On:

Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

Uf
ereGo
dswi
l
lOme
Cent
ref
orResear
ch
OnTheol
ogy,Rel
igi
onandSoci
etalVal
ues
(
vol
2n
. o.
4:2021)
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:ufer
egodswi l
l
matt
hias@gmai
l
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l
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hias99@gmail.
com
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THECHALLENGEOFMODERNSCI
ENCEONRELI
GIONTODAY
BY

UFERE,
GODSWI Di
LLOME, p.
Th.
,B.
Th.
,As.
Th.
23RDJANUARY,
2021

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Apr
esupposi
ti
onst
oodsust
aineddur
ingt
hemoder
nper
iodwhi
chwashel
dbyt
hel
ate
Ger
man-
bor
nphy
sici
stAl
ber
tEi
nst
einwhobel
i
evedandaf
fi
rmedt
hatsci
encewi
thout
r
eli
gionwasl
ame,
andr
eli
gionwi
thoutsci
encewasbl
i
nd.Many
,especi
all
yphi
l
osopher
s
l
i
ved wi
tht
hisnot
ionand waswi
del
ypubl
i
shed i
n1968 byt
hel
eadi
ng Amer
ican
soci
ologi
stPet
erBer
ger
.Hewr
otei
ntheNewYor
kTi
mes:“
Byt
hist
imei
nthet
went
y-
f
ir
stcent
ury
,rel
i
giousbel
i
ever
sar
eli
kel
ytobef
oundonl
yinsmal
lsect
s,huddl
ed
t
oget
hert
oresi
stawor
ldwi
desecul
arcul
tur
e.”Buti
n1999t
hesamePet
erBer
gerwr
ote:
“
Theassumpt
iont
hatwel
i
vei
nasecul
ari
zedwor
ldi
sfal
se.Thewor
ldt
oday
,wi
thsome
except
ions...,
isasf
uri
ousl
yrel
i
giousasi
tev
erwas,
andi
nsomepl
acesmor
esot
han
ev
er(
Bar
bour2)
.Pet
erBer
gerbr
oughtconf
usi
oni
nthef
iel
dsofsci
enceandr
eli
gion:
f
ir
stheaf
fi
rmedmoder
nsci
enceabov
erel
i
gion,t
heni
nret
rospectexal
tedr
eli
gion
abov
emoder
nsci
ence.Weseet
hisnott
obeaf
luct
uat
ionoft
houghtbutacr
eat
ionof

1
 On:
Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

di
sti
nct
ions t
hat l
ed t
o di
ver
se chal
l
enges moder
n sci
ence poses on r
eli
gion
(
Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam)
.Iti
sont
hisnot
ethatwev
eri
fyandev
aluat
ethechal
l
engesof
moder
nsci
enceonChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam.Not
ethatRel
i
gionasusedher
eappl
i
es
maj
orl
ytot
het
wor
eli
gionsunderconsi
der
ati
on(
i.
eChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam)
.

Hi
stor
icalPer
spect
ives/
Concept
s

Si
ncet
he 1960s,schol
arsi
ntheol
ogy
,phi
l
osophy
,hi
stor
y,and t
hesci
enceshav
e
st
udi
ed t
he r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween sci
ence and r
eli
gion.Sci
ence and r
eli
gion i
sa
r
ecogni
zed f
iel
d ofst
udywi
th dedi
cat
ed j
our
nal
s.Mostofi
ts aut
hor
s ar
e ei
ther
t
heol
ogi
ans(
e.g.JohnHaught
),phi
l
osopher
swi
thani
nter
esti
nsci
ence(
e.g.
,Nancey
Mur
phy
),or(
for
mer
)sci
ent
ist
swi
thl
ong-
standi
ngi
nter
est
sinr
eli
gion,someofwhom
ar
e al
so or
dai
ned cl
ergy (
e.g.John Pol
ki
nghor
ne,Ar
thurPeacocke,and Al
i
ster
McGr
ath)
.Thesy
stemat
icst
udyofsci
enceand r
eli
gion st
art
ed i
nthe1960s,wi
th
aut
hor
ssuchasI
anBar
bour(
1966)andThomasF.Tor
rance(
1969)whochal
l
engedt
he
pr
evai
l
ingv
iewt
hatsci
enceandr
eli
gionwer
eei
theratwarori
ndi
ff
erentt
oeachot
her
.
Bar
bour
’sI
ssuesi
nSci
enceandRel
i
gion(
1966)setoutsev
eralendur
ingt
hemesoft
he
f
iel
d.

I
nor
dert
ounder
standt
hescopeofsci
enceandr
eli
gionandwhati
nter
act
ionst
her
ear
e
bet
weent
hem,
wemustatl
eastgetasenseofwhatsci
enceandr
eli
gionar
e.Bef
oret
he
ni
net
eent
hcent
ury
,thet
erm“
rel
i
gion”wasr
arel
yused.Formedi
evalaut
hor
s,suchas
Aqui
nas,t
het
erm r
eli
gionmeantpi
etyorwor
shi
p,(
and wasdeni
ed of“
rel
i
gious”
sy
stemsout
sideofwhatheconsi
der
edor
thodoxy
)(Har
ri
son215)
.

Thet
erm“
sci
ence”asi
tiscur
rent
lyusedal
sobecamecommononl
yint
heni
net
eent
h
cent
ury
.Pr
iort
othi
s,whatwecal
l“sci
ence”wasr
efer
redt
oas“
nat
uralphi
l
osophy
”or
“
exper
iment
alphi
l
osophy
”.Wi
l
li
am Whewel
lst
andar
dizedt
het
erm“
sci
ent
ist
”tor
efert
o
pr
act
it
ioner
sofdi
ver
senat
ural
phi
l
osophi
es.Phi
l
osopher
sofsci
encehav
eat
tempt
edt
o
demar
cat
esci
encef
rom ot
herknowl
edge-
seeki
ngendeav
ors,
inpar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion(
134)
.

2
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Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

TheEst
rangement

Att
hispoi
nt,
moder
nsci
encei
sest
ranged(
separ
ated)f
rom r
eli
gion.Manyper
sons,
li
ke
Ty
lor
,af
fi
rm adi
ff
erencebet
weensci
enceandr
eli
gion,ev
eni
fthemeani
ngsofbot
h
t
ermsar
ehi
stor
ical
l
ycont
ingent
.Theydi
sagr
ee,howev
er,onhow t
opr
eci
sel
y(and
acr
osst
imesandcul
tur
es)demar
cat
ethet
wodomai
ns.Howev
er,Whewel
lsai
dthat
ev
ent
hehy
pot
hesesoft
hesci
ent
ist
sar
eatsomepoi
ntsj
ust
if
iabl
yfal
sif
iabl
e.Oneway
t
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
weensci
enceandr
eli
gioni
sthecl
aimt
hatsci
enceconcer
nst
he
nat
uralwor
ld,wher
eas r
eli
gion concer
ns bot
hthe nat
uraland t
he super
nat
ural
.
Sci
ent
if
icexpl
anat
ionsdonotappealt
osuper
nat
uralent
it
iessuchasgodsorangel
s,or
t
o non-
nat
uralf
orces(
li
kemi
racl
es,kar
ma)
.Forexampl
e,neur
osci
ent
ist
sty
pical
l
y
expl
ainourt
hought
sint
ermsofbr
ainst
ates,notbyr
efer
encet
oani
mmat
eri
alsoulor
spi
ri
t.Theest
rangementbet
weensci
enceandr
eli
gioni
nthe21stcent
uryseemst
obea
wel
laccept
edf
act
.Inf
act
,mostpeopl
ebel
i
evet
hatt
heyar
epr
esent
edwi
tht
wo
cont
radi
ctor
ysy
stemsf
rom whi
cht
heymustchoose.Thi
sisev
enwher
ethepr
obl
em
begi
ns.

For
restsay
sthatev
enst
rongerconcl
usi
onsaboutt
heset
wo(
sci
enceandr
eli
gion)ar
e
cont
rov
ersi
al(
45)
.The v
iew t
hatsci
ence can be demar
cat
ed f
rom r
eli
gion i
nit
s
met
hodol
ogi
calnat
ural
i
sm i
s mor
e commonl
y accept
ed.Pennock ar
gued t
hat
I
ntel
l
igentDesi
gn,i
nit
sappealt
osuper
nat
uralmechani
sms,wasnotmet
hodol
ogi
cal
l
y
nat
ural
i
sti
c,and t
hat met
hodol
ogi
calnat
ural
i
sm i
s an essent
ialcomponent of
sci
ence—t
houghi
tisnotadogmat
icr
equi
rement
,itf
lowsf
rom r
easonabl
eev
ident
ial
r
equi
rement
s,suchast
heabi
l
ityt
otestt
heor
iesempi
ri
cal
l
y(157)
.Because“
sci
ence”
and “
rel
i
gion”def
ythe exi
stence ofeach ot
heri
nrealessence,di
scussi
ng t
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensci
ence(
ingener
al)andr
eli
gion(
ingener
al)i
sfoundi
ndept
h
consi
der
ati
onsoft
het
wo.Forex
ampl
e,Kel
l
yCl
arkar
guest
hatwecanonl
ysensi
bly
i
nqui
rei
ntot
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenawi
del
yaccept
edcl
aim ofsci
ence(
suchas
quant
um mechani
csorf
indi
ngsi
nneur
osci
ence)andaspeci
fi
ccl
aim ofapar
ti
cul
ar
r
eli
gion(
suchasChr
ist
ianandI
slami
cunder
standi
ngsofdi
vi
nepr
ovi
dence)(
56-
57)
.

I
ncr
eat
ingt
heunder
standi
ngnecessar
yint
hev
ergeoft
heset
wo,Mi
kaelSt
enmar
k
di
sti
ngui
shesbet
weent
hreev
iews:t
hei
ndependencev
iew(
noov
erl
apbet
weensci
ence

3
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Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

andr
eli
gion)
,thecont
actv
iew (
someov
erl
apbet
weent
hef
iel
ds)
,andauni
onoft
he
domai
nsofsci
enceandr
eli
gion;butt
hemosti
nfl
uent
ialmodeloft
her
elat
ionshi
ps
bet
ween sci
ence and r
eli
gion r
emai
ns t
he one gi
ven by Bar
bour
’s: conf
li
ct,
i
ndependence,di
alogue,andi
ntegr
ati
on(
n.pg)
.Pl
ati
ngaposi
tst
hatatanyt
imewhen
t
roubl
eceaset
ooccurbet
weenr
eli
gionandcul
tur
etheni
tist
hel
ackofconf
li
ct
bet
weensci
enceandr
eli
gionar
isesf
rom al
ackofov
erl
apbet
weent
hei
rrespect
ive
domai
nsofpr
ofessi
onalexper
ti
se(
739)
.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatmostt
imest
hesepar
ati
on
donet
orel
i
gionandmoder
nsci
encedonotl
astorendur
e.

TheChal
lengeofModer
nSci
enceonChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam

Ther
eisaf
undament
aldi
ff
erencebet
weenr
eli
gionandsci
ence,whi
chi
sbasedon
aut
hor
it
yand obser
vat
ion and r
eason.Went
zelwi
l
lshar
plysay
,“Ibel
i
evet
hati
n
ev
ery
thi
ngSci
encewi
l
lwi
nbecausei
twor
ksandIbel
i
evet
heuni
ver
sei
sgov
ernedby
t
hel
awsofsci
ence.
”Thel
awsmayhav
ebeendecr
eedbyGod,butGoddoesnot
i
nter
venet
obr
eakt
hel
aws.Wheny
oul
ookatt
hev
astsi
zeoft
heuni
ver
se,andhow
i
nsi
gni
fi
cantandacci
dent
alhumanl
i
fei
sini
t,t
heexi
stenceofaGodseemsmost
i
mpl
ausi
ble.Thi
sasser
ti
onmaybet
rueornotbutt
hechal
l
engeofsci
encebel
ow wi
l
l
pr
ovei
tst
rut
hful
nessorf
alsehood.Thus…

I
n2001and2009,Pet
erHar
ri
son,usi
ngt
hewar
far
emodelchal
l
engedChr
ist
iani
tyand
I
slam byar
gui
ngt
hatt
heol
ogi
cal
concept
ionsofnat
ureandhumani
tyhel
pedt
ogi
ver
ise
t
osci
encei
nthesev
ent
eent
hcent
ury(
30)
.Pet
erBowl
erdr
ew at
tent
iont
oabr
oad
mov
ementofl
i
ber
alChr
ist
ians and ev
olut
ioni
stsi
nthe ni
net
eent
h and t
went
iet
h
cent
uri
eswhoai
medt
oreconci
l
eev
olut
ionar
ytheor
ywi
thr
eli
giousbel
i
ef.Tot
hisPet
er
meantt
hatsci
ence was st
il
lsi
l
entbef
oret
he moder
n age notunt
ilt
his same
t
heol
ogi
ans(
rel
i
gioni
sts)t
hatdonotwantt
oseesci
encest
art
ednat
uralt
heol
ogyand
phi
l
osophi
es.I
not
herwor
ds,sci
encei
snott
hecauseoft
hemi
sfor
tunef
oundi
n
Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam.Her
eChr
ist
iani
tyi
sbei
ngchal
l
engedt
okeepqui
etandf
acei
ts
pr
obl
emswi
thoutshout
ingt
henameofsci
enceal
lthet
ime.

Al
so,
sinceChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam coul
dnotandcannotmai
ntai
nthei
rboundar
ybutout

4
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Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

ofhel
plessnesscont
inuet
ogot
omoder
nsci
encef
orhel
p,sci
encehassubj
ugat
ed
t
hem t
oobeyi
tsor
der
s.Att
imes,
theseor
der
sofsci
encechanget
heper
cept
ionoft
he
r
eli
gioni
stsi
nChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam;f
orexampl
e,sci
encehasmadet
heMusl
i
mst
o
acceptgeogr
aphy by t
he use oft
opogr
aphi
caland measur
ementappar
atus t
o
det
ermi
net
hecal
cul
ati
onnecessar
yfort
he“
qibl
a.”Sci
encewi
l
lask,“
Ifr
eli
gioni
nthe
concept
sofChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam wer
enothel
pless,whydi
dn’
ttheyusedf
ait
hto
det
ermi
net
heqi
blacal
cul
ati
on?
”Sci
enceher
ebr
ingsi
ttonot
ethatev
enMohammed’
s
f
ait
hcoul
dnothel
pthesi
tuat
ion,t
hati
swhyhewasev
ent
heonet
hati
nit
iat
edt
he
mov
efort
heuseofmat
hemat
ical
met
hodsi
ntheqi
blacal
cul
ati
on.

ToChr
ist
iani
ty,sci
encechal
l
engesi
tsf
ait
hbymaki
ngChr
ist
iani
tyt
ogobackandl
eak
i
tsv
omi
t.Chr
ist
iansaf
fi
rmt
hat
,“wear
enotoft
hiswor
ldandt
hatt
hei
rpossessi
oni
sin
heav
enbecauset
hewor
ldi
scor
rupt
ed”butt
hesesamepeopl
ewi
l
ljoi
nandbecome
pol
i
tici
ans–l
asty
ear
,aRev
.mi
nist
erwasseenoncampai
gnpost
erv
yingf
ort
heof
fi
ce
ofasenat
or.So,whi
chwor
ldwashet
hinki
nghewascomi
ngt
orul
ein,ofcour
sehe
f
ail
edbecausedeni
edsci
enceandwant
edt
owor
kinhi
shouseatsamet
ime.

Anot
herchal
l
enge Sci
ence poses t
o Chr
ist
iani
ty and I
slam i
s“conf
usi
on.
”Bot
h
Chr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam ar
eunderconf
usi
onbecauseasSci
encecr
eepst
oent
err
eli
gion
andl
ear
nwi
thf
alsehumi
l
ityt
henf
ir
eit
sdest
ruct
iveat
tackont
hem,t
heseot
hert
wo
cannotaf
for
dtobenddownl
owt
olear
n.I
nit
,Sci
encewi
l
lseem t
oconv
incet
hem (
buti
t
i
sconf
usi
oni
nther
ealsense)t
hatt
wooft
hem ar
eone.Sci
encewi
l
lsayt
hatt
heonl
y
di
ff
erencebet
weent
hem i
sthatt
heyseet
hingsf
rom di
ff
erentper
spect
ives.Ei
nst
ein
once sai
d,“
Iam conv
inced t
hatev
olut
ion and r
eli
gious bel
i
efs need notbe i
n
cont
radi
cti
on.I
ndeed,i
fsci
enceandr
eli
gionar
epr
oper
lyunder
stood,t
heycannotbei
n
cont
radi
cti
onbecauset
heyconcer
ndi
ff
erentmat
ter
s.Sci
enceandr
eli
gionar
eli
ket
wo
di
ff
erentwi
ndowsf
orl
ooki
ngatt
hewor
ld.Thet
wowi
ndowsl
ookatt
hesamewor
ld,
but
t
heyshowdi
ff
erentaspect
soft
hatwor
ld”(
Bar
bour
,n.
pg)
.

TheSust
ainedUndueLi
mit

Thi
sisoneoft
heker
neloft
hepr
obl
em.Thet
wowor
dsusedher
e,“
Sust
ained”and

5
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Chal
l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

“
Undue”
,thoughopposi
tet
oeachot
herar
eforapur
pose.Thi
sdef
inest
hatt
hemat
ter
her
eisj
ust
if
iabl
yunj
ust
if
iabl
e.Ther
easoni
sbecausewhi
l
eweseeSci
encet
obe
cl
osel
yli
nkedwi
thi
tschal
l
engesonChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam,t
hej
ustment
ionedst
il
l
r
emai
nst
ickt
oitf
orsomewhatki
ndofsur
viv
al.

1.Fr
anci
scoAy
alasai
dthat“
Sci
enceandRel
i
giondocoexi
st.Thef
ir
stsci
ent
ist
s
wer
ecl
ergy
men.Andt
hepr
opor
ti
onofsci
ent
ist
swhoar
ethemsel
vesbel
i
ever
s
mi
rr
orst
hef
ract
ioni
nthegener
alpopul
ati
on.

2.Hecont
inued,“
Rel
i
gionandsci
encear
eli
keoi
landwat
er.Theymi
ghtco-
exi
st,
butt
heycannev
ermi
xtopr
oduceahomogeneousmedi
um.Rel
i
gionandsci
ence
ar
efundament
all
yincompat
ibl
e.Theydi
sagr
eepr
ofoundl
yonhow weobt
ain
knowl
edgeoft
hewor
ld.
”Sci
encei
sbasedobser
vat
ionandr
easoni
ngf
rom
obser
vat
ion.Rel
i
gionassumest
hathumanbei
ngscanaccessadeeperl
evelof
i
nfor
mat
iont
hati
snotav
ail
abl
ebyei
therobser
vat
ionorr
eason.Thesci
ent
if
ic
met
hodi
spr
ovenbyi
tssuccess.Ther
eli
giousmet
hodi
sref
utedbyi
tsf
ail
ure.

3.Gr
antKennedysai
d,“
Sci
enceandr
eli
gionar
enotatodds.Ei
therSci
enceor
r
eli
gioni
ssi
mpl
ytooy
oungt
ounder
stand.Whet
herornoty
oubel
i
evei
nGod,
you
mustbel
i
evet
his:whenweasaspeci
esabandonourt
rusti
napowergr
eat
er
t
han us,we abandon oursense ofaccount
abi
l
ity
.Fai
ths,al
lfai
ths,ar
e
admoni
ti
onst
hatt
her
eissomet
hingwecannotunder
stand,somet
hingt
owhi
ch
wear
eaccount
abl
e.Wi
thf
ait
hwear
eaccount
abl
etoeachot
her
,toour
sel
ves,
andt
oahi
ghert
rut
h.Rel
i
gioni
sfl
awed,
butonl
ybecausemani
sfl
awed.Sci
ence
t
ell
smeGodmustexi
st.Mymi
ndt
ell
smeIwi
l
lnev
erunder
standGod.Andmy
hear
ttel
l
smeIam notmeantt
o.”

4.Fr
om r
eli
gioncomesaman’
spur
pose;f
rom sci
ence,hi
spowert
oachi
evei
t.
Somet
imespeopl
easki
frel
i
gionandsci
encear
enotopposedt
ooneanot
her
.
Theyar
e:i
nthesenset
hatt
het
humbandf
inger
sofmyhandsar
eopposedt
o
oneanot
her
.Iti
sanopposi
ti
onbymeansofwhi
chany
thi
ngcanbegr
asped.

5.Rel
i
gionandsci
encear
eindeedi
ncompat
ibl
e.Rel
i
gionandsci
encebot
hexpl
ain
whyl
i
feandt
heuni
ver
seexi
st.Sci
encer
eli
esont
est
abl
eempi
ri
calev
idenceand

6
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l
engeofModer
nSci
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i
gionToday 2021

obser
vat
ion.Rel
i
gionr
eli
esonsubj
ect
ivebel
i
efi
nacr
eat
or.Onl
yoneexpl
anat
ion
i
scor
rect
.Theot
hermustbedi
scar
ded.Expl
anat
ionsr
equi
reev
idence.None
exi
stsf
oracr
eat
orout
sidet
hehumanmi
nd,wher
east
heev
idencef
orev
olut
ion
andt
heor
igi
nsofl
i
femount
sev
eryday
.Int
hef
aceoft
hisuncont
radi
cted
ev
idence,r
eli
giousbel
i
efi
nadi
vi
nit
yisnomor
evi
abl
ethanbel
i
efi
nthenow-
pr
over
bial
stor
y.

Concl
usi
on

Bei
ngest
abl
i
shed,Sci
enceconcer
nst
hepr
ocessest
hataccountf
ort
henat
uralwor
ld:
how pl
anet
smov
e,t
hecomposi
ti
onofmat
terandt
heat
mospher
e,t
heor
igi
nand
adapt
ati
onsofor
gani
sms.Rel
i
gionconcer
nst
hemeani
ngandpur
poseoft
hewor
ldand
ofhumanl
i
fe,t
hepr
operr
elat
ionofpeopl
etot
heCr
eat
orandt
oeachot
her
,themor
al
v
aluest
hati
nspi
reandgov
ernpeopl
e’
sli
ves.Thought
het
wohandl
esmat
ter
sregar
ding
t
hewor
ld,buthasser
iousl
yinf
luenced di
ver
gentper
spect
ives,how won’
ttheybe
chal
l
engesf
rom t
heonet
hatseems,seeksandpr
ovest
obesuper
iort
otheot
her
s.
Howev
er,
Appar
entcont
radi
cti
onsonl
yemer
gewhenei
thert
hesci
enceort
hebel
i
efs,
or
of
tenbot
h,t
respasst
hei
rownboundar
iesandwr
ongf
ull
yencr
oachupononeanot
her
’s
subj
ectmat
ter
.Butev
enatt
hat
,theymustal
way
scomeoft
hei
rshel
l
;whi
l
eChr
ist
iani
ty
andI
slam wi
l
lcont
inuet
orecei
vet
hehel
pfr
om Sci
enceandSci
encecont
inuest
oli
sten
t
othei
rhl
ppl
eas,
thechal
l
engeonChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slam per
sist
s.

7
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l
engeofModer
nSci
enceonRel
i
gionToday 2021

Wor
ksCi
ted

Bar
bour
,Ian.I
ssuesi
nSci
enceandRel
i
gion.NewYor
k:Vant
age,
1966.Pr
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.

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anger
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NewYor
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Har
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Col
l
ins,
2000.El
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roni
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abase.

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,Bar a.Cr
bar eat
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sm'
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ojanHor
se:TheWedgeofI
ntel
l
igentDesi
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ord:
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ver
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Haught
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ersat
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