SURFACE INTEGRALS

when we
integrate a
function or a vector field
over a surface ,
we have a
surface integral .

there are 2
types of surface integrals :

( first
type ) f) fcx, y, ↳
Is ( integrating a
function f) .

§)
'

( second
type ) F ( x, ) DS ( integrating vector field F )
.
z a
y, .

Example we encounter a
first type -

surface integral
when we want to evaluate the mass
of
a thin surface given the
density pcx, y ,z )

at each point M Cx,

y,
z ) on the
surface .
Example A second
type
-

surface integral occurs when we

want to evaluate the amount

of fluid crossing
a
surface given the
velocity vector Coc
, y,
z )

of the fluid .

Formulas for surface integrals

We
mostly focus on the case when the
surface s is

the
graph of a function gcsqy ) , for Coc
,
y
) E D .

We then have :

§) the ,y ,
z )
ds.ES#fCx,y,gcx,ys)gItgyt1dA .

L u
-

Type 1 surface integral

 Type 2 surface integral
r
- n

§
'

§ Is It Q DA
F P t R
g,
gy
.
= - -

Here t S is oriented
we use
if upward ,

we use
-

if S is oriented downward .

'

Here F = ( P
,
Q ,
R ) .

Some remarks

In the above formulas ,

the
right hand sides are

double integrals .

Why do we need to mention about the orientation

on a
surface for type 2 -

surface integrals ?

Answer when evaluate 1

you
a
type surface
-

integral ,
you
don't need to
pay
attention

orientation the because

to the
of surface
it doesn't (
matter think
of evaluating the

mass
of a
surface ) .

However
,
when
you integrate a vector field
>
F over a
surface S need to consider
, you
' >
the dot product F .
n here in is the
,

unit normal sector to the surface .

 On the other hand ,
at each
point on a

surface ,
we
always have 2 unit normal

vectors .

Z
Therefore ,
we need

to declare which

normal vector we

> Y
want to use in our

computation ,
otherwise

we would get confused

because there are
always
2
x
of them .

is oriented
We
say
that a
surface upward if
normal
we choose unit vectors
always
pointing upward .

All normal

vectors are

in
> Y pointing the

same direction
>
as Oz .

7C
 We that is oriented downward
say
a
surface if
normal
we choose unit vectors
always
pointing downward .

All normal

Thy u
vectors are

> y pointing in the

direction
opposite
to Oz .

7C

Example Evaluate
f) zds
,
where S is the
surface
S

z = ad +
'
-11 for Loc ) in the disk sit 's 4
y y y
.

,
,

Answer This is a
type 1 -

surface integral .

Gf 2y5
'

tatty
Sggzds
= 1- (2x ) t ( t 1 d. A

softy's 4

!§ ( Itr ) and -11 r dr dot

= 120.64
Example Find the
flux of the vector field

>
i
' >

F Csc,
y, z ) = ( sctz ) t (x -

y
) j t
Cxty ) K

across the paraboloid 2 = 2202 -1yd , for Coe

, y)
in
'
the disk at t E 4 Assume that the
surface is
y .

oriented
upward .

Answer Remark Flux the amount fluid flows

: =
of
across a
surface .

We have :

>

) i
' >
F Csc,
y, )
z =
( sctz t (x ) j t cut ) K
y y
-

- - -

P Q R

need
we to evaluate the
type 2 -

surface integral :

'

§ F .
DS .

We have that :

#yzjlgktc2.it
'

§)
))
'
DS 4k DA
F Cx
y) 2g
t
cxty )
-

y
. = -

# get
' '
= -
82C 4 x. 2x 4×2+2 y ' d A
y
- - -

y y
,
⇐
y
 ? =
)) -
God t2y2 DA

xtty
'
a- 4

§ §
"
- -

=
-

4 Creosol ) +2 ( r
sing ) n
drdol

=
-

8 it

Remarks

Instead
of using
the notation SS E .
d. S j some authors

write

)
§ dydz dxdz
P t Q t R
dscdy .

consider is
We
mostly the case when S the
graph of
a
function gcx , y) . However
, if S is
given as the

graph of gcse ,
z )
,
that is :

S : Cx z) for Gc ) E D
y =
g , , ,
z

then we have the

following similar formulas :

§) floc ,y ,
z ) DS E

§ flex ,gGc , 23,2 ) g! t

g } -11 DA .
 §
'

§
F Is It P t Q Rg DA
g,
-
.
= -

>
is used when S is oriented in direction
Here :
Oy .

>
is used when S is oriented in direction
Oy .
 DIVERGENCE THEOREM

The theorem considered

divergence can be as a version
of
Green 's theorem in 3 dimensions . Recall that Green 's theorem

provides a connection between a line integral on the

boundary and a double integral over the interior domain .

provides connection
The
divergence theorem a between a

2)
surface integral ( type on the
boundary and a

triple integral over the interior domain .

Statement

solid
Let s be the
boundary surface of a E .
Then

'

§
F .
ds
Sff Pet Qy
+
Rz DV .

'
Here F = ( P
,
Q
,
R ) .

is used S is oriented outward

if .

is used S is oriented inward

if .

Outward orientation Inward orientation

Example Evaluate the flux of
E ( x xz
'
)
y
-

, ,

across the
sphere set +
yl t 22 = 9 .
Assume

that we choose the outward orientation for

the
surface .

Answer
Using the
divergence theorem
,
we
get that

Sf )
'

§
F .
ds I t -
It 2×2 DV

K' tytz 's g

-
Flux

§ §
"

2 ( pcoslosiwo ) ( p cost ) p' sino dp do d. 4