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Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Tener los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para comprender las normas y
pasos a seguir, sino que es necesario saber comprender y extraer los aspectos
más importantes de cada texto. Sobre el tema existe un buen número de
materiales en inglés, de los cuales se puede obtener información relevante para lo
cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

Sole proprietorships
1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No
separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).
2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, de por lo menos 15 palabras
junto con su respectivo significado en español.
VOCABULARIO
Advantages: Circumstanceor situation that
givessuperiority in something
Disadvantages: Circumstance of being worse or
being in a worse situation one thing with respect to
others of the same nature with which it is compared.
Less favorable situation in which a person or thing is
with respect to others with which it is compared.
Attorney: Person legally authorized to advise
and defend the rights and interests of
another person in legal matters and
represent it in a lawsuit
Without: Indicates lack or lack of something
material or immaterial.
Proprietorships: Property rights In the right,
the domain or property, is the direct and
immediate power over an object or good, by
which is attributed to its owner the ability to
dispose of it, without further limitations than
those imposed by law.
Returns: The return is the act of giving
something back to someone. It is a process
that is based on a right of possession of a
certain person with respect to a certain good
that was delivered with some type of specific
objective.
SIGNIFICADO
Ventajas: situación que da superioridad en alguna cosa
Desventajas: Circunstancia de ser peor o estar en una
situación peor una cosa con respecto a otras de la misma
naturaleza con la que se compara. Situación menos favorable
en la que una persona o cosa es con respecto a otras con las
que se compara.
Abogado: persona legalmente autorizada para asesorar y
defender los derechos e intereses de otra persona en asuntos
legales y representarlo en una demanda.
Sin: Indica falta o falta de algo material o inmaterial.
Propiedad: derechos de propiedad En el derecho, el dominio
o propiedad, es el poder directo e inmediato sobre un objeto o
bien, por el cual se le atribuye a su propietario la capacidad
de disponer de él, sin más limitaciones que las impuestas por
la ley.
Devoluciones: La devolución es el acto de devolver algo a
alguien. Es un proceso que se basa en el derecho de
posesión de cierta persona con respecto a cierto bien que se
entregó con algún tipo de objetivo específico.
Applied: That puts effort, interest and Aplicado: Eso pone esfuerzo, interés y perseverancia en la
perseverance in the accomplishment of a realización de un trabajo o en el desarrollo de una actividad,
work or in the development of an activity, especialmente en el estudio
especially in the study.

Loans: A loan is an operation by which a Préstamos: un préstamo es una operación mediante la cual
financial institution puts at our disposal a una institución financiera pone a nuestra disposición una
certain amount of money through a contract cierta cantidad de dinero a través de un contrato

Skills: The ability is the innate aptitude,

talent, skill or ability that a person holds to Habilidades: La habilidad es la aptitud innata, talento,
carry out and of course with success, certain habilidad o habilidad que una persona posee para realizar y,
activity, work por supuesto, con éxito, cierta actividad, trabajo.

Income: Amount of money earned or Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero ganado o recaudado.

collected.
Little: That has a smaller size than normal Poco: Eso tiene un tamaño más pequeño de lo normal.

Judgment: Faculty of understanding, by Juicio: Facultad de entendimiento, en virtud de la cual el

virtue of which man can distinguish good hombre puede distinguir lo bueno de lo malo y lo verdadero
from evil and true from false. de lo falso.

3. Escriba las ideas principales de cada párrafo, ya sea en presente simple o

presente progresivo, en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations

 The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governamental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate The owners are
responsible for their business.
4. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten
coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial
organizations since the director controls all export and import operations, where
the sole proprietors are simple and low in cost and make all the decisions in front
of the business. Individual companies are governmental and have a lower rate than
the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will
apply different processes why you should know what you should apply to have
greater knowledge and not have legal consequences in the environment even with
a single administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health and tax
aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the company with better
quality and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or reach large
countries for its advertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” asociado a esta
actividad de aprendizaje.

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al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje.

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Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.