“

PREPRATI
ONOFDETAI
LEDESTI
MATEFORLOW COST

TWOROOM SETRESI
DENTI
ALBUI
LDI
NG”

APr
ojectRepor
t
Submi
tt
edi
npar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentf
ort
heawar
d
ofBoar
dofTecheni
calEducat
ion(
UP)
i
n
Ci
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

Submi
tt
edby Gui
dedBy
St
udentName:GOVI
NDKUMAR Mr
.PAWANPANDEY
Rol
lNo.
- Assi
stantPr
ofessor
,CEDept
.
Enr
oll
mentNo:
E18333632200018 I
ITM,
Bil
haur
,Kanpur

DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
I
NDUSI
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGY&MANAGEMENT,
KANPUR-
209202
Af
fi
li
atedt
oBOARDOFTECHENI
CALEDUCATI
ONUTTARPRADESH(
For
mer
ly
knownasBTEUP)
JULY,
2021
1
 DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
I
NDUSI
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGY&MANAGEMENT,
KANPUR-
209202

CANDI
DATE’
SDECLARATI
ON

Iherebydecl arethatt hework, whichisbeingpr esentedint hi

spr oj
ectreport
entit
led“DUCTILEDETLI
NGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE STRUCTURESSUBJECTEDTOSEI
SMI
S
FORCES”i
npar tialful
fi
llmentoft her qui
rementsoft heawar dofDi pl
omai nCivi
l
Engineeri
ng, isanaut henti
cr ecordofwor kcar r
iedoutbyme.

Thematt
erembodi
edinthi
srepor
thasnotbeensubmi
tt
edbymeorsomebody
el
sefort
heawardofanyot
hercer
ti
fi
cat
e.

Si
gnat
ure

St
udent
_Name

St
udent
_Rol
lNo.

St
udent
_Enr
oll
mentNo.

2
 DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
I
NDUSI
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGY&MANAGEMENT,
KANPUR-
209202

CERTI
FICATE

Thi
sist
o cer
ti
fyt
hatt
hepr
ojectr
epor
tent
it
led “
“DUCTI
LE DETLI
NG OF REI
NFORCED

CONCRETESTRUCTURESSUBJECTED TO SEI SFORCES "s

SMI ubmi
tt
edt
otheDepar
tmentof
Ci
vi
lEngi
neer
ingatI
ndusI
nst
it
uteofTechnol
ogy&Management
,Kanpur byMr
.
Gov
indKUMAR bear
ingRol
lNo…….
..
..
..
..
.inpar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentoft
her
equi
rementf
or
t
heawar
doft
hedegr
eeofDi
plomai
nCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing.

Mr
.Gui
de_
Name:Pawanpandey HODName:
Anki
tkumar

Desi
gnat
ion Headoft
heDepar
tment

Ext
ernalExami
ner
:
(
Signat
urewi
thName)

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I
tismyi
mmensepl
easur
etoexpr
essmydeepsenseofgr
ati
tudeandi
ndebt
edness
t
omyhi
ghl
yrespect
edandest
eemedGui
de-
Pawanpandey
,Desi
gnat
ion,and(
All
pr
oject r
elat
ed f
acul
ty member
s wi
tht
hei
r desi
gnat
ion)
,Indus I
nst
it
ute of
Technol
ogy&Management
,Kanpur
.Thei
rval
uabl
egui
dance,i
nspi
rat
ion,const
ant
encour
agementsi
ncer
ecr
it
ici
sm andsy
mpat
het
icat
ti
tudecoul
dmaket
hispr
oject
possi
ble.

Iext
endmydeepsenseofgr
ati
tudet
o‘Dr
.N.S.Par
mar
’,t
hedi
rect
orofourI
nst
it
ute,
‘
Mr.Anki
tkumar
’,Headoft
heDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,I
ndusI
nst
it
uteof
Technol
ogy& Management
,Kanpurf
orpr
ovi
ding encour
agement
,gui
danceand
suppor
tdur
ingmypr
ojectwor
k.

Iext
endmyt
hankst
oal
lthest
affmember
soft
hedepar
tmentwhoext
endedt
hei
rco
-
oper
ati
onandhel
pthr
oughoutt
hepr
ojectwor
k.Myspeci
alt
hankst
o(Saur
abh
Gupt
aandal
ltheci
vi
lengi
neer
ingf
acul
i
tymember
)forhi
sencour
agement
,andl
ast
butnotl
east
,Iexpr
essmygr
ati
tudet
omypar
ent
s,whohav
ebeenaconst
antsour
ce
ofi
nspi
rat
ion.

4
CHAPTER1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

St
udyar
ea

• Ourproposedsi
tei
slocat
edinhi
l
lyregi
on,
int
hisr
egi
onstemper
atur
eis
usual
l
yl owandbui
ldi
ngshoul
dbelocat
edint
hesout
her
nslopeofhi
ll
.
• Theopeni
ngshoul
dbepl
acedast
oav
oidundesi
rabl
ecol
dinwi
nter
.
• Tot
alpl
otsi
zei
s14.
4m x15.
4m
• Tot
alpl
i
nthar
eai
s119sq.met
er.

Sel
ect
ionofpl
otandst
udy
Siteselectionist hemostcr ucialstepf orbui l
dingar esidenti
alhome.The
proposedl ocati
onshoul dnotbei nani solatedplacewher et her at
eofcr imes
aresubstant i
all
yless;
andi tshouldbeinapl acewithgoodcommuni ty.However
,
i
tshouldnotbet oonoi syneighborhoodei t
herasi tmaycausei nconv eni
enceto
member soft hef amil
y.Inadditi
on,thelocationshouldbei napl acewher emode
ofconv enience is good and shoppi ng facili
ti
es are easilyav ail
able.These
factor
sal soincreaset hechanceoff uturegr owthofpr opertyr at
e.Oneshoul d
checkthef uturepossibil
i
tyofdev el
opmentofr oadsinthear ea.
Thef
act
ort
obeconsi
der
edwhi
l
esel
ect
ingt
hebui
l
dingsi
tear
easf
oll
ows:
-

• Accesst
opar
k&pl
aygr
ound.

• Agr
icul
tur
epol
ytonal
i
tyoft
hel
and.

• Avai
l
abil
i
tyofpubl
i
cut
il
it
yser
vices,
especi
all
ywat
er,
elect
ri
cit
y&sewage
di
sposal
.

• Di
stancef
rom pl
acesofwor
k.

• Easeofdr
ainage.
5
• Locat
ionwi
thr
espectt
oschool
,col
l
age&publ
i
cbui
l
dings.
• Tr
anspor
tfaci
l
iti
es.

• Wi
ndv
eloci
tyanddi
rect
ion.

6
Tabl
e1:Li
mit
ati
onofbui
ltupar
ea

Ar
eaofpl
ot -
--
- Maximum per
missi
blebui
l
tup
area
Upt
o200sq.
m(240sq.
yd) -
--
- 60%ofsit
eareaonf l
ooronl
y.

201t
o500sq.
m(241t
o600sq.
yd) -
--
- 50%oft
hesi
tear
ea.

501t
o1000sq.
m(601t
o1200sq.
yd) -
--
- 40%oft
hesi
tear
ea

Mor
ethan1000sq.
m -
--
- 33%oft
hesi
tear
ea.

7
 Resi
dent
ialBui
ldi
ng
Requi
rement
sofev er
yindi
vi
dual
isdi
ff
erentaccor
dingt
otheirsoci
alst
atus,
l
if
estyl
eandincomecategor
y.Ari
chmanmayr equir
ealuxur
iousapart
ment
whil
ealowerincomegroupguymayl
iveina1BHKhouse.

Tabl
e2:MI
NIMUM FLOORAREA&HEI
GHTOFROOMS

FLOORAREA HI
EGHT(
m)

LI
VING 10sqm (
100sqf
t)

(br
eadt
hmi
n2.
7m or 3.
3(11’
)
9’)
KI
TCHEN 6sqm (
60sqf
t) 3.
0(10’
)

BATH 2sqm (
20sqf
t) 2.
7(9’
)

LATTRI
NE 1.
6sqm (
16sqf
t) 2.
7(9’
)

BATH&WATERCLOSET 3.
6sqm (
36sqf
t) 2.
7(9’
)

SERVANTROOM 10sqm (
100sqf
t) 3.
0(10’
)

GARAGE 2.
5*4.
8m (
8’*
16’
) 3.
0(10’
)

MI
N.HI
EGHTOFPLI
NTH

FORMAI
NBUI
LDI
NG -
--
--
-- 0.
6(2’
)

MI
N.HI
EGHTOFPLI
NTHFOR

SERVANTQUARTES -
--
--
-- 0.
3(1’
)

MI
N.DEPTHOFFOUNDATI
ON -
--
--
-- 0.
9(3’
)

THI
CKNESSOFWALL 20cmst
o30cms -
--
--
-

(
9”t
o13.
5”)
thi
ckful
lwi
dth
DAMPPROOFCOURSE 2cmst
o2.
5cms ofpli
nthwal
l

8
(
3/4”t
o1”
)

9
 BUI
LDI
NGBYELAWS&REGULATI
ONS

• Li
neofbui
l
dingf
ront
ageandmi
nimum pl
otsi
zes.

• Openspacesar
oundr
esi
dent
ial
bui
l
ding.

• Mi
nimum st
andar
ddi
mensi
onsofbui
l
dingel
ement
s.

• Pr
ovi
sionsf
orl
i
ght
ingandv
ent
il
ati
on.

• Pr
ovi
sionsf
orsaf
etyf
rom expl
osi
on.

• Pr
ovi
sionsf
ormeansofaccess.

• Pr
ovi
sionsf
ordr
ainageandsani
tat
ion.

• Pr
ovi
sionsf
orsaf
etyofwor
ksagai
nsthazar
ds.

• Requi
rement
sforof
f-
str
eetpar
kingspaces.

• Requi
rement
sforl
andscapi
ng.

• Speci
alr
equi
rement
sforl
ow-
incomehousi
ng.

• Si
zeofst
ruct
ural
element
s.

10
ARRANGEMENTOFROOMS

 Livi
ngroom –Thisistheareaforgener
alusewherefamil
yspendsmuchof
thei
rtime.I
tisusual
lyneartheentr
anceofthehouse.Duri
ngwint
ers,t
his
arearecei
vesmuchoft hesunshineandinsummer,thesunray
senterf
rom
southernpar
t.

 Kit
chen–thi
sisusuall
ymadeintheeaster
nsideoft
hepl
otf
ormor
ning
sunshi
ne,
whichr
efreshesandpur
if
iestheair
.

 St
oreroom–General
l
y,t
hestorer
oomispr
ovidedatt
hebacksi
deofthehome
whereiti
sawayfr
om dai
lyact
ivi
ti
esandpr
opervent
il
ati
onisprov
ided.

 Bedroom– t
hisarea should providepr
ivacytothe member
sand shoul
d
prov
ideprov
isi
onfortable,chairs,andcupboar
ds.At
tachedt
oil
etsmaybe
prov
idedf
oreaseofconvenience.

 Of
ficeroom –Easter
naspectsarepr ef
erredforof
fi
cer
oomstoprov
idethe
morni
ngsunraysforf r
eshness.I
naddition,i
tshoul
dbeinaspotwit
hless
di
stur
bancefrom t
hesurroundi
ngareas.

 Bath&W. C.– Usuall

y,bathandW. C.arecombinedinasi ngleroom and
at
tachedtobedr
oom forincreaseofconveni
enceandpri
vacy.Thebathr
oom
i
susuall
ymadewhi t
ewi t
hglazedti
leswit
hcompleteshowers,
batht
ubsetc.

 Verandah–Ar esi
dentialbuil
dingmustbeprovidedwit
hopenv er
andahsat
thefrontandrearsideoft hehome.Thisver
andahprovi
despr
otecti
ontothe
homef r
om sunrays,windandr ai
n.I
talsoprov
ideswithapl
acet ositand
enjoy.Thi
sareavariesbetween10%-20%ofthetotalar
ea.

 St
aircase–Thest ai
rcaseshoul
dbeplacedinthefr
ontoft
hebuil
dingi
fiti
s
i
ntendedforvi
sit
orsandshoul dbepl
acedatthebackofthehomei ff
amil
y
member swoul
dusei tmore.Rises&treadsshoul
dbeunifor
mt osmooth
mov ement
.

11
 ORI
ENTATI
ONOFROOMS
Afterhavingsel
ectedthesit
e,t
henextst
epispr
operor i
ent
ati
onofbuil
ding.
Orient
ationmeanspr operpl
acementofr
oomsinrelati
ontosun,wi
nd,rai
n,
topographyandout l
ookandatthesametimepr
ovidingaconveni
entaccessto
boththest r
eetandbacky ar
d.

Thef
act
orst
hataf
fector
ient
ati
onmostar
easf
oll
ows.

• Sol
arheat

• Wi
nddi
rect
ion

• Humi
dit
y

• Rai
nfal
l

• I
ntensi
tyofwi
ndsi
tecondi
ti
on

• Li
ght
ingsandv
ent
il
ati
on

12
CHAPTERCHAPTER2:LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

Str
ucturalanal
ysi
soff
ramed
str
ucture
Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etest
ruct
uremai
nlycont
ainsof
-
1)Sl
abs,
whi
chwi
l
lbet
her
etocov
ermostof
thear
eas
2)Beamsar
esuppor
ti
ngt
hesl
absandt
hewal
l
3)Thecol
umnsar
ether
eforsuppor
ti
ngt
hebeams
4)Thef
oot
ingpl
ayavit
alr
oleast
heydist
ri
butet
heconcent
rat
edl
oadsact
ingont
he
col
umntomini
mizet
hebeari
ngcapaci
tyoft
hesoil
.
I
nanyoft heframedst r
uctur
e,t heloadismai
nlyconv
eyedfrom t
heslabtothe
beam,andthenconveyedfrom beam tocol
umnandthenconv
eyedtothef
oundat
ion
andattheendtothesoil
,whichisbelowit.

St
agesi
nst
ruct
uraldesi
gn
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentst
agesi
ndesi
gni
ngofast
ruct
ure.Theyar
e-
1)Pl
anni
ngoft
hest
ruct
ure
2)Di
rect
ionandi
mpactoff
orcesandt
hecal
cul
ati
onsoft
hel
oads
3)Met
hodofanal
ysi
s
4)Desi
gni
ngofamember
5)Schedul
i
ng,
det
ail
i
ngandpr
epar
ati
onofdr
awi
ngs

St
ruct
uralPl
anni
ng
Whenoncewearethr
oughourar
chi
tect
uralpl
anofourresi
denti
albui
l
ding,
thenwe
come acr
ossourstr
uctur
alpl
anni
ng.Struct
uralpl
anning i
nvol
vessome ofthe
fol
l
owi
ngpoint
s:-
1)Or
ient
ati
onoft
hecol
umnsandt
hei
rposi
ti
oni
ng
2)Posi
ti
oni
ngoft
hebeams
3)Tr
aver
singoft
hesl
abs
4)Geomet
ri
cal
desi
gnofst
air
s 13
5)Sel
ect
ionoff
oundat
ion
Iti
sverynecessaryt
oknow t
hatt
heloadsar
etr
ansf
err
edt
othef
oot
ingandt
hat
t
ooint
heshortestpat
hfr
om t
hecompactmember
s.

POSI
TIONOFTHECOLUMNS
1) Col umnsshouldbeposi t
ionedmainl
yatorneart hecor ner
swherether
ei s
i
ntersecti
onofbeams andwallsi
naresi
denti
albui
l
ding.Sinceweknowthatthe
functi
onofthecolumnistoprovi
desuppor
ttothebeamswhi chismainl
yputunder
thewallstobeart
heload.
2) Sel ect
ionoftheposi
ti
onofthecolumnsi
nsuchawayasi twil
lbereducingthe
bendi
ngmomenti nbeams.Thetwocolumnsshoul
dnotbeplacedtoonearandi fi
t
i
ssot henpr ov
ideonecol
umninsteadoftwoataperf
ectposi
ti
onsothatitreduces
thebendingmoment .
3) Donott akelargerlengthoft hebeams.Whent hecentr
et ocent
redistance
betweenthei nt
ersecti
onofwal lsi sl
argeorwhent herear
enocr osswalls,the
spaci
ngbet weent wocol umnsi sgovernedbyli
mitati
onsofspansofsuppor ted
beamsbecausespaci ngofcol umnsdecidesthespanofbeam.Ast hespanoft he
beam incr
eases,therequireddepthofthebeam,andhenceitssel
fweight
,andt he
tot
alloadonbeam increases.

Weknow t
hatthemomenti nt
hebeam mainl
yvarieswit
hthesquar
eofthespan
l
engthandi
sdirectl
ypropor
ti
onalwit
hthel
oad.Henceifweincr
easet
hespani
twil
l
consi
der
abl
yincreaset
hesizeofthebeam.
Andi fweseeincaseofcol umnsther
eisnegl i
gibl
echangeinthecol
umni fwe
i
ncreasethetot
alloadaslongasthecolumnisshor t
.Fr
om herewecamet oknow
thatthecostofthebeam perunitl
engthincr
easesv er
ymuchi fweincr
easethe
spanascompar edtothebeams.Theref
orethelar
gerspanofthebeamsshouldbe
avoidedtomini
mizethecost
.
4) Ther eshould bemini
mum centerto cent
erdist
ancebetweenthecolumns
becauselargerspaci
ngofcolumnsnotonlyincr
easestheloadonthecol
umnat
eachf l
oorposingprobl
em ofst
ockycol
umnsi nlowerstor
eysofamult
istorey
ed
buil
ding.
5) Sincecol umnf ootingrequi
rescert
ainar
eabey ondthecolumn,di
ff
icul
ti
esare
encounter
edi nprov i
dingfooti
ngforsuchcol
umns.I nsuchcases,t
hecolumnmay
beshift
edi nsidealongacr osswalltomaker oom foraccommodati
ngthefoot
ing
wit
hinthepr opert
yline.

POSI
TIONOFBEAMS
1) Beamsshoul dbeplacedunderthewal
l
1sorunderaheav
4 yconcentr
atedl
oadso
thattheloadshouldnotactdir
ectl
yontheslabs.Si
ncebeamsareplacedundert
he
slabsmai nl
ytosupportthem,themaximum spanlengt
hofslabsshal
lcomputeit
s
spacing.
2)Tocar
ryagi
venl
oadsl
abwant
sthemaxi
mum v
olumeofconcr
ete.Ther
efor
e,t
het
hickness

15
should be mini
mum in the sl
abs. The maximum pract
ical t
hickness f
or
resi
dent
ial
/of
fi
ce/
publ
i
cbui
ldingsi
s200mm whi
lethemini
mum is100mm.

3) Themaximum andmi ni
mum spansofsl abs,whichdeci
dethespacingofbeams,
aregovernedbyloadi
ngandl i
mit
ingthicknessgivenabove.Howev er,i
ncaseof
bui
ldi
ngs,wheret he li
vel oad isless t han 5kN/m2,the maximum spaci ng
corr
espondstot
hev al
ueofmaxi mum spanofslabsgiveninthet
ablebelow.

Table3:Spanofsl
absaccor
dingt
ospaci
ngpr
ovi
ded
Suppor
tcondi
ti
on Cant
il
ever
s Si
mpl
ysuppor
ted Fi
xed/
cont
inuous
One-wayTwo-
way One-
wayTwo-way One-
wayTwo-way One-
wayTwo-
way
Maximum 1.
5m 2.0m 3.
5m 4.5m 4.
5m 6.
0m
Recommended
span
ofsl
abs

4) Av oidlargerspacinginbet weenbeamst of ul
fi
llt
hedef lect
ionandcr acki
ng
cri
teri
a.Ther eshouldbenol ar
gerspaninthebeamst ocontr olthedef l
ecti
onand
cracking.Thatiswhyi tiswellknownthatdefl
ecti
onv ar
iesdirectlywiththecubeof
spanandi nversel
ywitht hecubeofdepthi. L3/
e.
, D3.Consequent ly,i
ncreaseinDis
l
esst hanincreaseinspanLt hatresul
tsi
ngreaterdefl
ect
ionforlargerspan.

5) Howev er,f
orlargespan,nor
mall
yhi gherL/
Drati
oistakentorestr
ictt
hedepth
fr
om consi
derati
onsofheadroom,aestheti
csandpsychol
ogicalef
fect
.Theref
ore,i
n
beamswher eiti
sr equi
redspandepthtobegr eat
erthanonemet ershoul
dnotbe
used.

SPANNI
NGOFSLABS
Thisiscalculatedbysuppor ti
ngarrangements.Ift hesuppor tsareonopposi te
edgesorpoi nt
ingintheonedi recti
on,t
heslabbehav esasaonewaysuppor t
edslab.
Ifrect
angularslabissuppor t
edal ongitsfouredges,i tbehavesasaonewaysl ab
whenLy /Lx>2andv i
ceversaf ortwowaysl abifLy/Lx<2.Howev er,t
histwo-
wayslab
notonlydependsont heLy/ Lxr at
iobutalsoonther at
iooft hei
rrei
nforcementi
nt he
twodirecti
ons.Therefor
e,itist hedesi
gner’sdeci
sionwhet herhewant stodesi
gni t
asat wowayorone- wayslab.

1) Asl abissaidtobeone-wayslabifther
atioofLy/Lx>2andi nthi
scaseone- way
actioni sthemai nelement.I ft
hereisone-waysl abt henthemai nsteelwi l
lbe
prov i
dedi nthedi r
ect
ionoft heshortspanandt hel oadistransf
err
edi nt hetwo
opposi t
esuppor ts.Thesteel,whichisprovidedalongt helongerspan,isonl ya
distri
butionsteelandisnotdesignedf ortr
ansfer
ri
ngt heloadsbutisdesi gnedto
resisttemperaturestr
esses,shri
nkage,andsomewher et odi
stri
but
ethel oadinthe
structure.

2) Wher easin case oftwo waysl ab the r

ati
o ofLy /Lx<2 and isconsi
dered
economicalwhencompar edwi ththeonew a
1ysl
6 abbecausethest eelpr
ovi
dedalong
thespanbehaveslikemainst eelandtransf
erstheloadtoallthefoursuppor
ts.The
two-wayslabi
sv erybenefi
cialwhent akeninconsi
derati
oni ncaseoft wosl
aband
f
orl
i
vel
oadgr
eat
ert m2.I
han3KN/ fther
ear
e

17
shor
tspanandli
veloads,weneednottochangethesteelr
equir
ementf
ort
wo-
way
sl
abaswhencompar edwiththeone-wayslab.
3) Spanni
ngoftheslabalsodependsonthecont
inui
tyofthesl
ab.

4) Determinethetypeoftheslab.Whendeterminingthechoi ceoftheslabused
whetheracantil
everorsi
mplysuppor
tedorunif
ormlydistr
ibutedloadi
ngitshoul
dbe
keptinmindthatthemaximum bandingmomenti ncantil
everis(M =wL2/2)whi ch
i
sf ourti
mest hatofasimplysuppor
tedsl
abwi t
hitsmaxi mum bendingmomentof
(M=wL2/8),whil
eitisfi
vetosixti
mesinacontinuousslaboraf i
xedslabwitht
heir
bendingmomentt obe( M=wL2/10orwL2/12)simultaneouslyforthesamespan
l
ength.

5)Similarl
y,whenitcomest ot
hecaseofdefl
ect
ionofthecanti
lev
erl
oadedbyUDL
i
sgiv
enby :4
δ=wL/ 8EI=48/ 5*5wL4/38EI
( )
Whichisapproxi
mat el
ytenti
mesthatofsi
mplysupport
edslab=(5wL4/384EI
).

ACTI
ONOFFORCESANDCOMPUTI
ONOFLOADS
BASI
CSTRUCTURALACTI
ONS
Ther
earedi
ff
erentst
ruct
ural
act
ionst
hatanengi
neershoul
dkeepi
nmi
nd
andt
heyareasfol
l
ows:-
Axi
alf
orceact
ion:
-
I
toccurswhenwetakeacaseof1-
Dmember sli
kecolumns,
cables,
archesandany
memberoft russand i
smai nl
ycaused bythetensil
eand compressiv
ef or
ces
st
ressesonl
y.
Membr
aneact
ion:
-
Itoccurswhenweconsider2-
Dst
ruct
uresl
i
keshel
l
sandpl
ates.I
tincl
udesf
orces
i
nthelongi
tudi
nal
dir
ect
iononly
.
Bendi
ngact
ion:
-
Thefor
ces,whi
chareeitherpar
all
elortr
averset othemembr aneaxi
sandheldin
thepl
aneofbendingi
ncludestensil
eorcompr essiv
est r
esses.Mai
nlythebendi
ng
shoul
dbeaboutoneorboththeaxisandperpendicul
artothememberaxis.
Shearact
ion:
-
I
n-pl
anepar
all
elf
orcesmai
nlyi
ncl
udi
ngshearst
ressescauset
hisact
ion.
Twi
sti
ngact
ion:
-
Thetwist
ingact
ioniscausedbyoutplaneparal
l
elf
orcesi.
e.t
heforcesthatarenot
contai
nedintheintheplaneofaxisofthememberbuti naplaneperpendicul
arto
theaxisoft hememberpr oduci
ngtorsi
onalmomentandhencei nduci
ngshear
str
essesinthemember. 18
Combi
nedact
ion:
-
Whenoneormoreacti
onscombineandactt
heni
tisknownascombi
nedact
ion.
Thecompl
exst
resscondi
ti
oni
sproducedi
nthemember
.

ANALYSI
SOFASTRUCTURE
Theanal
ysi
sofast
ruct
urecanbedonei
ndi
ff
erentway
sandt
heyar
e-
1)El
ast
icanal
ysi
s
2)Li
mitanal
ysi
s
El
ast
icanal
ysi
sisnot
hingbutwor
kingst
ressmet
hodofdesi
gn.
Li
mi tanaly
sisi
sfurtherdividedi nt
oulti
mat el
oadmet hodofdesignandpl ast
ic
t
heor yappli
edassteelstructures,andislat
ermodi fi
edasLi mitStateMet hodfor
r
einforcedconcr
etestructur
es,whi chcontai
nsdesigningforult
imatel i
mitstateat
whicht heul
ti
matel
oadt heoryimpliesandintheser
vicestateel
asti
ct heory
.
MemberDesi
gn:-thememberdesi
gnconsistoft
hedesi
gni
ngofsl
ab,beam,
col
umn,andf
ooti
ngwhi
chwecandobyli
mitst
atemet
hod.

LOADSANDMATERI
AL
Pr
operti
esofmat er
ialandloadsarethebasicparamet
ersthataff
ectt
hedesignof
arei
nforcedconcret
estructur
e.Thecorr
ectloadi
ngofastructur
eisavit
alst
epand
ser
viceabl
edesignofstruct
ure.
Ty
pesofl
oads
Therear emanycl assif
icati
onsofl oadsandar ecl assi
fiedashor izont
alloads,
l
ongi
tudinalloadsandv erti
calloads.Thevert
icall
oadi sfurtherdivi
dedindeadload,
l
i
veload,i mpactload.Thehor izontall
oadisdividedi nwi ndloadandear t
hquake
l
oadsandl astl
ythelongit
udinall oadconsi
stofbrakingforces,whichareconsider
ed
i
nspecialcaseofdesignofbr idgesanddesignofgant rygirdersetc.
Deadl
oad:
-
Thisloadi
sper manentorstat
ionarywhi
chthestruct
urecar
ri
esthroughoutthei
rli
fe
span.Deadloadismai nl
yduetot hesel
f-
weightofthest
ruct
uralmember s,
weightof
dif
ferentmater
ials,
permanentparti
ti
onwall
sandf i
xedpermanentequipment.

19
Li
vel
oadsorI
mposedl
oads:
-
Movabl
eloadorLiveloadar
emainlywit
houtanyacceler
ati
onorimpact.Theyare
mainl
yassumedtobeduet ot
heint
endeduseoroccupancyofthebui
l
dingincl
uding
wei
ghtsoffur
nit
ureormovabl
epart
it
ionet
c.
I
mpactl
oads:
-
Thevibrations,accel
erati
onori mpactmainl
ycausest heimpactl
oads.Forexample,
aper sonwal ki
ngwi llonlypr oduceal i
vel oadbutsol di
ersmarchingorframes
supportinglif
tsandhoi stsproducei mpactloads.Thuswecansayt hatthei
mpact
l
oadi sequalt othei mposedi ncrementedbysomeper cent
agethatdependsonthe
i
ntensityofimpact .
Wi
ndl
oad:
-
Thewi ndl oadismai nl
ythehorizontall
oadt hatiscausedbyt hemov ementofai r
relati
vetot heearth.Thewi ndloadi stakenintoconsi derati
onwhent hehei ghtof
thebui l
dingwi l
lexceedt het
wot i
mesdi mensi onst r
av ersetotheexposedwi nd
sur f
ace.Ift hebuildingisonlyhav i
ng2t o3st oreyst hent hewindl oadisnot
criti
calbecauset hemomentofr esi
stancepr ovidedbyt hecont i
nuityoff l
oor
system tot hecolumnconnect ionandt hewal l
spr ovidedbet weenthecol umn
connect i
onandt hewal l
sprovidedbet weent hecol umnsar esuffi
cienttot ake
theef f
ectoft hesef orces.
Now t hechangesar ebeenmadei nlimitstatemet hodf orthedesignl oadandi s
reducedt o1. 2(
DL+LL+WL)whent hewi ndistakeni nconsi derat
ionandt oaf act
orof
1.5(DL+LL)whenwi ndisnottakeni nconsiderati
on.
Ear
thquakel
oad:
-
Theseloadsarehorizont
alloads,arecaused duet o eart
hquakes,and can be
computedbytheIS1893.I
nmassi v
er ei
nfor
cedconcretestr
ucturesthatar
elocated
i
nzone2andzone3whi charenot ,morethanthreest
oreyshighandi mportance
fact
orshoul
dbelessthanonethentheseismicf
orcesarenotcrit
ical
.

PROPERI
TIESOFCONCRETE
Compr
essi
vest
rengt
h:-
Same asload t
he st
rengt
h ofthe concr
eteisal so a quant
it
y,which changes
consi
der
abl
yforthesameconcretemix.Ther
efore,
compressivestr
engt
hisamai n
fact
ori
narr
ivi
ngatst
ati
sti
calpr
obabi
l
isti
cpri
nci
ples.
20
Gr
adeofconcr
ete:
-
TheConcr et
eismai nlyknownbyi tsgr
adeandwhi chisclassif
iedasM15,M20, M25,
M30et c.i
nwhi chtheM l et
terreferst
ot heconcret
emi xandt henumber15,20,25
def
inesthatthecompr essi
vestrengthofa150mm si zecubeatat i
melapseof28
days which is expressed i
n N/ mm2.Ther efor
e,the concr et
eis known by its
compressivestrength.Wet akeM20or M25f orareinforcedconcreteworkbutfor
ext
remeenv ir
onmenthi ghergradeofconcretecanbet aken.
Char
act
eri
sti
cst
rengt
h:-
I
tisdefi
nedasthatv al
ueofthestrengthbel
owwhi chnotmorethan5%ofthe
t
estresul
tsaresuspectedtofal
l,
(i
.e.
,therei
s95%pr obabi
l
ityofachi
evi
ngt
his
v
alue,oronl
y5%pr obabil
i
tyofnotachievi
ngthesame).

Char
act
eri
sti
cst
rengt
hofconcr
etei
nfl
exur
almember
:-

Itmaybenot edthatthestrengthofconcret
ecubedoesnottrul
yr epr
esentthe
strengthofconcr eteinflexuralmemberbecausef act
orsnamely ,t
heshape
effect,thepr ism eff
ect,stat
eofst ressi
namemberandcast i
ngandcur ing
conditionsf orconcr et
ei nt hemember .Taki
ng thisint
o consi
derationthe
charact er
ist
ic strength of concretei naf lexur
almember i st aken as
0.67tmes2.6t
i hestrengt
hofconcr et
ecube.

Desi
gnst
rengt
h(ƒ
d)andpar
ti
alsaf
etyf
act
or(
f)f
ormat
eri
alst
rengt
h:-

Thest
rengt
htobet
akenf
ort
hepur
poseofdesi
gni
sknownasdesi
gnst
rengt
h
andi
sgivenby

Desi
gnstr
ength(ƒ
d)=charact
erist
ic
st
rengt
h(ƒ
ck)Par
ti
alsaf
etyfactor(
f)

Theval
ueoffdependsupont
het
ypeofmat
eri
alandupont
het
ypeofl
i
mitst
ate.
Accor
dingt
oI.
S.code,
f=1.
5forconcr
eteandf=1.
15f
orst
eel
.

Desi
gnst
rengt
hofconcr
etei
nmember=0.
67ƒ
ck/1.
5=0.
446ƒ
ck≈0.
45ƒ
ck

Tensi
lest
rengt
h(ƒ)
cr:-

Theestimat
eoffl
exur
altensil
estrengthort
hemodulusofrupt
ureorthe
cracki
ngstr
engt
hofconcretefrom cubecompr
essi
vestrengt
hisobtai
nedf
rom
therel
ati
on:

ƒ
cr=0.
7√ƒ mm2
ckN/

Wecanobtainthet
ensi
lestr
engthofthecon
2cr
1 et
eindir
ectt
ensi
on
exper
iment
all
ybythespl
itcyl
inderst
rengt
handitvar
iesint
herangeof1/
8to
1/12oft
he150mm cube
compr
essi
vest
rengt
h.

Cr
eep:
-

I
tisdefi
nedasthepl
ast
icdef
ormati
onunderanysust
ainedl
oad.
Theult
imatecr
eepst
rai
niscal
cul
atedf
rom thecr
eepcoeffi
cient

ègi
venby
:è= cr
eepst
rai
n/el
ast
icst
r n=å
ai cc/åi
Creepst
rainåccdependsont
heti
meofthesustai
nedloadi
ng.Accor
dingtot
he
code,wetaketheulti
matecr
eepcoef
fi
cientt
obe1.6atatimeof28day sof
l
oading.

Shr
inkage:
-

Theprocessofchangeinv
olumedur
ingt
hedr
yingandhar
deni
ngofconcr
ete
i
ster
medasshr inkage.

Shrinkage depends mainl

yon the ti
me forwhich itisexposed .Therei s
developmentofcr acksi
fthest
rai
nisprevent
edasitproducestensil
estresses
i
nt heconcrete.Theshri
nkagei
scalcul
atedbyshr
inkagestrai
n,åcc=0.0003for
designpurposes.

Shor
t-
ter
m modul
usofel
ast
ici
ty(
Ec)

Theshor t
-t
erm modulusofel
asti
cit
yisobtai
nedbyt est
inga150mm concrete
specimenatat i
mel apseof28day sunderspeci
fiedrateofloadi
ngbecause
i
nelasti
cdeformat
ionsundert
hisloadi
ngarepract
ical
lyzero.

Accor
dingt
othecode,
shor
t-
ter
m modul
usofel
ast
ici
tyofconcr
etei
sgi
venby
:
mm2
ckN/
Ec=5000√ƒ

Long-
ter
m modul
usofel
ast
ici
ty(
Ece)
:-

Thecreepandshrinkagemainlyeff
ectthelong-ter
m el
asti
cit
yasitreducesi
twith
ti
me.Therefor
e,t
hel ong-
ter
m modulusofel ast
icit
yofconcret
etakesint
oaccount
theef
fectofcr
eepandshr i
nkageandisgiv
enby -
Ece= Ec/(
1+è)

Wher
e,
Ece=l
ongt
erm modul
usof
el
ast
ici
tyEc=shor
tter
m modul
u2
s2

ofel
ast
ici
ty
 è=cr
eepcoef
fi
cient
.

Thereshoul
dber educt
ioninEcewi t
htimetoincr
easet
hedefl
ecti
onandcracki
ng
wit
ht ime.Thati
swhyi tplay
sav er
yimport
antrolei
nserv
iceabi
li
tyandinthe
cal
culati
onofdef
lect
ionandcracki
ng.

I
tissai
dthati
nISmodul
arr
ati
oisdef
inedasEs/
Ec

Wher
eEs=modul
usofel
ast
ici
tyofst =2×105
eel
2
mm2.Ec=5000√ƒ
N/ ckN/
mm .

Tabl
e4:Modul
arRat
iof
ordi
ffer
entgradesofconcret
e
Modul
arr
ati
ofordi
ffer
entgr
adesofconcr
ete

Gradeof modul
arr
ati
o‘m’
concr
ete
Shor
tter
m l
ongt
erm

M20 8.
9 13.
3

M25 8.
0 11.
0

23
CHAPTER3:2-
DDESI
GNI
NGI
NAUTO-
CAD
I
ntr
oduct
ion
AutoCADismai nlyacomput erai
deddrafti
ngsoftwar
ewhi chisusedmai nl
ybythe
draft
ersengi
neerssurveyorstocreat
et hedesignofbuildings,bri
dgesetc.i
thas
manybenefit
slikeshor
tertimespaninpr epar
ati
onofdrawings,reducesmanpower
,
verymucheffi
cienti
ndraf
tingetc.
Ithasmanyadv ant
agesov ermanualmet hodsasifiti
sfasterasitt
akev eryl
ess
ti
me.Repeti
ti
onofwor kisnotthereasonecanstartf
rom whereonehadlef
t,asi
tis
stor
edinthecomput ermemor y.Thepreviousdr
awingscanbecombi nedtomake
thenewerdr
awings.Iti
ncreasestheaccur
acyofthework.
Oncethedr
awingisdrawnonascreen,i
tcanbeeasi
lydrawnonpaperwit
hapl
otter
andthi
swillr
esulti
nneat,cl
eanandaccurat
edrawingswit
hsharpandconsi
stent
l
ett
eri
ng.I
tisver
yeconomicalandaf
for
dablet
odraft
ingdesi
gnof
ficer
s.

24
Tabl
e5:Bui
ldi
ngspeci
fi
cat
ions(
acc.t
oNBC2015)

Desi
gnPl
ans
Fi
gur
e1:Ar
chi
tect
uralPl
an

25
26
Fi
gur
e2:Fr
ontv
iew

27
Fi
gur
e3:I
somet
ri
cVi
ew

28
Fi
gur
e4:Ri
ghtsi
dev
iew

29
Fi
gur
e5:Beams&Col
umnsl
ayoutpl
an

30
Fi
gur
e6:El
ect
ri
caldr
awi
ng

31
Fi
gur
e7:Wat
erpi
pel
ine

32
CHAPTER4:3DMODELLI
NGI
NREVI
T

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Itisamodel i
ngsoftwareusedbythedesigner
s,struct
uralengineers,archit
ectsand
contract
ors.Whenweuser evi
titdesignabuildi
ngandst ructur
ei n3Dandgi ves
explanat
ionofthemodel wit
h2Ddraft
ingelements.Reviti
smai nlyat ooltoplanand
trackvar
iousstagesinbui
ldi
ngconst
ructi
ontil
li
tsdemol it
ion.
Ther evi
twor kall
owsuserstooperat
ewholebuildi
ngsorassembli
esori ndi
vi
dual
3Dshapes.Anexper ienceusercanmakeanyr eali
sti
candaccurat
edesignbyt he
useofaut odeskr
evi
t.Itcancreat
eparametri
cmodel swi
thitsdimensionsand
propert
ies.
itcanmodifyagivencomponentsuchaschangingit
sheight
,wi dt
hand
numberi ncaseofanarray.

Render
edmodel
s
Fi
gur
e8:Fr
ontv
iew

33
34
Fi
gur
e9:Topv
iew

Fi
gur
e10:Ri
ghtsi
dev
iew

35
Fi
gur
e11:Di
ningr
oom r
ender

36
CHAPTER5:DESI
GNCALCULATI
ONS

Desi
gnofRect
angul
arSl
ab:

Desi
gnofar
ect
angul
arsl
abofsi
ze
13.
8mX13.
2m super
imposedl
oadf
ort
he
2
sl
abi
s3KN/
usi
ngM20andFe415

Sol
uti
on: Desi
gnconst
antf
or:
=0.
284, =0.
404and
=0.
414Lengt
hofpanel
(
L)=13.
8m Wi
dthofpanel
(
B)=13.
2m

Al
ongl
engt
h 1 =L=13.
8m and =B=13.
2 2m
Wi
dthofCol
umn
St
ri
p=0.
25B=0.
25X13.
2=3.
3m wi
thupper
l
i
mitof0.
25L=0.
25X13.
8=3.
45m Wi
dthof
mi
ddl
est
ri
p=13.
8-6.
9=6.
9m

Al
ongl
engt
h 1 =L=13.
2m and B=13.
2 8m
Wi
dthofCol
umn
St
ri
p=0.
25B=0.
25X13.
8=3.
45m wi
than
upperl
i
mitof0.
25L=0.
25X13.
2=3.
3m
wi
dthofmi
ddl
est
ri
p=13.
2-6.
6=6.
6m

Wepr
ovi
deddr
opsal
sot
hedr
opsshoul
dber
ect
angul
ari
npl
anhav
ingal
engt
hin
eachdi
rect
ionnotl
esst
hanonet
hir
dthepanel
lengt
hint
hatdi
rect
ion.
Thi
sisdi
rect
ioni
n
l
engt
hal
ongl
engt
h
L:
-
Mi
nlengt
hofdr
op= 1/
3=13.
2/3=4.
4m
(
howev
erkeepi
tequal
tot
het
otal
widt
hofcol
umnst
ri
p =6.
2 6m)

Al
ongwi
thB:
-
37
Mi
nlengt
hofdr
op= 1/
3=13.
8/3=4.
6m
(
howev
erkeepi
tequal
tot
het
otal
widt
hofcol
umnst
ri
p =6.
2 6m)
Lett
hecolumnhaveacol
umnloadofsideofsquar
ecol
umnonef
if
thof
av
eragespan. + 13.8+13.
2
l
= = =13.
5m
2 2

HenceD=13.5=2.
7m
2

Loadi
ng:
-

Thet
hicknessoff
latsl
abi
sgener
all
ycont
rol
l
edby
consi
der
ati
onofspanofef
fect
eddept
hrat
io: ≤2.
6

Assumi
ngbal
ancedsect
ionper
cent
ager
einf
orcedf
orM20concr
ete=0.
72%and
modi
fi
cat
ionf
act
orf
ormi
l
dst
eel
=1.
6

=26X1.
6

d=13.2=0.
317m
26 1.
6

Assumi
nganomi
nal
lov
erof15mmandusi
ng12mm di
amet
erbar
stot
alt
hickness
=317+15+12+6
=350mm

Thet
hicknessofdr
opsi
snor
mal
l
y25%mor
ethan
t
hicknessofsl
abWeassumedt
hicknessof400mm f
or
t
hecal
cul
ati
onofdeadl
oad.

Wei ab/ 3=400

ghtofSl 1 25000
=10000N=10KN/ 3

100

Super
imposedl
oad=3kN/
m^2

Snowl
oad:
S=
µ

β=
30
0

15≤β≤30 38

µ=0. 4β−15=0.
8+0. 430−15=1.
8+0. 2
2 15 15
S=µ 0

=1

39
Gr
oundsnowl
oad =

20 1psf
=
2
0.
96kPa=0.
96kN/
2
Tot
alW=13.
96kN/

Momental
ongshor
ter

span:

Fort
heshor
terspanl
engt
h =L=13.
1 2m and 2 B=13.
8m
t
hecol
umnheadi
sci
rcul
arofDi
amet
er2.
7m
72=2.
2. 39m
Sizeofequiv
alentsquar
e √4
support=2

= 1 -
2.39=10.
8m

=t
otal
desi
gnl
oadon X
2

=(
13.
8X13.
2)13960
=2082542.
88N
+
= =2814.
011kN.
m
8

Momental
ongLongerspan:

Fort
hel
ongerspanl
engt
h 1 =B=13.
8m and 2

=L=13.
2m Thecol
umnheadi
sci
rcul
arof

di
amet
er2.
7m.

2
Sizeofequiv
alentsquar
e √4 2.
7 =2.
39m.
2
support=

= 2 -2.
39=11.
4/m. 40

=t
otal
desi
gnl
oadon X
2
=(
13.
2X11.
4)13960
=2104543.
52N
+
= =2998.
752kN.
m
8

41
Thi
cknessofSl
abandDr
op

Wi
dthofcol
umnst
ri
ponl
ongerspanL=6.
6m

=√ 2
=√ =335mm
680746.
68

. 0.
914 6600

Pr
ovi
det
otal
thi
ckness=400mm wewi
l
lpr
ovi
de12mm di
amet
erbar
sandnomi
nal
cov
erof20mm.
Av
ail
abl
ed=400-
12-
20
=378mm f
orShor
terSpan
=368mm

Desi
gnofI
sol
atedRect
angul
arFoot
ingofUni
for
m Thi
ckness

ForR.
C.Col
umn

Basesi
ze=300mm X
500mm Load=650kN
Assumi
ngq0=120kN/
2
Desi
gnCont
rastM20
Fe415
=.
479

=2.
761

Si
zeoft
heFoot
ing

w=650kN
W=1.
1w=715kN
2
A=715/
120=5.
95
=2:
3

So,
B=1.
93m andL=2.
9m
Foot
ingsi
zewet
akewi
l
l3m
42
X2m
 Desi
gnofSect
ion:

BasedonBendi
ng

Moment
:Aboutsect
ion

X-
X

M= 0 ( − )
2
=144X106 −
8

1 =216 106 −

AboutSect
ionY-
Y

M= 0 ( − )
2
=96X106 −
8

2 =144 106 −

1
=√ =198 =200

D=260mm

Basedononewayshear

= 0 − −
2 2

=2X105(
1.2−0.
001 )

5 =3X105(
=1. 1.2−0.
001
)

150
= (1.
2−0.
001 )
=
P=0.
3%
2
=0.
384 /

D≥ 43
300mm
Per
missi
bleShearSt
ress=1X0.
384=0.
38

44
Equat
ingi
twi
th
d=337mm
=340mm

Rei
nfor
cementDesi
gn:
0.
5 4.
6 1
= [
1−√1− ]B
2 1
1

2
=1752m

No.OfBar
shav
ing12mm di
amet
er=
1752/
113=16Ef
fect
ivedept
h 2 =348mm

ofshor
tbar
s
2
2=1175
Noof12mm Di er=117.5=1.
amet 04
113

Mi
n3bar
sineachendbandwi
dth=( − )=0.
5m
2

Desi
gnf
orCol
umn:

Unsuppor
tedl
engt
h=3m (
rest
rai
nedf
rom onesi
de,
unr
est
rai
ned
f
rom ot
her
)Axi
alLoad=600kN
Usi
ngM20andFe415

Ef
fect
iveLengt
h=.
65X3000=

1950mm Assumi
ng1%st
eel
b=
2
≤0.
5D
=0.
4 +0.
67
1.
5X600X10^
3=0.
4X20( −0.
01 )+0.
67X415X0.
01
=112144.
2

bd=
2

2 45
d=
473.
59m
m D=
500mm
b=250mm
2
=250 473.
59=1121.
44

2
Ar
eaofeachbar=1121.
44/
8=140.
18

BarDi
amet
er=13.
35mm

So6Bar
sof12mm
di
amet
erAø=173.
04
2

Per
cent
ageSt =6
eel 113.
04 100
=0.
98%>0.
8%
250 275
1950
= =7.
8
250

=7.
8

=
9.
4

HenceCol
umni
sshor
tinbot
h
di
rect
ionI
nonedi
rect
ion
emi
n= + =26mm
500 30

e=.
06D=30mm >emi
n

Socol
umni
spr
efer
abl
etober
ect
angul
arwi
tha=300mm andb=500mm i
nthe
pr
esenceof6numberofbar
sofdi
amet
er12mm.

46
CHAPTER6:STRUCTURALANALYSI
SONSAP2000

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Indesi gni
ngoft hebridges,resi
denti
albuil
dingsSAP2000candot hemovingload
analysisthatnoneoft heot hersoft
war ecando.Thi sprogram candot or
queand
otherreactionevenincaseofcur v
edandi ncli
nedsystem.SAP2000i sver
ysimple
asi tcaneasi lyapplyl oadsand assignsuppor tsandr estr
aint
si ntheskewed
dir
ection.Itisv
eryef
ficienti
ncaseofbr acedorslopedbeams.
SAP2000anal ysismakesiteasyt oint
erpr
etthedirect
ionorforceswithoutmuch
ti
meconsumi ng.Theusertodef
inetheselect
edlistofsecti
onscancomput esteel
membersi zes.Itmini
mizestheerrorasanaly
zeonesect ionatat i
me.Thef or
ces
andmoment scanbesummedusi ngSAP2000’sforcesum opti
oninordertoobtai
n
usef
ulresult
sofshearforceandbendingmoment .

St
ruct
uralanal
ysi
sonSAP2000

Fi
gur
e12:(
a):Def
ormedshape

47
Fi
gur
e12b:Def
ormedshape(
Cont
our
s)

48
Fi
gur
e12c:Def
ormedshapeofFr
ontBeams

Fi
gur
e12d:Def
ormedshapeofCol
umnatFr
ontKi
tchen
49
Fi
gur
e12e:Def
ormedshapeofCol
umnandbeam atDi
ningRoom

Fi
gur
e12f
:Def
ormedshapeofCol
umnandBeam

50
Fi
gur
e12g:Def
ormedshapeofBeam andCol
umn

Fi
gur
e12h:Def
ormedshapeofBeam andCol
umn

51
Fi
gur
e13a:St
ressDi
agr
am

Fi
gur
e13b:St
ressDi
agr
am
52
Fi
gur
e13c:St
ressDi
agr
am

Fi
gur
e13d:St
ressDi
agr
am

53
Fi
gur
e13e:St
ressDi
agr
am

54
Fi
gur
e13f
:St
ressDi
agr
am

Fi
gur
e13g:St
ressDi
agr
am

55
Fi
gur
e14:Rel
ati
beVi
rt
ualWor
kdonebyLoads

56
CHAPTER7:COSTESTI
MATI
ONUSI
NGMS-
EXCEL

7.
1Int
roduct
ion

Itis a sof tware designed f

orcont ractorsto estimat e constructi
on costf ora
part
icularpr oj
ect.Anest i
matorwi lldocostest i
mat i
ont obidont hepr oj
ectwhichi s
amai npar tofget ti
ng atenderandwi l
lresultinget ti
ngt hecont r
actfort hat
part
icularconst ruct
ion.Somear chi t
ects,engi
neersandconst ructi
onmanager sal so
dot hecostest imationtocalculat ethepr of
itorlossesf ort hepr oject.Therear e
manyot herbenef i
tsalsowhichi ncludesspeed,accur acy,goingthr ought hereports
andov er al
lprocessst andar
dization.Thisestimationpr ogramsar ebecomi ngmor e
andmor epopul arinthesecomi ngy earsbecauseofi tsadv ancedf eaturesandt r
ade
specif
iccal cul
ations.
Fi
gur
e15(
a-f
):CostEst
imat
ioni
nExcel

57
58
59
60
 Concl
usi
on
Intheplotareaof222sq.m.weconst r
ucted1BHKbui ldi
nghavingpl
otareaof
119sq.m.Buil
dingplanni
ngisdonei nAutocad,3Ddesigniscr
eatedinRevi
t.The
cal
culati
onisdonemanual l
ywhi chisanalyzedinSap2000.Allt her
esul
tsare
sat
isfact
ory
.Thetotalcostofconstr
uct
ioni
sest i
matedt
obeRs.1712693.

61
 REFRENCES
Div
yakmath,K.VandanaReddy,Analysi
sanddesignofrei
nforcedconcr
etest
ructur
es
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ojectrepor
t,Gokaraj
Rangaraj
uInst
it
ueofEngineeri
ng
andTechnology,Hyder
bad,I
ndia,2012

Soi
landFoundat
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Stat
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eri
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fi
ceGai
nesv
il
le,
Flor
ida,
2004

IS875( Part1),Part1:DeadLoads- -UnitWeight

sofBui l
dingMat er
ial
s(Second
rev
isi
on),CodeofPracti
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herThanEarthquake)ForBui
ldi
ngs
andStruct
ures,
BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi
,2000

IS:875(Part2)
,Par
t2:imposedloads(
Secondrev
ision)
,CodeofPracti
ceforDesi
gn
Loads (OtherThan Eart
hquake)ForBuildi
ngs andStr
uct
ures,Bureau ofIndi
an
Standar
ds,NewDelhi,
1987.

I
S13920,Duct
il
edetail
i
ngofr ei
nfor
cedconcretest
ruct
uressubj
ect
edt
osei
smi
c
f
orces,
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eauofIndi
anStandar
ds,NewDel
hi,1987.

I
S:456(Four
thRev
ision),Pl
ainAndReinf
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ndi
anSt
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acti
ce,Bur
eauofIndianStandar
ds,
NewDel hi
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I
S800-
1984,
Codeofpr
act
icef
orgener
al

const
ruct
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nst
eel
.“Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etedesi
gn”by

unni
kri
shnapi
l
lai
&menon.“
R.C.
C.Desi
gn”byBC

Punmi
a,AKj
ain,
&AKJai
n.“
Str
engt
hofmat
eri
als&

Theor
yofst
ruct
ures”byBCPunmi
a.“
Theor
yof

st
ruct
ure”bySRamamut
ham.

“
sp-16”Desi
gnai
dsf
orr
einf
orcedconcr
ete.

Pr
ojectRepor
tonadesi
gnofr
esi
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l
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cpwd.
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62