Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

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LABORATORY MANUAL
DNT 242
MACHINE MECHANISM ELEMENT

LAB 2

Belt Friction

GROUP :
NAME :
MATRIC NO :
DATE :

LECTURER : MR. ROEJHAN BIN MD KAWI

TECHING ENGINEER : MR. MOHD ASRUL BIN MD SAAD
: MR. MOHD KHAIRUL FAIZI ABD. RAHMAN
TECHNICIAN : MR. MOHD NIZAM BIN HASHIM

Received by :
Date :
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Experiment: Belt Friction

Objective :
To determine the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.

Apparatus:
1 Belt friction apparatus.
2 Set of weights

Holes to anchor stud

Stud

Pulley

Belt under test

Load to generate torque

Load that causes tension

at one end of the belt
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

 The apparatus consists of a pulley with groove to anchor v and flat belt.
 One groove is provided for applying torque to the system.
 Two types of belts are provided, one Vee and the other a flat belt.
 Each belt has a hook at one end and a stud at the other end.
 The stud end is anchored to the holes provided on the mounting plate.
 The anchoring holes are provided at 15 degrees interval.
 By anchoring the stud at different mounting holes different lap lengths are
obtained.
 The tension at one end of the belt is obtained by hanging dead weights at the
hook end.
 The tension at the stud end is obtained by considering the torque that causes
the pulley to rotate.

Theory:
Belts are used to turn pulleys and drums and have many applications. The
frictional force develop between the belt and pulley or drum results in a change in
the belt tension as the belt passes over the pulley or drum.

R
F
P M dθ/2
T
N
B
dθ
θ
T + dT
A C

Slack Side

T2
Tight Side

T1

Let, T1 = Tension on the tight side

T2 = Tension on the slack side
θ = The angle of contact ,ie the angle subtended by the arc AB at the
centre of the driven pulley
μ = The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

The ratio of the two tensions may be found by considering an elemental piece of
the belt MN subtending an angle dθ at the centre of the pulley
The various forces that keep the elemental piece in equilibrium are:
(a) Tension T in the belt at M acting tangentially
(b) Tension T + dT in the belt at N acting tangentially
(c) Normal reaction R acting radially outward at P, where P is the mid point of
MN
(d) Friction force F = μR acting at right angle to R and in the opposite
direction to the motion of the pulley

The angle PCM = FMT = dθ/2

Resolving forces acting on the elemental strip MN in the R direction gives,

R = T sin (dθ/2) + (T + dT) sin (dθ/2)

Since angle dθ is very small, then sin (dθ/2) = dθ/2 and the above equation
becomes;

R = (T * dθ/2) + (T + dT) * dθ/2

= T * dθ/2 + T * dθ/2 + dt * dθ/2

Since dt * dθ/2 is small, it can be neglected.

Therefore R = T dθ ………………………….. (1)

Resolving forces in the direction perpendicular to R gives,

F = (T + dT) cos (dθ/2) – T cos (dθ/2)

Since angle dθ is very small, then cos (dθ/2) = 1 and the above equation
becomes;

F = (T + dT) – T = dT
But F = μR

μR = dT
R = dT / μ ……………………………(2)

Equating (1) and (2) gives

T dθ = dT / μ

dt = μ dθ…………………….……(3)
T
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Intergrating Equation (3) gives

loge (T1 / T2) = μθ
or (T1 / T2) = eμθ …………………..(4)

The torque exerted on the driving pulley = (T1 – T2) * r1………………….(5)

For the this experiment T1 is the equal to the load applied at the hook end
T2 is obtained from equation (5)

By plotting the graph of loge (T1 / T2) versus θ the coefficient μ can be found.

Procedure:
1 Decide on the angle θ and record the angle
2 Screw the stud to the mounting hole corresponding to this angle.
3 Hang a load hanger at the hook end of the belt
4 Wound a cord round the pulley to apply torque to the system
5 Hang a load hanger at the free end of the cord
6 Apply tension to the belt by applying load on the hanger.
7 Place small weights on the torque hanger and observed the pulley. If the
pulley does not move, remove the load from the hanger. Increase the load
and place the it again on the hanger. Repeat until the load on the hanger is
able to rotate the pulley.
8 To get a more accurate result, adjust the last load on the hanger that causes
the pulley to rotate (decrease the load) and record the smallest load that
causes the rotation. This is the load that provide the torque just sufficient to
overcome friction of the belt.
9 Record the tension in the belt and the weight on the torque hanger.
10 Increase the tension in the belt and repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more load
increment.
11 Choose another angle θ and repeat the experiment.
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Results:
1. Flat belt

Radius of the pulley = ____________mm

Record your observations in Table 1 below

Table 1: θ = degree
Angle of Contact, Load on Belt Load on Torque
θ T1 Hanger, W T
degree N N
5
10
60° 15
20
25
5
10
75° 15
20
25
5
10
90° 15
20
25
5
10
105° 15
20
25
5
10
120° 15
20
25

For each angle of contact plot the graph of T1 versus W T

Obtain the slope of each graph to the average belt tension T 1 and T2 for
each case
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Torque = W T * r …… …..(1)
Where
WT = load on the torque hanger
r = radius of the pulley.
Torque = (T1 – T2) * r …………..(2)
Therefore, W T * r = (T1 – T2) * r

Or T2 = (T1 – WT)

From the plot of T1 versus W T, the slope of the graph represent T1 per unit W T
Therefore, slope = (T1 / 1.0)
Or average tension in the belt, T1 = slope of graph and W T = 1.0
Hence average tension in the belt, T2 = slope of graph – 1.0

Obtain the average values of T1 and T2 and fill the values in Table 2

Table 2
Average T1 Average T2 Loge (T1 / T2) Angle of Contact,
N N θ, degree
60°
75°
90°
105°
120°

Plot the graph of Loge (T1 / T2) versus Angle of Contact, θ

From the graph obtain the coefficient of friction for the belt
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

2. Vee belt

Radius of the pulley = __________mm

Record your observations in Table 3 below

Table 3: θ = degree
Angle of Contact, Load on Belt Load on Torque
θ T1 Hanger, W T
degree N N
5
10
60° 15
20
25
5
10
75° 15
20
25
5
10
90° 15
20
25
5
10
105° 15
20
25
5
10
120° 15
20
25

For each angle of contact plot the graph of T1 versus W T

Obtain the slope of each graph to the average belt tension T 1 and T2 for
each case
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Obtain the average values of T1 and T2 and fill the values in Table 3

Table 3
Average T1 Average T2 Loge (T1 / T2) Angle of Contact,
N N θ, degree

Plot the graph of Loge (T1 / T2) versus Angle of Contact, θ

From the graph obtain the coefficient of friction for the belt.

Discussion:
Laboratory Manual DNT242 – Machine Mechanism Element

Conclusion: