N A K
10

11

12

13

14
8

K K
10

11

12

13

14
8

Solar
Solar LED 2
+

7-place counter LED 2

+

A K A K
wires SP + +
Speaker terminal wires SP
7

1
7

ps M to
and N
2

1
R

CLK

cted contact clips M and N 4024

4024 M4024
R

M
CLK

B C
IC 4024 4024
–

B C
7

14
–

+
Q7

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1

14

R – –
Q7

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1

R R
3

11

12

001
C 017 R
3

11

12
10

11

12

13

14

C B
8

10

11

12

13

14
8

TF G H E E
TF G HG IH I G IH I E E
TF P P
E C G2 D
D D
G D
E E
The IC 4024 integrated circuit contains a 7-place digital counter with seven outputs Q1 through 2

M N
M N Q7. So the counter can display, in the binary system,
+ 2 to the G2
seventh = 2 · 2 · 2G2· 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = 128
Potentiometer terminal wires connected C C + HS S G1 G1 ++
Potentiometer
to contact
terminal
clips
wires connected
G, H, and I
number combinations, or the
C numbers 0 to 127. HS
G MOSFET MOSFET S
V to contact C S
V clips G, H, and I
1
G1 x HS
X S
V

X x HS
E

+ + –
AMP Speaker
A terminal wires
AMP wires SP – –
AMP +

Speaker terminal A SP NTC–

connected
– to contact
Humidity clips M and N
sensor
–clips NTC
connected to contact M and N
K1

K2

CTRL

NTCNTC
K1

K2

CTRL

E
A
–

E
555

K1

K2

CTRL
555

555
555

K1

K2

CTRL

C 555
555
–

+
OUT

C
–

CC
DIS

OUT

+
R

DIS
OUT

DIS

+
R

T HS
OUT

DIS

T FF
D E F
–
–

043 186
R

– HS
+

C
–
R

+
+

TF C IN IN
P TF
OUT 1

OUT 2

E PC
OUT 1

OUT 2
+ 9V

– 9V

E C
+ 9V

– 9V
IN 1
ININ12
ININ23
ININ34
IN 4
0V

G H I
0V
C

E
E

CE

G H I
C

LED 3 A
E

al wires E LED 3 A
tentiometer terminal wires P P
sted
D, to
E,contact
and F clips D, E, and F A K
The humidity sensor consists of conductor into each other like the teeth of two A
paths Kpushed
V
V LED
EE

VV

combs. It will act A in response

K
+ like a simple sort of sensor button to a moist finger. You
+ AIR-LED K LED can make
AMP– by
AMP

A IR-LED K
it more sensitive
AMP A placing a drop of saltwater solution on it and then drying it off. Then, with
AMP

K
C
the right electronic
– circuit, it will react even if you just breathe on it.
AA

B C C
––

++

E B C
E p
pn
B T
8 D E F
np
p B Tpnp
D E F E E pnp
E E E
P E
P
77

66

55

44

33

22

11

Potentiometer
EW_2 terminal wires
Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 8 connected + 8/9/10 7:03 PM
Potentiometer terminal wires connected +
to contact clips D, E, and F 324 OP
to contact clips D, E, and F 324 –OP
 A K A K C E

9V 9V
PHT
C K A+ –
– + –
+
K A A K M
U V
CDS CDS B
10 µF
Photo NTC Assembly E Circuit diagram symbol
PWM
D1

100 nF
D0

Multipack 1
+ N
E C 000– 845
D1

D3
D2

C
Digit
Din
Beep
D0
Uin

S T
+5V...+9V

100 nF + + – + –
GND

B
Resistors M
K A K A A K A K
O
MR
C E U V
10 mFU V
B C
E
p
n 220 kΩ 10 kΩ
p
220 kΩ P
E E
10 pieces C
A K
K A various values

C
D1

D3
D2

C E
Digit

100 nF 100 nF
D0

10 µF
These are for settingA levels
K
of current and resistance. The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm
+5V...+9V

B O R
GND

O R
B C (abbreviation for Greek omega = Ω). By prefixingCDS“kilo” for thousand or “mega” for million, you 9V
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
n
p
n
can get shorthand ways of writing large resistance NTC values. For example, you can get 1 kΩ = 1
C E NTC
–P P
kilohm = 1,000 ohms. The resistance value is indicated on the resistor in the form of a color. Most 100 nF +
PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

E E
D0

+
have three colored rings
CDS and an additional fourth ring, B which indicates the resistor’sKprecision
A orK A
tolerance as a percent. On the back of this manual, A K you will find a diagram of the entire color
Din

S
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V

Uin

E 10 mF
code. The abbreviation for 10 µF
resistor is the
10 µF letter “R.” If several resistors are connected in a circuit,
DSi
their symbols will include
220 kΩ a number, such as R1,KR2,A R3, etc. A K A
C kΩ
220 E U

C NTC
– + NTC
CDS C PHT
K A C A K
Capacitors M
+ + U V
B B M N
PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

DGe D Ge
D0

C A KB 10 mF
p E E 10 mF
Din

100 nF
n NTC 2 x 6,8 nF
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V

p
Uin

220 kΩ E A K
E 220 kΩ Speaker
100 nF terminal wires SP
C E C EO
connected to contact clips M and N A K+ –
K A
100 nF U
S C PHT
T PHT
K L A B C
CA C C
A capacitor stores an electrical
+ charge and decouples circuit components, since it won’t letTFan O
K A
R
electrical current pass through it. Its unit of measure is the B
farad, abbreviated
B “F.” In practice,
E C
a 10
TFkΩ
P
C
Galvanometer farad
terminal is much too large,
wires – and in most cases a millionth,
VariableNTCcapacitor terminal
billionth,
wires
or even trillionth
220of
kΩ a farad is
E
NTC 10 µF
p connected to contactenough
clips K andfor
L our purposes. These very small units are designated E microfarad E (µF), K
nanofarad (nF),
n
B
n connected to contact clips A, B, and C A
100 nF 100 nF
E and picofarad (pF). In multipack 1, there are two 6.8 nF capacitors. Sometimes, you will
100 nF
also see
+ –
it printed as “6800 pF.” V + –
O

V
C
6

10 µF + ST T
S
6

AMP
AMP
4

A
HS + – M N
DGe B D Ge

A
3

+
1

A K E NTC ca-
2

Electrolytic
1

B C C 220 kΩ K A
220
E kΩ 10 mF
p
n
D
A
E F
K pacitors
p LED 3 A 220 kΩ B
+ Speaker terminal wires SP
E E
10 µF connected
P to contact clips M and N C
A K
10 mF
1 x 10 µF
E
K L
LED A B C A terminalC wires
1 x 100 µF
Potentiometer
A
IR-LED
K 220 kΩ
K EP +
toC contact clips D, E, and F
connected C
TF
C E DSi
EP A
E C
+
These are large-capacity capacitors.
Galvanometer terminal wires The unit here – is the microfarad (µF). The 10BBµF capacitor, for PHT
B C Variable capacitor terminal wires
B C np example, has a 1,470-times
connected higher
to contact clips capacity
K and L than theNTC 6.8 nFC capacitor.
connected Dueclips
to contact to A,
itsB,special
and CE construc-
B
E 10 mF
E
pn
n E
p
tion with a so-called electrolyte, the electrolytic capacitor has two poles, indicated with a plus 100 nF
B M N V
and a minus. So when you insert them, youDalways 220 kΩ have to pay attention to their polarity. E

V
E E D Ge
6

Ge +
Careful! Incorrect polarity can destroyA them! C
6

K
AMP
AMP
4

NTC S
HS E
100 nF –
A K A
3

+
1

Speaker terminal wires SP + E A

2

–
1

C
connected to contact clips M and N
220 kΩ
S T
LED 3 A D E F
B
B C
K L A B C A C Germanium Cdiode P
A K NTC TF
n + E M N
p
n M N
LED DGe D Ge 220Ge
D kΩ 100 nF TF
DGe
E E
KA K E C Potentiometer terminal wires
Galvanometer terminal wires
A
– IR-LED
K A
K EP connected toEcontact clips D, E, and F
Variable capacitor terminal wires EP
connected to contact clips K and L B A K A K
connected to contact clips A, B, and C S
Speaker terminalSpeaker
wires terminal wires
SP SP
connected
connected to contact clips Mtoand
contact
N clips M and N
V
E

V
6

+
K L 220 kΩ C C
6

Diodes only allow electrical K L

current to pass in one direction, whileAin the Cother direction they AMP
AMP
4

A B C A B C A C A
HS TF
+ + TF –
block it. Wherever this valve effect is needed, diodes are used. Their polarity is indicated by the
A
3

TF
1

E TF
2

so-called cathode ring. In the direction in which the current is to flow, there must be greater E C
1

E C
Galvanometer Galvanometer
negative
terminal wires terminal
potential atwires
the cathode,
– the –
end capacitor
Variable with the ring,
Variable
terminal than terminal
capacitor
wires at thewiresanode. Germanium is this E E
D E F
connectedLED 3 connected
to contact
diode’s Ktoand
contact
clipssemiconductor
L clips AK and L
material, hence its name.
connected connected
Aclips
to contact A,toB,
germaniumcontact
and C clips
diode A, B,has
Band C B
the advantage that it
P
A itself uses very little voltage. This means that you can use it to construct a simple but efficient
K
V
V
radio.
E

V
E

LED
64

+
6

+
Potentiometer terminal wires DS
64

AMP
AMP
4

directlyHSEP
6

Careful! Never connect the diode to a battery. It could burn out! connected to contact clips D, E, and F AMP
AMP

A K A AA
K HS
IR-LED –
EP – M N
A
3

+
13

A
–

+
1

DGe D Ge E E
2
2

3
1

A K
Instruction manual
LED 3 A A D EK F D E F
LED 3 A M N Speaker terminal wires SP
DGe D Ge P
A K A K
A K connected toPcontact clips M and N
LED LED 704 923
K L A K Potentiometer Potentiometer
terminal wires terminal wires
A K A
IR-LED
K
K K EP EP A B C Speaker terminal
connected
A
to contactwires
C
connected toE,
clips D, contact SP D, E, and F
and F clips
IR-LED + TF
EP connected
EP to contact clips M and N
EM N C
C
K
“Electronics
L
Workshop 2” manual
Galvanometer terminal wires A B C – Variable
A C D Ge terminal wires
capacitor D Ge
connected to +contact clips K and L A K TF B
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
TF
E A CK 9
Speaker terminal wires V SP
Galvanometer terminal wires –
E

Variable capacitor terminal wires connected toE contact clips M and N

6

+
connected to contact clips K and L B
6

AMP
AMP
4

connected to contact clips A, B, and C

HS
K L –
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 9 A B C 8/9/10 7:03 PM
A
3

+
1

A C
V E
2

TF
E

+
1

3
6

+
6

AM
4
 C

+5V...+9V
100 nF

GND
A K

D1

D3
D2
C E

Digit
C

D0
A K K A

+5V...+9V
+

GND
B
A
10 µF K
B C
n
p
Photo CDS
NTC Assembly E
Circuit diagram
K A symbol
n
100 nF
E E Multipack 2
PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

CDS
D0

10 µF C +
001 009 A K

D1

D3
D2
C E

Digit
D0
S
DinD1
Reset

Beep
GND

PWM
Start

+
D5
D4
D3
D2
+5V

+5V...+9V
UinD0

CDS B

GND
Resistors N
+
C E C
D1

D3
D2

C E
Digit

B C
Din

A KE 10 mF
D0

C E K A
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V

GND

PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
Uin

p
220
+ kΩ U

D0

GND

D5

D4

D3

D2

D1

D0

PWM
n
+5V...+9V

p B
GND

GND

D5

D4

D3

D2

D1

D0

PWM
220CDS
5 pieces E E kΩ

Din
K A A K
Reset D3

Beep
GND D5

Start D2
+5V D4
+9V GND

various values

Uin
B C
A K E 10 mF U
p

PWM
D1
n
Mikrocontroller
D0
p

IR
220 kΩ A K
E E K A Mikrocontroller

IR
C C
Din
Description and function K as in Multipack 1: Resistors.
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V
+9V

A
Uin

Reset
GND
100 nF

Beep
Start
+9V
B

Uin
+5V

Din
Reset
GND

Beep
Start
9V

+9V

Uin
+5V

Din
B C
Capacitor 9V KCDS A C OA K
n NTC
p
n
100 nF
+ – E
– 100 nF
E E + B P
GND

PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

O
D0

B C CDS 100 nF
n
p 100 nF NTC
E K A
Din

n
Reset

Beep
GND

Start

100 nF
+5V
+9V

Uin

E E
PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0

+
10 µF
K A
K 100 nF
A A K
S kΩ
Din

220
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V

Uin

Description and function

10 µF+
as in Multipack
+ – 1: Capacitors. In Multipack 2, there is one 100 nF capaci- D0 K +A
tor. In
A some
K cases, “0.1
K AµF” –may be printed
M on it. C A K
D0 N
A K M U V 220 kΩ U
U V
10 µF + + 5VM N D1
DGe CB D Ge + 5V D1 N
D1

D3
D2

Electrolytic capaci- E
Digit

A K C K A
D0

tors
+5V...+9V

B C 100 nF D2
GND

E A K + mF
10
p
n B
Speaker D2
terminal wires SP
p
E C
+5V...+9V D1

D3
D2

10 µF C
Digit

1 x 1 µF 220 kΩ
connected to contact clips M and N
D0

E E
10 mF GND D3
B C
E C
+
p
1 x 10 µF 100 nF GND B D3
GND

n
p
K L 220 kΩ A B C
D1

D3
D2

A C C E
Digit

E E O R C Dig O 10
D0

B C
p OA + K R 10 kΩ C E DigTF K
C mF
A
+5V...+9V

n
GND

p 10 kΩ +
E E Description and function
P
as in Multipack
P 1: Electrolytic
220 kΩ capacitors. B E C P
Galvanometer terminal wires – B
Variable capacitor terminal wires C
B C B
connected toCpcontact clips KK and
AL A
10 µF K B
connected to contact clips A, B, and C K AE 10 mF
n K nA
NTC
p
p E
n
220 kΩ B 100 nF C
E E Multipack 3 E E CDS V
B C

V
A K
6

4
n 001 018 NTC
10 µF C ++
p E
6

AMP

AMP
4

n B 100 nF
PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

HS S
D0

E E
B C CDS DGe D Ge – +
Resistors B

A
3

+
1

NTC NTC A K C E
n
E N
2

C p
1

3
NTC
Din

C
Reset

n
Beep
GND

Start
+5V

100 nF
Uin

C 10S mF
B C
E E E
GND

PWM
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

p B220 kΩ M AN K
+
D0

B n LED 3 A CDS + D E F Speak

B + pC DGe B D Ge
B 15 pieces E En K A A 220 kΩ
NTC K A K connected
P t
Din D0

pA K E U
Reset

Beep
GND

Start
+5V

variousE values
+9V

Uin

B C n 10 mF 220mF
kΩ
GND

PWM

100 nF
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1

p
E A K 10
E E 10 mFE
K L
LED
n
p A B C Speaker terminal
Potentiometer wires
A terminal C wires SP
E E A K 220 kΩ
K EP K+ A connectedCtotocontact
contactclips
clipsD,ME,and NF A K
Din

C E connected and
Reset

IR-LED
Beep
GND

Start
+5V
+9V

220
C kΩ
Uin

EP
Description and function
C as in
E Multipack 1: Resistors.
K L
Galvanometer terminal wires PHTA B C – A B C
+ PHT K A Variable capacitor terminal wires TF A K
C B C
connected to 100
contact clips K and L C B
C Capacitor n
nF
NTC connected to contact clips A, B, and C 220 kΩ
p
n
E E C
B 100
O nF
Galvanometer
E
terminal wires E – B
Variable capacitor terminal wires

E
B
6

4
B C
connected to contact clips K and L connected to contact clips
100 nFA, B, and C B
6

AMP
NTC
4

n
p
n E
100 nF E 100 nF HS E
100 nF
E E 100 nF V
3

–
1

V3
+ – K A
2

++
6

100 nF
+ –
6

AMP
AMP
4

HS S T S kΩ
S LED 3 T A 220 –
A
3

+
1

10 µF
Description and function as in Multipack 1: Capacitors. E K A
2

A K
220 kΩ LED 220 kΩ
LED 3 A D N
M E F
220 kΩ
Electrolytic capaci- PotentioN
A
IR-LED
K DGe K
10 µF C D Ge EP K A
connectedP to
tors A K A K
EP
+ M N
LED B
DGe A D Ge
K
10 µF Potentiometer
Speaker terminal wires
C terminal wires
1 x 10 µF A K
K A EP K
connected
SP
10 mFto
to contact
contact clips
clips D, E, and
N F
B C
IR-LED E connected M and
p
n 1 x 100 µF EP
A K D Ge +
p DGe B Speaker terminal wires
E E 1 x 470 µF K L
220 kΩ
A B C
A K C
SP
B C
A C connected to contact clips M and N C
+ E TF A K 10 mF
p
n
p
K L
Description and function as in Multipack 1: Electrolytic capacitors. B
+ Spe
A B C 220 kΩ A C D Ge E DC Ge
E E
C A K connected
Galvanometer
C terminal wires
B –+ TF
p
Variable capacitor terminal wires E 10 mF
connected to npcontact clips K and L
Silicon diode K L connected to contact clips A, B, and C B
E A CK
B A B C A C
E E 220 kΩ A Spea
B C Galvanometer terminal wires – +
Variable capacitor terminal wires C
NTC DSi A connected
V
n connected to contact clips K and L B
E

p connected to contact clips

DSi A, B, A
and EC K D
6

n +
A K 100 nF
6

D
AMP
AMP
4

Si
E E
2 pieces GalvanometerKHSLterminal wires – Variable capacitor
B C terminal wires
A Si
B
A C
V
DGe clips A, B,K andCC – +
7

B C
connected to contact clips K and L D GeB
E

V 4

+ connected to contact
6

4 3

+
A
3

+
1

NTC
7

n A K E
E S 324
2
6

p
AMP
AMP

K
4

n
E E M N
HS B 324 100 nF
–
M AN K
Galvanometer terminal wires
10

11

12

– Variable capacitor terminal wires

8

9
A 9

D E F
3

B C
–

+ 11
1

D Ge E Speak
6

DGe LED 3M N A DGe D Ge

10

12

13

14

NTC
2

A silicon connected to contact

diode requires about clips K and times
three LA more voltage
isn’t suit- than a germanium diode, soECit
6
1

A K D Ge n
AMP

B
4

e p K connected to connected to contact clips A, B, and

HS 100PnF
K n
A K 220 kΩ
A E K for building a radio.
E able
On the other hand, it can handle more A voltage than the germanium D E F
3
1

A LED 3 K
A K diode, Speaker terminal
and also haswires
a smaller
K L
reverse
SP current. Whenever performanceA and B C good current blocking
2

LED Speaker terminal wires

1

SP
E3
7

PotentiometerA terminal C wires

6

Speaker terminal wires

K connected to contact clips SP
M and N P
AA K EP connectedtotocontact
contactclips
clipsD,ME,
and NF
7

properties areN needed, silicon diodes are preferred. +

6

AMP

K 4024
4

connectedIR-LED
to contact clips M and HS connected and 220 kΩ
LED 3
Careful! Never connectLEDthe diode directly
A
to a battery. EP R
It could burn out! 4024
–

R
7

C R Potentiometer terminal wires

10

11

12
3

–3
1

A B C K L R
8

A C A K AEP
B C –
K AC
2

Galvanometer terminal
K wires A C
10

11

12

13

14
1

C TF Variable capacitor terminal wires to contact clips D, E, and F

connected
8

A C IR-LED + TF
TF connected to contact clips K and L TF LED EP to contact clips A, B, and C
connected B 220 kΩ
10 E C TF
A LED 3 A E C Potent
E C
K
K EP G2
connected
Variable capacitor terminal wires Galvanometer terminal wires – IR-LED E capacitor terminal wires
Variable
G2 D
E

A K EP
terminal
to wires
6

nected contact clips A, B,Band C B

connected to contact clips K and L E B
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
6

AMP
4

t clips A, B, and C LED C

HS
C Potentio
C G1 MOSFET
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 10 A K V
K EP 8/9/10
G1 MOSFET
7:03
S PMV
3

C connected t
–
1
E

IR-LED
E

V3

V
6 4

+
2
6

+
1

EP
E

V
6 4

AMP

+
4

A
6

AM
4
A
 Assembly Instructions The Connector Clips
Insert the connector clips (000 612) into the consoles as
The Consoles shown in Assembly Image 2. They are for inserting compo-
We’ll begin with the assembly of the two consoles as shown nents, modules, and wire bridges, securing them in place,
in Assembly Image 1. Connect the bottom sections (070 407) and creating an electrical connection between individual
with two connector pins from Bag 2 (001 006) and insert parts.
the hinges of the top sections – console 1 (070 207), to the
right when viewed from the rear, and console 2 (070 307),
to the left – into those of the bottom sections. Next, insert
one cap from component tree 1 (004 012) into the left hinge
connecting the top and bottom sections and one into the
right. Connect the center piece with the hinge pin from
component tree 2 (004 022) by simply inserting it from the
left or the right through the center hinge. Next, the two
top sections are connected with the two remaining connec-
tor pins to form a single unit. You can use the roomy belly
of the experiment console to safely store parts that are not
needed right away.
For some of the experiment, you will need to use the
consoles separately (e.g. for the remote-control experiments Assembly Image 2. Insert the contact clips into the recesses until you hear a
with the infrared emitter and the phototransistor). In these click.
cases, you will remove the connector pins from the top and
bottom sections and pull out the center hinge pin.
The variable capacitor and the
potentiometers
Before installing the variable capacitor and the potentiom-
eters, remove the “LWL” and “LED” fasteners from consoles
1 and 2 and set them aside in a safe place, because you will
1 need them later for the optoelectronic experiments.
2
4000.1

LED

LWL

LED

LWL S
S MO
KO
Assembly Image 4. Carefully twist the “LWL” and “LED” plastic pieces from
the consoles and cut off the burrs.
OS
SM
KO
Assembly Image 1. Assembly of the experiment console. Now install the variable capacitor (000 143) in console 1 and
the potentiometers (001 004 and 001 011) in console 2. Ori-
Then you can replace the hinge pin with the two remaining ent the terminal connections of the variable capacitor and
caps, one for each console. That way, you end up with two potentiometers toward the contact clips, as shown below in
separate fully-functional experiment consoles. Assembly Image 5.

LED

LWL

LED

2
LWL
OS
SM
KO
Assembly Image 3. This is how the completely outfitted experiment consoles will look.

1 11
S
S MO
KO
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 11 8/9/10 7:03 PM
 Hence the name DRAM for such memory (Dynamic Random
Access Memory, dynamic random-access memory) .
In the process, a little more light is shed on our introductory
experiment: Whatever the gate capacitors have captured,
they will retain, until the injection of a “charge voltage”
from outside, via the large “environmental capacitor .”
Smooth transitions
As a real all-around player, our MOSFET has command of
both digital and analog domains . Our next experiment will
demonstrate that .
117 . First, rearrange the last layout a little (Figure
164), and then play around with the switches
117 again . Don’t let the sun shine directly onto the
table while you do this . If you are willing to watch
everything nice and slowly, exchange C1 for a 100-µF
model . When Ta1 is closed, LED 1 gradually gets brighter,
while it gets gradually darker again if you press Ta2 . Every
intermediate state is possible by letting go of the switch .
And it holds for a pretty long time – so it’s a sort of ana-
log memory . The brightness of the LED is a measure of the
charge stored in the capacitor .
Circuits that can be used to adjust lights to any desired
level of brightness are called dimmer switches .
118 . After removing both switches, you can just use
your fingertips as contact resistors . If the upper
118 electrodes are bridged, it gets (and stays) bright; if
the lower circuit is closed, it quickly gets dark . You
have discovered the sensor dimmer .
Figure 163. Analog memory, or dimmer switch: C1 holds each intermediate
state of brightness of LED 1.
Figure 164. Layout for Figure 163.
66
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 66
Electrolytic capacitors are ideal capacitor types . Something
(current) is always flowing . Granted, only a few microam-
peres, but that means the charge is only slowly dissipated .
While film capacitors are cheaper, they show a considerably
smaller capacity for an equivalent volume . Our 0 .1-µF model
doesn’t give you much time for dimming . The best thing is
to tap just briefly on the contact clips . The whole business
really behaves in a rule-governed manner, with the time
constant, the product of R and C, determining how fast this
kind of charging or discharging process proceeds .
Figure 165. Sensor dimmer: Changing the charge with your fingertip.
Figure 166. Layout for Figure 165.
119 . Let’s go back again to the voltage divider
trick at the source, and assemble the sensor dim-
119 mer according to Figure 165 . In this process, gate
2 is always used separately . Bridge the two upper
contact clips and turn P2 to a desired maximum
brightness below the highest attainable level . Now you can’t
make it any brighter with the dimmer switch, no matter
how often you go back and forth between light and dark .
(Water analogy: If the main faucet is not completely open,
you save water!)
A breath of dampness
Since we’re talking about water: The following experiment
will not quite be able to give you an exact reading of rela-
tive humidity, but it can still tell you something about the
water content of the air .
120 . Let’s reassemble a self-blocking MOSFET
based on Figure 167 . The new thing in this
120 circuit is the comb-like sensor from the experi-
ment kit box . Be absolutely sure to install it in
the right orientation, or LED 1 will shine non-stop!
(The “teeth” have to run from positive to the gate; if you
insert it wrong, there will be a bridge between positive and
gate!) As long as you’re not standing in the rain, LED 1 will
be dark at first . Now breathe forcefully onto the sensor . The
result is not too impressive, but still – you should be able to
see a brief weak glimmer .
8/9/10 7:04 PM
 Figure 167. Good for the weather station: Humidity in the air is converted
into light. Stronger effect with a layer of salt on the sensor.
Figure 168. Layout for Figure 167.
121 . Dissolve a teaspoon of table salt in half a glass
of lukewarm water . Coat the sensor surface with
121 a few drops of this solution, and let the sensor dry
in a horizontal position . The resulting coating of
salt crystals is an excellent humidity detector . We
have tested it with a resistance meter: more than 20 MΩ at
low humidity, less than 200 kΩ when you breathe on it . Now
things get fun: Without touching the surface, move your
fingertip close to the coating . In this high-humidity local
microclimate, the LED lights up brightly! After you remove
your finger, the light fades . This sensor is not appropriate
for use in the kitchen or other rooms with a lot of water
vapor, of course .
122 . Let’s expand the circuit according to Figure
169, and we’ll even be able to change the re-
122 sponse point .
Figure 169. Adjustable sensitivity: Provides a point of reference.
EW_2 Manual 1-88 CS5.indd 67
Figure 170. Layout for Figure 169.
15 More than a spool of wire
In Chapter 6, we already had the earphone reveal its inner
life to us (Insider Knowledge on page 33) . We also learned
there what an alternating current is . Alternating currents
with frequencies between around 20 Hz and 16 kHz can
be rendered audible through things like as earphones or
speakers, which work by a similar principle . A magnetic field
forms whenever current flows through the coil – in a circle
around the wire and therefore bundled in the coil’s interior,
with a north and a south pole .
Alternating currents have certain difficulties with coils,
caused by a mysterious value known as self-inductance . Self-
inductance is something that wants to keep everything as
it already is . If we want to send a current through the coil,
a countervoltage arises and tries to obstruct it . But since it
only arises when the size of the current changes, it can’t re-
ally succeed . Ultimately, as much current flows through the
coil as is permitted by Ohm’s law: applied voltage divided by
direct-current resistance of the wire .
In the coil, there is magnetic energy, and a magnetic
field forms . This field is no more directly visible than the
electric field in the capacitor .
INSIDER KNOWLEDGE
With direct current, as it moves through the spool
the current always ultimately reaches a highest value
determined by the ohmic resistance of the wire and the
applied voltage . With alternating current, that isn’t the
case . The faster the alternation, the smaller the chance
that the current actually reaches this ultimate value .
This behavior is actually really interesting: If an alter-
nating voltage is applied to a coil at its highest value,
the current is zero . As the voltage drops, the current
rises! Just at the moment that the voltage reaches zero,
the current attains its highest value . At the negative
apex of the voltage, the current is zero again and sub-
sequently becomes negative .
All in all, everything happens to the current a
quarter oscillation later . Since you can compare a com-
plete oscillation to the completion of a full circle (360°
or 2π), people also say that the current lags behind
the voltage in a coil by 90° . Or, using different terms:
Voltage and current are phase-shifted relative to one
another by 90°, or π/2 . Remembering the behavior of
voltage and current in the capacitor, the exact opposite
relationship can be deduced for that .
67
8/9/10 7:04 PM
 223. Using the 555, let’s test other effects of the
optical fiber. The tone generator shown in Figure
223 316 is controlled using the CTRL terminal. We
know from the 555 section that the threshold
voltages can be changed there. This time, it‘s our
optical fiber that does this – either by “passing by” or being
placed on TF and changed in its attenuation through (care-
ful) strong bending. Let it howl!

Figure 317. Layout for Figure 316.

Figure 316. Effect in passing: tone level controlled via optical fiber.

224. With the circuit shown in Figure 318, we can

“objectify” the optical fiber movement games.
224 The measuring gauge indicates every change.
In this way, it’s easier to predict possible effects.
Avoid outside light in all of these tests – it only
interferes with and falsifies the results.

Figure 319. Layout for Figure 318.

Figure 318. Optical fiber on the test stand: Measuring changes upon
bending.

116

EW_2 Manual 89-172 CS5.indd 116 8/9/10 7:10 PM

 23 Playground (I)
Let’s play a little with the circuits in this section, because the
results can be fun. You’ve already developed the knowledge
you’ll need to understand how they work.

Nostalgia on rails
Model railroad systems are one of the last places where the
“good old” steam locomotives run. Unfortunately, the only
thing humming there is an electric motor. But that can be
fixed.

225. With the circuit shown in Figure 230, you’ll

be close to the real thing. Turn up the potentiom-
225 eters and listen to all the noises! The base-emit-
ter section of T1 will be powered with a higher
blocking voltage than it’s designed for. That means
it keeps breaking through, with R1 limiting the currents
to approximate values. That makes a nice rushing sound.
This noise voltage is led back to the AMP via the G1 of T2,
and emitted as noise through SP. In parallel, G2 receives the
charge-discharge voltage of 555 that appears at C3. It oscil-
lates as an astable multivibrator at a rhythm of more or less
once per second. Have fun!

25

Figure 320. 555 gets a head of steam: sounds just like a locomotive.

Figure 321. Layout for Figure 320.

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