TEST 19

PASSAGE 1
The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest
(1)___problems________ we have faced since World War Two. Since its emergence in Asia in 2019, the
virus has spread to every (2)_continent__________  except Antarctica.
But the pandemic is much more than a health crisis, it's also an unprecedented socio-economic crisis.
Stressing every one of the countries it touches, it has the (3)_power________ to create devastating social,
economic and political effects that will leave deep and longstanding scars. UNDP is the technical lead in
the UN’s socio-economic recovery, alongside the health response, led by WHO, and the Global
Humanitarian Response Plan, and working under the (4)_control__________ of the UN Resident
Coordinators.
Every day, people are losing jobs and income, with no way of knowing when normality will return. Small
island nations, heavily (5)__depended________ on tourism, have empty hotels and deserted beaches. The
International Labour Organization (6)_estimated ________ that 400 million jobs could be lost.
Every country needs to act immediately to prepare, respond, and recover. United Nations Secretary-
General António Guterres has launched a US$2 billion global humanitarian response plan in the most
vulnerable. (7)___________ countries could lose at least US$220 billion in income, and the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development has called for US$2.5 trillion to (8)____________ them.
Drawing on our experience with other outbreaks such as Ebola, HIV, SARS, TB and malaria, as well as
our long history of working with the private and public sector, UNDP will help countries to urgently and
(9)__seriously_________ respond to COVID-19 as part of its mission to eradicate poverty, reduce
inequalities and build resilience to crises and shocks.
The next phase of UNDP’s COVID-19 crisis response is designed to help decision-makers look beyond
recovery, towards 2030, making choices and managing complexity and uncertainty in four
(10)__different________ areas: governance, social protection, green economy, and digital disruption. It
encompasses our role in technically leading the UN’s socio-economic response.
PASSAGE 2

The need to rapidly develop a vaccine (1)_against_________ SARS-CoV-2 comes at a time of explosion
in basic scientific understanding, (2)__including________ in areas such as genomics and structural
biology, that is supporting a new era in vaccine development. Over the past decade, the scientific
community and the vaccine industry have been asked to respond (3)_quickly__________ to epidemics of
H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and now SARS-CoV-2. An H1N1 influenza vaccine was developed
relatively rapidly, largely because influenza-vaccine (4)_technology__________ was well developed and
key regulators had previously decided that vaccines made using egg- and cell-based platforms could be
licensed under the rules used for a strain change. Although a monovalent H1N1 vaccine was not
(5)_available__________ before the pandemic peaked in the Northern Hemisphere, it was available soon
afterward as a stand-alone vaccine and was ultimately incorporated (6)__into__________ commercially
available seasonal influenza vaccines.
(7)__Development_________ of an Ebola vaccine by the Public Health Agency of Canada had been on
hold when the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak began. The U.S. government (8)_provided____________
funding to accelerate the vaccine’s development, which was ultimately transferred to Merck. The
company continued development even when the outbreak ended, and stockpiles of investigational product
were available for use in the recent outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The vaccine received
conditional marketing authorization from the European Medicines Authority and approval (9)__________
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at the end of 2019 and in several African countries thereafter.
Some companies working on Ebola vaccines have received external support and invested their own funds
to continue development. Even with (10)__________ development and licensure, however, the prospect
that commercial markets will sustain multiple vaccines for which relatively few doses may need to be
manufactured seems dim.