Topic: Probability

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Webinar Objectives:

Events: Simple and Compound.

Union and Intersection of Events.

Complement of an event.

Solving problems using a Sample grid.

Solving problems using a Tree diagram.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 What is an Event?
So then What is a Simple event?

Anything that happens is an Event. Any event which has only one outcome is a
simple event. In other words, when the
And every event has an outcome
Sample Space only has 1 element!

Some Examples:
Then a compound event should be an
1. Event: A ball is thrown at you event…
Outcome: Either it will hit you or it will not
2. Event: A coin is tossed
Outcome: Either it is heads or tails
The set of all outcome of an event is called a

3. Event: A dice is thrown Sample Space

Outcome: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6

Do you recall how to write a set notation?!

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Cardinality ?!
Practice!
The number of outcomes for a given event.
In other words, number of elements in a given set. Jane rolled a dice. What is the probability
of getting an
For example:
S = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}. The Cardinality, which is, n(S) = 5 (i) Even number?
(ii) Prime number?
So how do you calculate Probability of an outcome?
(iii) multiple of 3?
It is basically the fraction of that outcome over all the (iv) multiple of 5?
outcomes (v) multiple of 7?
n(A) (vi) factor of 60?
The formula is: P(A) =
n(S)

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 1

In an experiment of rolling an unbiased die with it’s faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

(a) Find the probability that the number shown is 4
(b) find the probability that the number shown is odd
(c) find the probability that the number is greater than 2

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 2

With reference to an experiment in whIch a card is drawn randomly from a bag containing 5
identical cards numbered from 1 to 5,

(a) Write the sample space and find n(S)

(b) Write the elements of A and find n(A) if A is the event of getting an even number.
(c) Find the probability P(A) that an even number is drawn.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 What is a Union of two events? What is a Intersection of two events?

A Union of two event is simply saying “This An intersection of two event is simply saying “This
event or that event” event and that event”

For Example: If A is the event of getting even
number and B is the event of getting a prime
number,
Then AUB is the event of getting a even number
or prime number.
For Example: If A is the event of getting even
number and B is the event of getting a prime
number,
Then A⋂B is the event of getting a even number
and prime number.

Let’s see an example question… Let’s take S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9} Note:

If A = {2,4,6,8} and B = {2,3,5,7}, then AUB = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and A⋂B = {2} we do not write 2 twice!

From what you have learnt already, Can you find the probability of AUB and A⋂B?

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Now let’s have a look at a formula:
Some Example:
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A⋂B) Running forward and Backward
Turning right and turning left

Mutually Exclusive Events Getting an odd number and getting an

even number
Two events that can’t happen at the same time
Winning a game and losing a game
are called mutually exclusive

Since Mutually exclusive events cannot occur at the same time, P(A⋂B) = 0

Complement of an event
For Example,
The set of all outcomes that doesn’t belong to an
event is a complement set. Let’s take S = {1,2,3.4,5}
The compliment is itself an event. If A = {1,2,3} then A’ = {4, 5}

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 3

For the events A and B of a random experiment: P(A) = 2 P(B) = 3 P(A⋂B) = 1

7 7 14

Find (a) P(AUB) (b) P(AUB)’ (c) P(A’)

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 4

X and Y are two mutually exclusive events of a random experiment: P(X) = 2 , P(Y) = 3
7 7

Find (a) P(XUY) (b) P(X⋂Y)’

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Using Sample grids and Tree diagrams

Some questions to address.

1. What is a Sample grid?

2. What is a Tree diagram?
3. When do we use a Sample grid or a Tree diagram?

We use them when the same experiment is

repeated more than once!

Example:
Experiment: Tossing a coin.
When you keep tossing a coin multiple times.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Let’s do a question to understand this better...

Consider a random experiment of tossing two unbiased identical coins A and B simultaneously.
(a) Represent the set of all possible outcomes in a Sample grid
(b) Find the probability of
(i) Getting heads in both coins,
(ii) Getting heads on one coin and tails on the other.
(iii) Getting tails in both coins

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Contd...

Let us consider the experiment of tossing a coin and rolling a tetrahedral die numbered from 1 to 4,
and recording the results obtained.
(a) Show the sample space as a set of ordered pairs on a grid and the represent it on a grid.
(b) Find the probability of getting
(i) 1 on the die.
(ii) an even number on the die and tails on the coin.
(iii) a multiple of 3 on the die and heads on the coin.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Another one...
There are 5 identical balls numbered from 1 to 5 in a bag. A ball is taken from the bag randomly
and the number is recorded. Then the ball is put back to the bag and again a ball is randomly
taken for a second time and this number is also recorded.
With replacement
(a) Show the sample space in a grid
(b) Find the probability that
(i) The first ball numbered 5 and second ball numbered 2
(ii) The sum of the numbers on the 2 balls is 4
(iii) Same ball is taken in both the occasion
(iv) Sum of the 2 numbers on the ball is greater than 7
(c) Are events (ii) and (iv) mutually exclusive?
Are events (iii) and (iv) mutually exclusive?

What if the ball wasn’t put back???

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer
 Independent Events

With replacement events are independent events as one event is not affected by another (because
you undid the change)

For independent events: P(A⋂B) = P(A).P(B)

Therefore all events that happen parallely at the same time can be considered as with
replacement as they are independent as well

Without replacement events are dependent as the second event depends on the outcome of the first.
These can be commonly seen when the experiments are done one after the other.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Same question...

Consider a random experiment of tossing two unbiased identical coins A and B simultaneously.
(a) Find the probability of
(i) Getting heads in both coins,
(ii) Getting heads on one coin and tails on the other.
(iii) Getting tails in both coins

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 5

A bag contains identical beads. There are 3 red beads, one blue bead, and 2 yellow beads.
These are named R1, R2, R3, B, Y1, Y2. A bead is taken randomly, its colour is recorded and then put
back in the bag. A bead is randomly taken from the bag again and its colour is recorded.
(a) Find the probabilities of the following events.
(i) The first bead being red and the second bead being yellow.
(ii) Both beads being red.
(iii) Both beads being the same colour.
(iv) Getting at least one blue bead.

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Question 6

There are 5 roads labelled A, B, C, D, and E that meet at a Junction. Here, It is possible to enter or
exit from any road.
Find the probabilities of the following events (Assume that all the possible outcomes are equally
likely)
(a) Entering from A and exiting from B
(b) Entering from A or B and exiting from D
(c) Entering from E
(d) Entering and exiting from different roads

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Q&A

For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer

 Thank you
for attending
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For Y10/11 students Abdullah Nazeer