Cea U1

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Architecture and Fine Arts
MODULE
FOR
CEA 222/ 221F – SURVEYING
UNIT
SURVEYING CONCEPTS
1
Compiled by:
ENGR. MA. VICTORIA V. UMALI
2nd SEMESTER, 2020 - 2021

“If you make your bed every morning, you will have
accomplished the first task of the day. It will give
you a small sense of pride, and it will encourage you
to do another task, and another, and another. ... If,
by chance, you have a miserable day, you will come
home to a bed that's made--that you made. And a
made bed gives you encouragement that tomorrow
will be better.”
by Admiral William McRaven

Unit Content:
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
Lesson I – Introduction
Lesson II – Definition of Surveying
Lesson III – Two General Classifications
Lesson IV – Types of Survey
Lesson V – Surveying Instruments
Lesson VI – Measurement
Lesson VII – SI, Significant Figures, Rounding Off Numbers
Lesson VIII – Field Notebook
Lesson IX – Field Survey Party
Lesson X – Errors and Mistakes
I. INTRODUCTION
• One of the oldest arts practiced by man is surveying.

• Surveys cover a wide range in scope and complexity from the
staking out of simple structures or the surveying of small parcels of
land to the extensive and difficult surveys required in the
construction
• In the training of a technical student the study of surveying is an
important part even though he may never actually use it later in
practice.
• The student will learn a great deal about the relative importance, of
measurements.
II. DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
The art and science of determining angular and linear

measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position
of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or
on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and
the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
III. TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS

a) Plane Surveying
- type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat
surface and where distances and areas involved are of limited
extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
b) Geodetic Surveying
- are surveys of wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth. These surveys employ principles of
geodesy, are of high precision, and the related calculations
involve the solving of equations derived from advanced
mathematics particularly spherical trigonometry, calculus, and
some applications of the theory of least squares.
IV. TYPES OF SURVEYS

1) Cadastral Surveys
- are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and
rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining
property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
2) City Surveys
- are survey of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of
planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines
fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features
and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
3) Construction Surveys
- the.se are surveys which are undertaken at a construction 'site to
provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions;
ground configuration, and the location and elevation of
structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and
builders.
4) Forestry Survey
- a type of survey executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the production and
conservation of forest lands.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
5) Hydrographic Surveys
- refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans,
and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map
shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water
surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
6) Industrial Surveys
- sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of
surveying techniques in ship building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in other industries where very
accurate dimensional layouts are required.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
7) Mine Surveys
- are surveys which are performed to determine the position of
all underground excavations and surface mine structures , to
fix surface boundaries of mining claims, ·determine geological
formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines
and grades for other related mining work.
8) Photogrammetric Surveys
- a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with
specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground
stations. Measurements are obtained from the photographs
which are used in conjunction with limited ground surveys.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
9) Route Surveys
- involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of
highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and
other linear projects.
10) Topographic Surveys
- are those surveys made for determining the shape of the
ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial
features upon it. The features shown include such natural
object as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the ground
surface, etc; and works of man, such as roads, buildings, ports,
towns, municipalities, and bridges.
V. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
1) Astrolabe
- The astrolabe of Hipparchus is considered to be one of the
best known of the measuring instruments that have come
down from ancient times. It was developed sometime in 140
B.C., and further improved by Ptolemy.
2) Telescope
- The invention of the telescope in 1607 is generally accredited
to Lippershey. In 1609, Galileo constructed a refracting
telescope for astronomical observations. However, it was only
when cross hairs for fixing the line of sight were introduced,
that the telescope was used in early surveying instruments.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
3) Transit
- The invention of the transit is credited to Young and Draper
who worked independently from each other sometime in 1830.
Both men were able to put together in one instrument the
essential parts of what has long been known as the universal
surveying instrument.
4) Semicircumferentor
- An early surveying instrument which was used to measure and
lay off angles, and establish lines of sight by employing peep
sights.
5) Plane Table
- One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field
mapping. It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a
way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.
6) Dioptra
- which was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in -
leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It
consists essentially of a copper tube supported on a standard
and could be rotated in either a horizontal or vertical plane.
7) Roman Groma
- instrument for aligning or sighting points.
8) Libella
- the Assyrians and Egyptians are believed to be the first users
of the libella. The instrument had an A-frame with plumb line
suspended from its apex and was used to determine the
horizontal.
9) Vernier
- short auxillary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of
instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest
or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely
without having to interpolate. It was invented in 1631 by a
Frenchman name Pierre Vernier.
10) Diopter
- was used for leveling, laying of right angles, and for
measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Since the telescope
was not yet invented during the time the diopter was used
peep sights wereemployed for sighting and in aligning the
device .
11) Compass
- it was first introduced for use in navigation. This consists of a
magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot at the center of
a graduated circle. The needle continues to point toward
magnetic north and gives a reading which is dependent upon
the position of the graduated circle.
12) Gunter's Chain
- was invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in 1620, was the
forerunner of instruments used for taping distances.
13) Chorobates
- This instrument was designed for leveling work. It consisted of
a horizontal straight-edge about 6 meters long with supporting
legs, and a groove.
VI. MEASUREMENT
A measurement is the process of determining the extent, size or
dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given
standard. In surveying, measurements are usually concentrated
on angles, elevations, times, lines, areas, and volumes.
1) Direct Measurements
- is a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard
measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of
that kind.
2) Indirect Measurements
- when it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument
directly to a quantity to be measured an indirect measurement
is made. In this type of measurement, the observed value is
determined by its relationship to some other known values.
VII. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT (SI)

Effective January 1, 1983 the English System was officially phased out
in the Philippines and only the modern metric system was allowed to be
used.
Units in SI:
a) Linear, Area and Volume Measurements
meter (m) for linear measure square meter (sq m or m2 ) for areas
cubic meter (cu m or m3 ) for volumes kilometer (km) hectare (ha)
liter, hectare, knot, day, hour, and minute
b) Angular Measurements
Degrees, minutes, and seconds radian (rad ) for plane angles
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1) One Significant Figure
100 400 9 8000 0.001 0.000005
2) Two Significant Figures
24 0.24 0.020 0.000065 0.0024 3.6
3) Three Significant Figures
305 12.3 3.65 10.1 0.000249 0.0120
4) Four Significant Figures
7654 32.25 0.8742 15.00 0.00006712 364.0
5) Five Significant Figures
12045 0.86740 100.00 46.609 40.000
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Rule 1: Zeroes between other significant figures are significant.
Rule 2: For values less than one, zeroes immediately to the right of the
decimal are not significant.
Rule 3: Zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are significant.

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

1. Digit is Less Than 5. When the digit to be dropped is less than 5,
the number is written without the digit. Thus, 24.244, rounded off to the
nearest hundredth, becomes 24.24.
2. Digit is Equal to 5. When the digit to be dropped is exactly 5, the
nearest number is used for the preceding digit. Thus 26.175, rounded off
to the nearest hundredth becomes 26.18. Also, 156.285 could be
156.28.
3. Digit is Greater Than 5. When the digit to be dropped is greater
than 51 the number is written with the preceding digit increased by one .
Thus, 226.276, rounded off to the nearest hundredth becomes 226.28.
Correspondingly, 226.28, rounded off to the nearest tenths would be
226.3.
VIII. THE FIELD NOTEBOOK

- Are used in preparing and submitting field notes.
Types of Notes:
1) Sketches - A good sketch will help to convey correct impression.
2) Tabulations - A series of numerical values observed in the field are
best shown in a tabulated format.
3) Explanatory Notes – provides a written description of what has been
done in the field.
4) Computations - Calculations or one kind or another form a large part
of the work of surveying.
5) Combination of the Above – The practice used in most extensive
surveys is a combination of the above.
INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOK
1) Title of the Field Work or Name of Project

2) Time of Day and Date
3) Weather Conditions
4) Names of Group Members and their Designations
5) List of Equipment
IX. THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY

1) Chief of Party
2) Assistant Chief Party
3) Instrumentman
4) Technician
5) Computer
6) Recorder
7) Head Tapeman
8) Rear Tapeman
9) Flagman
10) Rodman/ Pacer
11) Axeman, Aidman and Utility Man
ERRORS AND MISTAKES

1) Error
Is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured
value of a quantity. It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation from
the true value and is often beyond the control of one performing the
operation.
Types of Errors
a) Systematic Errors
This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and
magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged.
For changing field conditions there is a corresponding change in
magnitude of the error, however, the sign remains constant. This occurs
due to instrumental factors, natural causes, and human limitations of the
observer. This type of error will continue to persist and impose regular
effects in the performance of a survey operation.
X. ERRORS AND MISTAKES

b) Accidental Errors
Are caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor and are present
in all surveying measurements.
In comparison to systematic errors, accidental errors are usually of mlnor
importance in surveying operations since they are variable in sign and
are of a compensating nature.
Sources of Errors
a) Instrumental Errors
b) Natural Errors
c) Personal Errors
ERRORS AND MISTAKES

2) Mistakes
Mistakes are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because
some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with
carelessness, inattention, poor judgement, and improper execution.
Mistakes are also caused by a misunderstanding of the problem,
inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor. A large mistake is referred
to as a blunder. Mistakes and blunders are not classified as errors
because they usually are so large in magnitude when compared to
errors.
THEORY OF PROBABILITY
Probability is defined as the number of times something will probably
occur over the range of possible occurrences. It is very much involved in
games of chance, such as throwing dice, tossing a coin, or in various
games using cards. Things do happen randomly or by chance and these
are proven by principles of mathematics commonly referred to as
probability.
MOST PROBABLE VALUE

Refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more chances of
being corrected than has any other.
-See Sample Problems-

Thank You!

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BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

ENGR. MA. VICTORIA V. UMALI

2nd SEMESTER, 2020 - 2021

by Admiral William McRaven

• One of the oldest arts practiced by man is surveying.

II. DEFINITION OF SURVEYING

The art and science of determining angular and linear

III. TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS

IV. TYPES OF SURVEYS

VII. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT (SI)

Rule 1: Zeroes between other significant figures are significant.

Rule 3: Zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are significant.

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

VIII. THE FIELD NOTEBOOK

INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOK

1) Title of the Field Work or Name of Project

IX. THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

X. ERRORS AND MISTAKES

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

MOST PROBABLE VALUE

-See Sample Problems-

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