Probability and Statistics

What is statistics?

The subject statistics deals with percentage, charts, graph, average, and table some of them
things consisting of rule, methods, and techniques of collecting and presenting large amount of
numerical information. While on the other hand it takes as subject of making in inferences about the
population on the basis of sample information.

In some place that include procedure and technique use to collect, process and analyze
numerical data to make inferences and reach some decisions.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with data collection, organization, analysis,

interpretation and presentation

Statistics is a single quantity that has been calculated is called statistics.

The use of statistics:

Statistics are the sets of mathematical equations that we used to analyze the things. It keeps
us informed about, what is happening in the world around us.

Uses
1. In education statistics are used to describe the result and standard of education. 2. In
experimental science, the experiment generate data which is collecting and analyze. 3. In
government many type of statistical data are collected all the time which is after that
use in various planning and also inform the general public. 4. Statistics helps in
providing a better understanding and exact description of a
phenomenon of nature. 5. Statistics helps in the proper and efficient planning of a statistical
inquiry in any field of
study. 6. Statistics helps in collecting appropriate quantitative
data .

Mis uses
1. Statistical technique many type misuses for example sale products that do not work. 2.
To prove some things that do not really true. 3. There are two saying about statistics:
i) Statistics prove anything ii) There are three type of lies lies,
demand lies, and statistics.
There are two types of statistics

Composed By Muhammad Abdullah

Descriptive statistics:

In which deals with concept and methods concert with summarization and description of the
important aspects of numerical data.

This area of study consists of the condensation of the data. This graphical display and
computations of a few numerical quantities that provide information about the data.
Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics is the discipline of quantitatively
describing the main features of a collection of information, or the quantitative description itself
Inferential statistics:

Deals with procedure for making inferences about the characteristics that describes the
large group of data or the while called the population, from the knowledge drive from only or part
of data know as sample.

This area includes that estimation of population, parameter and testing of statistical
hypotheses. Inferential statistics definition
inferential statistics. Mathematical methods that employ probability theory for deducing
(inferring) the properties of a population from the analysis of the properties of a data sample
drawn from it.

Population and samples

Population:

A population or a statistical population is a collection or set of all possible observation

whatever it is finite and infinite, realest to some characteristics of the interests. Population
definition statistics
A statistical population is any group of individuals who are the subject of a study, meaning that almost
anything can make up a population so long as the individuals can be grouped together by a common
feature, or sometimes two common
features.
Sample: A sample is a part or a subset of a population, generally, it consist of some 0f the
observation but in sudden situate, it may be include population of the data. In statistics and
quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from a
statistical population by a defined procedure. The elements of a sample are known as sample points,
sampling units or observations

Composed By Muhammad Abdullah

Tabulation:

By tabulation mean a systematic presentation data classified under suitable heads and sub
heads and place in row and column.

This sort of (logical arrangement) makes the provides and effective way to convey
information to a readed this is called a tabulation.

In statistics, a contingency table (also known as a cross tabulation or crosstab) is a

type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution
of the variables. They are heavily used in survey research, business intelligence,
engineering and scientific research

Graphical Representation:

The purpose to achieve the presentation of statistical data in a visual form, this visual is
display of statistical data in form of point, line, area and other geometrical forms and symbols in the
most general terms knowns as graphical representation.

Meaning of Graphic Representation of Data: Graphic representation is

another way of analysing numerical data. A graph is a sort of chart through
which statistical data are represented in the form of lines or curves drawn
across the coordinated points plotted on its surface.

Graphs enable us in studying the cause and effect relationship between two
variables. Graphs help to measure the extent of change in one variable when
another variable changes by a certain amount

Diagrams: Diagrammatic representation is the best suited to series and data split(divde) into
different catagories.
 Diagrammatic representation has several advantages over tabular representation of
fihures.

Statistical data:

There are different types of diagram and chart commonly used to displaying statistical
data.

Composed By Muhammad Abdullah

Linear or one-dimensional diagram:

They consist of simply parts. Multiple part and component bar charts.

Represent of figure
Linear or one dimension:

They consist of single parts, multiple parts and component

Two-dimension diagram:

They consist of triangle subdivided triangle and squares, the areas of which are
proportional to the value of given quantity. This is used for large variational data.

Cubic or 3-dimensional diagram:

There are in the form of cube and cylinder, whose volume are proportional to the value
represented. These diagrams are used when the variation a many the value is so large that even the
square root of the value cannot fail to reduce the variation of data.

Pie diagram:

They are form of circle end sectors, have the area of circle and sector are in proportion to the
value. They represent or compare.

Pictograph:

They consist to picture and small symbol figure represent the statistical data. A
pictograph is an effective way of visual comparison.

Definition Of Pictograph. Pictograph is a way of representing statistical data using

symbolic figures to match the frequencies of different kinds of data. The pictograph
shows the number of varieties of apples stored at a supermarket
 Measure of Central Tendency
Somewhere in the center and representing the entire data set is a value and which the data have
tendency to concentrate. This tendency of observation in form of cluster in the central part, of the
data set is called a central tendency.

A measure a central tendency indicates the location of general position of the distribution of
the data set in the range of observation which is known as measure of location.

Athematic Mean

Composed By Muhammad Abdullah

Mean= sum of all observation

Total no.of observation

Or simply the mean is defined as a value obtain. Some of all observation by their number.
Arithmetic mean In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean, or simply the mean or
average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of
numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results of an experiment, or a set of results
from a survey.

Population:

It the given represent a population the mean is called population mean. Which is denoted by
(μ)
Composed By Muhammad Abdullah