Part 1 Ourselves

Unit 1: The Human Body

YOU WILL LEARN THAT:
RECALL
.The body contains many
The body has many parts: bones,
joints, organs.
.The organs enable the systems of
muscles, and organs. the bodu to
different, function.
All the parts of the body perform
.The brain is the control centre of
important functions. the bodu.
We have five senses: sight, smell,
hearing,
taste, and touch.
food, and
The body needs rest, air, water,
exercise.

Your body is like a wonderful machine. It can do hundreds of different

jobs. These jobs are done by different organs and systems. The organs
and systems perform different functions but they all work together.

Discuss and Answer

Which organs and organ

systems are these
children using?

2 OXFORD
 Human brain Do you know
The brain is the control centre of the The brain is about 73% water
body. It controls all the systems and This is why it is so important to
make sureyou drink plenty of
organs. water. If you don't it can affect
and
cerebrum (controls your ability to pay attention
memory and thinking, Learn!
taste, smell, touch, sight,
and hearing)

cerebellum (muscle control)

medulla (activities of the heart, stomach, kidneys, etc.)

the human brain

The sense organs

These help us to sense the world around
us. The sense organs take in information
and send it to our brain so that we
Can be aware of our environment. Our
senses are important; they help to keep
us safe from danger.
Doyou know
Eyelashes help keep the eyes
clean by collecting small dirt
and dust particles floating in
the air. They also protect the
eyes from strong sunlight.

Eyes: When the eyes see something,

they send a message to the brain.
The brain tells us what we are seeing.

Ears: The ears receive sounds from outside. The

sounds are carried to the brain. The brain tells us what
is making the sound and where the sound is coming
from. Our ears enable us to hear and also help us to
keep our balance.
 off smells, scents,
Nose: Many things give
smells travel through the air. The
and odours. These
receives these smells. The brain
in the nose
nerves
smells are pleasant or not.
tells us if the

Tongue: The tongue helps us to taste things.

The tongue is covered with tiny pores which taste
different things. We can tell if something is sweet,
sour, bitter, salty, or hot. The tongue also helps us
to talk.
Skin: The skin helps us to feel. Just under the
surface of the skin are the ends of nerves. When
we touch something, the nerve-endings send a
message to the brain. We can feel heat, cold,
pressure, and pain. We can feel if something is
hard or soft.

Concept Cheek
1. Which sense organ (or organs) would be involved in
sensing these changes?
i.While you are sleeping there is a sudden change in
temperature.
ii. While searching in a bag for a book, a pin pricks your
finger
ll. While you are in your bedroom, someone comes through
the front door of the house.
2. Tryto write a short sentence while
keeping your eyes closed
and covered with your other hand. What was the effect on
your writing?
The systems of the body
The organs and other parts of the body form different systems.

The skeletal system The muscular system

The human body has a framework
of bones called the skeletal
system. The bones of the body
make up the skeleton. The bones
give the body a strong framework;
and
they support the body
the parts inside.
The muscles make up thee
muscular systenm. This
system works closely with the
skeletal system and forms
part of the body's framework.
protect Muscles allow us to move
different parts of the body.

- skull

jaw bone
oge
- ribs
upper arm
bone

-spine

lower arm hip bone

bones

finger
bones -thigh bone

knee cap

heel
toe bones

the skeletal system the muscular system

The digestive system The circulatory system
The stomach and the channels Blood is
pumped by the heart
which food passes are to all parts of the
through body. The
called the digestive system. blood circulates around the
Starting from the mouth, this body through veins and arteries
system includes the stomach, These, along with the heart,
the liver, and the channels make up the circulatory
system.
which food passes through.

heart
veins
arteries

-food pippe
liver

-stomach
small
intestine
large
intestine

the digestive system

the circulatory system

The respiratory system

nose
The
respiratory system consists of
the nose,
windpipe, and lungs. Air is windpipe
pulled into and pushed out of the body
by this system. In the
absorbed into the body.lungs, oxygen is
right left
Lung lung

the respiratory system

OXFORD
VNIVERSTrY PRESS
 Do you know
If the lungs were open flat, they
would cover the entire area of a

tennis court!

The nervous system

The brain and the nerves form the nervous
receive
System. The nerves in the body
take
signals from the sense organs and
messages to the brain.

The excretory system

we are able to
Through the excretory system
get rid of all the waste products of the body.
The lungs get rid of waste air, the kidneys get
rid of urine, and the skin gets rid of
sweat. the nervous system

Concept Check
Match the
There are many parts and systems in the body.
System or organ to its function.

A B
Carries food through the stomach
skeletal system
and other channels

works with the skeletal

closely
move many
brain System to allow us to
parts of the body
framework and
muscular system gives the body a
protectS parts of it
the control centre of the body
digestive system

OR
 Exereises
answer.
Choose the correct in the he
1.
Which organ
controls all the systems
b. brain
and organs
body?
a. nose
d. skin
C. heart
we cross a rogdo
we use wnen
Which two sense organs do
ii.
b. tongue
a. eyes
d. nose
C. ears

ii. Which waste product does the skin get rid of?
b. Sweat
a. blood
C. tears d. urine

iv. Which organ tells us what we are seeing??

a. nose b. ear

C. brain d. liver
V. What does the blood travel in, to move around the body?
a. lungs b. veins and arteries
C. muscles and skin d. brain

2. Match each body part to the correct system.

i. muscles a. nervous system
ii. bones
b digestive system
i. arteries C. skeletal system
IV. nerves
d. muscular system
V.stomach
e. circulatory system
3.
3. Which words do not
than one word!)
belong in each list? (There may be morc
i.skeletalsystem: skull, eye, spine, lung,
ii. kneecap, heel
respiratory system: nose, nerve,
ii.
heart, windpipe, lung
circulatory system: vein, ear,
iv.
artery, blood vessel, hedrt,
digestive system: liver, hip,
stomach, intestine, brain
8 OXFORD
UNIVERS1TY PRES5

P a r t 1 Ourselve
4. Answer these questions.
i. Which organs make up the respiratory system?
ii. Which organ pumps blood to all parts of the body?
ii. How does the framework of bones and muscles help us? What
would happen if we did not have this framework?
iv. Does blood flow to all parts of the body? How can one prove
this?
V. Do all people have all five senses?

5. How many breaths do you take in a minute? When does your

breathing rate increase? Why does it increase?
Study the table below:

Age Average breaths per minute

Newborns 44 breaths

Infants 20-40 breaths

Preschool children 20-30 breaths
Older children 16-25 breaths
Adults 12-20 breaths
Talk about these questions with your teacher.
i. What does the table show us?
i. What do we learn from the table?
ii. Can you see where you come in the table?
iv. Is the information in the table correct? How can
you prove this?
V. What is the breathing rate of someone who has
just exercised? IsS
it the same as the rate while at rest?

6 How fast does your heart pump blood?

Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood
through your arteries.
Each push is called a pulse. You can feel your
pulse on any artery
which is close to the surface of
your skin.
 of five children in r
uour class.
ol
rates
chart to show
the pulse
Make a
exercise and
after exercise.
rates before
Measure the

7. Think about it!

important-skeletal, digestive, nervOus
ii Which is the most
muscular system? Note down
or Our
circulatory, respiratory,
answer.
class.
Discuss all the responses in
Which sense could you do
ii.
i. Which sense is most important?
without? Which sense could you not
do without?

8.
8. Label the systems and their organs