UNIT V

SAMPLING
DESIGNS
Sampling
Since it is generally impossible to
study an entire population (every
individual in a country, all college
students, every geographic area,
etc.), researchers typically rely on
sampling to acquire a section of
the population to perform an
experiment or observational study.
It is important that the group
selected be representative of the
population, and not biased in a
systematic manner. For example,
a group comprised of the
wealthiest individuals in a given
area probably would not
accurately reflect the opinions of
the entire population in that area.
For this reason, randomization is
typically employed to achieve an
unbiased sample. The most
common sampling designs are
simple random sampling, stratified
random sampling, and multistage
random sampling.
Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is the
basic sampling technique where
we select a group of subjects (a
sample) for study from a larger
group (a population).
Each individual is chosen entirely
by chance and each member of
the population has an equal
chance of being included in the
sample. Every possible sample of
a given size has the same chance
of selection.
Stratified Random Sampling
There may often be factors which
divide up the population into sub-
populations (groups/strata) and
we may expect the measurement
of interest to vary among the
different sub-populations.
This has to be accounted for
when we select a sample from the
population In order that we obtain
a sample that is representative
the population. This is achieved by
stratified sampling.
A stratified sample is obtained by
taking samples from each stratum
or sub-group of a population.
When we sample a population
with several strata, we generally
require that the proportion of
each stratum in the sample should
be the same as in the population
Stratified sampling techniques
are generally used when the
population is heterogeneous, or
dissimilar, where certain
homogeneous, or similar, sub-
populations can be isolated
(strata). Simple random sampling
is most appropriate when the
entire population from which the
sample is taken homogeneous.
Some reasons for wing stratified
sampling over simple random
sampling are.
a. the cost per observation in the
survey may be reduced,
b. estimates of the population
parameters may be wanted for
each sub-population;
c. increased accuracy at given
cost.
example
Suppose a farmer wishes to work
out the average milk yield of each
cow type in his herd which
consists of Ayrshire, Friesian,
Galloway and Jersey cows. He
could divide up his herd into the
four sub-groups and take samples
from these.
Multistage Random Sampling
A multistage random sample is
constructed by taking a series of
simple random samples in stages.
This type of sampling is often more
practical than simple random
sampling for studies requiring "on
location" analysis, such as door-to-
door surveys
In a multistage random sample,
a large area, such as a country, is
first divided Into smaller regions
(such as states), and a random
sample of these regions is collected.
In the second stage, a random
sample of smaller areas (such as
countries) is taken from within each
of the regions chosen in the first
stage.
Then, in the third stage, a random
sample of even smaller areas
(such as neighborhoods) is taken
from within each of the areas
chosen in the second stage. If
these areas are sufficiently small
for the purposes of the study, then
the researcher might stop at the
third stage.
If not, he or she may continue to
sample from the areas chosen in
the third stage, etc., until
appropriately small areas have
been chosen.
Determination of sample size
Sample size determination is the
act of choosing the number of
observations to include in a
statistical sample. The sample size
is an important feature of any
empirical study in which the goal
is to make inferences about a
population from a sample.
In practice, the sample size used
in a study is determined based on
the expense of data collection,
and the need to have sufficient
statistical power. . In complicated
studies there may be several
different sample sizes involved in
the study.
example
in a survey sampling involving
stratified sampling there would be
different sample sizes for each
population. In a census, data are
collected on the entire
population, hence the sample size
is equal to [he population size.
In experimental design. Where a
study may be divided into
different treatment groups, there
may be different sample sizes for
each group.
Sample sizes may be chosen in
several different ways:
Expedience- For example,
includes those items readily
available or convenient to collect.
A choice of small sample sizes,
though sometimes necessary, can
result in wide confidence intervals
or risks of errors in statistical
hypothesis testing.
usinga target variance for an
estimate to be derived from the
sample eventually obtained

using a target for the power of a

statistical test to be applied
once the sample is collected
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