CALCULUS 1 IN FINDING DERIVATIVES, it is customary to drop the

subscript 0 and obtain the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with

The Derivatives respect to x as
Increments: The increment ∆𝑥 of a variable x is the change ∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim = lim ( )
in x as it increases or decreases from one value 𝑥 = 𝑥0 to ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
another value 𝑥 = 𝑥1 in its domain. Here, ∆𝑥 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 and The derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x may be
we may write 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥. indicated by any one of the symbols
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
If the variable x is given an increment ∆𝑥 from 𝑥 = 𝑥0 (that 𝑦 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 ′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is, if x changes from 𝑥 = 𝑥0 to 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) and a function DIFFERENTIABILITY. A function is said to be differentiable
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is hereby given an increment ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − at a point 𝑥 = 𝑥0 if the derivative of the function exists at
𝑓(𝑥0 ), then the quotient that point.
∆𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 Exercises
=
∆𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1. Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 8, find ∆𝑦 and
∆𝑦
as x
Is called the average rate of change of the function on the ∆𝑥
changes (a) from 𝑥0 = 1 to 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 = 1.2 and (b)
interval between 𝑥 = 𝑥0 and 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥.
from 𝑥0 = 1 to 𝑥1 = 0.8.
∆𝑦 1.44
Illustrative Example 1: (a) = = 7.2
∆𝑥 0.2
∆𝑦 1.36
When x is given the increment ∆𝑥 = 0.5 from 𝑥0 = 1, the (b) =− = 6.8
∆𝑥 0.2
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is given the increment ∆𝑦 = 2. Find
𝑑𝑦
, given 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4. Find also the value of
𝑑𝑦

𝑓(1 + 0.5) − 𝑓(1) = 5.25 − 3 = 2.25. Thus, the average 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

when (a) 𝑥 = 4, (b) 𝑥 = 0, (c) 𝑥 = −1.
rate of change y on the interval between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1.5 𝑑𝑦
∆𝑦 2.25 (a) | = 3(4)2 − 2(4) = 40;
is = = 4.5. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4
∆𝑥 0.5 𝑑𝑦
(b) | = 3(0)2 − 2(0) = 0;
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
THE DERIVATIVE of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x 𝑑𝑦
(c) | = 3(−1)2 − 2(−1) = 5;
at the point 𝑥 = 𝑥0 is defined as 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=−1
3. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5:
2

∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑑𝑦

lim = lim ( ) = lim (2𝑥 + 3 + ∆𝑥) = 2𝑥0 + 3
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 0
1
4. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3:
Provided that the limit exists. This limit is also called the 𝑑𝑦 −1
𝑥−2
𝑑𝑦 1
instantaneous rate of change (or simply, the rate of change) At 𝑥 = 1, = (1−2)2 = −1; at 𝑥 = 3, = − (3−2)2 = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
of y with respect to x at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 . 5. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = :
2𝑥−3
3𝑥+4
Illustrative Example 2: 17 17
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = lim =
∆𝑥→0 (3𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + 4) (3𝑥 + 4)2
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 with respect at 6. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 1 :
𝑥 = 𝑥0 . Use this to find the value of the derivative at (a) 𝑥0 = 𝑑𝑦 2 1
2 and (b) 𝑥0 = −4. = lim 1 1 = 1
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 (2𝑥
+ 2∆𝑥 + 1)2 + (2𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑦0 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
1
For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 1, lim1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 = 𝑓 (− )
𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) ∆𝑥→
2
2

while lim1𝑓(𝑥) does not exist: the function has right-hand

𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑥02 + 2𝑥0 ∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 + 3𝑥0 + 3∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→
2
1 1
𝑦0 = 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 2𝑥0 ∆𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 continuity at 𝑥 = − . At 𝑥 = − , the derivative is infinite.
2 2

∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) Rules for Differentiating Functions

= = 2𝑥0 + 3 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
DIFFERENTIATION. Recall that a function F is said to be
The derivative at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 is
differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 if the derivative 𝑓(𝑥0 ) exists. A
∆𝑦 function is said to be differentiable on an interval if it is
lim = lim (2𝑥0 + 3 + ∆𝑥) = 2𝑥0 + 3 differentiable at every point at the interval. The functions of
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
elementary calculus are differentiable, except possibly at
(a) At 𝑥0 = 2, the value of the derivative is 2(2) + 3 = 7. isolated points, on their intervals of definition. The process
(b) At 𝑥0 = −4, the value of the derivative is 2(−4) + 3 = of finding the derivative of a function is called
−5. differentiation.
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS. In formulas u, v, and w Example 3.
are differentiable functions of x, c and m are constants.
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, then
𝑑
1. (𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 3 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
𝑑
2. (𝑥) = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
3. (𝑢 + 𝑣 + ⋯ ) = (𝑢) + (𝑣) + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 8𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
4. (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 The derivative of a composite function may also be obtained
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
5. (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 (𝑣) + 𝑣 (𝑢) with the following rule:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
6. (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 (𝑤) + 𝑢𝑤 (𝑣) + 𝑣𝑤 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12. The chain rule: 𝐷𝑥 (𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑢 1 𝑑
7. ( )= (𝑢), 𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 1 𝑐 𝑑 If f is called the outer function and g is called the inner
8. ( )=𝑐 ( )=− (𝑢), 𝑢 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 function, the 𝐷𝑥 (𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) is the product of the derivative
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 (𝑢)−𝑢 (𝑣)
9. ( )= 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
,𝑣 ≠ 0 of the outer function (evaluated at 𝑔(𝑥)) and the derivative
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑 of the inner function.
10. (𝑥 𝑚 ) = 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑑𝑥
11.
𝑑
(𝑢𝑚 ) = 𝑚𝑢𝑚−1
𝑑
(𝑢) Illustrative Example 5:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
In example 3, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2. Hence, by the chain
INVERSE FUNCTIONS. Two functions f and g such that
rule,
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑔(𝑦)) = 𝑦 are said to be inverse
functions. Inverse functions reverse the effect of each other. 𝐷𝑥 (𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2𝑔(𝑥) • 2 = 4𝑔(𝑥)
Illustrative Example 3: = 4(2𝑥 + 1) = 8𝑥 + 4

a. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 is the function 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 − ALTERNATIVE FORMULATION OF THE CHAIN RULE.
1 Write 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥). Then the composite
b. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 is the same function. function is 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), and we have:
c. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 is the function 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
(defined for 𝑦 ≥ 0). 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: =
𝑦+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
d. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 is the function 𝑔(𝑦) =
2
Illustrative Example 6.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULA for finding given
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Let 𝑦 = 𝑢3 and 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5. Then the composite
𝑑𝑦 1 function 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)3 has the derivative.
= (12)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = = 3𝑢2 (8𝑥 − 2) = 3(4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)2 (8𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Illustrative Example 4: 𝑑𝑦
Notes: (1) In the second formulation of the chain rule, =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Find , given 𝑥 = √𝑦 + 5. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
, the y on the left denotes the composite function of x,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 whereas the y on the right denotes the original function of u
First method: Solve for 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)2 , then = 2(𝑥 − 5). (what we called the outer function before). (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
Differentiation rule 11 is a special case of the chain rule.
Second method: Differentiate to find = 𝑦2 = . Then,
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑦
HIGHER DERIVATIVES. Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a differentiable
by rule 12,
function of x, and let its derivative be called the first
𝑑𝑦 derivative of the function. If the first derivative os
= 2√𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 5) differentiable, its derivative is called second derivative of
𝑑𝑥
the (original) function and is denoted by one of the symbols
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS: THE CHAIN RULE. For two 𝑑2𝑦
, 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥). In turn, the derivative of the second
functions f and g, the function given by the formula 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 2
is called a composite function. If f and g are differentiable, derivative is called the third derivative of the function and
𝑑3𝑦
then so is the composite function, and its derivative may be is denoted by one of the symbols , 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥). And so on.
𝑑𝑥 3
obtained by either of two procedures. The first is to
compute an explicit formula for 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) and differentiate.
Note: The derivative of a given order at a point can exist b. Find y’, when 𝑥 = √5, given 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 36 = 0
only when the function and all derivatives of lower order Solution:
are differentiable at the point. 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
4 𝑥 2 + 9 𝑦2 − 36 = 0 ⟹ 8𝑥 + 18𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. Prove: (a) (𝑐) = 0, where c is any constant; (b) 4𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⟹ 𝑦′ = −
(𝑥) = 1; (c) (𝑐𝑥) = 𝑐, where c is any constant; (d) 9𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
, when n is positive integer. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = √5, 𝑦 = ±
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥0 +∆𝑥)
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑐−𝑐
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER
(a) (𝑐) = lim = lim 0 = 0 The derivatives of higher order may be obtained in two
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
(b)
𝑑
(𝑥) = lim
(𝑥0 +∆𝑥)−𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥
= lim 1 = 1 ways:
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 1. Differentiate implicitly the derivative of one lower
𝑑 𝑐(𝑥0 +∆𝑥)−𝑐𝑥
(c) (𝑐𝑥) = lim = lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 order and replace y’ by the relation previously found.
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑 (𝑥0 +∆𝑥)2 −𝑥 2 2. Differentiate implicitly both sides of the given equation
(d) (𝑥 𝑛 ) = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 as many times as necessary to produce the acquired
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛−2
𝑑 [𝑥 𝑛 +𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ∆𝑥+ 𝑥 (∆𝑥)2 +⋯+(∆𝑥)𝑛 ]−𝑥 𝑛 derivative and eliminate all derivatives of lower order.
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = lim 1•2
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = lim [𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 +
𝑛(𝑛−1) Illustrative Example 9.
𝑥 𝑛−2 ∆𝑥 + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 1•2
𝑑 𝑛 a. Find y’’, given 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 Solution:
𝑑 ′ 𝑑 1−𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 1 + 𝑦
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 𝑦 = 𝑦 ′′ = ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2 (2 − 𝑥)2
1−𝑥
(2 − 𝑥) ( )+1+𝑦 2 + 2𝑦
Implicit Functions = 𝑥−2 =
An equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 on some certain restricted ranges (2 − 𝑥)2 (2 − 𝑥)2
of the variables, is said to be define y implicitly as a function b. Find y’’, at point (−1,1) of the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
of x Solution:
𝑑
Illustrative Example 7. (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0), 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑑𝑥
The equation 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0, with 𝑥 ≠ 2, defined the 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′′ = 0
function We substitute 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1 in the first equation to
1−𝑥
(a) 𝑦 = obtain
𝑥−2
(b) The equation 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 36 = 0 defined the function 1
𝑦′ =
2
𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 when |𝑥| ≤ 3 and 𝑦 ≥ 0 and the function 2
1
3
2
We substitute 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = in the second
2
𝑦 = − √9 − 𝑥 2 when |𝑥| ≤ 3 and 𝑦 ≤ 0.
3 equation to obtain 𝑦 ′′ = 0.
The derivative y’ may be obtained by one of the following
TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
procedures:
Standard Trigonometric Identities
1. Solve, when possible, for y and differentiate with • sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
respect to x. Except for very simple equations, this • sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
procedure is to be avoided. • cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
2. Thinking of y as a function of x, differentiate both sides • 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
of the given equation with respect to x and solve the • 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 = cos 2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝛼 = 2 cos 2 𝑎 − 1
resulting relation for y’. This differentiation process is • sec 2 𝛼 = 1 + tan2 𝛼
known as implicit differentiation. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼±tan 𝛽
• tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
1∓tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
Illustrative Example 8.
Differentiation Formulas
a. Find y’, given 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑑
Solution: • sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 •
𝑑
cot 𝑥 = −csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑦+𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑥−2 𝑦− 1= 0 • cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 •
𝑑
sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 + 1 − 2𝑦 ′ = 0 • tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 •
𝑑
csc 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
⇒ 𝑦′ =
2−𝑥
Illustrative Example 1 2. 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 2
1 𝑑 2
1. 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑦′ = − • (𝑥 )
√1 − (𝑥 )2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (sin 3𝑥) + (cos 2𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦′ = − • 2𝑥
′
𝑦 = 3 cos 3𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 4
2𝑥
𝑦′ = −
2. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 4
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 2 )2
3. 𝑦 = arctan 3𝑥 2
3. 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 1 𝑑
𝑦′ = 2 2
• (3𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = sec 4 𝑥 1 + (3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦′ = • 6𝑥
4. 𝑦 = cot(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 1 + 9𝑥 4
6𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −4𝑥 • − sec 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑦′ =
1 + 9𝑥 4
5. Let sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 = 1, find y’’ 1+𝑥
sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 = 1 4. 𝑦 = arccot
1−𝑥
(cos 𝑦)𝑦 ′ + (− sin 𝑥) = 0 ′
1 𝑑 1+𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑦 =− 2 • ( )
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥
𝑦′ = 1+( )
cos 𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1 (1 − 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑥)
(cos 𝑦) •
𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥) − (sin 𝑥) •
𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑦) 𝑦′ =− 2 2 •( )
𝑦 ′′ = (1 − 𝑥) + (1 − 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)2
2
cos 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥)2
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦)𝑦′ 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 𝑦′ =− 2 •( )
cos 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2
sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)2
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 ( )
′′ cos 𝑦 2
𝑦 = 𝑦′ =−
cos 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦′ =−
cos 2 𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS 5. 𝑦 2 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥; find y’ .
1
Differentiation Formulas sin 𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) + 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦′ =
𝑑 1 1 + 𝑥2
arcsin 𝑥 = 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 arcsec 𝑥 = 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 • 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1 1
arccot 𝑥 = − 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 arctan 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ (2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 =
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
arccos 𝑥 = − 𝑑 1 1 2
𝑑𝑥 arccsc 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦′ = 1 + 𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
(2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 1)
Illustrative Example 2 1 − (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 2 cos 𝑥
1. 𝑦 = arcsin(2𝑥 − 3) 𝑦′ =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )(2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = • (2𝑥 − 3)
√1 − (2𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦′ = •2
2
√1 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 9
2
𝑦′ =
2
√−4𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8
′
2
𝑦 =
2
2√−𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2
′
1
𝑦 =
√−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2