GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS AND STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: A

META-ANALYSIS
Abstract In research from Dexter and Hughes (2011),

Method - 5 5 standardized mean effect sizes were extracted from 1

6 articles involving 80 8 participants. Students a t levels
ranging from grade 4 t o grade 1 2 used graphic
organizers t o learn in core-content classes (Dexter &
Hughes, 2011).
- Study coding, individualized effect size calculation

Results - In research from Dexter and Hughes (2011), Across

several conditions, settings, and features, the use of
graphic organizers was associated with increases in
vocabulary knowledge , comprehension , and inferential
knowledge .

Summary - Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that GOs

improve the factual comprehension of upper elementary,
intermediate, and secondary students with LD. Unlike
these previous reviews, this analysis also indicates that
GOs may improve vocabulary and inference/relational
comprehension for students with LD (Dexter & Hughes,
2011).

Dexter, D. D., & Hughes, C. A. (2011). Graphic Organizers and Students with Learning

Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis. Learning Disability Quarterly, 34(1), 51–72.

https://doi.org/10.1177/073194871103400104