Pakistan Studies

Notes by Ghulam Mohiuddin

Pakistan Studies Final Examination Topics

(1) Ideology of Pakistan

Ideology: Science of ideas, manner of thinking ,characteristic of a class or
individual, ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political theory or
system is called Ideology.
Defining ideology ,George Lewis says:
"Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy".
Ideology of Pakistan:
Pakistan is an Ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic
ideology.Its basic principle being:
"The only sovereign is Allah".
A state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the
faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.
Pakistan is founded on an ideology and that ideology is their religion i.e., Islam
which lends meaning and purpose to it. Under this state all matters political,
social, economic shall be dealt with accordance with guidance from Holy
Quran and the Sunnah.
Ideology of Pakistan by Allama Muhammad Iqbal
In 1930,Allama Iqbal presented his mature political opinion on the
political fate of Indian Muslims in his presedential address at
Allahbad at the annual session of Muslim League. He said: “ North
West Frontiers Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a
single state self-government within the British Empire or without the
British Empire ,the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at
least of North-West India.”

QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY

 Pakistan Studies
Notes by Ghulam Mohiuddin

• Quiad-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which

became the ideological basis Pakistan. He considered the Muslims
as a separate nation.
He Said “Pakistan was created the day the first Indian National
entered the field of Islam”.
He defined two nation Theory as
” The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate
homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their
economic social, political and cultural interests.”
INITIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
At the time of Independence Pakistan had no infrastructure, no
established capital city, and no office buildings. Karachi, its capital,
was like 'a tent' compared to the splendor of New Delhi.
There was also political difficulty. Sindh resented Karachi being
separated from the province. The Sindh Muslim League became an
opposition party.om its very inception, Pakistan faced a large
number of problems. Some of initial difficulties were:
Choice of Capital: It was a hard task to select a capital between Karachi and
Dhaka. Visionary of Quaid-e-Azam solved the issue and initially, Karachi was
made capital for time being.
Rehabilitation of Refugees: Muslims were cruelly being killed by Hindus in
East Punjab even before partition and they were obligated to leave India. Their
settlement was a grave problem but Quaid-e-Azam faced this challenge with
great courage and determination. 
Division of Financial Assets: At the time of the creation of Pakistan, there
was a total cash balance of Rs. 4 Billion in the Reserve Bank. This amount
was to be divided proportionately amongst the two states. It was decided that
Pakistan would get 750 million rupees. The first instalment of Rs. 200 million
was paid. The rest of the amount was stopped. Later on, due to Gandhi’s
interference, Indian govt gave another instalment of 500 million to Pakistan.
The remaining amount of 50 million has not been paid up to now. 
 Pakistan Studies
Notes by Ghulam Mohiuddin

Constitutional Problems: After the creation of Pakistan, its constitution was a

grave problem Initially, Government of Indian Act 1935 was implemented with
certain modifications. After 9 years a constitution was promulgated in 1956
which was abrogated within just two years by Iskandar Mirza.
Language Problems: After the creation of Pakistan, its language became a
great problem. East Pakistan wanted Bengali as an official language while
West Pakistan wanted Urdu to be an official language. Quaid solved language
problem on 24 March 1948 and declared Urdu as National language.
Language problem again started in 1951, because Bengalis’ wanted Bengali
as an official language. On 21 February 1952, three Bengali students were
killed in protest against language. This caused a great problem for Pakistan
Water Disputes: East Punjab cut off the supply of water to Pakistan that
resulted from desertification of many areas of Pakistan and an agricultural
crisis was raised. An international dispute was created. Ultimately, an
agreement took place on 19 September 1960 between Ayub Khan and
Jawahar-Lal-Nehru, as Indus Basin water Treaty resolved water dispute.
Conclusion With the help of Lord Mountbatten, the congress leader created
several early problems of Pakistan. The government of Pakistan faced these
initial problems of Pakistan but the leadership of Jinnah solved several of
these issues effectively. Precisely, he built the state on a solid basis with great
courage and amazed the whole world.
(3)Constitution of 1973
 Pakistan Studies
Notes by Ghulam Mohiuddin