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“Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points
on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial
features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.” –
Clarke.
“Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of
determining area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the length and directions of
the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the
whole on paper.” – Webster.
“Surveying is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to
determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the
earth, or to establish such points.” –Breed, Hosmer, and Bone.
“Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points above,
on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points.” – Binker and
Wolf.
Surveys are divided into two general classifications, plane and geodetic.
1. Plane Surveying- is that type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a
flat surface, and where the distances and areas involved are of limited extent
that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
2. Geodetic Surveying- are surveys of wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth. These surveys employ principles of geodesy, are of
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high precision, and related calculations involve the solving spherical
trigonometry, calculus, and some applications of the theory of the least squares.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
1. Cadastral Surveys – are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban
and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines
and boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also made to fix the
boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial jurisdictions.
2. City Surveys – are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of
planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference
monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land,
and preparing maps.
7. Mine Surveys – are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all
underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries
of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated
volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
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9. Route Surveys – involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the
planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals,
transmission lines, and other linear projects.
10. Topographic Surveys – are those surveys made for determining the shape of the
ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
The features shown include such natural objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes,
relief of the ground surface, etc; and works of man, such as roads, buildings,
ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
2. Transit – The invention of transit is accredited to Young and Draper who worked
independently from each other sometime in 1830.
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introduced for use in navigation. The compass consists of a magnetized steel needle
mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle. The needle continues to
point toward magnetic north and gives a reading which is dependent upon the
position of the graduated circle.
SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS
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ERRORS. An error is defined as the difference between the true value and a
measured value of a quantity. It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation
from the true value and is often beyond the control of the one performing the
operation.
TYPES OF ERRORS-
1. Systematic Errors
This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude
as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged. For changing
field conditions there is a corresponding change in magnitude of error,
however, the sign remains constant. A systematic error will repeat itself in
other measurements, still maintaining the same sign, and thus will
accumulate. It is for this reason that this type of error is also called a
cumulative error.
2. Accidental Errors
These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors
are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative, and may
tend in part to compensate or average out according to laws of probability.
There is no absolute way of determining or eliminating them since the error for
an observation of a quantity is not likely to be the same as for a second
observation.
PRECISION. Precision refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which
any physical measurement is made. It is portrayed by the closeness to one another
of a set of repeated measurements of a quantity. Thus, if a set of observations is
closely clustered together, the observation is said to have been obtained with high
precision. Since precision relates to the expertness of manipulation on the part of the
observer or to the capabilities of the instrument used, it requires the use of precise
instruments under ideal conditions employing the best techniques.
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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.