STANDARD 

CIVIL DESIGN PRACTICE 

{ GENERAL }
1.0  GENERAL :
     1.1 SCOPE :
     This Civil Design Practice, together with the Civil Design Basis, applicable
drawings and specifications shall govern the basis of Civil Design and
Engineering.
  1.2 CODES AND STANDARDS : 
      The design & engineering and supply of material shall be in accordance
with established codes and good engineering practices.
2.0 DRAFTING PRACTICES :
  2.1 GENERAL :
     All new drawings
shall be drafted as per below listed requirements :
  i Plans 1:50, 1:100, 1:75
  ii Sections 1:50, 1:100
  iii Details 1:25, 1:10
  iv Elevations 1:100 or 1:50 (depending on extent of
details)
  v General Notes shall be on right hand side of drawing starting at top of
drawing.
  vi The
SI system shall be used. Existing drawings shall be used with the
same scale.
     On all drawings pertaining to the same building, the orientation shall be
kept the same. The north arrow shall point towards the top of the
drawing
(upwards), except when the arrangement of views does not permit, in
which case, it shall point towards the left. In all cases, the north point
shall be shown and placed near the upper right hand corner of the plan
drawings. Orientation of the buildings shall be followed as per plot plans
and North arrow shall be shown respectively.
  2.2 KEY PLAN : 
     Where a drawing shows only a portion of the entire building under
consideration, a key plan shall be shown to designate the relationship of
the portion shown to the entire area shall be placed suitably at the right-
hand corner near the drawing title of each drawing containing plan views.

  2.3 STANDARD DRAWING :

     A standard drawing shall be prepared for General Notes. Reference of this
drawing shall be made on all other drawings. This drawing shall generally
contain information on material and sizes for structural steel and concrete,
type of bolts for connections, allowable bearing capacity of soil and other
applicable design information.
  2.4 LOCATION OF DIMENSIONS :
     Horizontal dimensions from column center or grid line shall be shown on
the plans and vertical dimensions on elevations or sections.
  2.5 FLOOR PLANS :
     Each floor or platform plan on the drawing shall have a subtitle showing
its designation and elevation of the highest point on the plan with respect
to the ground floor elevation. The elevation of each point on the plan shall
be given either in absolute or relative terms.
  2.6 EQUIPMENT SUPPORTS :
     The center lines of the equipment supported shall be located from the
center line of the building columns / Grids in either direction.
3.0 LOADING SPECIFICATIONS :
  3.1 DEAD LOADS
(DL):
  3.1.1 Dead load conditions :
     Dead loads shall be considered for the following : 
  a Erection condition :
     Dead load for
erection condition shall be taken as the sum of the following
:
  i Own weight of structure including foundations (excluding fire proofing
protection).
  ii Weight of pipes empty (excluding weight of insulation).
  iii Weight of empty equipment.
  iv Weight of cladding.
  b Operating condition :
      DL for
operating condition shall be taken as the sum of the following :
  i Own weight of structure including foundations, fire proofing protection,
platforms, ladders, etc. 
  ii Weight of pipes (including operating fluid and weight of insulation).
  iii Operating weight of equipment.
  iv Electrical and instrument installation.
  3.1.2 Weights of building materials :
      Unit weights of building materials shall be as follows :

Material  Description  Unit Weight (MKS units)

Plain Concrete 2400 Kg/m3
Reinforced Concrete 2500 Kg/m3
Brick Masonry 2000 Kg/m3
Rubble Masonry 2600 Kg/m3
Plaster 6 mm thick 15 Kg/m2
Plaster 12 mm thick 29 Kg/m2
Plaster 20 mm thick 48 Kg/m2
Sand/Gravel/Broken Stone 1800 Kg/m3
Soil/Clay-Dry  1600 Kg/m3
Soil/Clay-Saturated 1900 Kg/m3
Flooring (20/25 mm. thick)  125 Kg/m2
False ceiling 75 Kg/m2
Roofing GI pre-coated  5 Kg/m2
Steel/reinforcement 7850 Kg/m3
Grating (25 mm thk) 35 Kg/m2
Chequered plate(8 mm)  68 Kg/m2
  3.1.3 Equipment weights :
  a Weights of equipment in empty, operating and test conditions shall be
taken from equipment vendor's drawings.
  b Weight of equipment in empty condition shall exclude the weight of
 contents.
  c Operating weight of equipment shall be increased suitably to allow for
piping attached to the equipment, piping and equipment insulation and fire
proofing protection. Vessel operating weight shall include weight of
internals and weight of fluid content.
  d Test weights of equipment shall be increased by 10% to allow for piping
attached to an item of equipment.
  e Combined foundations for one or more items of equipment shall be
checked assuming equipment will be tested individually not collectively
unless otherwise agreed.
  3.1.4 Electrical and instrument loads on structures :
      Loading from electrical and instrument installations shall be allowed for,
i.e. trays,
troughs, control panels, cables, etc. including protection barriers
to cables.
  3.1.5 Forces from equipment and piping :
      These forces shall be considered as dead loads for partial safety factor.
  3.1.6 Friction force :
      On equipment with one end free to slide, the friction force from expansion
or contraction of the equipment shall be calculated based on friction
coefficients indicated in Civil Design Basis. This force acts parallel to the
main axis of the equipment, being equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction at each support, and shall be applied at the top of the supporting
stool.
  3.1.7 Pipe thrusts :
      Allowance shall be made for piping loads including thermal thrust, surge,
etc.
   3.1.8 Dynamic machinery loads :
      Dynamic considerations shall be in accordance with vendor's data.
   3.2 LIVE LOADS :
     Minimum live loads for various areas shall be as indicated in Civil Design
Basis.
  3.3 WIND LOADS : 
      Design for wind loads shall be carried out in conformance with the
referenced standard for analysis and design for wind loads, considering
Site Data, both as stated in Civil Design Basis.
  3.4 SEISMIC LOADS :
      Design for seismic loads shall be carried out in conformance with the
referenced standard for analysis and design for seismic loads, considering
Site Data, both as stated in Civil Design Basis.
  3.5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES :
  3.5.1 Floor area with dynamic loads due to rotating equipment shall be
evaluated for vibration. Alternatively, the provision of suitable measures
for vibration isolation shall be ensured.
  3.5.2 The natural frequency of the foundation system shall be at least ą 30%
away from the frequency of the machine.
  3.6 SPECIAL LOADS :
      Appropriate loads likely to be imposed on the structure and their
combinations along with dead loads, live loads, wind loads and seismic
loads shall be considered based on engineering judgement. Loads and load
 effects due to temperature differential, soil and hydrostatic pressures shall
be considered. 
  3.7 COMBINATION OF LOADS :
      The structures shall be designed for the most
unfavorable combination of
loading, which can occur during the life of the structure. A judicious
combination of loads shall be considered keeping in view :
  a Acting together/in
Tandem.
  b Disposition in relation to other loads and, 
  c Severity of stresses or deformations caused by the combinations of
various loads.
      It is necessary to ensure the required safety and economy in design of the
structure. Load combinations as specified in referenced standards for
loads listed in Civil design Basis shall be considered.
  3.8 STRUCTURAL STABILITY : 
      Structural stability shall be ensured by verifying the factors of safety
against overturning, sliding and uplift, as specified in referenced standards
for loads listed in Civil design Basis shall be considered.
4.0 CONCRETE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS :
      Concrete Design shall be performed as described in Civil Design Basis.
5.0 STEEL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS :
  5.1 GENERAL :
  5.1.1 Structural Steel Design shall conform to Civil Design Basis.
  5.1.2 For pinned beams subjected to pure shear, maximum net shear capacity
shall be 60% of the capacity of section.
  5.1.3 Trusses shall be provided with camber as required.`
  5.2 WELDED CONNECTIONS :
  5.2.1 All strength welds shall be continuous fillet welds.
  5.2.2 Minimum weld size shall be 6 mm.
   5.2.3 Welding to and from anchor bolts shall not be permitted.
  5.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS :
  5.3.1 Minimum size of bolts shall be M12.
  5.3.2 All bolt holes shall be drilled. Bolt hole diameter shall be 1.5 mm more
than bolt diameter for bolt diameters
up to 24 mm and 2 mm more than
bolt diameter for bolt diameters over 24 mm. 
      Usual
Bolt Diameters are 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, & 40 mm.
  5.3.3 All trolley beams, crane runways shall have bolts with 2 tapered washer
and 2 nuts.
  5.3.4 All vibrating equipments shall have 2 lock nuts.
  5.3.5 All beam end connections shall have 2 bolts minimum.
  5.3.6 All bracing connections shall have 2 bolts minimum.
  5.3.7 All splices shall be designed to develop full strength of the member.
6.0 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS :
  a Foundation sizes shall be standardized, whenever possible.
  b Small foundations shall be incorporated into slab-on-grade. 
  c Foundations in congested areas shall be designed with bottom of concrete
at the same elevation and common footings shall be used wherever
 possible.
  d Concrete structures shall be dimensioned for maximum use of commercial
form sizes.
  e Circular foundations shall be provided for equipment greater than 1200
mm in diameter. Octagonal or other easily constructed shape shall be
specified.
  f Use of different grades of
reinforcements shall be avoided.
  g Wherever allowed, Welded Wire Fabric shall be used in lieu of
reinforcements for paving.
  h Use of drilled adhesive/mechanical anchors in place of cast-in-place
anchor bolts shall be specified, especially for bolts smaller than
M16.
  i Bolt-sleeves shall be utilized for equipment foundation anchor bolts which
are cast-in-place.
  j Use of grated floor systems instead of chequered plate floor shall be
maximized.
  k Beams shall be checked for temporary equipment loads imposed during
erection.