Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.

VOCABULARIO:

Advantages: a condition giving a greater chance of success.

Applied: That puts effort, interest and perseverance in the accomplishment of

awork or in the development of an activity, especially in the study.

Attorney: Person legally authorized to advise and defend the rights and
interests of another person in legal matters.

Busines: the activity of buying and selling goods and services.

Disadvantages: a condition or situation that causes problems, especially one

that causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or
people.

Income: money that is earned from doing work or received from investments.

Judgment: the ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions.

Little: That has a smaller size than normal.

Loans: an amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be
paid back, usually together with an extra amount of money that you have to pay
as a charge for borrowing.

Loss: the fact that you no longer have something or have less of something.

Proprietorships: Propertyrights In the right, the domain or property, is the direct

and immediate power over an object or good, by which is attributed to its owner
the ability to dispose of it, without further limitations than those imposed by law.

Returns: The return is the act of giving something back to someone. It is a

process that is based on a right of possession of acertain person with respect to
a certain good that was delivered with some type of specific objective.
 Skills: an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have
practised it.

Sole: being one only.

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

 Because of the unlimited liability it is recommended to choose a

good insurance to avoid personal financial ruin.

 In the following section you read about sole proprietorships: a

Company that is owned and operated by one person.

 One advantage is, that it is easy to maintain and organize because

the registration procedures are cheap and require almost no
governmentalapproval at all.

 The owner has total control over the finances and other assets.

 Compared to other forms it is lowly regulated by government.

 As a sole proprietor you pay less taxes.

 Because of the unlimited liability it is recommended to choose a

good insurance to avoid personal financial ruin.

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

It is important to choose the right form It is being important to choose the
Of business organization. right form of business organization.
In the following section you read In the following section you are
about Reading.
sole proprietorships: a company that about sole proprietorships: a
 isowned and operated by one person.
One advantage is, that it is easy to
maintain and organize because the
registration procedures are cheap and
require almost no governmental
approval at all
The owner has total control over the
finances and other assets.
Compared to other forms it is lowly
regulated by government.
As a sole proprietor you pay less
taxes.
Because of the unlimited liability it is
recommended to choose a good
insurance to avoid personal financial
ruin.
Company that is owned and operated
by one person.
One advantage is, that it is easy
tomaintain and organize because the
registration procedures are being
cheap and require almost
nogovernmental approval at all.
The owner is having total control
overthe finances and other assets.
Compared to other forms it is being
lowly regulated by government.
As a sole proprietor you are paying
less taxes.
Because of the unlimited liability it
isbeing recommended to choose a
good insurance to avoid personal
financialruin.

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

It is important to choose the right form of business organization. In the

followingsection you can read about the sole proprietorships: in this case, a
company that isowned and operated by one person. One advantage is, that it is
easy to maintainand organize because the registration procedures are cheap and
require almost no governmental approval at all. The owner has total control over
the finances andother assets.Compared to other forms it is lowly regulated by
government. As asole proprietor you pay less taxes.Because of the unlimited
liability it isrecommended to choose a good insurance to avoid personal financial
ruin.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.
Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.