,Unit 49

Lesson one

Vocabulary

Bloom Flor Remote control Control Remoto

Clean-up Limpieza Frustrated Frustrado
Desire Deseo Garbage Basura
Education Educación Kill Matar a, asesinar
Environment Medio Ambiente Obsess Obsesionar a
Environmental Ambiental Participate Participar
Participating Participativo Toxic Tóxico
Plastic Plastico Trash Basura
Pollution Polución- Volunteer Voluntario
Contaminación
Provide Proveed

Grammar

Present perfect

We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that began in the past and continue to the
presento r actions that happened only a momento ago and still affect the present.

To créate the present perfect, use have / has + past participle. Most verbs are regular, so add -ed
to the verb to créate the past participle

Regular Past - participle

Be Ser - estar Been Ha sido
Buy Bought He comprado
Come Come
Do Done Hecho
Go Gone Se ha ido
Leave Left
Make Made
See Seen visto
Speak Spoken Hablado
Write Written escrito

We can use just tos ay that something happened a momento ago. In American English, just can be
used with the simple past, too.

- He’s just gone out

- He just called
- The children have just come back
We can use already with the present perfect to show that something happened earlier tan
expected

- He has already arrived

- The match has already started
- Have you finished the report already?
 Yes, I have / No, I haven’t

We can also use the present perfect to talk about how many times an action happened up to the
present time.

- I’ve been late three times this week

- She’s seen them five times
- I’ve written ten emails since lunch
- How many times have you called him?
- I’ve called him five times with no reply.

Whose

We use whose to find out to whom ítems or things belong

- Whose shirt is this?  It’s mine

- Whose car is parked outside?  my car is parked ouside
- Whose classes are the best?  Mary’s classes are the best

Negative questions

We can use negative questions to ask for a confirmation of what we believe to be true or to check
information. To ask a negative question, begin with a negative auxiliary verb.

- Haven’t you cleaned it yet?

- Isn’t the movie great?
- Didn’t you see her yesterday?
- Won’t you be sad about leaving?

The answer to a negative question depends on the verb, which could be yes or no.

- Didn’t you write to her? Yes, I did

- Didn’t you tell her? No, I didn’t
- Isn’t she meeting him? Yes, she is / No, she isn’t
Lesson two

Vocabulary

Blank En blanco Qualification Certificaciónm

Bloom Flor Reasonable Razonable
Brew Elaborar Experience Experiencia
Bush Arbusto Gather Recolectar
Butterfly Mariposa Generation Generación
Capable Hábil, capaz Help desk Servicio de asistencia
Cartridge Cartucho Helpless Indefenso
Classmate Compañero de clase Impact Impacto
Communication Comunicación Influence Influencia
Degree Grado ink Tinta
Delete Eliminar Landscape Panorama
Estimate Estimación Maintenance Mantenimiento
Marathon Maratón Many-colored Multicolor
Mind Mente Sample Muestra
Move into Mudarse Scent Aroma
Movement Movimiento Select Seleccionar
Path Vereda Start out Empezar
Plant Planta Summarize Resumir
Printer Impresora Trim Recortar
Print out Imprimir Watch over Vigilar
Profit Beneficio Wildflower Flor silvestre
Projected Proyectado Yard Patio

Communication

Expressions for presentations

- I’d like to begin with / by …

- Then, I’d like to move on to ..
- Finally, I’ll discuss …
- I’ll summarize …
- I’ll take questions at the end.

Grammar

Past Progressive

We use the past progressive ( or continuous) tense to talk about activities or actions that were in
progress at some point in the pasto r actions that were temporary in the past.

To form the past progressive, use was / were + verb + ing

We often use the past progressive with time expressions such as just, when, at the time, then. For
longer and more permanente situations, we use the simple past. We also use the simple past with
the past progressive when one oction interrupted another action.
 - I was working at the company at the time.
- He was just calling you
- I was getting ready to go out when you called
- At the time, they were meeting in the cafetería.
- I was living in mexico back then
- What were you doing at the time?
- I was looking for a new job?

Adjective clauses with why

We can use why to introduce adjective (or relative) clauses when talking about or asking for
reasons. We can often omit the reason in these sentences and questions.

The clause with why is a statement and not a question.

- I can see (the reasson) why he wants to leave

- He knows why he didn’t finish the reporto n time.
- I have no idea why they didn’t go to the party
- Do you understand why she didn’t say anything?

Opinión and facts

An opinión is something you think is true or something you believe. An opinión is something we
cannot test or prove.

A fact is something we can test and prove.

- Blue is the most beautiful color (opinión)

- The rents in NYC are going up (fact)
Lesson three

Vocabulary

Activity Actividad Concerned Preocupado

Adorable Adorable, Fax Fax
encantador
Applicant Candidato Forested Boscoso
Bear Oso Hike Caminata
Camp Campamento Garbage Basura
Mistaken Equivocado Mistake Equivocado
Outdoor Al aire libre Straighten Enderezar
Pollution Contaminacion Trash Basura,
desperdicios
Receptionist Recepcionista Toxic Toxico
Recycle Reciclar Understatement Subestimación,
finura
species Especies Wildlife Fauna, vida salvaje

Grammar

Been / Gone

We use been with the present perfect to talk about visits that were completed.

- He’s been to theater three times ( he had three visits to theater)

- They’ve never been to Canada
- Have you been to the museum?  Yes, I have / No, I haven’t

We use gone with the present perfect to show that someone i son a visit and is still away.

- She’s gone to the shops ( she’s not here – she’s visiting the shops)
- He hasn’t gone yet
- They’ve gone to Mexico on vacation
- Has he gone to Canada?  Yes, he has / no, he hasn’t

Present progressive for expressing changes

We can use the present progressive (or continuous) tense to talk about things that are developing
or changing, and are still going on now.

- I’m getting better

- The Price of gas is going up
- My son is getting bigger every day
- The weatger is turning cold
- House prices are not falling yet
- He’s not getting any younger