Sari- Sari by Norma Belleza andJoseJoya,awell

known painter and former deanoftheCollege of

Fine Arts of the Universityofthe
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MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS 0061
Philippines has produced oils. Oneof which,
“Red Talisman” painted in 1975.
● Medium refers to the materials which are used by
the artist.
● It is the means by which he communicates his ideas.
● Many mediums have been used in creating
different works of art. The architect uses a wood,
bamboo stone; the sculptor uses wood and metals
like bronzes; while the painter uses pigments on
woods or canvas.

● Medium is very essential to art. PAINTING on

a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Maria Makiling painted by Carlos ● Different mediums are used in painting.
“botong”Franciscousing oil as ❖ Before oils were ion general use, atypeofpainting
medium called tempera was popular. ❖ This is a mixteure of
● TEMPERA ground pigmentsandanalbuminous or colloidal
vehicleeitheregg,
● Painting is the art of creating surface meaningful effects
● Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the
gum, or glue used by Egyptian, medieval and
finished product is capable of varied treatment, ❖ The special characteristics of temperaisitsbeing an
Renaissance painters. It is still usedtoday. emulsion. An emulsionis watery, milk
and determines its own stroke.
● The materials of the painter are pigments applied
to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper. evaporationof water.This rapid drying is one of its
advantages. ❖ Tempera painting is usually
MEDIUMS IN PAINTING ● OIL doneonawooden
like of oily and water consistency. ❖ Tempera, not
withstanding its oil content,dries readily with the
❖ In oil painting, the pigments are mixed in oil.
panel that has been made smoothwitha
coating of plaster.
❖ The surface used is usually canvas although
❖ The colors are made with egg yolk. Sincethe
other surfaces like wood, paper and metal
may be used. colors in tempera painting.
paint dries rapidly there is a littleblendingorfusing of
❖ The most familiar type of painting is done with

oils on canvas. th
century.
❖ This is evident in the Pigments can come from many sources:
“ResurrectionwithTwoAngels” by Fernando Fungai Bonaventura’s “Majesty”.
andinSegna
❖ This method has been used since 15 mediumneedscareful
details, Its advantage is its great luminosityoftone. The
✔ minerals, ✔ vegetable matter, ✔ coal tars, ✔ and other colors are clear and beautiful.
chemical combinations.
❖ Colors are laid on side bysideorsuperimposed. It is hard ● WATERCOLOR ❖ Good watercolor painting arenot
to obtainrich, deeptones and shadows.This easyto
❖ These are ground by hand or machine then
mixed with oil. ❖ They require a high degreeof
make.
❖ There are two methods of painting in oil: the
direct and indirect method. technical applied fine, white paper.
dexterity.
❖ In watercolor, the pigments aremixedwithwater and
❖ In the direct method the paints are opaque
❖ The colors are applied in a very thinlayer.In
and are applied to the surface just as they are pure watercolor painting, all
to look in the finished product. ❖ In the indirect method, the paint is applied
 in many thin layers of transparent color.
❖ Paper is the most commonly usedground.Other thelightcomesfrom the ground.
❖ The direct method is the more flexible method

of the two. materials like parchment, ivory, silkand

❖ The ground must be very cleanandwhiteandat the
❖ Many well known Filipino painters use oil.
Carlos “Botong” Francisco recorded history cambric are also used as ground.
and folklore in his oils. His “Maria Makiling”, same time unchangeable.
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● PASTEL ❖ It is a process in which the unwantedmaterialiscut away.
❖ Pastel is the more recent medium. Pastel color
possesses only surface of light, give no glazed
❖ The construction of a figure by puttingtogether
effect and most closely resembles dry pigment.
bits of clay, or by welding together parts of metalis
❖ The pigment is bound so as to form a crayon
an example of the additive process.
which is applied directly to the surface, usually
a paper. ❖ The final result is produced by puttingtogethersmaller
● FRESCO segments of the material.
❖ The most popular type of painting is fresco.
❖ Sculpture in general maybe
❖ The color are mixed with water and applied
dividedintotwotypes: Relief and Free
to fresh plaster, which absorbs the color.
standing.
❖ Since the pigment has been incorporated with
the plaster, it last until the wall is destroyed. ❖ The first refers to the figures whichareattachedto
a ground like the relief of “Stela of Akhenaten”andthe
❖ Fresco painting flourished during the 15 th and sculpture executed by Ed Castrilloforthe

16th centuries when Masaccio, Michelangelo, Polytechnic University of the Philippines.

Raphael, Tintoretto and others covered the
❖ A free standing figure can be seenfromall sides
wall of Italian churches with their masterpiece.
like the UP Oblation.
❖ In Italian, “fresco” means fresh and is used to
❖ It was made by Guillermo Tolentinoin1949Itis
designate the process of painting in fresh wet
plaster. made of bronze and stone MEDIUMS OF SCULPTURE
● ACRYLIC
❖ The newest medium and one that is used
widely by painters today is acrylic. commonlyusedfor
● STONE and BRONZE ❖ This media is the most
❖ These are synthetic paints using acrylic
emulsion binder. and other hazards.
sculpture. Stone is durable, resistant totheelements,
fire
❖ They combine the transparency and quick – ❖ On the other hand, it is heavyandbreaks

drying qualities of water color and are as ❖ Marble is the most beautiful of stone. Ithas
flexible as oil.
easily.
❖ They are completely insoluble when dry and Italy where it is plentiful.
can be used almost on any surface.
always been the favorite material inGreeceand
❖ They also do not tend to crack, and turn

yellow with age. SCULPTURE thing to consider is the material.

❖ Because of its hardness, it is ❖ The substances available for sculpture are limitless.
 themoreorlesspermanent. It has a high gloss Vatican City is made of marble. The“HeadofPtolemy” is also
whenpolished.❖ The famous “Pieta” of Michael made of marble.
Angelointhe
❖ In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important

Some of the earliest sculptures were made of bone or wood.

❖ Modern sculptors use a variety of materials for their work.
❖ Different materials require different methods of handling.
❖ Stone and wood do not lend themselves to the same subject
freedom as clay.
❖ A soft medium as clay will lend itself to a modeling technique that
uses a squeezing and shaping and
continuously adding to it as the work goes on.
❖ Of the metals, the most commonlyusedtraditionally was bronze.
❖ A hard medium like stone and wood requires the
❖ The bronze may be solid in small statues. Most
process of cutting and taking away from the block.
large bronze statues are hallowbecauseusing
a solid metal would make a metal thestatue
❖ Modeling allows for expansion gestures while
very heavy and expensive.
carving is confined to the limits of the piece of

wood or stone. ❖ There is also the tendency for it tocrackwhencooled.

❖ It must be remembered that both the material and
❖ One of the disadvantages of themediumisthe
the method used are necessary for good sculpture.Subtractive and additive.
difficulty and intricacy in casting bronze. ❖ Another drawback is that bronzestatuesmaybe melted for
❖ There are two major sculpture processes used: other purposes.

❖ The carving of stone and wood is an example of the

subtractive process.
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●
TERRA
COTT
A
❖
Its

rich color and smooth texture make it one

of the most beautiful of all the media for
sculpture.
❖ It is also relatively light and the figure can
support itself in many positions that would be
impossible on stone.
❖ In addition to bronze, a verity of other metals
is used such as forged iron, welded steel and
duraluminum.
● WOOD
❖ The advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily and tools as is plasticclay. ❖ It yields to even the slightest
available, and easy to cut. pressureandcan
❖ Very few materials are as responsivetoasculptor’s hand
❖ It also polishes well and has a smooth shiny
surface and beautiful color. be worked and re-worked until theartisthasachieved what
he wants to do. ❖ Unfired clay is fragile material andsculptureinthis
❖ It is relatively light and can be made easily into ❖ The grain of wood that can be seen, adds ti its
a variety of shapes. beauty.
 medium would have a short life.
❖ For a more durable work in clay, thesculptorcan fire the
❖ The carved pulpit of the San Agustin Church in
Intramuros is an example of the Philippines
woodcarving at its best.
which literally means “cooked earth.”❖ It is a moderately
❖ Woodcarving as folk art is popular in the
towns of Paete and Pakil in Laguna and in
original in a kiln.
❖ The result is usually referred toas terracotta,
coarse clay product firedat
comparatively low temperature.
❖ Terra cotta breaks and chips easily. ❖ It is not a strong
material andit cannotstandgreat strain or weight.
❖ Terra cotta nevertheless is a beautiful andversatile
medium.
Other Materials
● The list of materials available tothemodernsculpture has
become longer.
● The metals aluminum, chromium, andsteel,plastic,
chemically treated clay andstoneforcasting material
than metals andless fragileinmany ways.
● The beauty of plastic and its
lightnessmakesitpreferable to other materials.

❖ The wood carvers of Paete are known for

WEEK NO: 6
Betis, Pampanga.
❖ It is usually painted and coatedwithheavyglaze.
ELEMENTS OF THE VISUALART
having perfected the art of carving “santos”
from native hardwood.
❖ The main drawback in using wood is that it is
limited in size and burns easily. art object, we cannot fail tonotice
ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL ARTS Whenever we see
an
❖ Wooden sculptures are known o discolor and
decay easily in the Philippines climate. ● IVORY artist used in expressing his ideas. Thesearecalled the elements
several things: shape o form, texture, space, andlineswhich the are present in every art form.All
❖ Unlike wooden sculpture, a large number of
arts have certain elements of their own.
old ivory statue have survived to the present
time.
A. LINE
❖ The survived is due to the intrinsic value of the
❖ Line is an important element at thedisposal of
material. Ivory lends itself to technical mastery. ❖ It is the artist can make us knowwhatthe
also popular to ordinary craftspeople.

every artist. Through the lines of

apaintingorsculpture,
❖ Many statues of saints in Philippine churches work is about. He uses lines to representfigures

and homes have heads and arms made of ❖ Lines always have direction. They arealways
ivory.
and forms.
❖ Ivory though lacks vigor of wooden statues. straight or curved.
Like wood, it also cracks.
moving. Lines, as used in any workof art, mayeither be
❖ Ivory, like terra cotta, is seldom used today. ❖ Man usually lies prone when asleepor whenatrest

❖ A comb, carved on both sides with religious

 scenes and made of ivory. and stands erect when in action. He standsstiffand

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straight when resistant or stern, and relaxes when
freedom, buoyancy and grace of curvedlines.
in a playful mood and the lines of his body fall into
They have also learned to restrict theiruseof
easy curves. When one is in motion, he bends
straight lines to types of work, thestructural
forward; when he encounters an opposing force, he requirements of which are steadinessandforce.
braces against it.
❖ The greater the opposing force the sharper will be
the angle of his body and the straighter will be the
4. CURVED LINES suggest grace, movement,
line. flexibility, joyousness and grace. Theyare
❖ We have learned that certain emotional states
never harsh or stern since they areformedby
always find expression through definite positions. We a gradual change in direction. Theytendtoimpart these
associate the emotions with the lines that qualities to any workwherethey
define their accompanying positions. When given a
are used. The curved lines of thewoman’s
work of art, we call upon our unconscious with its
body and the bamboo stemwhereaccording
accompanying emotional state. to Philippine legend, man andwomansprang,
❖ Straight lines are always associated with the ideas
as depicted in a mural by the lateartistCarlos
of steadiness and force, curved lines with flexibility, Francisco show very clearly thegracewhich
buoyancy, and grace. The straight line moves in
only curved lines could depict
one direction only. It may either be horizontal,
vertical or diagonal.

“Sarcophagus of King Tut”-Egyptian Antiquities

“History of Philippine Medicine” by Carlos “Botong”
Museum 1. HORIZONTAL LINES are lines of repose and serenity.
They
express
ideas of
calmness
and

quiescence. Horizontal lines are found in reclining

persons, in landscapes, calm bodies
of water and in the distant meeting of the earth and
sky in what is commonly called the horizon. The
horizontal lines of the sarcophagus of king of King Tut
are suggestive of repose.

2. VERTICAL LINES are lines poised for action.

They are poised, balanced, forceful, and dynamic. Vertical lines seen in a person
Francisco.

Lines may also be classified into three groups: lineswhich

standing straight, a tall tree, statues of saints
follow or repeat one another, lines whichcontrastwith
and heroes give an impression of dignity.
one another, and transitional lines whichmodifyof
Vertical lines also tend to express as well as arouse soften the effect.
emotions of exaltation and inquietude and
exaltation that possessed the soul of

B. REPETITION
Northern Europe in the later Middle Ages.
❖ Repetition occurs when two or morelinesare
drawn within a corner following thelinesofthe
3. DIAGONAL LINES suggest action and
corner.
movement. They give animation to any
❖ Lines that area in opposition to eachotherforma
composition in which they appear. Almost
every object in action assumes a contrast.
diagonal line.
❖ When a curved line cuts across a corner froman
A running person makes a diagonal line with
opposition line to another, it forms a transitionline.
his body and legs. The degree of action is
shown by the angle of the diagonal. horizontal lines giving a harmonizingeffect.
❖ Transitional lines modify the sharpness of verticaland

As masters in any art try to perfect their

C. COLOR
technique, they are able to work more or less
❖ Delight in color is a universal humancharacteristic.
instinctively and they begin to express
Color is a property of light.
themselves more and more through the
❖ When light goes out, color goes withit.
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❖ The white light of the sun contains all the colors of
distinguishable hues; yellow-orange, orange, red-
the spectrum; violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
 orange, red, red-violet, violet, blue-violet, blue, blue-
orange and red. green, green and yellow-green.
❖ These colors are so blended that they yield no sensation of
color.
❖ When a beam of light passes through a prism, the different
rays of color are separated so that we are able to see and
identify them.
❖ When light strikes a surface, some of the color rays are
absorbed while others are reflected.
❖ Others pass through, especially when the object is
transparent.
❖ Most surfaces absorb all the color rays except those which
yield a single color rays except the blue ray which it reflects.
❖ A red ball absorbs all the color rays which are reflected to the
eyes of the beholder.
❖ Objects that appear white reflect all the color rays
equally.
“The Color Circle Showing a Sequenceof 12Hues”
❖ Gray is due to the partial reflection of the color
rays. Colors may either be warmor cool. Red,
Warm and Cool Colors
❖ White, gray, and black have no color quality. They
are called the neutral colors. with objects likethesun, fireand other sources of heat.
orange, and yellow are the warmhues. Theyare associated
Color has three dimensions attributes: hue, value and
intensity. are used.
They tend to impart warmthtoanycomposition in which they
Hue is the dimension of color that gives color its
They are conspicuous, cheerful and
name. When we say the flower is yellow, we are
naming its hue. Color names such as red, green, suggestive of impetuousor
stimulating, vivacious, joyous andexciting.They are
violet, and yellow indicate the color characteristics
called hue. are produced.
instinctive action.
They are called advancing colors becausethey have an effect of advancing or comingtowardsyou. The cool
Blue, red and yellow are the primary hues. If these colors are thosewherebluepredominates like green,
primary hues are mixed in equal parts, the secondary hues blue-green, blue,
The secondary hues are orange, green and
blue-violet. They cause surfaces coveredwith
violet. Orange is produced by mixing red and
them to appear to recede. Theysuggest
yellow; green by mixing yellow and blue; and
violet by mixing blue and red. andinconspicuous.
distance. They are calm, sober, restful
The primary and secondary hues are shown in
a diagram
Red, the color of fire andblood, isthewarmest most
vigorous and most excitingthecolors. 1. RELATED COLOR HARMONIES. Thesemayeitherbe
Yellow, the color of light, is themost brilliant,cheerful, and monochromatic or adjacent. Monochromaticharmony is made
exultant of colors. up of several tones of onehue,like for instance orange tan,
Blue, the color of the sky ad of deepadstillwater, is the brownandotheronesfrom the orange family.
coolest and the most tranquilofthe colors. Monochromaticharmonies

Color Harmonies “Primary and Secondary Colors”

There are two kinds of color harmonies: relatedcolorharmonies are the simplest and easiest o use. Differenttonesof the same
and the contrasted color harmonies. together. For example, tones of green, yellow and orange
Any hues in the color circle can be made by mixing its can produce a delightful harmony. They

two neighbors. Mixing yellow and orange will produce a
new hue yellow-orange. Orange and red will produced
red-orange. Yellow-orange and red-orange are called
intermediate colors. Altogether there are twelve easily
GE 8 Arts Appreciation | 2
have something in common because there is yellow in
green and in orange. Good adjacent harmonies can be
produced by using other groups of neighboring colors
like yellow, orange and red: or orange, red and violet.
gloom;
 2. CONTRASTED COLOR HARMONIES. Colors which hue all have something incommon,so

lie directly opposite each other in the color circle re it is easy for them to agree.

called complementary colors. Red and green,

In adjacent or neighboring harmony, twoorthree
orange and blue, violet and yellow are
neighboring hues on the color circleareused
complementary colors. They contrast with each
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other strongly, therefore, they are more difficult to
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use harmoniously than the related color

combinations. However, when they are properly Psychology of Colors

harmonized, they give very beautiful effects. One important thing the artist has to rememberisthat
connotations when choosing color for a churchandfora
“Value Scale with Nine Value Steps” colors are known to have varied psychological and

emotional connotations.

Black, for example, is associated withdeathand

White stands for purity and innocence.

Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is

Blue is the color of heaven while redis associated
quality which depends on the amount of and dark in
with blood. It signifies anger and provokesfear.
color. The value scale shown in Figure has nine value
Red impels people to action.

Orange helps a person to be assertive.

Green, color of nature promotes thefeelingofwell

being. It implies happy and restful associationand

natural abundance.

It is wise for the artist to remember thesepsychological

reception room in order to create a right moodamongthe
observers.

D. TEXTURE
❖ Texture is the element that deals moredirectly
with the sense of touch.
❖ It has to do with characteristics of surfaces
which can be rough or smooth, fineorcoarse,
shiny or dull, plain or irregular.

❖ Texture is the appreciated whenanobjectis

felt with the hands.

steps starting from white to black. ❖ Texture is found in all the visual arts.
An understanding of values will help the artist o use
❖ A painting, a building, or a pieceof sculpture
colors to the best advantage. It will offer important
has textures which are felt anddescribedina
suggestions for the arrangement of color values in
variety of ways.
interior decorations. The floor should be the darkest in
❖ Texture is due primarily metal, determinedin
the room, the walls should be lighter, and the ceiling,
medium.
the lightest. If the color of the floor is lighter than the
wall, it will not give the feeling of being a solid
❖ In architecture, the different feel of wood,
foundation, which is one of the prerequisites of a good
floor. surfaces of astatueorhecan polish it to give it a shiny
concrete, and in texture in his works. Hecanleave marks on andsmooth
the
Tints are values above the normal and shades are texture.

values below the normal. Pink is a tint of red, maroon is

a shade of red. Sky-blue is a tint, navy-blue is a shade. to the total effect of thefinishedwork of art.
❖ Together with the other elements, texturecancontribute
The value of a hue can be changed. We raise it by adding more light to it so
that it reflects more and lower
it by reducing the light it can reflect. ❖ Texture can add richness andvitalityand
❖ In painting, texture is used torepresenttheskin,
clothes, jewelry, furniture, andothers.
The third and last dimension of color is
paintings.
intensity. It
refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives
color strength. Colors differ in intensity. Intensity
❖ Contemporary painters haverealizedthe
differences may be described as full intensity, two-
important effects of texture ontheir work.
thirds neutral and neutral. Two colors may be both blue
❖ During the 19
th
and 20
but one is more intense than the other. When hue is in
th
centuries, ahigh
premium is placed on very smoothsurfaces
its vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. When it is
and forms.
dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized. The more black
or white is added, the weaker is the intensity. others, emphasized texturebypurposelymaking portions
❖ A group of painters including Cezanne, Picassoand of the paintings rough.
Color plays an important role in the work of an artist.
Although painting is known as the art of color, color is
❖ The aesthetic value of texture lies first ofallin
also important in sculpture and architecture. Buildings
the fact that it makes gradationof color
are painted; bronze is selected for its rich brown color
and marble for its whiteness. possible.

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❖ An extreme example of foreshorteningisMantegna’s

❖ Flat colors are never beautiful. “Pieta” shown below.
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❖ Texture gives a surface unevenness which
Mantegma’s (1431-1506) “Pieta” (1459) (Millan, BreruGallery)
causes the color of the surface to be broken
in
gradations of light and shade, giving it a
charm
of its own.
 ❖ Texture is very real to the sculptor and
architect because wood, stone, brick, concrete
and metal feel different to the touch.
❖ To the painter, texture is an illusion. He must
make an object look like the way it would feel
when one touches it.

E. PERSPECTIVE
❖ Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon
the appearance of objects, by means of which the
eye judges spatial relationships.
❖ It enables us to perceive distance and to see the
position of objects in space.

❖ Aerial perspective is the representationof relative

❖ There are two kinds of perspective: linear
perspective and aerial perspective.
toneandcolor.Objects become fainter in the
distances of objects by gradations of
distanceduetothe
❖ To get depth of distance, an artist uses both linear
and aerial perspective.
effect to the atmosphere. Objects appeartobelighter in color and the outline morevagueasthey
❖ Linear perspective is the representation of an

appearance distance by means of converging lines. recede into the atmosphere.

❖ The tracts of a railroad appear to the viewer as seeming to

rise and meet in the distance by using converging lines and
diminishing size.
❖ Parallel lines below eye level seem to rise to a
vanishing point in the horizon, while those above eye level
seem to descend to the vanishing point.
❖ Objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance.
❖ People or objects at the background of a painting seem to
be shorter than those in front.
“Linear Perspective”
“ Aerial
Perspective”

F. SPACE
❖ In painting as in architecture, spaceisof great
importance.
❖ The exterior a building is seen as it appearsin
space while the interior is seen by onewhois
inside as enclosing space.
❖ Painting does not deal with spacedirectly,It
represents space only on a two-dimensional
The above figure represents an appearance of distance by
surface.
means of converging lines because the railway appears to a
 viewer as seeming to rise and meet in the distance. perception of space.
❖ Sculpture has very little to dowithspacerelationships
❖ A facet of linear perspective which applied chiefly
to the human figure is foreshortening. aworkofart.
G. FORM ❖ Form applies to the overall design of
❖ Foreshortening is the representation of objects or
It describes the structure or shape of anobject.
parts of the body as smaller from the point of view
of the observer. ❖ All the visual arts are concerned withform.
❖ The nearer an arm, limb, or body is placed at right
❖ Sculpture and architecture deal withthree-
angles to the observer, the shorter it looks. dimensional forms although sculpturedealswith

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statue but we always get inside a building.

exterior form alone because we do not get inside a
ADM–002- 20-0061 ORGANIZATIONINTHE VISUALARTS
WEEK NO: 7
❖ The sculptor is restricted to masses in relation to
other masses as a means of interpretation
Michealangelo’s “David” idealizes and
❖ The various elements of the visual arts, whichwere
conventionalizes forms and features, like the best
of the Golden Age Greek sculpture. be used in such a way that theyform
discussed in the preceding portionof thisbook,have to
❖ Triangles, circle and rectangles are favorite designs
combinations which are correct andbeautiful.
used by painters. ❖ This is the function of organization.
❖ Tables, building, picture frames, furniture, are
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
usually composed of cubes or rectangular solids.
The organization of the various elementsofthe
❖ Oranges, electric bulbs, lakes and domes are
shaped as spheres. Through these principles, the artist canformmore
visual arts is governed by different principlesofdesign.
❖ Trees, mountains, flowers, are cones. The trunk of
beautiful and interesting color harmoniesand
trees, human arms or legs and pencils are cylinders.
more beautiful combinations of shapes, texture
❖ In painting or other two-dimensional arts, the
and lines.
forms, usually an area on a flat surface enclosed by
Design makes it easier for an artist toexpresshis
a line, stands out because of the difference in color,
value or texture.
his work.
ideas in such a way that the observer becomesinterested in
❖ This is the reason why it is sometimes difficult to It also makes objects in our environmentmore

recognize circles, cubes or triangles or other comprehensible.

geometric forms in paintings because they are seen Sculpture organizes the human oanimal form;
as parts of the objects or as the objects themselves.
architecture organizes space throughthearrangement of the parts os a building, both
❖ To develop our ability to recognize these shapes or

forms is to see objects around us as of a particular interior and exterior, in order to produceapleasing
color, texture or tone. H. VOLUME to tell its function.
An industrial establishment is designedtoexpressa
and interesting pattern.
The design of an art object makes it
possibleforanobserver
❖ The team volume refers to the amount of a space
occupied in three dimensions. ❖ It therefore refers to solidity or thickness.
business like atmosphere of efficiency, andachurch is ❖ We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines
designed to create in theworshippersareligious feeling
 or outlines or shapes of objects, and by surface and attitude.
lights and shadow.
forms, an artist can give the observer new, varied,and
❖ This is the primary concern of architects because a Through the combination of lines, colors, and
building always encloses space.
spirits so that they forget the tediumoftheireveryday satisfying experiences that will uplifttheir

existence.
❖ The building must have everything neatly in place no matter at what angle the lights fall on
it or from
what view we look at it.
HARMONY
❖ The outlines or shadows change every time the
Harmony is essential to beauty.
viewer shifts his position.
In the visual arts, it is achieved by establishinga
❖ The viewer therefore may obtain not one but many
pleasing relationship between the variouselements.
different impressions from a single work.
There is harmony if the various parts of adesign
❖ The sculptor is concerned also with volume
will give an appearance of belonging together.
because his figures actually occupy space and can
In other words, there must be unity.
be observed from any direction.
Repetition of angles and curves, shapes, linesand
❖ The direction of sunlight will determine the areas
colors will give a harmonious effect. If overdone,
of light and shadow.
though, repetition may become monotonousandit
❖ The outlines and shadows change every time the
may fail to hold the attention andinterestof
viewer changes his position.
observers.
❖ Because painting is two-dimensional, volume is an
To relieve monotony, there must be variety.
illusion because the surface of the canvas is flat.
Variety is said to be the spice of life andof art.
❖ The painter can only suggest volume. ❖ To make his figures have the illusion of thickness,
Variety may be achieved by thediversityof materials used and slight contrasts incolor, texture,
the painter decides arbitrarily from what direction
shape, and space arrangements.
he wants the light to fall.
Media with different textures andcolorsmaybe
❖ He then paints the lightest portions right and those used.
in shadow, dark. hues when used will givecontrast. The intensity of a hue
In painting and in interior decoration, may also be varied.
thecomplementary
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A sculptor may obtain variety through the use of
contrast in texture, such as smooth and rough, in
his work.
BALANCE
A pleasing relationship between the various
elements of a work of art is not the only
requirement for beauty.
ADM–002- 20-0061
unequal weights or unequal attractions areplacedat
the correct distances fromthe center whilethesmaller
object or an object with a stronger attractionisplacednear the
center while the smaller object or onewithless striking
attraction is moved farther out fromthecenter.
Informal balance is generally usedwhenwe
want to attract the attention of observers
 andsetthemthinking about the object under observation. Thisform
These elements must also be so arranged that the
of balance is an active balance. It suggests spontaneity
feelings of balance equilibrium exists between
them. and movement. It also gives an impressionofcasualness.
We are all familiar with the word balance. If all the parts
are equally distributed around a central point, we
achieve balance. If weights are equally distributed on
each side of a center or fulcrum, as in a see-saw, we
have balance.
Balance gives a feeling of stability and rest. We see
many examples of balance in nature. The human body is
well balanced; that is why it is
possible for a person to stand erect. The arrangement
of branches and leaves of trees shows
balance.
“Informal Balance”
Balance is also presented is a well-arranged room,
Good balance produces an effect of stability
in flower arrangements and in the costumes of
and repose. To produce this feeling, horizontal balance
people.
is not enough. Vertical balance is alsoimportant. The
Balance makes an object or room not only
top of an arrangement should not be tooheavyforits
interesting but also pleasant to look at.
bottom. A top heavy arrangement
alwayslooksunstable.
BALANCE MAY EITHER BE FORMAL OR INFORMAL The bottom of a vase should alwaysbewider
than its top. The bottom margin shouldbewiderthan

FORMAL BALANCE. It is also called symmetrical the side and op margins. It should not betoowide

balance. This is achieved by making both sides exactly through that it creates the impressionof beingoutof

alike. Objects of the same size and shape when proportion with the thing that it is supposedtosupport.

arranged on two sides of a center will produce

formal Any design or picture to be truly artisticmust
balance. We see formal balance in double-breasted therefore give a feeling of rest and stability. Shapes,

suits and coats where we have a row of buttons on both colors, and lines must be arranged on eachsideofthe

the left and right sides, and in a mantle where two center to produce good balance. For formal balanceto

flowers vases are placed at equal distance from the be achieved, shapes of equal size andweightsare
above and belowthecenterarealsoimportant in good balance.
center.
PROPORTION Proportion is determined by a
comparisonofthesize of different parts of an object
orofanarrangement.
A figurine is not in itself big, But it maybetoobigfor that
room or for the other pieces of furnitureinthe room.

“Formal Balance”
placed at equal distances fromthe center. Wheninformal
balance is used, the smaller objects aremovedfarther the
center the larger objects areplacednearerthe center. Balance
This kind of balance gives an atmosphere of
dignity and formality. It is common in typical classical architecture like the Parthenon.
 Harmonious proportion is achievedwhenonepartof an object does not seemtoo big or toosmall forthe other parts.
Sometimes the formal arrangement of windows
Objects which are “out of proportion”arenot
and doors in a building, though pleasing in its
formality, pleasing to look at.
may interfere with both efficiency and function. This is
We find many designs in naturethathave
the reason why contemporary architecture tends to
favor the informal or asymmetrical balance. humanbodyisan illustration of fine spacing.
interesting proportions. The normal The waistline is not found halfway betweenthe
INFORMAL OR ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE. It is
head and the soles of the feet.
also sometimes called occult balance. It is more difficult
It is found well above the halfway mark. Interesting
to achieve than formal balance, however, the results
proportions are also found in other partsofthe
are more interesting. It is achieved when objects of
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ADM–002- 20-0061
body like in the upper arm, lower arm and hand
EMPHASIS
which are not of equal length. The head is not too
Whenever we look at a room, somepartseasily
big nor to small for the rest of the body.
catch our attention and interest whileotherparts
In painting, the principle of good proportion is
are not noticed at all. This quality of designiscalled
useful in combining colors successfully and in
emphasis or subordination. Emphasis is produced
determining the margins for mounting.
by the design or formthat catches our attention
Exactly equal margins at the top, sides bottom will
while the rest are subordinated. Thepattern
produce monotonous effect.
emphasized usually forms the center of interest.
Using exactly the same amount of color in a
Emphasis may be defined as givingtheproper
combination will also produce a monotonous and
importance to the parts or to the whole.
uninteresting effect.
A clever interior decorator always createsacenter
To produce a more pleasing harmony, there should
of interest in a room. One part or designinthe
be more of one color than the others.
room is emphasized and the rest aresubordinated.
Avoid using equal amounts of two or more colors.
You can just imagine the confusionyouwill
Avoid also great deal of one color and only a tiny
experience if all the objects in a roomareofthe
bit of another.
same size and have the same patternandcolor.
In sculpture, the comparative size of the different
Every detail will be as important as theother.
parts of the object should be considered.
Monotony is also likely to be experienced.
The relation of the size of the statue and the
Emphasis is important in all art forms. Thisismost
background or surroundings is also important.
noticeable in the art of advertising. Theaimof
A statue may be too big for its background or too
advertising is to call attention toaparticular
small for its surroundings that it may look out of
product or object. It is thereforenecessaryo
 place.
emphasize one feature in an advertisementsothat
In interior decoration, proportion is obtained by
it will stand out from the rest.
considering the size of the furniture, the design of
Emphasis in the visual arts may besecuredin
the wallpaper, length of the curtains, the size of
several ways. It may be secured throughsizedand
the rug, and the size of the room. RHYTHM viewer. It attracts attention,therefore it creates emphasis.
Aplainbackground
position. The largest figure easily catchestheinterest of the
In the visual arts, rhythm is achieved by the regular
emphasizes a decorative arrangement placed
or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms and
against it.
colors. Objects which are planned to be thecenterof
Rhythm is organized movement, a beat, a
interest should be made to appear closertothe
repetition. Through the repetition of lines are
viewer than the rest which are to be subordinated.
forms, a pattern is produced which the eye follows
Color is also used to create emphasis. Contrastof
as it moves from the right to the left. colors can be used to produce a center of interest.
A series of units repeated one after another also
A black object placed against a whitebackground
produces rhythmic movement. will easily catch attention.
Abrightlycolored Through the use of color, charming patterns will be
accessory like a belt or a brooch usedwithadressa
formed that will carry the eye from one part of a
neutral color catches more attentionthanwhen
room to another. used with a dress if intense colors.
Intensecolors Repetition of color in different parts of the room,
are likely to catch more attention thanneutral ones.
like red rose in a vase on top of table, spots of red
We should therefore take great careinusing
in the curtains, and throw pillows with red designs,
intense colors sparingly as a backgroundforobjects
produces rhythmical effect which is not only
we want to emphasize.
charming but pleasing.
The eye will be drawn about the room from one
Emphasis is important because it relievemonotony.
red spot to another. It can also be used to call attentiontopleasing
Care must be taken though not to use equal
centers of interest.
amount of red as this will contradict the principle in
of proportion.
Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily
REFERENCES
Caslib Jr., B., Garing, D. C., & Casaul, J. R. (2018). Art
one part of the room to another or from one part
Appreciation (1st ed.). Rex Bookstore.
of a design to another.
Meaning to be modern. (2010, March 16). Heart-2-
Therefore, rhythm helps to create harmony in a
design or a room. online.com/2010/03/16/meaning-to-be-
Heart-Online.com. https://heart-2-heart-
It is used as the most effective way of creating
aesthetic unity in prose, music, dance, modern/
painting,
architecture and sculpture. texture.
The ultimate guide on different art mediums. (2020, September 15). ARTDEX Blog.
In the space arts, rhythm is used in repetition, alteration https://www.artdex.com/blog/art-
and graduation of the elements of art, line, form, color and guide/the-ultimate-guide-on-different-art-mediums/
 nd
semester, AY 2020-2021 10GE 8 Arts Appreciation | 2

ACTIVITY FOR WEEK NO. 5 Subject: GE 8 Art

Appreciation
5) Tempera painting is usuallydoneona
ADM–002- 20-0061
Name:

Section: wooden panel that has beenmade

smooth with a coating of plaster.

Instructor:

6) In Italian, “fresco” means freshandis

I. Modified True or False wet plaster.
used to designate the process of paintingin fresh
Read each item below and identify if the following
statement are TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement

is correct and FALSE if it is not. If the statement is FALSE 7) In choosing a subject for sculpture, the

underline what makes the statement wrong and write most important thing to consideristhe

what word its suppose to be. Write the your answer on material.
the blank provided before each number. USE CAPITAL
WORDS.
8) A hard mediumas clay will lenditselftoa modeling technique that usesa
1) Value refers to the materials which are
used by the artist.
the work goes on.
squeezing and shaping andcontinuouslyadding to it as

2) Sculpture is the art of creating surface

meaningful effects on a flat surface by the 9) Casting allows for

use of pigments.
expansiongestures or stone.
while carving is confined tothelimitsofthe piece of wood

3) The materials of the painter are

pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood or 10) Painting as folk art is popularin
paper. Betis, Pampanga.

the towns of Paete and Pakil inLagunaandin

4) There are two methods of painting in oil:

the direct and indirect method.

II. Venn Diagram

Complete the Venn diagram below.

SCULPTURE PAINTING
 nd
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ADM–002- 20-0061
ACTIVITY FOR WEEK NO. 6-7 Subject: GE 8 Art 16) The organization of thevariouselements of the
visual arts is governedbydifferent principles of design.
Appreciation

Name:

17) Repetition of angles andcurves, shapes,

Section: lines and colors will give aharmonious

Instructor: effect. If overdone, though, repetitionmay

become monotonous andit mayfail to

observers. hold the attention andinterestof
I. Modified True or False
Read each item below and identify if the following

statement are TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement 18) Variety may be achievedbythe
diversity of materials usedandslight
is correct and FALSE if it is not. If the statement is FALSE

underline what makes the statement wrong and write contrasts in color, texture, shape, and

what word its suppose to be. Write the your answer on space arrangements.

the blank provided before each number. USE CAPITAL 19) Balance gives a feeling of stabilityand
WORDS.
rest. room, in flower arrangements

20) Balance is also presentedisawell-arranged

1) Lines that area in opposition to each
other form a contrast. 2) Color is a
property of light. 21) Proportion is determinedbyacomparison of the
size of different partsof
and in the costumes of people.
3) The white light of the sun contains all the
colors of the spectrum; violet, indigo, cyan,
22) In sculpture, the
an object or of an arrangement.
comparativesizeofthedifferent parts of the
green, yellow, orange and red. object shouldbe
4) When a beam of light passes through a hex, the different rays of color are
 separated so that we are able to see and
identify them. considered.
5) White, gray, and black have no color quality. They
are called the neutral colors. 23) Rhythm is organized movement, abeat,

6) Value is the dimension of color that gives left.

a repetition. Through therepetitionoflines are forms, a patternis
producedwhich the eye follows as it movesfromtheright to the
color its name.
24) A series of units repeatedoneafteranother also
produces rhythmic
7) Monochromatic harmony is made movement.
up of
several tones of one hue of a color.
25) Rhythmical patterns helptheeyeto move easily in one part of theroomtoanother or
fromone part of adesigntoanother.
8) Value refers to the lightness or darkness
9) Hues are values above the normal and
26) In the space arts, rhythmisusedin
shades are values below the normal.

repetition, alteration andgraduationof

10) Texture is the element that deals more
directly with the sense of touch. colorandtexture.
the elements of art, line, form,
11) Linear perspective is the representation
27) Emphasis is important becauseitrelieve
of an appearance distance by means of diverging lines. pleasing centers of interest.
monotony. It can also beusedtocallattention to
12) Parallel lines below eye level seem to
28) To produce a more pleasingharmony,
rise to a vanishing point in the horizon,
there should ne more of onecolorthan
while those above eye level seem to
descend to the vanishing point.
29) Rhythm is organized movement, abeat,
the others.
13) Objects appear smaller as they recede
into the distance. patternis producedwhich the eye follows as it
a repetition. Through therepetitionoflines are forms, a movesfromthe
14) All the visual arts are concerned with
form. objects, and by surface lights and shadow.
right to the left.
center of interest shouldbemadetoappear closer to
30) Objects which are plannedtobethe
the viewer thantherestwhich are to be subordinated.
15) We perceive volume in two ways: by
contour lines or outlines or shapes of

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