Notice: Academic Year 2020-2021 Department of Electrical Engineering

Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre
Shri Ram ki Nangal, via Sitapura RIICO Academic year

2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
Department of Electrical Engineering
NOTICE
INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMISSION BY B. TECH (EE 8th sem )
STUDENTS
All students (B.Tech. EE (Final Year) are required to follow a prescribed format for writing Project
reports, the details of which are given below:
1. The sequence in which the training report material should be arranged and bound should
be as follows:
i. Cover page (sample copy attached as annexure-A).
ii. Title page. (sample copy attached as annexure-B)
iii. Contents with title & subtitle, page no. (Breakup of sections according to
explanation is advised).
iv. Acknowledgment
v. Declaration (sample copy attached as annexure-C)
vi. Abstract
vii. List of Figures
viii. List of Tables
ix. Notations/nomenclature (if any)
x. Summary (with Chapters & sections)
xi. References (only those references with proper citation which are used in the
report) should be in IEEE format
xii. Appendix / Annexure/Data sheets( if any)
2. For text in the report a proper format must be followed i.e.

Chapter heading: 16 font-Times New Roman-Bold
Section heading : 14 font-Times New Roman-Bold
Rest of the text : 12 font-Times New Roman
Line spacing : 1.5
3. The report must consist of following chapters

 Chapter 1- Introduction
 Chapter 2- Project work (It can span in two or three subchapters
depending on type & volume of work. This contains the text & related to
hardware & software implementation)
 Chapter 3- Results and Discussion
 Chapter 4 Conclusions and future scope
4. Minimum No. of pages in report should be 40 (excluding starting pages and annexure)
5. Numbering of pages upto List of tables should be in (ROMAN -8 font) and the text,
beginning with the Introduction, or of Chapter 1, should be numbered
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consecutively with Arabic numerals. Page numbers must be placed 1.5 cm from the
bottom center of each page.
6. Numbering of Tables, Figures and Illustrations must be done sequentially, including the
Chapter number in which it is placed (for example, Figure 2.1, 3.2, etc).
7. Captions for Figures, Tables and Illustrations must be placed at the bottom of each, and
centered.
8. An annexure may be attached for graphs, Tables, images, simulation results etc after the
complied report. If the annexure pages are more, then another index page can be attached
or added to the main index page.
9. Cover should be hard bound with white color & engraved text in black color. Two sets of
reports per group need to be submitted. Students can generate another copy for their own
referral.
10. A CD inculcating soft copy of the report and project needs to be submitted with the
report.
11. The Report should be prepared in consultation of respective guides and the print should
be taken only after getting the approval from guide.
Dr. Prerak Bhardwaj Mr. Ashok Singh Chundawat

(Project-Coordinator- VIIA ) (Project-Coordinator- VII B )
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A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
SOLAR INVERTER DESIGN FORR HOME USING

MATLAB
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree in Bachelor of
Technology in VII semester Electrical Engineering under the affiliation
of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
Session: 2020-21
Guided by: Submitted By:

VISHNU D. SHARMA Shubham Suwalka(17EJCEE106)
Designation Usha meena(17JCEE115)
Sneha Jindal(17EJCEE108)
Tiksha kumari(17EJCEE112)
Rachit surela(17EJCEE000)
Roop Singh(17EJCEE000)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE
Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via Vatika, Tonk Road,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022 (Rajasthan)
Session: 2020-2021
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A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
SOLAR INVERTER DESIGN FORR HOME USING

MATLAB
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree in Bachelor of
Technology in VII semester Electrical Engineering under the affiliation
of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
Session: 2020-21
Guided by: Submitted By:

VISHNU D. SHARMA Shubham Suwalka(17EJCEE106)
Designation Usha meena(17JCEE115)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE
Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via Vatika, Tonk Road,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022 (Rajasthan)
Session: 2020-2021
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work, which is presented in this project report, entitled “ SOLAR
INVERTER DESIGN FOR HOME USING MATLAB” being submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering, submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur Engineering
College and Research Centre, Jaipur, is an authentic record of my own work carried out from
Jan 2020 to June 2021, under the guidance and supervision of VISHNU D. SHARMA in
Department of Electrical Engineering, Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre. The
results embodied in this project have not submitted for the award of any other Degree or
Diploma.
Date: Candidate Name

Place: Jaipur USHA MEENA
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CERTIFICATE
This is to clarify that the project model“DESIGNING AND SIMULATION OFON-BOARD

EV CHARGER”is the bonafide work carried out by , Usha Meena , Shubham Suwalka,
Tiksha Mahawar , Sneha Jindal, Rachit Surela, the students B.Tech. (EE) of Jaipur
Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota, Rajasthan (India) during the academic year 2021-22, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering) and
that theproject has not formed the basis for the award previously of any other degree, diploma,
fellowship or any other similartitle.
(Signature of theGuide)
Mr. Ram Singh
(Assistant Prof.)
Department ofEE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our Project Guide Mr. Ram Singh, for guiding
us from the inception till the completion of the project. We sincerely acknowledge them for
giving their valuable guidance, support for literature survey, critical reviews and comments for
our Project.
We would like to first of all express our thanks to Mr. Arpit Agrawal, Director of JECRC, for
providing us such a great infrastructure and environment for our overall development.
We express sincere thanks to Dr. V. K. Chandna, Principal of JECRC, for his kind cooperation
and extendible support towards the completion of our project.
We also like to express our thanks to all supporting EE faculty members who have been a
constant source of encouragement for successful completion of the project.
Also our warm thanks to Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre, who provided us this
opportunity to carry out this prestigious Project and enhance our learning in various technical
fields.
Shubham Suwalka(17EJCEE106)
Usha meena(17JCEE115)
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ABSTRACT
Solar cell prices have decreased considerably during the last years due to new developments in
the film technology and the manufacturing process. High cost of PV installations still forms an
obstacle for this technology. Most of the photovoltaic cells on the market today operate at an
efficiency of less than 15%. Solar heating requires almost no energy transformation, so it has a
very high efficiency. Inverters take a DC voltage from a battery or a solar panel as input, and
convert it into an AC voltage output. With the increasing improvements in solar cell
technologies and power electronics, such projects would have more value added.
Energy conversion was performed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in
each converter using Perturb and Observe (P&O) structure. The vast development in improving
efficiency of MPPT algorithms can encourage domestic generation of power using solar panels.
Solar power has two big advantages over fossil fuels. The first is in the fact that it is renewable;
it is never going to run out. The second is its effect on the environment. Main motto of our
project is to promote use of renewable energy sources. This project is most useful in our life
because in this project one time investment fixed on life time. In future one day nonrenewable
energy will end then we will use to the renewable energy. The solar inverter made by us is just a
prototype for making future projects which incorporate advanced technologies like micro
controlled solar tracking, charge control, etc. this is to show that solar inverters are very cheap
and easy to install.
The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing, and conventional energy
resources are diminishing and are even threatened to be depleted. Moreover; their prices are
rising. For these reasons, the need for alternative energy sources has become indispensable, and
solar energy in particular has proved to be a very promising alternative because of its availability
and pollution-free nature.
Due to the increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of photovoltaic cells and the improvement
of the switching technology used for power conversion, our goal is to design an inverter powered
by PV panels and that could supply stand-alone AC loads.
Solar panels produce direct currents (DC), and to connect these panels to the electricity grid or
use them in other industrial applications, we should have an AC output at a certain required
voltage level and frequency
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CONTENTS
Page No.
Candidate’s Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1: Introduction to Solar Energy 1
1.2: Uses of Solar Energy 2
1.3: Basic Principle of Solar Invertor 6
1.4: Need of solar Invertor 6
1.5: Types of Solar Invertor 8
Chapter 2: 10
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1: Energy Source 10
1.2: Solar Energy as Future 11
1.3: Background Study 14
1.4: Problem Statement 16
1.5: Objective,Scope
16
1.6: Research
17
1.7 Design Approaches of Solar Invertor
19
Chapter 3:
31
COMPONENT REQUIRED AND DESCRIPTION
3.1: Components Required
31
3.2: Component Description
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Chapter 4: 33
APPLICATIONS 43
4.1: Application of solar Inverter 43
4.2 Advantages 44
4.3 Disadvantages 44
Chapter 5: 45
RESULTS
Chapter 6: 46
PROJECT OUTPUT
Chapter 7: 48
CONCLUSION
Chapter 8: 49
REFERENCES
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No: Name of Figure Page No.

1.1: Heating Application of Solar energy 3
1.2: Cooling through Solar Cell 4
1.3: Generation of Electricity From Solar Energy 5
1.4: Solar Invertor Semantics 7
2.1: Electricity Generation From Remote Locations 13
2.2: Role of solar energy in renewable energy consumption 14
2.3: General Flow of an invertor 19
2.4: Push-pull Topology for Square wave output 21
2.6: H-Bridge Topology 23
2.7 Solar panel 26
2.8 Rechargeble battery 28
3.1 Transformer 33
3.2 Diode 34
3.3 Capacitor 35
3.5 Transistor 37
3.6 Buzzer 38
3.7 IC 39
3.8 MOSSFET 40
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No: Name of Table Page No.
3.1: Components Required 31
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLARENERGY
Intoday'sclimateofgrowingenergyneedsandincreasingenvironmentalconcern,altern
atives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be
investigated. One such alternative is solarenergy.
Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and collected
elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear
process that converts about 650,000,0001tons of hydrogen to helium every
second. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains
in the sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The
electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-violet
radiation) streams out into space in all directions.
Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The
radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of
energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and
fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their
originstothesun;theywereoncelivingplantsandanimalswhoselifewasdependentupon
the sun.
Muchoftheworld'srequiredenergycanbesupplieddirectlybysolarpower.Morestillcan
be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as
the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied
to will benoted.
Duetothenatureofsolarenergy,twocomponentsarerequiredtohaveafunctionalsolaren
ergy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The
collector simply
collectstheradiationthatfallsonitandconvertsafractionofittootherformsofenergy(eith
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er electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the
non-constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of
radiation will be received. At night or during heavy cloudcover, for example, the
amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The storage unit
can hold the excess energy produced duringtheperiods of maximum productivity,
and release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is
usually added, too, for the situations when the amount of energy required is
greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the container.
1.2 USES OF SOLARENERGY
Peopleuseenergyformanythings,butafewgeneraltasksconsumemostoftheenergy.Th
ese tasks include transportation, heating, cooling, and the generation of electricity.
Solar energy can be applied to all four of these tasks with different levels
ofsuccess.
1.2.1 HEATING
Heating is the business for which solar energy is best suited. Solar heating
requires almost no energy transformation, so it has a very high efficiency. Heat
energy can be stored in a liquid,
suchaswater,orinapackedbed.Apackedbedisacontainerfilledwithsmallobjectsthatca
n hold heat (such as stones) with air space between them. Heat energy is also
often stored in phase-change or heat-of-fusion units. These devices will utilize a
chemical that changes phase
fromsolidtoliquidatatemperaturethatcanbeproducedbythesolarcollector.Theenergy
of the collector is used to change the chemical to its liquid phase, and is as a result
stored in the
chemicalitself.Itcanbetappedlaterbyallowingthechemicaltoreverttoitssolidform.Sol
ar energy is frequently used in residential homes to heat water. This is an easy
application, asthe desired end result (hot water) is the storage facility. A hot water
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tank is filled with hot water during the day, and drained as needed. This
application is a very simple adjustment from the normal fossil fuel water heaters.
FIG 1.1 – HEATING APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
1.2.2 COOLING
Solar energy can be used for other things besides heating. It may seem strange,
but one of the most common uses of solar energy today is cooling. Solar cooling
is far more expensive than solar heating, so it is almost never seen in private
homes. Solar energy is used to cool things by phase changing a liquid to gas
through heat, and then forcing the gas into a lower pressure chamber. The
temperature of a gas is related to the pressure containing it, and all other things
beingheldequal,thesamegasunderalowerpressurewillhavealowertemperature.Thisc
ool gas will be used to absorb heat from the area of interest and then be forced
into a region of
higherpressurewheretheexcessheatwillbelosttotheoutsideworld.Theneteffectisthato
f a pump moving heat from one area into another, and the first is
accordinglycooled.
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FIG 1.2 – COOLING THROUGH SOLAR CELL
1.2.3 TRANSPORTATION
Ofthemaintypesofenergyusage,theleastsuitedtosolarpoweristransportation.Whilela
rge, relatively slow vehicles like ships could power themselves with large onboard
solar panels,
smallconstantlyturningvehicleslikecarscouldnot.Theonlypossiblewayacarcouldbec
ompletelysolarpoweredwouldbethroughtheuseofbatterythatwaschargedbysolarpow
er at some stationary point and then later loaded into the car. Electric cars that are
partially powered by solar energy are available now, but it is unlikely that solar
power will provide the world's transportation costs in the nearfuture.
1.2.4 GENERATION OFELECTRICITY
Besidesbeingusedforheatingandcooling,solarenergycanbedirectlyconvertedtoelectr
icity.
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Mostofourtoolsaredesignedtobedrivenbyelectricity,soifyoucancreateelectricitythro
ugh solar power, you can run almost anything with solar power. The solar
collectors that convert radiationintoelectricitycanbeeitherflat-
planecollectorsorfocusingcollectors,andthesilicon components of these collectors
are photovoltaiccells.
FIG 1.3 – GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR ENERGY
Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature, convert radiation to electricity. This

phenomenon has
beenknownforwelloverhalfacentury,butuntilrecentlytheamountsofelectricitygenera
ted were good for little more than measuring radiation intensity. Most of the
photovoltaic cells on themarket todayoperate atan
efficiencyoflessthan15%;thatis,of allthe radiationthatfalls upon them, less than
15% of it is converted to electricity. The maximum
theoreticalefficiencyforaphotovoltaiccellisonly32.3%,butatthisefficiency,solarelec
tricityisveryeconomical. Most of our other forms of electricity generation are at a
lower efficiency than this. Unfortunately, reality still lags behind theory and a
15% efficiency is not usually considered economical by most power companies,
even if it is fine for toys and pocket calculators. Hope
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forbulksolarelectricityshouldnotbeabandoned,however,forrecentscientificadvances
have created a solar cell with an efficiency of 28.2% efficiency in the laboratory.
This type of cell has yet to be field tested. If it maintains its efficiency in the
uncontrolled environment of the
outsideworld,andifitdoesnothaveatendencytobreakdown,itwillbeeconomicalforpo
wer companies to build solar power facilities afterall.
Now,weknowthatsolarpaneltransferselectronsintoDC,andmostapplianceathomeisu
sing AC, that's why we useinverters.
1.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLARINVERTER
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output
of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC)
that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. It is a critical
componentinaphotovoltaicsystem,allowingtheuseofordinarycommercialappliances
.Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays,
including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection
1.4 NEED OF SOLARINVERTER
There are two types of sources for electrical power generation. One is
conventional and other isnon-
conventional.Todaytogeneratemostofelectricalpowerconventionalsourceslikecoal,
gas, nuclear power generators are used. Some of conventional source are polluted
the environment to generate the electricity. And nuclear energy is not much
preferable because of its harmful radiation effect on the mankind. After some of
ten years conventional sources will
notsufficientenoughtofulfilltherequirementsofthemankind.Sosomeoftheelectricalp
ower should be generated by non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind
.With the
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continuouslyreducingthecostofPVpowergenerationandthefurtherintensificationofe
nergy crisis, PV power generation technology obtains more and moreapplication.
Conventionally, there are two ways in which electrical power is transmitted.
Direct current (DC) comes from a source of constant voltage and is suited to
short-range or device level transmission. Alternating current (AC) power consists
of a sinusoidal voltage source in which a continuously changing voltage (and
current) can be used to employ magnetic components.
LongdistanceelectricaltransmissionfavorsACpower,sincethevoltagecanbeboostede
asily with the use of transformers. By boosting the voltage, less current is needed
to deliver a given amount of power to a load, reducing the resistive loss
throughconductors.
The adoption of AC power has created a trend where most devices adapt AC
power from an outlet into DC power for use by the device. However, AC power is
not always available and the need for mobility and simplicity has given batteries
an advantage in portable power. Thus, for portable AC power, inverters are
needed. Inverters take a DC voltage from a battery or a solar panel as input, and
convert it into an AC voltage output.
FIG 1.4 – SOLAR INVERTER SCHEMATICS
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1.5 TYPES OF SOLARINVERTER
Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types.

1. Stand Alone Inverters
2. Grid Tie Inverters
3. Battery BackupInverters
1.5.1 STAND ALONEINVERTERS
Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC
energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone inverters
also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC
source, when available.Normally
thesedonotinterfaceinanywaywiththeutilitygrid,andassuch,arenotrequiredtohavean
ti-islandingprotection.
1.5.2 GRID TIEINVERTERS
Grid-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie
inverters are
designedtoshutdownautomaticallyuponlossofutilitysupply,forsafetyreasons.Theyd
onot provide backup power during utilityoutages.
1.5.3 BATTERY BACKUPINVERTERS
Battery backup inverters, are special inverters which are designed to draw energy
from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export
excess energy to the
utilitygrid.TheseinvertersarecapableofsupplyingACenergytoselectedloadsduringau
tility outage, and are required to have anti-islandingprotection.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 ENERGYSOURCES
An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects,
or produce electricity. Matter that stores energy is called a fuel. Human energy
consumption has grown steadily throughout human history.
There are two type of energy sources
1) Non Renewable EnergySources

2) Renewable EnergySources
2.1.1 NON RENEWABLE ENERGYSOURCES
Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be
replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes. Most non-
renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels.
2.1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Wind, solar, and biomass are three emerging renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources
which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
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2.2 SOLAR ENERGY ASFUTURE
Solarpowerhastwobigadvantagesoverfossilfuels.Thefirstisinthefactthatitisrenewabl
e; it is never going to run out. The second is its effect on theenvironment.
2.2.1 POLLUTION FREEENERGY
While the burning of fossil fuels introduces many harmful pollutants into the
atmosphere and contributes to environmental problems like global warming and
acid rain, solar energy iscompletely non-polluting. While many acres of land must
be destroyed to feed a fossil fuel energy plant its required fuel, the only land that
must be destroyed for a solar energy plant is
thelandthatitstandson.Indeed,ifasolarenergysystemwereincorporatedintoeverybusi
ness and dwelling, no land would have to be destroyed in the name of energy.
This ability to decentralize solar energy is something that fossil fuel burning
cannotmatch.
2.2.2 REDUCTION IN GREEN HOUSEGASES
Globalwarmingandenergypolicieshavebecomeahottopicontheinternationalagendai
nthe last years. Developed countries are trying to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions. For example, the European Union has committed to reduce their
greenhouse gas to at least 20% below 1990 levels and to produce no less than
20% of its energy consumption fromrenewable sources by 2020. In this context,
photovoltaic (PV) power generation has an important role to play due to the fact
that it is a green source. The only emissions associated with PV power generation
are those from the production of its components. After their installation they
generate electricity from the solar irradiation without emitting greenhouse gases.
In their life time, PV panels produce more energy than that for their
manufacturing. Also, they can be installed in places with no other use, such as
roofs anddeserts.
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2.2.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION ON REMOTELOCATIONS
They can produce electricity for remote locations, where there is no electricity
network. The l atter type of installations is known as off-grid facilities and
sometimes they are the most econ omical alternative to provide electricity in
isolated areas. However, most of the PV power gen eration comes from grid-
connected installations, where the power is fed in the electricitynetw ork. In fact,
it is a growing business in developed countries such as Germany which is world l
eader in PV power generation followed by Spain, Japan, USA andItaly.
As the primary element of construction of solar panels, silicon, is the second most
common element on the planet, there is very little environmental disturbance
caused by the creation of solar panels. In fact, solar energy only causes
environmental disruption if it is centralized and produced on a gigantic scale.
Solar power certainly can be produced on a gigantic scale, too.
Among the renewable resources, only in solar power do we find the potential for
an energy source capable of supplying more energy than is used.
FIG 2.1 – ELECTRICTY GENERATION FROM REMOTE LOCATIONS
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Supposethatofthe4.5x1017
kWhperannumthatisusedbytheearthtoevaporatewaterfrom the oceans we were to
acquire just 0.1% or 4.5x1014 kWh per annum. Dividing by the hours
intheyeargivesacontinuousyieldof2.90x1010 kW.Thiswouldsupply2.4
kWto12.1billion people.
This translates to roughly the amount of energy used today by the average person
available to over twelve billion people. Since this is greater than the estimated
carrying capacity of the Earth, this would be enough energy to supply the entire
planet regardless of the population. Unfortunately, at this scale, the production of
solar energy would have some unpredictable
negativeenvironmentaleffects.Ifallthesolarcollectorswereplacedinoneorjustafeware
as, they would probably have large effects on the local environment, and possibly
have large effects on the world environment. Everything from changes in local
rain conditions to another
IceAgehasbeenpredictedasaresultofproducingsolarenergyonthisscale.Theproblemli
es
inthechangeoftemperatureandhumiditynearasolarpanel;iftheenergyproducingpanel
sare kept non-centralized, they should not create the same local, mass temperature
change that could have such bad effects on the environmentOf all the energy
sources available, solar has perhaps the most promise. Numerically, it is capable
of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire planet's energy needs.
Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the sources of energy.
Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything except transportation
with very little adjustment,
andeventransportationwithsomemodestmodificationstothecurrentgeneralsystemoft
ravel. Clearly, solar energy is a resource of thefuture.
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FIG 2.2 – ROLE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
2.3 BACKGROUNDSTUDY
The use of efficient photovoltaic solar cells has emerged as an important solution
in energy conservation and demand side management. Owing to their initial high
costs, they have not been an attractive alternative for users who are able to buy
cheaper electrical energy from the utility grid. However, they have been
extensively used in pumping and air conditioning in remote and isolated areas
where utility power is not available or too expensive to transport. Although solar
cellprices have decreased considerably during the lastyears due to
newdevelopments in the film technology and the manufacturing process, PV
arrays are still considered rather expensive compared with the utility fossil fuel
generated electricity prices.
After building such an expensive renewable energy system, the PV array has to be
operated at its highest conversion efficiency by continuously utilizing the
maximum available output of the array. The electrical system powered by solar
cells requires special design considerations because of the varying nature of the
solar power generated resulting from unpredictable
changesinweatherconditionswhichaffectthesolarradiationlevelaswellasthecellopera
ting temperature.
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TheefficiencyofaPVplantisaffectedmainlybythree
factors:theefficiencyofthePVpanel (in commercial PV panels it is between 8-
15%). The efficiency of the inverter (95-98%) and
theefficiencyofthemaximumpowerpointtrackingalgorithm(whichisover98%).Impr
oving
theefficiencyofthePVpanelandthatoftheinverterisnoteasyasitdependsonthetechnolo
gy available. It may require better components, which can increase drastically the
cost of the installation. Instead, improving the tracking of the maximum power
point with new control algorithms is easier, not expensive and can be done even in
plants which are already in use by updating their control algorithms, which would
lead to an immediate increase in PV power generation and consequently a
reduction in itsprice.
In practice, the voltage dependency on the irradiation is often neglected. As the
effect on both the current and voltage is positive, i.e. both increase when the
irradiation rises, the effect on the power is also positive. More the irradiation, the
more power is generated. PV panel manufacturers provide in their data sheets the
temperature coefficients, which are the
parametersthatspecifyhowtheopencircuitvoltage,theshortcircuitcurrentandthemaxi
mum power vary when the temperature changes. As the effect of the temperature
on the current is really small, it is usuallyneglected.
2.4 PROBLEMSTATEMENT
The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing, and conventional
energy resources are diminishing and are even threatened to be depleted.
Moreover; their prices are rising. For these reasons, the need for alternative
energy sources has become indispensable, and solar energy in particular has
proved to be a very promising alternative because of its availabilityand pollution-
free nature. Due to the increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of
photovoltaiccellsandtheimprovementoftheswitchingtechnologyusedforpowerconv
ersion, our goal is to design an inverter powered by PV panels and that could
supply stand-alone AC loads.
Solarpanelsproducedirectcurrents(DC),andtoconnectthesepanelstotheelectricitygri
dor use them in other industrial applications, we should have an AC output at a
26
certain required voltage level and frequency. The conversion from DC to AC is
essentially accomplished by means of a DC-AC inverter, which is the major
component in the system. Yet, the output of the solar panels is not continuously
constant and is related to the instantaneous sunlight intensity and
ambienttemperature.
2.5 OBJECTIVE ANDSCOPE
The main objective of our project is to design and construct a PV based system
that produces electric energy and operates in dual mode, supplying stand-alone
AC loads, while minimizing its cost and size.
The system’s main property is to production of quality electricity from a

renewable source to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and the associated
emissions of pollutants.
Our goal is to design and develop an inverter that will handle the task described.
2.6 RESEARCH
2.6.1 SOURCE OFINFORMATION
Thedevelopmentofrenewableenergysuchassun,geothermal,biomassandwindhavebe
come important contribution to the total energy consumed in the world. These
alternative sources of energy can never be exhausted. They cause less emission
and therefore stand out as a potentially feasible source of clean and limitless
energy. These resources do not cause any significant environmental pollution or
substantial health hazards and apparently available as natural abundant resources.
Solar energy is amongst the highest development of renewable
resources.Malaysiaisoneofthecountriesthatreceiveabundantofsunlightinaveragemo
stly in northern side of Peninsular Malaysia. Perlis, Kedah and Penang have high
potential in
applyingsolarenergy.Withtherapidprogressofthepowerelectronictechniques,solaren
ergy
asanalternativeenergysourcehasbeenputtousesuchasphotovoltaic(PV)module.Theb
27
asic concept for PV module is to collect solar energy in space and transfer it for
distribution as electrical power. However this renewable source energy requires
rather sophisticated conversion techniques to make them usable to the end user.
The output of PV is essentially direct current (DC) form. Therefore, it needs to be
converted to alternating current (AC) for it to be commercially feasible. This is
necessary because the power utilization is mostly in AC form. This conversion
can be done by using inverter. In any PV based system, the inverter isa critical
component responsible for the control of electricity flow between the modules,
battery and loads. Inverters are essentially DC-AC converters. It converts DC
input into AC output. It
canbedesignedtobeusedwithdifferentvoltagerangesandtopologiesforvaryingapplica
tions A solar inverter takes the DC electricity from the solar array and uses that to
create AC electricity. Inverters are like the brains of the system. Along with
inverting DC to AC power,
theyalsoprovidegroundfaultprotectionandsystemstatsincludingvoltageandcurrento
nAC and DC circuits, energy production, and maximum power pointtracking.
When sufficient output available from Solar panels to charge the battery, solar
panel chargesa storage battery. In this time mains supply will not be utilized for
charging purpose. A control
circuitcontinuouslymonitorsthebattery'svoltage.Whenthebatteryisfullycharged,the
circuit
automaticallyturnsonapowerinverterandswitchestheappliancefromrunningongridp
ower to running on the energy stored in the battery. Then when the battery's
voltage drops toolow,the circuit automatically switches the appliance back to grid
power until the battery is recharged.
we can run the equipment like fans, LED lights, pumps etc. directly without using
battery, but
astheoutputofSolarpanelsarenotsteadyduetoclouds,badweatheretc.It’snotadvisablet
o
runtheapplianceswhichrequirestablevoltage.Howeverwithsuitableregulators,youca
nvery easilyrunlowpowerdevices. Solarpumps
worksdirectlyonthedirectinputfromSolarpanels. Solar pump is a combination of a
DC motor and a centrifugal pump. Solar submersible pump sets are also available.
Solar pump sets are extremely useful where Grid power supply is not
28
accessible.InIndiaatypical1HP,500Winput24voltsolarpumpsetcosts35000/-
to40000/- without the cost of Solar panel and fittings. A complete set can cost
around Rs 1 Lakh. These pump set can deliver around 1500 liters of water per
hour on sunnydays.
2.6.2 REQUIRED INPUTDATA
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according

to your system type, site location and applications. The major components for
solar PV system are
solarchargecontroller,inverter,batterybank,auxiliaryenergysourcesandloads(applia
nces).
1) Size and Rating of Solar Panel – converts sunlight into DCelectricity.
2) Solar charge controller – regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV
panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the
batterylife.
3) Size of Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean
AC current for AC appliances or fed back into gridline.
4) Size of Battery Bank – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when
there is ademand.
5) Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights,
radio, TV, computer, refrigerator,etc.
6) Type of Connection of SolarPanel
7) Energy from Solar Panel as per Daily Sunlights
8) Select Type of connection of Batteries in BatteryBank
2.7 DESIGN APPROACHES OF SOALRINVERTER
There are many topologies or circuit designs for creating higher power AC from
low voltage DCsources.TwocommontopologiesarethePush-PullandH-
Bridge.ThePush-Pulltopology
issuitableforproducingsquareandmodifiedsquarewaveinverterwhiletheH-
Bridgeisuseful for producing modified square wave and sine waveinverter.
29
FIG 2.3 – GENERAL FLOW OF AN INVERTER
2.7.1 PUSH PULLTOPOLOGY
The basic theory of Push-Pull topology is shown in Fig 2.4. There are two
transistor switches in this design. If the top switch closes, it will cause current to
flow from the battery negative
throughthetransformerprimarytothebatterypositive.Thisinducesavoltageinthesecon
dary side of the transformer that is equal to the battery voltage times the turn’s
ratio of the transformer.
FIG 2.4 – PUSH-PULL TOPOLOGY FOR SQUARE WAVE OUTPUT
ThisphenomenaflowisshowninFig2.5(a).Onlyoneswitchisclosedatatime.Theswitch
es flip-flop after a period of approximately 8ms which is one-half of 60Hz AC
cycle. The top switch opens and then the bottom switch closes allowing current to
30
flow in the opposite direction as illustrate in Fig. 2.5(b). The continuing of closes
and opens switch will produce a square wave output waveform which is higher
voltage ACpower.
FIG 2.5 – (A) TOP SWITCH CLOSING STATE (B) BOTTOM SWITCH CLOSE STATE
The addition of an extra winding in the transformer along with a few other parts allows
output of a Modified Square Wave.
2.7.2 H- BRIDGETOPOLOGY
The operation of H-Bridge topology is similar to Push-Pull topology. The term H-

Bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An
H-Bridge is built with four transistor switches. The transistors are divided into
four groups with the transformer primary connected across the middle of the
bridge as illustrate in Fig 2.6.
31
FIG 2.6– H BRIDGE TOPOLOGY
The transistors are switched on and off in a specific pattern to produce each part
of the
waveform.Iftheswitch1and4areclosed,currentwillflowfromthebatterynegativethrou
gh transformer primary to the positive terminal of the battery as shown in This
current induces a current flow in the secondary of the transformer, which has a
peak voltage equal to the battery voltage times the turn ratio of the transformer.
The switch 1 and 4 open after a period of time and the switch 2 and 4 close
providing off time shorting like The length of the on and off time is determined
according to the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller.
Then,theswitch2and3arecloseandallowcurrentflowthroughthetransformerinadirecti
on opposite to the current flow. The switch 2 and 4 are close after this cycle is
complete for off time shorting. This cycle will continuous to produce ACpower.
2.8 SOLAR INVERTERPARTS
There are few sections of the solar inverter they are:

1. The solar batteryrecharger,
2. The solarpanel
3. Rechargeablebattery
4. Theinverter.
32
2.8.1 SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER
A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or

(rechargeable) battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charge current
depends upon the technologyan d capacity of the battery being charged. For
example, the current that should be applied to rec harge a 12 V car battery will be
very different from the current for a mobile phonebattery
Thesolarbatteryrechargerasthenamesuggestitisinfactabatterychargerwhichchargesa
s
ealedrechargeablebatteryof6V4.5AHinthiscase.Thesolarbatterychargerderivesitsp
ow er from the12V 500mA solar panel. The solar panel which in turn converts the
sunlight to ele ctrical energy. The charger converts the raw 12V from the solar
panel to a regulated voltage f eed for the sealed rechargeablebattery.
The solar battery recharger features:
1. Custom controllable voltageregulation.
2. Auto cut-off when battery is fullycharged.
3. Filtered input from the solarpanel.
4. No current back flows from thebattery.
5. Very simple, compact andefficient.
2.8.2 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a

packaged, connected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells.
The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many
installations contain several panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an
array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection
wiring.
33
FIG 2.7 – SOLAR PANEL
Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a
module can either be the top layer or the back layer. The majority of modules use
wafer- based crystalline silicon cells or thin-
filmcellsbasedoncadmiumtellurideorsilicon.Theconductingwiresthattakethecurrent
off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive
transitionmetals.
Thecellsmustbeconnected
electricallytooneanotherandtotherestofthesystem.Cellsmust
alsobeprotectedfrommechanicaldamageandmoisture.Mostsolarpanelsarerigid,buts
emi- flexible ones are available, based on thin-filmcells.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage
and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. Separate diodes may be
needed to avoid reverse currents, in case of partial or total shading, and at night.
The p-n junctions ofmono-crystallinesilicon cells may have adequate reverse
current characteristics that these are not necessary. Reverse currents waste power
and can also lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less efficient
at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar
panels.
Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by
lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with
a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
34
Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a
range of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range
(specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the
incident sunlight energy is wasted by solarpanels,and
theycangivefarhigherefficienciesifilluminatedwithmonochromaticlight. Therefore,
another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges
and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been
projected to be capable of raising efficiency by50%.
Currently the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar panel efficiency) is
around 21% in
commercialproducts,typicallylowerthantheefficienciesoftheircellsinisolation.Thee
nergy density of a solar panel is the efficiency described in terms of peak power
output per unit of
surfacearea,commonlyexpressedinunitsofwattspersquarefoot(W/ft2).Themosteffic
ient mass-produced solar panels have energy density values of greater than 13
W/ft2 (140W/m2).
2.8.3 RECHARGABLEBATTERY
Thebatteryusedinthisprojectisarechargeablesealedleadsulphatebatteryrating12V4.5
AH. This type of battery is excellent for rechargeablepurpose
Arechargeable
batteryorstoragebatteryisagroupofoneormoreelectrochemicalcells.They are known
as secondary cells because their electrochemical reactions are electrically
reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes,
ranging anything fromabuttoncell
tomegawattsystemsconnectedtostabilizeanelectricaldistributionnetwork. Several
different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead–
acid,nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH),lithium ion (Li-ion),
and lithiumion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
35
FIG 2.8 – RECHARGABLE BATTERY
Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than
disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same
sizes as disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost, but can
be recharged very cheaply and used many times.
2.8.4 INVERTER
Since normal dc can’t be used in most applications due to which there is a requirement
that somehow the dc is changed to ac for this the inverter is used which converts the dc
to ac of suitable range for use in house hold appliances.
In this project the dc from the sealed rechargeable battery of 6V is fed to the inverter
whichthenconvertsittoacof140V220Vthismakesitpossibletorechargenormalmobilecharge
rs.
AninverterisanelectricaldevicethatconvertsdirectcurrentDC)toalternatingcurrent(AC),
the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and controlcircuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications,
from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage
direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to
36
supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter
performs the opposite function of a rectifier
37
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT REQUIRED AND DESCRIPTION
3.1 COMPONENTSREQUIRED
S Component Ratings
.
N
o
1 THE SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER
.
Step Down Transformer 230V/12V,
1A
Diodes IN4001, IN
4007
iii. Capacitors 470µF,
50V
Voltage regulator IC 7812 IC 7812
Transistor BC547
Resistors (Each 0.25 watt) 10kΩ,1.5k
Ω,100kΩ
vii Buzzer 12V
2 INVERTER
.
IC CD4047 CD4047
Resistors 1K, 18K,
100Ω-
0.5W
iii. Capacitor 0.22µF
38
MOSFET IRFZ44
Step Down Transformer 230V/12V-
0-12V,5A
3 Battery 12V,4.5Ah
.
4 Miscellaneous
.
39
3.2 COMPONENTDESCRIPTION
3.2.1 TRANSFORMER
Atransformerisanelectricaldeviceanditconsistsof2coilsofwirethatarejoinedbyaniro
n core. It offers the much required capability of changing the current and voltage
levelssimply. Themainfunctionofthetransformeristhattoincrease(step-
up)ordecrease(step-down)AC voltages. The transformer works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, that is, mutual inductance between 2
circuits that is linked by a common magnetic flux. Transformer converts an
electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit with the
helpofmutualinductionbetweenthe2windingswithoutelectricalconnectionbetweent
hem, and also converts power from one circuit to another} circuit without
changing the frequency however with a different voltagelevel.
In a step up transformer, secondary winding contains a lot of winding than the
first coil. Returning to a transformer, it has more windings in the primary than the
secondary winding. These are one of the main reasons we use AC current in our
homes and not DC. DC voltages can’t be modified using transformers.
FIG. 3.1 220/12V TRANSFORMER
3.2.2 DIODE
40
The 1N4007 series (or 1N4000 series) is a family of popular 1.0 amp
generalpurpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for
common household appliances. Blocking
voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is made in an axial-lead DO-41
plastic package.
The1N5400seriesisasimilarlypopularseriesforhighercurrentapplications,upto3A.T
hese diodes come in the larger DO-201 axial package. These are fairly low-speed
rectifier diodes, being inefficient for square waves of more than 15 kHz. The
series was second sourced by many manufacturers. The 1N4000 series were in the
Motorola Silicon Rectifier Handbook in 1966, as replacements for 1N2609
through1N2617.
FIG. 3.2 DIODE
These devices are widely used and recommended. The table below shows the
maximum repetitive reverse blocking voltages of each of the members of the
1N4000 and 1N5400 series
3.2.3 ELECTROLYTICCAPACITOR
41
A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates, each of which hosts an
opposite
charge.Theseplatesareseparatedbyadielectricorotherformofinsulator,whichhelpsthe
m
maintainanelectriccharge.Thereareseveraltypesofinsulatorsusedincapacitors.Exam
ples include ceramic, polyester, tantalum air, and polystyrene. Other common
capacitor insulators include air, paper, and plastic. Each effectively prevents the
plates from touching each other. A capacitor is often used to store analogue
signals and digital data. Another type of capacitor is used in the
telecommunications equipmentindustry.
FIG. 3.3 IMAGE OF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
This type of capacitor is able to adjust the frequency and tuning of

telecommunications
equipmentandisoftenreferredtoavariablecapacitor.Acapacitorisalsoidealforstoringa
n
electron.Acapacitorcannot,however,makeelectrons.Acapacitormeasuresinvoltage,
which differs on each of the two interior plates. Both plates of the capacitor are
charged, but the
currentflowsinoppositedirections.Acapacitorcontains1.5volts,whichisthesamevolta
ge found in a common AA battery. As voltage is used in a capacitor, one of the
two plates becomes filled with a steady flow of current. At the same time, the
current flows away from
theotherplate.Tounderstandtheflowofvoltageinacapacitor,itishelpfultolookatnatura
lly occurring examples. Lightning, for example, is similar to a capacitor. The
cloud represents one of the plates and the ground represents the other. The
lightning is the charging factor moving between the ground and thecloud.
42
3.2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC7812
7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits.
Truly speaking it is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use
two capacitors, one on the input and second one on the output of 7812 in order to
achieve clean voltage output and even these capacitors are optional to use. To
achieve 12V 1A current, 7812 should be mounted on a good heat sink plate.
Thanks to the transistor like shape of 7812 which makes it easy to mount on a
heat sink plate. 7812 has built in over heat and short circuit protection which
makes it a good choice for making power supplies.
3.2.5 TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic

signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at
least three terminals
forconnectiontoanexternalcircuit.Avoltageorcurrentappliedtoonepairofthetransisto
r's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a
signal.Today,sometransistorsarepackagedindividually,butmanymorearefoundembe
dded in integratedcircuits.
FIG. 3.5 TRANSISTOR BC547
The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal
applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another
pair of terminals.
43
Thispropertyiscalledgain.Itcanproduceastrongeroutputsignal,avoltageorcurrent,wh
ich is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier.
Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an
electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other
circuitelements.
3.2.6 RESISTOR
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical

current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific
voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a
direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional
to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-
known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC)
circuits,thisrulealsoappliesaslongastheresistordoesnotcontaininductanceorcapacita
nce.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in
electronicdevices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated
carbon (graphite) is mixed
withclayandhardened.Theresistancedependsontheproportionofcarbontoclay;thehig
her this ratio, the lower theresistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an
insulating form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle
higher currents than a carbon composition resistor of the same physical size.
However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an
inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect performance in DC
circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders
the device sensitive to changes in output.
44
3.2.7 BUZZER
Abuzzerorbeeperisanaudiosignalingdevicewhichmaybemechanical,electromechani
cal, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click orkeystroke.
FIG. 3.6 BUZZER
3.2.8 IC CD4047
TheCD4047Biscapableofoperatingineitherthemonostableorastablemode.
Itrequiresan external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external resistor
(Between pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width in the monostable
mode, and the output frequency in the
astablemode.Astableoperationisenabledbyahighlevelontheastableinputorlowlevelo
n the astable input. The output frequency (at 50% duty cycle) at Q and Q outputs
is determined by the timing components. A frequency twice that of Q is available
at the Oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed. Monostable
operation is obtained when the device is triggered by LOW-to-HIGH transition at
+ trigger input or HIGH-to-LOW transition at - trigger input. The device can be
retriggered by applying a simultaneous LOW-to-HIGH transition to both the +
trigger and retrigger inputs. A high level on Reset input resets the outputs Q to
LOW, Q toHIGH.
45
FIG. 3.7 IC CD4047
3.2.9 MOSFET
MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a special type of

field-effect transistor (FET) that works by electronically varying the width of a
channel along which
chargecarriers(electronsorholes)flow.Thewiderthechannel,thebetterthedevicecond
ucts. The charge carriers enter the channel at the source, and exit via the drain.
The width of the
channeliscontrolledbythevoltageonanelectrodecalledthegate,whichislocatedphysic
allybetween the source and the drain and is insulated from the channel by an
extremelythin layer of metal oxide.
The MOSFET has certain advantages over the conventional junction FET, or
JFET. Because the gate is insulated electrically from the channel, no current flows
between the gate and the channel, no matter what the gate voltage (as long as it
does not become so great that it causes physical breakdown of the metallic oxide
layer). Thus, the MOSFET has practically infinite impedance . This makes
MOSFETs useful for power amplifiers. The devices are also well suited to high-
speed switching applications. Some integrated circuits (ICs) contain tiny
MOSFETs and are used incomputers.
46
FIG. 3.8 MOSSFET
Because the oxide layer is so thin, the MOSFET is susceptible to permanent

damage by
electrostaticcharges.EvenasmallelectrostaticbuildupcandestroyaMOSFETpermane
ntly. Inweak-signalradio-
frequency(RF)work,MOSFETdevicesdonotgenerallyperformaswell as other types
of FET.
CHAPTER 4
APPLICATIONS
47
Usage of solar energy and especially installation of photovoltaic systems has
increased throughout the last years affected by many reasons such as: the
increased rate of the price of
electricityutilizingfuelanddieseloil,theimprovementsintechniquesusedforinstalling
solar systems, increase in efficiency of solar systemsetc.
Ontheotherhand,duetotheequipmentrequired,PVpowergenerationismoreexpensivet
han other resources. Governments are promoting it with subsidies or feed-in
tariffs, expecting the
developmentofthetechnologysothatinthenearfutureitwillbecomecompetitive.Increa
sing the efficiency in PV plants so as to increase the power generated is a key
aspect, as it will increase the incomes, reducing the cost of the power generated,
cost approaching the cost of the power produced from other sources.
This increase in the usage of solar energy has led to a dramatic decrease in the
prices of this
renewableenergy.Itisreportedthatthepricesaredecliningatarateof4%perannumandov
er the last 15 years.
Although installing a PV system costs a considerable amount of money, these
systems can be of economic benefit in the long run. This is due to the fact that a
big amount of money is paid once to purchase the system after which the annual
costs are limited to maintenance, and upgrading the power delivery system. The
annual costs are very small compared to costs you payforrunningadiesel
engine(maintenance,fueletc...),andtheyrangebetween0.02 and0.1 cents/kWh.
In the future, when the prices of fossil fuels rise and the economic advantages of
mass production reduce the peak watt cost of the photovoltaic cell, photovoltaic
power will become more cost competitive and more common.
48
4.1APPLICATIONS OF SOLARINVERTER
4.1.1 DC POWER SOURCEUTILIZATION
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar

panels, or
fuelcellstoACelectricity.Theelectricitycanbeatanyrequiredvoltage;inparticularitcan
operate
ACequipmentdesignedformainsoperation,orrectifiedtoproduceDCatanydesiredvolt
age.
4.1.2 UNINTRRUPTABLE POWER SUPPLY
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply

AC power whenmainpowerisnotavailable.Whenmainpowerisrestored,a
rectifiersuppliesDCpower to recharge thebatteries.
4.1.3 HVDC POWERTRANSMISSION
With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC

power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a
static inverterplant converts the power back to AC.
4.1.4 THE GENERALCASE
A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at the

same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert from
any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any desired
frequency. The output power can
49
neverexceedtheinputpower,butefficienciescanbehigh,withasmallproportionofthepo
wer dissipated as wasteheat.
4.2 ADVANTAGES
1. Constant and uninterruptedsupply.

2. There is no requirement of electricity and manpower to operate thedevice.
3. With no moving parts involved, its efficiency is furtherenhanced.
4. It acts as a power back upsolution.
5. Circuit can be checked with 12 volt (DC) universal powersupply.
6. It is one of the methods of renewablegeneration.
7. This is an ecofriendly means of powergeneration.
8. It can be used in distant villages where transmission cost is muchhigh.
9. Reduction in consumption from conventional sources ofenergy.
4.3 DISADVANTAGES
1. Initial cost of installation is veryhigh.

2. Area required for installation is large.
3. It will be less effective in rainydays.
4. Protection system installment is veryhigh.
5. Cause problems to eye sight because of solarreflectors.
50
2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
CHAPTER 5
RESULT
Photovoltaic power production is gaining more significance as a renewable

energy source due to its many advantages. These advantages include
everlasting pollution free energy production scheme, ease of maintenance, and
direct sunbeam to electricity conversion. However the high cost of PV
installations still forms an obstacle for this technology. Moreover the PV panel
output power fluctuates as the weather conditions, such as the insolation level,
and cell temperature. The described design of the system will produce the
desired output of the project. The inverter will supply an AC source from a DC
source. The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds
within, ranging from the long run economic benefits to the important
environmental advantages.
51
2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
CHAPTER 6
PROJECT OUTPUT
52
2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
CHAPTER7
53
2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Photovoltaic power production is gaining more significance as a renewable

energy source due
toitsmanyadvantages.Theseadvantagesincludeeverlastingpollutionfreeenergypr
oduction scheme, ease of maintenance, and direct sunbeam to electricity
conversion. However the high cost of PV installations still forms an obstacle
for this technology. Moreover the PV panel output power fluctuates as the
weather conditions, such as the insolation level, and cell temperature.
Thedescribeddesignofthesystemwillproducethedesiredoutputoftheproject.Thein
verter will supply an AC source from a DCsource.
Theprojectdescribedisvaluableforthepromisingpotentialsitholdswithin,rangingf
romthe long run economic benefits to the important environmental advantages.
This work will mark one of the few attempts and contributions in the Arab
world, in the field of renewable energy; where such projects could be
implemented extensively. With the increasing improvements in solar cell
technologies and power electronics, such projects would have more value
added and should receive more attention andsupport.
54
2020-2021
Jaipur- 302 022.
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
1. TrishanEsram and Patrick L.Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array

Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques,”IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2007.
2. Hung-I Hsieh, Jen-Hao Hsieh, et al., “A Study of High-Frequency
Photovoltaic Pulse Charger for Lead-Acid Battery Guided by PI-INC MPPT”.
3. K.H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino and M. Osakada, “Maximum photovoltaic
power tracking:an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric
conditions,”IEEEploc.-Gener. Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 142, No. 1 ,
Jan. 1955.
4. C.Thulasiyammal and S Sutha, “An Efficient Method of MPPT Tracking
System of a Solar Powered Uninterruptible Power Supply Application,” 1st
International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems, 2011.
5. Noppadol Khaehintung and PhaophakSirisuk, “Application of Maximum
Power Point Tracker with Self-organizing Fuzzy Logic Controller for
Solarpowered Traffic Lights,” IEEE, 2007.
6. C. S. Chin, P. Neelakantan, et al., “Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for Photovoltaic
Modules Influenced by Solar Irradiation and Cell Temperature,” UKSim 13th
International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, 2011.
7. PanomPetchjatuporn, PhaophakSirisuk, et al., “A Solar-powered Battery
Charger with Neural Network Maximum Power Point Tracking Implemented
on a Low-Cost PIC-microcontroller”.
55
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Jaipur- 302 022.
8. S. Yuvarajan and JulineShoeb, “A Fast and Accurate Maximum Power Point

Tracker for PV Systems,” IEEE, 2008.
9. Prof.Dr.IlhamiColak, Dr.ErsanKabalci and Prof.Dr.GungorBal, “Parallel
DCAC Conversion System Based on Separate Solar Farms with MPPT
Control,” 8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia,
The ShillaJeju, Korea, May 30-June 3, 2011.
10. S. G. Tesfahunegn, O. Ulleberg, et al., “A simplified battery charge controller
for safety and increased utilization in standalone PV applications,” IEEE, 2011
11. Khan, B.H.: Non-Conventional Soures of Energy, 5/e, Mc Graw
HillEducation(India).
12. Van Valkenburg, M.E. : Network Analysis, 3/e, Mc Graw Hill

Education(India).
13. Milliman, Jacob & Christos Halkias: Integrated Electronics, 2/e, Mc Graw Hill
Education(India).
14. Gupta, J.B. : Electronics Devices & Circuit, 3/e, S.K. Kataria & Sons,2009.
15. Salivahanan, S. & S. Arivazhagan: Digital Electronics, 3/e, Vikas
Publication,2007.
16. Fitzgerald, A.E., Charles Kingsley & Stephen D. Umans : Electric Machinery,
3/e, Mc Graw Hill Publication(India).
17. Hussain, Ashfaq : Electrical Machines, Second Edition, Dhanpat
RaoPublications.
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2. For text in the report a proper format must be followed i.e.

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Department of Electrical Engineering

Dr. Prerak Bhardwaj Mr. Ashok Singh Chundawat

Department of Electrical Engineering

SOLAR INVERTER DESIGN FORR HOME USING

Guided by: Submitted By:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Department of Electrical Engineering

SOLAR INVERTER DESIGN FORR HOME USING

Guided by: Submitted By:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Department of Electrical Engineering

Date: Candidate Name

Department of Electrical Engineering

This is to clarify that the project model“DESIGNING AND SIMULATION OFON-BOARD

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3.2: Component Description

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Figure No: Name of Figure Page No.

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Table No: Name of Table Page No.

3.1: Components Required 31

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1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLARENERGY

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1.2 USES OF SOLARENERGY

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FIG 1.1 – HEATING APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

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FIG 1.2 – COOLING THROUGH SOLAR CELL

1.2.4 GENERATION OFELECTRICITY

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FIG 1.3 – GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR ENERGY

Photovoltaic cells, by their very nature, convert radiation to electricity. This

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1.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLARINVERTER

1.4 NEED OF SOLARINVERTER

Department of Electrical Engineering

FIG 1.4 – SOLAR INVERTER SCHEMATICS

Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types.

1.5.1 STAND ALONEINVERTERS

1.5.2 GRID TIEINVERTERS

1.5.3 BATTERY BACKUPINVERTERS

1) Non Renewable EnergySources

2.1.1 NON RENEWABLE ENERGYSOURCES

2.1.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

2.2.1 POLLUTION FREEENERGY

2.2.2 REDUCTION IN GREEN HOUSEGASES

FIG 2.1 – ELECTRICTY GENERATION FROM REMOTE LOCATIONS

2.5 OBJECTIVE ANDSCOPE

The system’s main property is to production of quality electricity from a

2.6.1 SOURCE OFINFORMATION

2.6.2 REQUIRED INPUTDATA

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according

2.7 DESIGN APPROACHES OF SOALRINVERTER

2.7.1 PUSH PULLTOPOLOGY