Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2017/2018
Class : XI Enrichment
3. Body: All kinds of letter formal or informal have the letter body. This is the complete text
of the letter or the subject matter content.
4. Closing: It is the farewell phrase. That is a word that precedes the signature and is
followed by a comma. The phrases can be like; Yours truly, Sincerely, Respectfully yours,
Regards, etc.
5. Signature: This the place where you writ your name and signature.
The first letter above is written by friend to another friend to inform that one of them can
not meet in a time asked. He replies for sorry and rearrange to another time. Again a
personal letter below is very informal. Read it!
Have you notices that personal letter can be different from one to the others? It ca be as
informal letter is written by some individual subject to another and does not limited by
some rules of writing ad styles.Learning how to write a personal letter is one subject of
functional text when studying English in high school.
http://englishadmin.com/2015/08/generic-structure-and-example-of-personal-letter.html
Writing a Friendly or Personal Letter
A friendly or personal letter has 5 main parts.
HEADING: Includes the
address and the date. In
some cases, it is OK to just
write the date.
http://www.nhcs.net/parsley/curriculum/postal/friendlyletter.html
FORMAL LATTER AND INFORMAL LATTER/PERSONAL
LETTER
1- Informal letters or personal letter
Sometimes we need to communicate a lot of information and a letter or email may be the
easiest way to do this. We may write a letter to mark a special occasion or to communicate
something that's difficult to say face-to-face: for example, a letter expressing our sympathy
when somebody has died, or a letter sending our congratulations on the birth of a new
baby . These are personal letters. Personal letters may be short or long but they are usually
chatty and informal.
Informal letter is a letter you would write to a friend or family.
2- Formal letters
Formal letters are letters to people who we don't know on a personal level. We may need to
write formal letters or emails for many different reasons. For example, we may write to
find out information, to apply for a job or a course, to make a complaint, to give information
or to send an apology.
You write formal letters to people you don't know or to organisations, for example,
newspapers or businesses.
1. Put your address in the top right hand corner of the page.
2. Put the date underneath the address.
3. If you don't know the person's name, start the letter with Dear Sir, Dear Madam, or
Dear Sir or Madam and finish with Yours faithfully.
4. If you do know the person's name, start the letter Dear Mr/Mrs (put the person's
surname here) and finish with Yours sincerely.
Always use clear, simple English. Start by saying why you are writing then follow with the
details. It's a good idea to list the points you want to make before you start writing.
Finish by saying what you would like to happen next, for example, I hope to hear from you
soon.
JUDY'S TIMETABLE
Day / morning Evening / Night
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
2. Judy is………………………
3. On what day Judy is writing the letter?......................
4. Tick True or False!
True False
1. Judy is sorry that her friend isn’t with her
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=643
The Answers
1. Fill in Judy's timetable of what she did in London:
JUDY'S TIMETABLE
Day / morning Evening / Night
Monday Zoo Concert
Tuesday Shopping Movie Museum
Wednesday London Museum Theater
Thursday Park Restaurant
Friday Science Museum Theatre
2. Judy is on a holiday
3. On what day Judy is writing the letter?Thursday
4. Tick True or False!
True False
1. Judy is sorry that her friend isn’t with her
1. Conjunctions
For example:
Or:
You can also reverse the order of the sentences with because, as, and since.
For example:
Because it was raining, I stayed at home. (use a comma between the first and second
sentences)
For example:
Or:
3. Prepositions
The most important prepositions are due to and because of. Both of these introduce
a cause in the form of a noun phrase. They are often used like this:
For example:
Or:
When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the
exercises.
Source : http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/570/pulp/hemp5.htm
https://freeenglishcourse.info/penghubung-conjunction-sebab-akibat/
Pulp Friction: Conjunctions and Transitions Exercise
1. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct, __________ the rainforests are being
destroyed.
A. therefore
B. since
C. so
D. Consequently
E. Because
2. __________ logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control
it.
A. So
B. Consequently
C. Due to
D. Since
E. Therefore
3. Hemp can be used to make paper, __________ it could reduce the need for logging.
A. therefore
B. so
C. due to
D. Because
E. Since
4. Hemp was grown throughout history __________ its versatility; it can be used to
make many different things.
A. therefore
B. because
C. since
D. as a result
E. due to
5. Hemp is related to the marijuana plant; __________, it is illegal in many countries.
A. so
B. because
C. due to
D. as a result
E. Since
6. Hemp cannot be used to produce marijuana, __________ its low THC content.
A. because
B. as
C. because of
D. Consequently
E. Due to
7. Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. __________, some people believe it
should be legalized.
A. So
B. as
C. Due to
D. Because
E. Therefore
8. __________ Canada has legalized hemp farming, we can expect to see pulp and
paper produced from hemp very soon.
A. Therefore
B. Due to
C. So
D. As
E. From
Source :http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/570/pulp/hemp6.htm
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. E
5. D
6. C
7. E
8. D
9. C
10. E
3.8 Explanation Text
Definition of Explanation Text
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the
forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text
books.
A. Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour (“tsu”) and wave
(“nami”). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly
displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces
the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth’s crust can occur at plate
boundaries.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium,
it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of
water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods
powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
B. How Day and Night Happen
The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night.
However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth’s turning on its axis makes
it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It causes
day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This
process is called revolution. The revolution process causes the changes of the season
In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter. This is not
because as much people think we are closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.
The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be
forgiven for thinking that this can not be true after looking out of your window on a cold
and frosty morning.
It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit then the amount of
daylight that we get decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that determine
the amount of daylight that we get and so the length of time that for us the sun is above the
horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)
Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that determines the amount of daylight not the
distance of the earth from the sun.
Language Feature Analysis
Focusing generic participant; daylight.
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing
suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power
plants and crop irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle
involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to
evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere.
The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets
grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the
form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry
air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases.
Most of us are fear from cancer It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer
is the second leading cause of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations
can occur spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such
as: nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites,
heat, chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals,
evolution and ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may
start cancer.
Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are
about 10,000 cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result
in macroscopic-level cancers and some do not? First, not all damaged cells can
multiply and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and
form cancer are effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune
system. Therefore cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly or
the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.
http://britishcourse.com/explanation-text-complete-explanation.php
F. Aurora
Aurora is lights created in the air caused by atoms and molecules which collide with
charged particles, especially electrons and protons from the sun. The particles were
thrown from the sun at speeds of more than 500 miles / sec and inhaled by the
Earth's magnetic field around the North and South Poles. Then, how exactly is the
aurora process formed?
The different colors in auroras are formed when there is a collision between
different particles and molecules or atoms. Like, for example, the collision between
electron particles and nitrogen molecules which forms a green aurora and collisions
between the electron particles and the oxygen atoms that makes up the red aurora.
http://www.berbahasainggris.com/2017/08/22-contoh-explanation-text-singkat-artinya.html
T
he Question
Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article we'll enter the
amazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you're eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,
especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a
fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree's seeds, also known as
cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the
chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour.
Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often
sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed.
Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are
blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate
liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans are not
different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. It's
pure bitter chocolate.
9. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are
A. arranged sorted to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed
B. mixing to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed
C. arranged and combine a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed
D. sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed
E. burned and replace to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed
10. How does the chocolate maker start to make chocolate?
A. By fermenting the beans.
B. By roasting the beans,
C. By blending the beans.
D. By sorting the beans.
E. By drying the beans
The Answer
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. B
http://britishcourse.com/explanation-text-complete-explanation.php
3.9 Songs
Definition of song
Noun :A short poem or other set of words set to music or meant tobe sung.
At its most basic, a song is a short piece of music, usually with words. It combines melody
and vocals, although some composers have written the song.
Part of song :
Most songs are made up of of three different sections: Verse, Chorus, and Bridge. Many hit
songs have the form: Verse/Chorus/Verse/Chorus/Bridge/Chorus. Here’s how the sections
work together:
1. CHORUS
The chorus has the same melody and the same lyric each time we hear it. The
lyrics sums up the emotional heart of the song. It’s the section that listeners will
remember and want to hear again and again. Be sure to include your title in your
chorus so listeners know what to call your song. The title is often in the first or last
line, sometimes both.
2. VERSE
The verses all have the same melody but different lyrics. A verse takes us
deeper into the feelings or situation that created the feelings in the chorus. Because
the chorus is repeated three or more times, you can keep it interesting by giving
listeners more information in each verse – something that reveals more about the
chorus and deepens our feelings or understanding of it.
3. BRIDGE
The bridge has a different melody and lyric from any other section. It often
provides a peak moment or a turning point in the song. You can use the bridge to
reveal something hidden or add a twist or just come right out and say what you feel
instead of expressing it in images.
4. PRE-CHORUS
Sometimes there’s a short section at the end of the verse which creates
anticipation going into the chorus.
5. HOOK
The “hook” is the most memorable line in the song. It’s in the chorus and it’s
often the line with the title in it – the first or last line of the chorus.
It’s a good idea to use a proven song structure like this one. You don’t haveto, but
listeners have expressed a strong preference for it. A song structure like this one provides
enough variation and new information to keep listeners interested, and enough repetition
to make them feel anchored in the song.
https://mysongcoach.com/what-is-song-structure/
Westlife – I Hane
a Dream
[Verse 1]
I have a dream, a song to sing
To help me ___ (1) with anything
If you see the wonder of a fairy tale
You can take the____ (2), even if you fail
[Chorus 1]
I believe in angels
Something good in everything I see
I believe in angels
When I know the time is right for me
[Verse 2]
I have a dream, a fantasy
To help me ____(3) reality
And my destination makes it ____(4) the _____(5)
Pushing _____(6) the darkness; still another ____(7)
[Chorus 2]
I believe in angels
Something good in everything I see
I believe in angels
When I know the time is right for me
I believe in angels
When I know the time is right for me
[Verse 3]
I have a dream, a song to sing
To help me ____(8) with anything
If you see the wonder of a fairy tale
You can take the ____(9) even if you fail
[Chorus 1]
I believe in angels
Something good in everything I see
I believe in angels
When I know the time is right for me
[Chorus 1]
I believe in angels
Something good in everything I see
I believe in angels
When I know the time is right for me
The Answer
1. (1) Cope
(2) Future
(3) Through
(4) Wole
(5) While
(6) Through
(7) Miles
(8) Cope
(9) Future
2. The function of the song is to tell feelings of the writer’s song.
5. The message of the song is we must have a drem for our future.
Activity 3. Let’s sing this song then discuss the song with your friend on grupe.
https://www.google.co.id/search?
q=beautiful+sunday+lirik&oq=beautiful+sunday+lirik&aqs=chrome..69i57.7921j0j7&sourc
eid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Discuss
The answer
1. The man’s look like happy, because she said that she loves the man.
2. The song about the beautiful Sunday of the man.
3. The singer feel when singing the song is happy and spitchles.
4. Verse/chorus/verse/chorus/chorus
Sing a Song Together
https://www.kididdles.com/lyrics/k003.html
http://lailysalsar.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/lirik-lagu-any-dream-will-do-connie.html
The Answer
https://www.wowkeren.com/lirik/lagu/pharrell_williams/happy.htm