Calculus

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Mathematics CALCULUS
for IIT-JEE
VOL. 3
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Mathematics CALCULUS
for IIT-JEE
VOL. 3
Dr. G.S.N. Murti

Reader and HOD of Maths (Retd.)
Rajah R. S. R. K. R. R. College, Bobbili, Andra Pradesh, India
Presently, Senior Mathematics Faculty at Narayana IIT Academy
SPARK Batch, AC Campus, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Dr. K.P.R. Sastry

Professor of Mathematics (Retd.), Department of Mathematics,
Andhra University, India
Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

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Mathematics
CALCULUS
for IIT-JEE
VOL. 3
Copyright © 2012 by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 4435-36/7, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or scanning without the written permission of the
publisher.
Limits of Liability: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, Wiley and the
author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book,
and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. There are no
warranties which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended
by sales representatives or written sales materials.
Disclaimer: The contents of this book have been checked for accuracy. Since deviations cannot be precluded entirely,
Wiley or its author cannot guarantee full agreement. As the book is intended for educational purpose, Wiley or its author
shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in the
book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter
covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.
Other Wiley Editorial Offices:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappellaee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany
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John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 1 Fusionopolis Walk #07-01 Solaris, South Tower Singapore 138628
John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, M9W 1L1
First Edition: 2012
ISBN: 978-81-265-2184-5
ISBN: 978-81-265-8060-6 (ebk)
www.wileyindia.com
Printed at: Sanat Printers, Kundli, Haryana.
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Dedication
Dedicated to
my maternal uncle and his wife
Sri. Adibhatla Sreekantarka Sastry and Smt. Savitramma
who took the responsibility of my five years of high school education.
They treated me on par with their children.
Dr. G. S. N. Murti
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Acknowledgments
1. I am very thankful to my 12th class students of 2011–2012 batch, namely

Mr. Akhil, Mr. Pavan, Mr. Vamsi, Mr. Girish, Mr. Harish and Mr. Bhargav
for their proofreading of this Volume III without original manuscript.
2. I am very much thankful to my wife Smt. Balamba for her constant

encouragement.
Dr. G. S. N. Murti
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Features and Benefits

at a Glance
Feature Benefit to student
Chapter Opener Peaks the student’s interest with the chapter opening vignette, definitions
of the topic, and contents of the chapter.
Clear, Concise, and Inviting Students are able to Read this book, which reduces math anxiety and
Writing Style, Tone and Layout encourages student success.
Theory and Applications Unlike other books that provide very less or no theory, here theory is
well matched with solved examples.
Theorems Relevant theorems are provided along with proofs to emphasize
conceptual understanding.
Solved Examples Topics are followed by solved examples for students to practice and
understand the concept learned.
Examples Wherever required, examples are provided to aid understanding of
definitions and theorems.
Quick Look Formulae/concepts that do not require extensive thought but can be
looked at the last moment.
Try It Out Practice problems for students in between the chapter.
Worked Out Problems Based on IIT-JEE pattern problems are presented in the form of
Single Correct Choice Type Questions
Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions
Matrix-Match Type Questions
Comprehension-Type Questions
Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions
Integer Answer Type Questions
In-depth solutions are provided to all problems for students to
understand the logic behind.
Summary Key formulae, ideas and theorems are presented in this section in
each chapter.
Exercises Offer self-assessment. The questions are divided into subsections as per
requirements of IIT-JEE.
Answers Answers are provided for all exercise questions for student’s to validate
their solution.
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Note to the Students

The IIT-JEE is one of the hardest exams to crack for students, for a very simple
reason – concepts cannot be learned by rote, they have to be absorbed, and IIT
believes in strong concepts. Each question in the IIT-JEE entrance exam is meant
to push the analytical ability of the student to its limit. That is why the questions
are called brainteasers!
Students find Mathematics the most difficult part of IIT-JEE. We understand that
it is difficult to get students to love mathematics, but one can get students to
love succeeding at mathematics. In order to accomplish this goal, the book has
been written in clear, concise, and inviting writing style. It can be used as a self-
study text as theory is well supplemented with examples and solved examples.
Wherever required, figures have been provided for clear understanding.
If you take full advantage of the unique features and elements of this textbook,
we believe that your experience will be fulfilling and enjoyable. Let’s walk
through some of the special book features that will help you in your efforts to
crack IIT-JEE.
To crack mathematics paper for IIT-JEE the five things to remember are:
1. Understanding the concepts
2. Proper applications of concepts
3. Practice
4. Speed
5. Accuracy
About the Cover Picture

The picture on the cover is a Double Spiral Staircase at Saint Peters Basilica,
Vatican City. It is a classic example of double helix structure. A helix (is a type of
smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property
that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called
the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases.
The word helix comes from the Greek word meaning twisted, curved.
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A. PEDAGOGY
CHAPTER OPENER
Functions, Limits,
1
Each chapter starts with an opening vignette, defini-
Continuity, Sequences tion of the topic, and contents of the chapter that give
and Series you an overview of the chapter to help you see the
big picture.
Contents
1.1 Functions: Varieties
1.2 Functions and Their Inverse
1.3 Even and Odd Functions,
Periodic Functions
Functions, Limits, Continuity,
1.4 Graphs of Functions

1.5 Construction of Graphs and
Transforming Theorem
1.6 Limit of a Function
1.7 Some Useful Inequalities
1.8 Continuity
1.9 Properties of Continuous
Sequences and Series
Functions
1.10 Infinite Limits
1.11 Sequences and Series
1.12 Infinite Series
Worked-Out Problems
Exercises
Answers
A function associates one quantity –

argument or input of the function – with
another quantity – the value or output
of the function. Limit is used to describe
the value that a function or sequence “ap-
proaches” as the input approaches some
value.A sequence is a list of objects events
ordered in a sequential fashion such
that each member either comes before,
or after, every other member. A series
is a sum of a sequence of terms.
CLEAR, CONCISE, AND INVITING WRITING

Special attention has been paid to present DEFINITION 3.7 Angular Velocity If a particle P is a moving on a plane curve, the angle mode by OP P (O be-
ing the origin) with the x-axis at time t is denoted by P (t). The rate at which the angle P (t) is
an engaging, clear, precise narrative in the changing at time t is called the angular velocity of the particle at time t and is given by
dP
layout that is easy to use and designed to dt
or P a(t )
reduce math anxiety students may have. The rate at which the angular velocity is changing at time t is called angular acceleration and is
given by
d 2P
or P q(t )
dt 2
Example 3.5
Consider a particle moving on a straight line. Let s(t) be and hence
DEFINITIONS the distance traveled by it in time t from a fixed point.

Then s(t) @ sin(A t), where @ and A are constants. If v(t)
da d
( 2 s(t ))
dt dt
is the velocity and a(t) is the acceleration of the particle
at time t, find ds
B 2
(i) v2 a s dt
Every new topic or concept starts with (ii) da/ds
2
B v(t )
da (i) We have
defining the concept for students. Related (iii) s
dt
v2 as (v(t ))2 a(t )s(t )
examples to aid the understanding follow Solution: We first find the velocity and the accelera- A 2 B 2 cos2 (B t)) ( B 2 s(t ) s(t ))
tion. Now velocity is given by
A 2 B 2 cos2 (B ) 2 2
ssin 2 ( )
the definition. ds A 2B 2
v(t ) AB cos(B t )
dt
(ii) We have
The acceleration is given by da da ds B 2 v(t )
w B 2
dv ds dt dt v(t )
a(t )
dt (iii) We have
d2 s
da
dt 2 s s(t )( 2 v(t ))
dt
AB 2 sin(B t )
v(t )( 2 s(t ))
B 2 s(t ) v(t )a(t )
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Example 3.6 EXAMPLES
Consider Fig. 3.4. OAB is a right-angled triangle, right Differentiating both sides of the equation a r(t)cos(P (t)),
angled at A. Suppose P is a moving point on AB with w.r.t. t we have
uniform velocity v. Find the angular velocity of P with Examples pose a specific problem
dr dP
respect to O. 0 cos(P (t )) r(t )( sin(P (t ))
dt dt using concepts already presented
vt P B dr a ¥ vt
A
dt r(t )
r (t )
§ r(t ) ´ dP and then work through the solution.
¦§ µ¶ dt
a f
r (t ) These serve to enhance the students’
dr a dP
(vt )
dt r(t )2 dt understanding of the subject matter.
O from Eq. (3.2)]
a v t dP
FIGURE 3.4 Example 3.6. (vt ) [
Therefore
Solution: Since the point P is moving with uniform dP a ¥ v2 t ´
velocity v we have AP vt (since ds vdtt and v is con-
dt [r(t )]2 ¦§ vt µ¶
stant, s vt). Let P (t) be the angle made by OP with OA
at time t. Let OA a, OP rtt and AO P P (t ). Then av

a r (t ) ( (t )) (r(t ))2
av
and [ (t )]2 OP 2 OA2 AP 2 a 2 v2 t 2 (3.1)
(OP )2
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (3.1) with respect to t,
we get Thus the angular velocity of P w.r.t. O is av/(OP)2.
dr
2 r (t ) 2v 2 t (3.2)
dt
THEOREMS T H E O R E M 1.1 Suppose A, B, C and D are non-empty subsets of and f : A m B, g : B m C and h : C m D are
(A S S O C I AT I V E functions. Then (h g ) f h ( g f ).
LAW FOR
Relevant theorems are provided along COMPOSITION
OF FUNCTION)
with proofs to emphasize conceptual un- PROOF First of all, observe that both (h g ) f and h ( g f ) are functions from A to D. Further, for x A,
derstanding rather than rote learning. ((h g) f )( x) (h g)( f ( x))
h( g( f ( x))
h(( g f )( x))
(h ( g f ))( x)
Note: Theorem 1.1 is given as Theorem 1.27 (Try it out) in Chapter 1 (Vol. 1) on p. 41. The proof also runs on the same
lines as above.
QUICK LOOK 7
QUICK LOOK
If f : [a, b] m has absolute minimum and absolute maximum, then f is bounded on [a, b].
Some important formulae and con-

cepts that do not require exhaustive
explanation, but their mention is im-
portant, are presented in this section.
These are marked with a magnifying
glass.
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TRY IT OUT 2
®«12 x 2 x 2 for 0 b x b 2
Try it out If f a( x ) ¬
2
®12 x 2 x 2 for 2 x b 3
Within each chapter the stu- h h2
f ( x h) f ( x) f a( x ) f aa( x h)
1 2 So
dents would find problems
where 0 P 1, then for f a( ) 48 4 2 50
to reinforce and check their
f ( x) ax 3 bx 2 cx d and f a( ) 48 4 2 46
understanding. This would
and a x 0, the value of P is 1/3. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x 2. Hence 2 is a
help build confidence as one critical point. Now 0 b x b 2 and f a(
a x) 0 implies
progresses in the chapter. 23. Consider the function f ( x) 4 x
3
x, x [ 1, ].
12 x, 6 2 1 0
Then (3 1)(2 x 1) 0
These are marked with a
(A) f has local maximum at x 1 1/ 3, 1
pointed finger. (B) f has local minimum at x 1
So x 1/3 is a critical point. Now 2 b x b 3 and f a(
a x) 0
(C) the image of the interval [ 1, 3] under the func-
implies
tion is [ 8, 72]
(D) f has no extremum value in [ 1, 3] 6x2 x 1 0
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get But 6x2 x 1 0 has no real roots. Thus, the only critical
points are 1/3, 2.
f a( x) 12 x 2 12 (i) Also, x 1/3 the sign of f a( a x) is ( )() 0 and
Now x / f a( x) 0. Hence f has local minimum at x
1/3.
a x) 0 x 1, 1
f a( (ii) f is decreasing for x 1/3 and increasing for x 1/3.
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
2.1 Derivative: Suppose f : [a, b] m IR is a function 2. The converse of Theorem 2.3 is not true; for ex- At the end of every
ample, take f ( x) | x | at c = 0.
f ( x ) f (c )
3. The function f : m defined by
chapter, a summary is
and a < c < b. If lim exists, then we say
xmc x c presented that organ-
that f is differentiable at “c” and this limit is denoted d
1
by f a(c) derivative or differential coefficient at c. f ( x) ¤2 n
cos(3n x) izes the key formulae
If we write y f (x), then f a(c) is also denoted by n 0
and theorems in an
(dy/dx) x c. If f is differentiable at each point of (a, is continuous for all real x, but not differentiable
b) then we say that f is differentiable in (a, b) and at any x . easy to use layout. The
f a(x) or (dy/dx) is called derivative or derived func-
related topics are indi-
tion of f (x). 2.4 Suppose f and g are differentiable at c, and K and L
be any two real numbers. Then cated so that one can
QUICK LOOK (i) L f M g is differentiable at c and quickly summarize a
f ( x ) f (c ) ( L f M g ) a (c ) L f a (c ) M g a (c ) chapter.
lim exists and is equivalent to
xmc x c (ii) fg is differentiable at c and
f (c h) f (c) ( fg )a (c) f a(c)g(c) g a(c) f (c)
lim
hm0 h
(iii) If g(c) x 0, then f/g is differentiable at c and
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B. WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS AND ASSESSMENT – AS PER IIT-JEE PATTERN

Mere theory is not enough. It is also important to practice and test what has been
proved theoretically. The worked-out problems and exercise at the end of each
chapter are in resonance with the IIT-JEE paper pattern. Keeping the IIT-JEE
pattern in mind, the worked-out problems and exercises have been divided into:
1. Single Correct Choice Type Questions
2. Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions
3. Matrix-Match Type Questions
4. Comprehension-Type Questions
5. Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions
6. Integer Answer Type Questions
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
In-depth solutions are provided to all worked-out problems for students to understand the logic behind and
formula used.
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT
Single Correct Choice Type Questions CHOICE TYPE
1. °x m 1
xm 1
1 2 x m mx 2 m
dx
f ( x)
mx m
c where f (x) is Solution: Let QUESTIONS
dx
equal to I ° (x 2
4) x 1
(A) 1 2 x m mx 2 m (B) 1 xm x2m Put x 1 t so that dx = 2t dt. Therefore
These are the regular mul-
(C) x m 1
(D) x 2m

1 1 tiple choice questions with
xm x2m I ° ¨(t 2
1)2 4 ·¹ t
(2t ) dt
ª four choices provided. Only
Solution: Let 2
xm 1
° (t 2
1 2)(t 2 1 2)
dt one among the four choices
I °x m 1
1 2 x m mx 2 m
dx
dt will be the correct answer.
Dividing numerator and denominator with x2m+1 we get
2 ° (t 2
3)(t 2 1)
1 1 1 ¥ 1 1 ´

x m 1 x 2 m 1 dx
°
¦ µ dt
2 § t 2 3 t 2 1¶
I ° 1 2 1 ¥ dt ´ 1 dt
m
x2m xm
¦ ° µ
2 § t 2 3¶ 2 t 2 1 °
MULTIPLE Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions
CORRECT CHOICE 1. Let (A) lim f ( x) does not exist (B) f is continuous at
x m0
x0
¥ O ´
TYPE QUESTIONS f ( x) [ x] sin ¦
§ [ x 1] µ¶
(C) lim f ( x) 0
x md
(D) lim f ( x) 1
x md
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. Then

Solution: Since x m 0 and sin 1/x is a bounded func-
Multiple correct choice type (A) domain of f is [ 1, 0) (B) lim f ( x) 0 tion, by Corollary 1.4
xm0 0
questions have four choices (C) f is continuous on [0, 1) (D) lim f ( x) 1 1

x m1 0 x sin m 0 as x m 0
Solution: x
provided, but one or more of
(A) f is not defined for all those values of x such that Therefore
the choices provided may be [x 1] 0 0 b x 1 1 lim f ( x) 0 f (0)
xm0
correct. 1bx0
So (B) is true. Now put x 1/y so that y m 0 as x m d.
Therefore domain of f is [1, 0). This implies (A) Therefore
is true.
1 sin y
(B) We have f ( x) sin( y) m 1 as y m 0
y y
lim f ( x) lim( f (0 h))
xm0 0 hm 0
h 0 So
¥ O ´ lim f ( x) 1
lim[0 h] sin ¦ x md
hm 0 § [0 h] 1¶µ
h 0 Therefore (D) is also true.
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MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
These questions are the
regular “Match the Follow- Matrix-Match Type Questions
ing” variety. Two columns 1. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
(C) lim
2 sin x sin 2 x
lim
2 sin x ¥ 1 cos x ´
¦ µ
xm0 x3 xm0 x § x2 ¶
each containing 4 subdivi-
Column I Column II ¥ 2 x´
sions or first column with ¥ sin x ´ ¦ 4 sin µ
lim ¦ µ 2
x xm0 § x ¶ ¦
four subdivisions and sec- (A) lim
2 1
is (p) 2 log 2 § x 2 µ¶
xm0 1 x 1 2
ond column with more sub- ¥ x´
1 2 x 3x sin
(B) f ( x) ¥ sin x ´ ¦ 2 µ
. Then (q) 1 lim ¦ µ
divisions are given and the 3 x 2 x xm0 § x ¶ ¦ x µ
¦§ µ
lim f ( x) equals 2 ¶
student should match ele- x m1
1s 1 1
ments of column I to that ¥ 2 sin x sin 2 x ´
(C) lim ¦ µ¶ is (r) 2 Answer: (C) m (q)
xm0 § x3
of column II. There can be
4 (D) x1 1, . Assume that xn xn 1.
one or more matches. (D) x1 1 and xn 1 2 xn . (s) ( 3 2) Therefore
{ 3
Define xn 2 2 xn 1
2
Then lim yn is (t)
3 3 xn 2 xn 1 2 xn 1 2 xn
nmd
which is positive, because xn xn 1. So {xn} is an
increasing sequence and bounded above by 2. By
Solution:
Theorem 1.42, {xn} converges to a finite limit, say L.
¥ 2x 1 ´ ¥ x ´¥ x ´ So
(A) lim ¦ lim ¦ 2 1µ ¦ µ
x m0 § 1 x 1µ
¶ x m0 § x ¶ § 1 x 1¶ L lim ( xn 1 ) lim 2 xn 2 L
nm nm
COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS
Comprehension-type questions consist
of a small passage, followed by three
1. Passage: If f is continuous on closed [a, b], differ- (A) ( d, 1) (B) ( 1, 0)
entiable on (a, b) and f (a) f (b), then there exists d multiple choice questions. The ques-
c (a, b) such that f a(
a c) 0. Answer the following (iii) The number of values of c in Rolle’s theorem for
three questions. f (x) 2x x 4x 2 in the interval [
3 2
, 2] tions are of single correct answer type.
(i) If in the passage, f (a) f (b) 0, then the equa- is
tion f a( x) K f ( x) 0 has (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) solutions for all real K
(B) no solution for any real K Solution:

K (i) Let E ( ) e Kx f ( ) so that
K
(a) E is continuous on [a, b],
(ii) If
(b) differentiable in (a, b),
a0 a a an 1
1 2 an 0 E E
E ( (a) b)
((b )
n1 n n 1 2
Therefore by Rolle’s theorem F a(
a ) 0 for some
where a0 a1 , a2 , , an are reals, then the equa- c (a, b). Then
tion
e Kcc [ f (c) f (c)] 0
a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 an 0 f a (c ) L f (c ) 0
has a root in
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ASSERTION–REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS
These questions check the
analytical and reasoning Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions
In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given « 1
skills of the students. Two and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. ® x sin , x x 0
3. Statement I: Let f ( x) ¬ x
statements are provided – Mark the correct answer as:
®0, x 0
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II
Statement I and Statement is a correct explanation Statement I. Then f is continuous at x 0.
II. The student is expected (B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is Statement II: Let a . In a neighbourhood of a two
not a correct explanation for Statement I. functions f and g are defined such that lim f ( x) 0
xma
to verify if (a) both state- (C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. and g(x) is bounded. Then lim f ( x)g( x) 0.
xma
ments are true and if both (D) Statement I is false and Statement II is true.
Hint: See Corollary 1.3.
are true, verify if statement 1
1. Statement I: f : (0, 1) m defined by f ( x) is a 4. Statement I: If n is a positive integer, then
I follows from statement bounded function. x n
n(n 1)
¤k 2
.
II; (b) both statements are Statement II: Every continuous function defined on a k 1
closed interval is bounded.
true and if both are true, Statement II:
2. Statement I: If 1 x1, than lim x 0.
n ¥ n 1´ nP
verify if statement II is not sin ¦ P sin
xm0 § 2 µ¶ 2
sinP sin 2P sin 3P ... sin nP
the correct reasoning for Statement II: For n r 3, x2 b xn b x2 where 1 x 1. sin(P /2)
statement I; (c), (d) which

of the statements is untrue.
INTEGER-TYPE QUESTIONS
The questions in this section are
numerical problems for which no
1. Let f : m be a function and 0 @ 1. If x y (∵1 A 0 and x y r 0)
f ( x) f ( y) b A x y x, y Answer: 1 choices are provided. The students are
Then the number of points of x such that the 2. Let required to find the exact answers to
graph of y f (x) intersects the line y x is _______.
« 3 x 4 tan x numerical problems and enter the same
Solution: Let x0 . Now define ® if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
{ { ® k if x 0 in OMR sheets. Answers can be one-
Consider the sequence {xn}. By the construction of the If f is continuous at x 0, then the value of k is _______.
sequence {xn} and the property that f is satisfying, we get digit or two-digit numerals.
Solution: We have
that
n ¥ 4 tan x ´
xn xn 1 b A x0 x1 (1.82) lim f ( x) lim ¦ 3 µ
xm0 xm0 § x ¶
Therefore for m n, we have
3 4 7
xn xm xn xn 1 xn 1 xn 2 Therefore k 7.
... xn m ( n 1) xn m n Answer: 7
b @ n x0 x1 @ n 1 x0 x1 3. Let f : ( 1, 1) m ( 1, 1) be continuous and f (x) f (x2)
1
... @ n m ( n 1) x0 x1 for all x ( 1, 1) and f (0) , then the value of
2
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EXERCISES EXERCISES
1. Let f (x) log10 (3x2 4x 5) where x is real. Then, ¥ x n 1´ For self-assessment, each chapter has
the domain and range of f are, respectively lim ¦ µ
x m1 § x 1 ¶
(A) {0} and
adequate number of exercise prob-
(A) 6 (B) 7
(B) and [log 10 (11/3), d)
(C) 8 (D) 9
lems where the questions have been
(C)
d
(D)
8. Let A be the set of all non-negative integer and for
subdivided into the same categories as

real number t, [t] denotes the greatest integer not
exceeding t. Define f : A m by
asked in IIT-JEE.
2. Let
Then the range of f is

«0 if x 0
¨ 1 1 · ¨ 1 1 · ®
(A) © , ¸ (B) © , ¸ f ( x) ¬¥ ¨ x ·´ ¨ª log10 x ·¹ ¥ ¨ x ·´
ª 2 2Multiple
¹ ª 3 Choice
Correct 3¹ Type Questions ®¦ x 10 © ¸µ 10 f ¦ © ¸µ if x 0
1. Let 4. Let
« 1 P « 1 if x 0
®®Cos (cot( x [ x])) for x 2 ®
f ( x) ¬0 if x 0
f ( x) ¬
® P ®1 if x 0
P [ x] 1 for x r
® 2
Then
where [x] is the integer part of x. Then (A) lim f ( x) does not exist
x m0
P P
(A) lim f ( x) (B) lim f ( x) 1 (B) lim( f ( x))2 0
P
xm 0 2 P
xm 0 2 xm0
2 2
(C) lim( f ( x))2 1
P P xm0
(C) lim f ( x) 1 (D) lim f ( x) 1
P
xm 0 2 P
xm 0 2 (D) lim( f ( x))2 does not exist
2 2 x m0

In each of the following questions, statements are given 1. Match the items of Column I with those of Col-
in two columns, which have to be matched. The state- umn II.
ments in column I are labeled as (A), (B), (C) and (D),
while those in column II are labeled as (p), (q), (r), (s) Column I Column II
and (t). Any given statement in column I can have cor-
rect matching with one or more statements in column II. 2
¥ tan x tan x 2 ´
The appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers (A) lim ¦ µ (p) 2
P§ sin x cos x ¶
to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in xm
2
the following example.
(B) lim (1 sin x)tan 2 x (q) 1
Example: If the correct matches are (A) m (p), (s), xm
P
2
(B) m (q), (s), (t),(C) m (r), (D) m (r), (t), that is if the
matches are (A) m (p) and (s); (B) m (q), (s) and (t);
(C) m (r); and (D) m (r), (t), then the correct darkening «®ax b if x b 2 (r) 3 2
of bubbles will look as follows: (C) f ( x) ¬ 2
Comprehension-Type Questions ®|x 5 x 6| if x 2
1. Passage: f : m is a function satisfying theIffollow-
fi b i lim( f 1
(ii) ( x)) is
x m1
ing three conditions:
(a) f ( x) f ( x) x (A) 1 (B) 0
(b) f ( x 1) f ( x) 1 x (C) does not exist (D) e
¥ 1 ´ f ( x) (iii) The number of common points of the graph of
(c) f ¦ µ 2 x x 0 y f (x) with the line y (x) is
§ x¶ x
(A) 2 (B) 4
Answer the following questions.
(C) 8 (D) infinite
2 f ( x 1) 2 f ( x )
(i) lim is Hint: f (x) x x R.
xm2 x
(A) 2 (B) log 2 2. Passage: Let f (x) be a function defined in a neigh
(C) 2 log 2 (D) 2/(log 2) bourhood of a . Then lim f ( x) exists finitely
xma
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. ® x sin , x x 0
Mark the correct answer as: ®0, x 0
is a correct explanation Statement I. Then f is continuous at x 0.
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is Statement II: Let a . In a neighbourhood of a two
xma
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. and g(x) is bounded. Then lim f ( x)g( x) 0.
xma
(D) Statement I is false and Statement II is true.
1
bounded function. x n
n(n 1)
¤k 2
.
Statement II: Every continuous
Integer Answer function defined on a
Type Questions k 1
The answer to each of the questions in this section is a 3. If f : (a, d) m is a function such that lim ( x f ( x)
non-negative integer. The appropriate bubbles below the x md
l, l IR), then lim f ( x) is equal to _______.
respective question numbers have to be darkened. For x md
example, as shown in the figure, if the correct answer to
the question number Y is 246, then the bubbles under Y 4. Let f (x) 2 x and g(x) e x for all x IR. Then
labeled as 2, 4, 6 are to be darkened. lim ( f g )( x) equals_______.
x md
X Y Z W
¥ 1´
0 0 0 0 5. lim 2 x 2 ¦ 1 cos µ is equal to _______.
x md § ¶ x
1 1 1 1
1
Hint: Put x .
2 2 2 Q
3 3 3 3
1/x
6. If a lim(cos x sin x) , then integer part of a is
4 4 4 x m0
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SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISES
To have a grip over integration, the student has to practice 9. Show that
problems on various methods. That is why we are supply-
Since Calculus requires a lot of practice, 3 1 x4 1
Tan 1 x
x3 x
ing the student with a number of problems for evaluation.
Hence, the exercise contains only subjective problems.
° x Tan x dx
4
c
12 4
some chapters in addition to providing Hint: Use integration by parts.
xe x
numerous solved examples in IIT-JEE 1. Evaluate ° 1 x 2
dx.
Sin 1 x
pattern, also give subjective questions xe x
10. Evaluate
° 1 x
dx.
2. Evaluate ° 1 ex
dx
11. Show that
as exercises.
ex x
Hint: Take u x, dv so that v 2 1 e x2 1
1 ex ° [log e ( x 2 1) 2 log e x]dx
x4
and use integration by parts.
( x 2 1)3/2 ¨ ¥ 1 ´·
3. Show that © 2 3 log e §¦ 1 x 2 ¶µ ¸ c
9x3 ª ¹
dx ¥ 1 e x 1 e x e 2 x ´ 1
° 1 e x e2 x
log e ¦ µ c
¦§ 1 e x 1 e x e 2 x µ¶
Hint: Put 1
x2
t.
4. Show that 12. Compute

° sin x log e tan xdx.
ANSWERS
The Answer key at the end of each
chapter contains answers to all exercise ANSWERS
problems.
1. (B) 34. (A)
2. (D) 35. (A)
3. (D) 36. (B)
4. (A) 37. (D)
5. (D) 38. (A)
6. (C) 39. (C)
7. (B) 40. (A)
8. (A) 41. (A)
9. (A) 42. (C)
10. (C) 43. (B)
11. (B) 44. (D)
12. (D) 45. (C)
13. (B) 46. (B)
14. (A) 47. (A)
15. (C) 48. (D)
16. (D) 49. (C)
17. (B) 50. (B)
18. (B) 51. (A)
19. (A) 52. (C)
20. (A) 53. (C)
21. (D) 54. (A)
22. (A) 55. (B)
23. (A) 56. (B)
24. (B) 57. (B)
25. (A) 58. (C)
26. (C) 59. (B)
27. (D) 60. (B)
28. (B) 61. (D)
29. (C) 62. (A)
30. (B) 63. (A)
31. (A) 64. (B)
32. (B) 65. (D)
33. (B)
1. (A), (D) 6. (B), (C), (D)

2. (B), (C), (D) 7. (A), (B), (C)
3. (A), (D) 8. (A), (B), (C), (D)
4. (A), (C) 9. (A), (B), (D)
5. (A), (C), (D) 10. (A), (B), (C), (D)
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Contents
0 Pre-Requisites 1
0.1 Sets ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
0.2 Real Numbers ................................................................................................................................................ 4
0.3 Bounded Set, Least Upper Bound and Greatest Lower Bound ..................................................................... 6
0.4 Completeness Property of and Archimedes’ Principle .............................................................................. 7
0.5 Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers and Density Property of Rational Numbers ................................... 9
0.6 Intervals .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
0.7 Absolute Value of a Real Number ................................................................................................................ 11
1 Functions, Limits, Continuity, Sequences and Series 13

1.1 Functions: Varieties ...................................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Functions and Their Inverse ......................................................................................................................... 16
1.3 Even and Odd Functions, Periodic Functions .............................................................................................. 18
1.4 Graphs of Functions ..................................................................................................................................... 21
1.5 Construction of Graphs and Transforming Theorem .................................................................................. 23
1.6 Limit of a Function ...................................................................................................................................... 26
1.7 Some Useful Inequalities ............................................................................................................................. 40
1.8 Continuity .................................................................................................................................................... 45
1.9 Properties of Continuous Functions ............................................................................................................ 54
1.10 Infinite Limits ................................................................................................................................................ 58
1.11 Sequences and Series .................................................................................................................................. 59
1.12 Infinite Series ............................................................................................................................................... 69
Worked-Out Problems ................................................................................................................................. 74
Exercises .................................................................................................................................................... 132
Answers ...................................................................................................................................................... 142
2 Derivative and Differentiability 145

2.1 Derivatives: An Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 146
2.2 Derivatives of Some Standard Functions .................................................................................................... 154
2.3 Special Methods of Differentiation ............................................................................................................ 165
2.4 Successive Derivatives of a Function ......................................................................................................... 169
Worked-Out Problems ............................................................................................................................... 171
Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 211
Exercises .................................................................................................................................................... 214
Answers ...................................................................................................................................................... 220
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xxii Contents
3 Applications of Differentiation 223

3.1 Tangents and Normals ................................................................................................................................. 224
3.2 Rate Measure ............................................................................................................................................... 229
3.3 Mean Value Theorems ................................................................................................................................. 231
3.4 Maxima–Minima .......................................................................................................................................... 237
3.5 Convexity, Concavity and Points of Inflection ................................................................................................... 246
3.6 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem and L’Hospital’s Rule ...................................................................................248
Worked-Out Problems ................................................................................................................................ 253
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 335
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................... 338
Answers ....................................................................................................................................................... 346
4 Indefinite Integral 349

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 350
4.2 Examples on Direct Integration Using Standard Integrals ........................................................................... 353
4.3 Integration by Substitution ......................................................................................................................... 360
4.4 Integration by Parts ..................................................................................................................................... 383
4.5 Fundamental Classes of Integrable Functions ............................................................................................ 396
Worked-Out Problems ................................................................................................................................ 406
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................................... 448
Answers ....................................................................................................................................................... 450
5 Definite Integral, Areas and Differential Equations 453

5.1 Definite Integral ........................................................................................................................................... 454
5.2 Areas ............................................................................................................................................................ 475
5.3 Differential Equations ................................................................................................................................... 480
Worked-Out Problems ................................................................................................................................. 492
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................................... 588
Answers ....................................................................................................................................................... 592
Index 595
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Pre-Requisites
0
Contents
0.1 Sets
0.2 Real Numbers
0.3 Bounded Set, Least
Upper Bound and
Greatest Lower Bound
0.4 Completeness Property
of and Archimedes’
Principle
0.5 Rational Numbers,
Irrational Numbers and
√x 2
Density Property of
y
Rational Numbers
0.6 Intervals
x
0.7 Absolute Value of a

y
Real Number
o
Pre-Requisites
This chapter summarizes

x=
x
the concepts and important

formulae required for un-
derstanding “Calculus”.
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2 Chapter 0 Pre-Requisites
0.1 Sets
Even though we discussed set theory completely in Chapter 1 of Vol. 1, in this section, we recall some of the concepts,
symbols and theorems (for the convenience of the reader) which are going to be used throughout this volume. First,
we begin with some notations.
0.1.1 Notation
Suppose S is a set (i.e., a collection of objects enjoying a certain property).
1. The symbol stands for “belongs to” or “is a member of”. a S means a belongs to S or is a member of S.
2. The symbol stands for “does not belong to”. a S means a is not a member of S.
3. The symbols and stand for “there exists” and “such that”, respectively. Generally these two symbols go together,
for example, real number x x 2 2.
4. The symbol “” stands for “for all” or “for every”. For example, “x 2 is a positive integer non-zero integer x”.
5. If S is the set of all objects satisfying a property P, then S is represented as
S = {x | x has property P}
6. The set having no objects is called the empty set or null set and is denoted by “E”.
7. If a set has only a finite number of members x1 , x2 ,… , xn , then we write
S {x1 , x2 , {, xn }
0.1.2 Union and Intersection

Suppose A and B are sets. Then
1. The collection of all objects which either belong to A or belong to B is denoted by A B and is called union of A
and B. That is
A B {x | x A or x B}
2. The collection of all objects which belong to both A and B is denoted by A B and is called the intersection of A
and B. That is
A B {x | x A or x B}
0.1.3 Disjoint Sets

Two sets A and B are called disjoint sets if A B F.
0.1.4 Indexed Family of Sets

A family F of sets is called indexed family of sets if there exists a set I such that for each element i I, there exists
unique member Ai in F associated with i and F { Ai : i I } or F { Ai }i I . For example, if h is a house in Delhi and Ah
is the set of all persons belonging to the house h, then F { Ah | h is a house in Delhi} is an indexed family of sets, the
index set being the set of all houses in Delhi.
0.1.5 Subset
We say that set A is a subset of set B and we write A B or B A, if every member of A is also a member of B. If
A B and A x B, then A is called proper subset of B.
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0.1 Sets 3
0.1.6 Power Set

If A is a set, then the set of all subsets of A is called the power set of A and is denoted by P(A).
QUICK LOOK 1
E and A belong to P(A).
0.1.7 Set Difference

Let A and B be two sets. Then the set A B is defined as
{x A | x B}
0.1.8 Universal Set

If { Ai }i I is a class of sets then the set X ∪ Aiis called universal set of this family of sets { Ai }i I .
i I
0.1.9 Complement
If X is universal set and A X, then X A is called complement of A and is denoted by Aa or A or Ac .
QUICK LOOK 2
If A and B are any two subsets of universal set X, then

A B A B a A B A Bc
The following theorems are easy to prove.
T H E O R E M 0.1 Let A, B, C be sets. Then

1. ( A B) C A ( B C )
2. ( A B) C A ( B C )
3. AF A
4. AF F
5. A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
6. A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
T H E O R E M 0.2 Let A, B be subsets of a universal set X. Then

(D E M O R G A N ’ S
1. ( A B ) a Aa B a
LAWS)
2. ( A B) a Aa B a
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T H E O R E M 0.3 Let { Ai }i I be an indexed family of subsets of universal set X. Then,

(G E N E R A L I Z E D
DE MORGAN’S ¥ á
LAWS) ∪
1. ¦ Ai µ
§ i I ¶
∩ Aa
i I
i
¥ á
∩
2. ¦ Ai µ
§ i I ¶
∪ Aa
i I
i
0.2 Real Numbers

Real analysis is considered to be the Brain of Mathematics. Real analysis makes us to think, analyze and solve
problems in mathematics. Knowingly or unknowingly we learned about real analysis and used various tools to
solve problems in real analysis including certain basic properties. As a process of recalling them from our acquired
earlier knowledge, let us begin with the binary operations in the real number system and list out some of their
properties.
0.2.1 Addition and Multiplication

stands for the real number set (system). There are two binary relations (operations), namely, addition () and mul-
tiplication () in . These relations have the following properties:
A1 : a, b a b (Closure property of )
A2 : a, b a b b a (Commutative property of )
A3 : (a b) c a (b c) a, b, c (Associative property of )
A4 : a 0 a a (Existence of additive identity for and 0 is the real number zero)
A5 : a ( a ) 0 a (Existence of additive inverse, a being the negative of a)
QUICK LOOK 3
We observe that 0 is the only real number satisfying A4 given a , then ( a) is the only real number satisfy-
(i.e., if A and a A a a , then A 0) and ing A5 (i.e., if a , A and a A 0, then A a).
With regards to multiplication, we have the following properties:

M1 : a, b a b (Closure property of multiplication)
M 2 : a, b a b b a (Commutative property of multiplication)
M 3 : (a b) c a (b c) (Associativity property of multiplication)
M 4 : a 1 a a (Existence of multiplicative identity, where 1 is the usual one)

1
M5 : a 1 a , a x 0 (Existence of multiplicative inverse)
a
M 6 : If a, b, c , then a (b c) a b a c (Distributive law)
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0.2 Real Numbers 5
QUICK LOOK 4
We observe that 1 is the only real number satisfying M4 a x 0, 1/a is the only real number satisfying M5 (i.e., if
(i.e., if A and a A a a , then @ 1) and for a , a x 0, A and a A 1, then A 1/ a).
CONVENTION: Here afterwards we will write ab for a b.
Note: In view of A1 to A5 and M1 to M6, we can call a field with respect to the two binary operations and we
write (, , ) is a field.
In addition to the properties of + and , has another property called ordering which has typical proper-
ties. First, let us start with positive real numbers. The set of all positive real numbers is denoted by , that is
{a | a 0}.
0.2.2 Properties of
R1: If x, y , then x y .
R2: If x and x x 0, then either x or x but not both.
R1: 0 .
0.2.3 Properties of (, , , )

(, , , ) is an ordered field having the following properties:
1. x, y , then x y if and only if y x .
2. x y y x.
3. x b y means either x y or x y.
4. If x, y , then exactly one of x y, x y, x y holds.
5. If x, y, z , x y, and y z, then x z.
6. Also 1 0.
0.2.4 Inductive Set

as well as denote the set of positive integers (positive integers are also called natural numbers). has the
following properties:
1. 1 .
2. If n , then n 1 .
Suppose S is a set of real numbers such that
1. 1 S.
2. s S implies s 1 S .
Then S is called an inductive set.
QUICK LOOK 5
1. is an inductive set. 2. If S is an inductive set, then S and hence is

the smallest inductive set.
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Notation: denotes the set of all integers. That is

{0} ( )
where { n | n }.
0.3 Bounded Set, Least Upper Bound and Greatest Lower Bound
In this section, we introduce the concept of a bounded set of real numbers, least upper bound, and greatest lower
bound of a set S. Let us begin with the following definition
DEFINITION 0.1 Let S be a non-empty subset of . A real number x is said to be a lower bound of S if x b y for
every y S . If S has at least one lower bound, then we say that S is bounded below. If x is a lower
bound of S and x S , then we say that x is the least or minimum member (element) of S.
Examples
1. If S {x | 0 b x b 1}, then 0 (zero) is a lower bound 3. If T {x | 0 x 1}, then 0 is a lower bound but it
and it is the least element of S. is not least element of T (since 0 T ).
2. For the set , 1 is the least element of .
DEFINITION 0.2 Let S be a set of real numbers. A real number z is called an upper bound of S, if s b z for all
s S . If S has at least one upper bound, then we say that S is bounded above. If z is an upper
bound of S and z S , then z is called greatest (maximum) element of S.
Examples
1. S {x | x 3} is bounded above without greatest 2. T [1/ n | n ] is bounded above, 1 is the greatest

element (since 3 S ). element and T has no least element.
DEFINITION 0.3 Bounded Set A set S of real numbers is said to be bounded, if S is both bounded below and
bounded above.
DEFINITION 0.4 Greatest Lower Bound, g.l.b. Suppose that S is bounded below and x is a lower bound of S.
If y is a lower bound of S which implies y b x, then x is called greatest lower bound of S and
x is denoted by g.l.b. S.
QUICK LOOK 6
A real number x is a g.l.b. S if and only if x is a lower bound of S and any real number y x cannot be a lower
bound of S.
DEFINITION 0.5 Least Upper Bound, l.u.b. Suppose S is bounded above set. A real number z is called least
upper bound of S (l.u.b. S) if z is an upper bound of S and y is also an upper bound of S then
y r z.
QUICK LOOK 7
A real number u is l.u.b of a set S if and only if u is an upper bound of S and any number less than u cannot be an
upper bound of S.
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0.4 Completeness Property of and Archimedes’ Principle 7
DEFINITION 0.6 Unbounded Below and Unbounded Above A set S of real numbers is said to be unbounded
below if it is not bounded below. S is said to be unbounded above, if S is not bounded above.
DEFINITION 0.7 Unbounded Set A set S of real numbers is said to be unbounded set if either S is unbounded
below or unbounded above.
0.4 Completeness Property of and Archimedes’ Principle

In this section we state the so-called completeness property of and the Archimedes’ principle and discuss how well
ordering principle in leads to the concept of the integral part of a real number. We will also mention some of its
properties. Let us begin with the completeness of .
T H E O R E M 0.4 Every non-empty set of real numbers which is bounded above has a least upper bound (l.u.b)
(C O M P L E T E N E S S in .
PROPERTY
Generally l.u.b of S is called supremum of S and the completeness property of is called
OF )
supremum property of . From the completeness property (or supremum property) of , we
can conclude the following.
T H E O R E M 0.5 1. Every non-empty set S of which is bounded below has g.l.b. (also called infimum).
2. S is bounded below if and only if S { x | x S } is bounded above and g.l.b. S l.u.b.
( S).
3. If S and T are non-empty subsets of and x S , y T x b y, then S is bounded above,
T is bounded below and l.u.b. S b g.l.b. T .
0.4.1 Archimedes’ Principle

Statement: If x is a real number and y is a positive real number, then there exists a positive integer n such that x ny.
As a consequence of Archimedes’ principle we have the following theorem.
T H E O R E M 0.6 1. If x, y are integers, then x + y and xy are also integers.

2. If x is an integer, then there is no integer between x and x 1. That is, if x y x 1, then y
cannot be an integer.
3. If S is a non-empty subset of ( is the set of all integers) which is bounded above, then
l.u.b. S is in S. Similarly, if S is bounded below, then S has minimum (least) element.
From part (3) of Theorem 0.6, we have the following property called well ordering principle.
T H E O R E M 0.7
(W ELL O RDERING Every non-empty subset of the natural number set has minimum (or least) element.
P RINCIPLE )
From the well ordering principle, we have the following theorem which is the base for the concept of integral part of
a real number.
T H E O R E M 0.8 If x , then there exists a unique integer n such that n b x n 1.
DEFINITION 0.8 Let x . Then the unique integer n (guaranteed by Theorem 0.8) such that n b x n 1 is
called the integral part of x and is denoted by [x]. In other words, [x] is the largest integer not
exceeding x.
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DEFINITION 0.9 Fractional Part If x , then x [ x] is called fractional part of x and is denoted by {x}.
QUICK LOOK 8
0 b {x} 1 for all x and x [ x] {x}
In the following theorem, we list out some properties of integral part (for proofs, refer the authors Vol. 1 pp. 46 48) for
quick reference whenever necessary.
T H E O R E M 0.9 The following hold for any real number x:

1. [ x] b x [ x] 1
2. x 1 x b [ x]
3. [ x] ¤ 1,
1b i b x
if x 1
4. [x] = x if and only if x {x} 0

5. {x} = x if and only if [x] = 0
« 0 if x
6. [ x] [ x] ¬
1 if x
T H E O R E M 0.10 The following hold for any real numbers x and y:

«[ x] [ y ] if {x} { y} 1
1. [ x y ] ¬
[ x] [ y ] 1 if {x} { y} r 1
2. [ x y ] r [ x] [ y ] and equality holds if and only if {x} {y} 1.
3. If x or y is an integer, then [ x y ] [ x] [ y ].
T H E O R E M 0.11 1. If x is any real number and m is any non-zero integer, then

¨ x · ¨ [ x] ·
©ª m ¸¹ ©ª m ¸¹
2. If n and k are positive integers and k 1, then

¨ n · ¨ n 1 · ¨ 2n ·
©ª k ¸¹ ©ª k ¸¹ b ©ª k ¸¹
3. Also
«0 if [2 x] is even
[2 x] 2[ x] ¬
1 if [2 x] is odd
T H E O R E M 0.12 If n is a positive integer and p is any prime number, then the highest power p dividing n! (factorial
n) is
d
¨ n ·
¤ ©ª p
k 1
k ¸
¹
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0.6 Intervals 9
QUICK LOOK 9
Since n is a finite number, on and after a stage pk exceeds n so that the infinite sum is actually a finite sum.
0.5 Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers and Density Property of

Rational Numbers
DEFINITION 0.10 Rational Number A real number x is called rational number, if there exists n (i.e., n is a
positive integer) such that nx . The set of all rational numbers is denoted by .
QUICK LOOK 10
1. 3. is a proper subset of .
2. There are rational numbers which are not integers.
For example 1/2, 4/3 are rational numbers but are not
integers.
The following theorems enlist some properties of the set Q of rational numbers, especially the density property of Q.
T H E O R E M 0.13 If x, y , then x , x y , xy and x / y whenever y x 0.
T H E O R E M 0.14 Between two distinct real numbers, there lies a rational number. That is, if x, y are real numbers
(D ENSITY and x y, then there exists q such that x q y.
P ROPERTY OF )
DEFINITION 0.11 Even Integer n is said to be even, if there exits m such that m m n. Otherwise we say
that n is odd.
T H E O R E M 0.15 There exists a unique real number x 0 such that x 2 2 and this unique x is denoted by 2.
DEFINITION 0.12 Irrational Number A real number which is not rational is called irrational number.
T H E O R E M 0.16 2 is irrational number.

Finally we conclude this section with the following theorem.
T H E O R E M 0.17 1. is a proper set of .

2. Between any two distinct real numbers there lies an irrational number.
0.6 Intervals
In this section, we define an interval, its length, bounded and unbounded intervals, and g.l.b., l.u.b. of intervals (consid-
ering interval as a set). For this section we have a, b and a b.
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DEFINITION 0.13 Open Interval The set {x | a x b} is called an open interval. It is denoted by (a, b)
with initial end point a and terminal end point b.
DEFINITION 0.14 Closed Interval The set {x | a b x b b} is called closed interval. It is denoted by [a, b]
with a and b as initial and terminal end points, respectively.
DEFINITION 0.15 Half Open and Half Closed Intervals

1. The set {x | a b b x} is denoted by [a, b).
2. The set {x | a x b b} is denoted by (a, b].
DEFINITION 0.16 Length of the Intervals b a is called the length of all the four intervals (a, b), [a, b], [a, b)
and (a, b].
QUICK LOOK 11
1. If a b, then [a, b] {a} (singleton set) so that (a, b) 3. If a b, then g.l.b. (a, b) g.l.b. [a, b) g.l.b. (a, b] a
[a, b) (a, b] E (empty set). and l.u.b. (a, b) l.u.b. [a, b) l.u.b. (a, b] b.
2. If a b b, then g.l.b. [a, b] a and l.u.b. [a, b] b.
DEFINITION 0.17 All the four intervals (a, b), [a, b], [a, b) and (a, b] are called bounded intervals.
In the next definition we list out unbounded intervals.
DEFINITION 0.18 Unbounded Intervals Let a . Then

1. {x | x a} is denoted by (a, d).
2. {x | x a} is denoted by ( d, a).
3. {x | x r a} is denoted by [a, d).
4. {x | x b a} is denoted by ( d, a].
5. is also denoted by ( d, d).
Note:
(i) d, d are only symbols but not real numbers.
(ii) The intervals (a, d), [a, ∞) are bounded below with a as their g.l.b, but these intervals are not bounded above.
Similarly the intervals ( d, a) and ( d, a] are bounded above with a as l.u.b. and these intervals are not bounded
below.
(iii) ( d, d) is neither bounded below nor bounded above.
0.6.1 Interesting Features of Intervals

Let I denote any one of the intervals defined above. Then I has the following basic property:
x, y I , x y [ x, y ] I and conversely, if A has the property that x, y A, x y [ x, y ] A, then A is an
interval.
DEFINITION 0.19 Neighbourhood Let a and 0. Then the open interval (a , a ) is called -neigh-
bourhood of a and (a , a ) {a} is called the deleted -neighbourhood of a where {a} is
the singleton set containing the element a.
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0.7 Absolute Value of a Real Number 11
0.7 Absolute Value of a Real Number

In this section, we introduce the concept of absolute value or modulus value of a real number and list some of its prop-
erties which are useful. Let us begin with the following definition.
DEFINITION 0.20 Let x . We write

«x if x r 0
| x | ¬
x if x0
| x | is called the absolute values of x or modulus value of x.
The following theorem enlists the important properties of | x |.
T H E O R E M 0.18 1. | 0 | 0 and | x | | x | x .

2. For x, y , we have
| x|b xb| x|
and whenever y x 0
(a) | xy | | x || y |
(b) | x y | b | x | | y |
(c) || x | | y || b | x y |
x |x|
(d)
y | y|
3. For a and 0, we have
(a , a ) {x | x a | }
4. If x (a , a ) 0, then x a.
5. Max{x, x} | x | .
1
6. (a) Max{a, b} (a b | a b |)
2
1
(b) Min{a, b} (a b | a b |)
2
QUICK LOOK 12
| x y | | x | | y | if and only if both x and y are of same sign.
Finally we conclude this chapter with the following property of closed intervals.
T H E O R E M 0.19 Let {xn | n 1, 2, 3, …} and { yn | n 1, 2, 3, …} be subsets of such that [ xn 1 , yn 1 ] [ xn , yn ] for

n 1, 2, 3…. Then ∩ [ xn , yn ] is non-empty. If further g .nl. b. ( yn xn ) 0, then ∩ [ xn , yn ] is a
n n
singleton set.
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Functions, Limits,
Continuity, Sequences
and Series 1
Contents
1.3 Even and Odd Functions,
Periodic Functions
Functions, Limits, Continuity,

1.5 Construction of Graphs and
Transforming Theorem
1.8 Continuity
1.9 Properties of Continuous
Sequences and Series
Functions
1.10 Infinite Limits
1.12 Infinite Series
Worked-Out Problems
Exercises
Answers
A function associates one quantity –

argument or input of the function – with
another quantity – the value or output
of the function. Limit is used to describe
the value that a function or sequence
“approaches” as the input approaches
some value. A sequence is a list of ob-
jects/events ordered in a sequential fash-
ion such that each member either comes
before, or after, every other member. A
series is a sum of a sequence of terms.
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14 Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, Continuity, Sequences and Series
Calculus is a part of Mathematical Analysis which was developed by Issac Newton (1642–1727), Gottfried Leibniz
(1646–1716), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Augustin–Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) and Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897).
The world of Mathematics came to know that Calculus was the brain child of both Newton and Leibniz who developed
it simultaneously without knowing each other and was improved by Euler, Cauchy and Weierstrass. It was Weierstrass
who gave the precise definition of limit and more teeth to continuity and differentiability. It was he who constructed a
function which is continuous for all real values of x but not differentiable at any real value of x.

Even though the general notion of a function, real-valued functions and operations among real-valued functions were
exhaustively studied in Chapter 1 of Vol. 1 (Algebra), for completeness sake, we recall some of the basic definitions
and results (possibly without proofs) here. This process is undertaken to facilitate the reader to have immediate refer-
ence. Let us begin with the definition of a function.
DEFINITION 1.1 Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets A s B {(a, b) | a A, b B} is the set of ordered
pairs of A and B and is called the Cartesian product of A and B.
DEFINITION 1.2 Any non-empty subset S of A s B is called a function if

(i) a A b B such that (a, b) S
(ii) (a, b1) S, (a, b2) S b1 b2
We also say that S is a map or mapping. If S A s B is a function, then
(i) A is called the domain of S and B is called codomain of S.
(ii) {b B | (a, b) S} is called the range of S.
If (a, b) S, it is customary to denote b by S(a). We observe that S(a) is unique for a given
a A and S {(a, S(a)) | a A}. S(a) is called the value or image of S at a. If S(a) b, then a
is called the preimage of b. Generally, we write S: A m B and say that S is a function defined
on A with values in B.
DEFINITION 1.3 Equal Functions If S : A m B and T : A m B are functions such that S(a) T(a) for every
a A, then we say that S and T are equal and we write S T.
For convenience sake, we use the symbol f for a function. Thus, f : A m B is taken as a function. For our purpose,
in general, A is a subset of and B . When this is the case, that is f : A m where A , then f is a real-valued
function from the subset A of .
Examples 1.1
1. A is the set of positive integers, f : A m where f (n) f (0) 02 0 1 1

2n for n 1, 2, 3, …. Thus f (1) 2, f (2) 4, f (3) 6, ….
f (1) 12 1 1 3
2. A [0, 1], f : A m where f (x) x2 for x A. Thus
f ( 1) ( 1)2 ( 1) 1 1
f (1) 12 1
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 1
2 f ( 2 ) ( 2 )2 2 1 3 2
f¦ µ ¦ µ
§ 2¶ § 2¶ 4 4. A The set of all non-negative real numbers, and
2 f : A m is defined by f ( x) x . Thus
¥ 2´ ¥ 2´ 2
f¦ µ ¦ µ ...
§ 3 ¶ § 3 ¶ 9 ¥ 1´ 1
f (0) 0, f (1) 1, f (2) 2 , f ¦ µ
§ 4¶ 2
3. A and f : A m is defined by f (x) x2 x 1 for
x A. Thus
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1.1 Functions: Varieties 15
[Here 1/2 should not be taken (why?)]. f ( 1) is not f (0) 0, f (1) 1, f ( 1) 1 1

defined because 1 A.
5. A and f : A m is defined by f ( x) x . Thus ¥ 1´ 1 ¥ 1´ 1 1
f ¦ µ , f ¦ µ
§ 2¶ 2 § 2¶ 2 2
DEFINITION 1.4 Constant Function If A and k then f : A m defined by f (x) k for every x A is
called constant function.
In the following definition we introduce operations on the set of real-valued functions defined on a common domain,
a subset of real numbers.
DEFINITION 1.5 Suppose A , f and g are two real-valued functions defined on A with values in . Then we
define the sum f g, the product f g, the quotient f /g , f and [ f ] ([] is integral part) as
follows:
1. ( f g)(x) f (x) g (x) x A.
2. ( f g )( x) f ( x) g( x) x A.
¥f´ f ( x)
3. ¦ µ ( x) if g( x) x 0 x A.
§ g¶ g( x)
4. f ( x) f ( x) x A.
5. [ f ](x) [f (x)] x A.
Also for any positive integer n, we have
6. f n(x) ( f (x))n x A.
7. If A and f (x) 0 x A, then f @ (x) ( f (x))@ x A.
QUICK LOOK 1
¥ 1´ 1
1. If k is a constant, then (kf )(x) kf (x) x A. 2. ¦ µ ( x) x A, if f ( x) x 0 x A.
§f¶ f ( x)
DEFINITION 1.6 Composite Function Suppose A, B and C are non-empty subsets of , f : A m B and
g : B m C are functions, then we define the function g f : A m C as
( g f )( x) g( f ( x)) x A
g f is called composite function of g and f. Note that g f may be defined but f g may not
be defined.
QUICK LOOK 2
If f : A m A and g : A m A, then both g f and f g are defined, but still f g and g f may not be equal func-
tions.
Examples 1.2
Let A and f (x) x2 and g(x) 2x for all x A. Then

¥f´ f ( x) x
1. ( f g)(x) f (x) g(x) x2 2x 3. ¦ µ ( x) x and x x 0. Here we take
§ g¶ g( x) 2
2. ( f g )( x) f ( x)g( x) x 2 (2 x) 2 x 3
A {0}.
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2
4. f ( x) f ( x) x x
2 (b) [ f ](2.1) [ f (2.1)] [(2.1)2] 4.
5. [ f ](x) [ f (x)]. We can observe that 6. (a) ( g f )( x) g( f ( x)) g( x 2 ) 2 x 2
[ f ](1/2) [ f (1/2)] [1/4] 0 (b) ( f g)( x) f ( g( x)) f (2 x) 4 x 2
In fact We observe that f g x g f .

(a) [ f ](x) 0 x ( 1, 1)
Note: Suppose A and f : A m is a function. Then the functions f , [ f ], f n and f @ can be realized as composite
functions by taking g : m as g( x) x , g( x) [ x], g( x) x n (where n is a positive integer) and g(x) x@ (@ is real),
respectively. That is
1. If g( x) x , then
( g f )( x) g( f ( x)) f ( x) f ( x)
2. If g(x) [x], then
( g f )( x) g( f ( x)) [ f ( x)] [ f ]( x)
n
3. If g(x) x , then
( g f )( x) g ( f ( x)) ( f ( x))n f n ( x)
4. If g(x) x@, then
( g f )( x) ( f ( x))A f A ( x)
DEFINITION 1.7 Identity Function Let A and A be non-empty. The function f : A m A defined by
f (x) x x A is called the identity function on A. Sometimes, it is denoted by IA. That is,
IA(x) x x A.
T H E O R E M 1.1 Suppose A, B, C and D are non-empty subsets of and f : A m B, g : B m C and h : C m D are

(A S S O C I AT I V E functions. Then (h g ) f h ( g f ).
LAW FOR
COMPOSITION
OF FUNCTION)
PROOF First of all, observe that both (h g ) f and h ( g f ) are functions from A to D. Further, for x A,
((h g) f )( x) (h g )( f ( x))
h( g( f ( x))
h(( g f )( x))
(h ( g f ))( x)
Note: Theorem 1.1 is given as Theorem 1.27 (Try it out) in Chapter 1 (Vol. 1) on p. 41. The proof also runs on the same
lines as above.

In this section, we once again recall from Vol. 1 (Algebra) the notions of one-one, onto and bijective functions. Further
we introduce the concept of the inverse of a bijective function and their properties.
DEFINITION 1.8 Let A and B be two non-empty subsets of . Let f : A m B be a function. Then
1. f is said to be one-one function if x, y A, x x y f (x) x f (y).
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1.2 Functions and Their Inverse 17
2. f is said to be onto if y B x A f (x) y.

3. If f is both one-one and onto, then we say that f is a bijection.
Examples 1.3
1. Let A B [0, d) (i.e., the set of all non-negative y B y y f ( y)

reals). The function f defined by
and f ( x) f ( x) y x A
x
f ( x) 3. Let A B . Then the function f defined by f (x)
x1 2x is a bijection.
for every x A is one-one but not onto [since f (x) 4. Let A and B . Define f : A m B by
f (y) x y and 1 B, but there is no x A such that «0 if x is a rational number
f (x) 1]. f ( x) ¬
2. Let A and B [0, d). Then the function f defined 1 if x is an irrational numbe
er
by f ( x) x is onto but not one-one, since Then f is neither one-one nor onto.
QUICK LOOK 3
If f : A m B is a function and range of f C such that C B, then f : A m C is onto.
DEFINITION 1.9 Inverse of a Function Suppose f : A m B is a bijection. Define g : B m A by g(b) a, where

f (a) b. Then g is called the inverse function of f and is denoted by f 1.
Example 1.4
Let A B . Define f : A m B by Then clearly f is a bijection and also f 1(y) y 1 is the
inverse function of f since
f (x) x 1
f 1 (x 1) (x 1) 1 x x A
QUICK LOOK 4
1. If f : A m B is a bijection, then f 1: B m A is also a 2. If f : A m A is a bijection, then f f 1 f 1 f I A .

bijection and f 1 f I A , f f 1 I B .
DEFINITION 1.10 Restriction of a Function Let f : A m B be a function and C be a non-empty subset of A. Define
g : C m B by g(c) f (c) for all x C. Then g is called restriction of f to C and is denoted by f C .
Examples 1.5
1. Let f : m [0, d) be defined by f ( x) x x and (f )( x) f ( x) x 2 x C

C
let C [0, d). Then clearly C and f C : C m [0, d)
Notice that f C is a bijection where f is not one-one
is given by
so that f is not a bijection. Also if C ( d, 0], then f C
( f C )( x) f ( x) x x x C (∵ x r 0) is a bijection.
2. Let f : m [0, d) be defined by f (x) x2. Take C 3. Let f : m [0, d) be defined by f ( x) | x | x .
If C [0, d) and D ( d, 0], then
[0, d). Then
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(f )( x) x x x C Observe that f C
and f D
are bijections but f is not.
C
and (f D
)( x) x x D
Note: Even though a function f : A m B may not be a bijection, sometimes f is restricted to a suitable subset of A so
that f restricted to that subset has inverse function from the range of f to the restricted domain. The following is an
illustration of this.
Examples 1.6
1. Let f : m B [0, d) be a mapping defined by a bijection from A to [ 1, 1] and f A has inverse func-
f ( x) x . Clearly f is not a bijection. If A B [0, d) tion from [ 1, 1] to A. This inverse function is denoted
then f A is a bijection and the inverse of f A is given by Sin 1 (see Chapter 2, Vol. 2).
by 3. Let f : m [0, d) be defined by f (x) x2. Taking A
[0, d), we have f A is a bijection on A and
(f ) 1 ( x) f 1 ( x) x x A
A
(f A
) 1 ( x) f 1 ( x) x x A
2. Let f : m be a function defined by f (x) sin x so
that range of f is [ 1, 1]. If A [ O /2, O /2], then f A is
1.3 Even and Odd Functions, Periodic Functions

Let f : m defined by f (x) x2, then we can observe f ( x) f ( x) x . Functions satisfying this property are called
even functions. Functions satisfying the property f ( x) f (x), for example f (x) x3, are called odd functions. Functions
satisfying the property f (x T) f (x) whenever x and x T are in the domain of f and T 0 are called periodic functions.
In this section, we give precise definitions of these and state some of their properties. Let us begin with the following.
DEFINITION 1.11 Symmetric Set Let X be a non-empty subset of . Then X is called symmetric set if
x X x X
Examples 1.7
1. is a symmetric set. 4. [0, 1] is not a symmetric set.

2. [ 1, 1] is a symmetric set. 5. { 1, 0, 1} is a symmetric set.
3. The set of rational numbers and the set of all
integers are symmetric sets.
Note: The real number 0 need not belong to a symmetric set. For example, the set { 1, 1} is a symmetric set without 0
and [ 1, 0) (0, 1] is a symmetric set not containing the element 0.
DEFINITION 1.12 Even Function Let X be a symmetric set and f : X m be a function. If f ( x) f (x) x X,
then f is called an even function.
Examples 1.8
1. f : m defined by f ( x) x is an even function 3. f : m defined by f (x) cos x is an even function,

because x x x . because cos( x) cos x.
2. f (x) x2 is an even function from to because
( x)2 x 2 x .
DEFINITION 1.13 Odd Function If X is a symmetric set, then f : X m is called an odd function if f ( x)
f (x) for all x X.
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1.3 Even and Odd Functions, Periodic Functions 19
Examples 1.9
1. f : m defined by f (x) x3 is an odd function 3. Let X [ 2, 1] [1, 2] and define f : X m as f (x)

because ( x)3 x 3 x . x3 so that f is an odd function.
2. f : m defined by f (x) sin x is an odd function
because sin( x) sin x.
Note: If X is a symmetric set having the element 0 and f : X m is an odd function, then f (0) is necessarily zero,
because
f (0) f ( 0) f (0)
In part (3) of the example above, the set X [ 2, 1] [1, 2] does not contain 0, so f (0) cannot exist.
The statements stated in the following theorem can be easily verified [see pp. 56, 57 of Chapter 1, Vol. 1
(Algebra)].
T H E O R E M 1.2 Let X be a symmetric set and f and g be functions from X into . Then
1. If both f and g are even (both are odd), then so is f p g.
2. If both f and g are even (both are odd), then fg is even.
3. If one of f and g is even and the other is odd, then fg is odd.
4. f is even if and only if K f is even for any non-zero real K.
5. f is odd if and only if K f is odd for any non-zero real K.
6. f is even (odd) if and only if f is even (odd).
7. If f : X m is any function, then the function
f ( x) f ( x)
g( x) is even
2
f ( x) f ( x)
h( x) is odd
2
and f (x) g(x) h(x)
Here g(x) is called even part of f and h(x) is called odd part of f (x). Further g (x) and h(x) are
unique.
DEFINITION 1.14 Periodic Function Let A be a non-empty subset of . If there exists a positive number p
such that f (x p) f (x) whenever x and x p belong to A, then f is called a periodic function
and p is called a period of f. The smallest period (if it exists) is called the period of f.
Note:
1. A function can be periodic without smallest period. For example, f : m defined by f ( x) k x is a peri-
odic function, but it has no smallest period.
2. If p is a period of a function f, then np is also a period of f where n is any positive integer.
Examples 1.10
1. sin x and cos x are periodic functions with 2O as the 2. Let f : m be defined by f (x) x [x]. Then
smallest period. The functions tan x and cot x are peri-
f (x 1) (x 1) [x 1]
odic functions with smallest period O. For proofs refer
to Chapter 1 of Vol. 2. (x 1 ([x] 1)
x [ x] f ( x) x
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[See (3) of Theorem 0.10] so that 1 is a period of f and If n is even, then n 2 is also even so that f (n 2) 1
1 is the smallest period of f (verify). f (n). If n is odd, then n 2 is also odd and therefore
3. Define f : m by f (n 2) 2 f (n). Hence, in either case f (n 2) f (n)
for all n . Therefore, 2 is the period of f.
«1 if n is odd
f (n) ¬
2 if n is even
T H E O R E M 1.3 Let n 1 be an integer. If m is any integer, there exists an integer K and a non-negative integer r
(E U C L I D ’ S such that m Kn r, r {0, 1, 2, …, (n 1)}.
ALGORITHM)
One can observe that when m is divided by n, K is the quotient and r is the remainder. The following is the finest
example of a periodic function.
DEFINITION 1.15 Congruence Function Let n 1 be an integer. Define f : m by f (m) r for m and
r is the remainder when m is divided by n. Then for any m ,
f (m n) f ((Kn r ) n)
f ((K 1)n r )
r (∵ 0 b r b n 1)
f (m)
Thus, f (m n) f (m). Therefore, n is the period of f. The function f is denoted by ( n) so that
( n) (m) r , where r is the remainder when m is divided by n. We call this function as congru-
ence function with index n. For example
«0 if m is even
((2m)) ¬
1 if m is odd
is a congruence function with index 2.
Try it out If p1, p2 are periods of f1(x) and f2(x), respectively, and there exist positive integers m and n such that
mp1 np2 p, then p is a period of af1(x) bf2(x) for all non-zero constants a and b.
DEFINITION 1.16 Step Function Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function. Further suppose that a a0 a1
a2 { an 1 an b. If there exist constants k1, k2, …, kn such that ki 1 ki for i 2,
3, …, n and f (x) ki for x [ai 1, ai] for i 1, 2, …, n, then f is called the step function on
[a, b] with steps k1, k2, …, kn.
We observe that a step function assumes only finite number of values, that is range of a step function is a finite set.
Examples 1.11
1. Suppose f : [0, 1] m is such that 2. Suppose f : [ 1, 1] m is defined by

«1/2 if 0 b x 1/2 «1 if x [ 1, 1/2)
® ®2
f ( x) ¬1 if 1/2 b x 1 if x [ 1/2, 0)
®®
®0 if x 1 f ( x ) ¬0 if x [0, 3/4)

® 1 if x [3/4, 1)
Here a 0, b 1 and a0 0, a1 1/2, a2 1, k1 1/2, ®
k2 1. ®3 if x 1
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1.4 Graphs of Functions 21
Then f is a step function with steps 1, 2, 0, 1. Here Then f is a step function with steps 0, 1, 0 and a 2,
a 1, b 1, a0 1, a1 1/2, a2 0, a3 3/4, a4 1 with b 1, a0 2, a1 1, a2 0, a3 1 and k1 0, k2 1,
k1 1, k2 2, k3 0, k4 1. k3 0. This is so because explicitly
3. Define f : [ 2, 1] m by
«0 if x [ 2, 1)
«1 if x [ 1, 0) ®
f ( x) ¬ f ( x) ¬1 if x [ 1, 0)
0 otherwise ®0 if x [0, 1]

Try it out If a b are integers, then the function f : [a, b] m defined by

f (x) [x]
where [x] denotes integral part of x, is a step function.
Note: The function f : [0, 1] m defined by

«1 if x is rational
f ( x) ¬
0 if x is irrational
is not a step function, even though f assumes finite number of values. There are many functions that are not step
functions.

The concept of function is introduced where the domains and codomains may be any sets. However, for calculus we
consider those functions (real-valued functions) where the domain and codomain both are non-empty subsets of .
In the category of real-valued functions, in this section we introduce the idea of graph of a function which is helpful in
studying some vital clues of the function. In this pursuit, we consider a plane in which we set up x-axis and y-axis; this
plane is called the xy-plane.
DEFINITION 1.17 Graph of a Function Let S be a non-empty subset of and f : S m a function. Then
f {( x, f ( x)) | x S} can be regarded as a set of points on the xy-plane, with x as x-coordinate
and f (x) as y-coordinate. Keeping this in mind, in general, it is possible to plot the set of points
{( x, f ( x)) | x S} on the xy-plane. The resultant figure on the xy-plane is called the graph of f.
For almost all functions we have discussed, we can plot their graphs.
Example 1.1
Let f : m be defined by f ( x) x x . Draw its y

graph.
Solution: The graph of f {( x, x) | x } is shown in x (x, x)

y=
Fig. 1.1.
45°
O x
FIGURE 1.1 Example 1.1.

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Example 1.2
y
Let f : m be defined by f ( x) x . Draw its graph.
Solution: The graph of f {( x, x ) | x } is shown in (x, -x)
x
Fig 1.2.
=
(x, x)
y
45°
45°
O x
Example 1.3
Let f : m be defined by f ( x) 2 x x . Draw its y

graph.
2x
y=
Solution: The graph is shown in Fig. 1.3. (x, 2x)
O x
Example 1.4
Define f : [ 2, 1] m by y
«0 if x [ 2, 1)
®
f ( x) ¬1 if x [ 1, 0)
®0 if x [0, 1]

Draw its graph. (−1, 1)
(0, 1)
Solution: The graph is shown in Fig. 1.4 by colored line

segments.
−2 −1 O 1 x
It may be observed that there are functions for which drawing a graph is not possible. The following example shows
such a function.
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1.5 Construction of Graphs and Transforming Theorem 23
Example 1.5
Let the function f : [0, 1] m be defined by y
f ( x) ¬
0 if x is irrational 1 (1, 1)
Draw its graph.
O 1 x
Solution: We know that in between any two real
numbers, there exist rational numbers as well as irrational
numbers. This property is called density property (see
Theorems 0.14 and 0.17). The graph of f, if forcibly FIGURE 1.5 Example 1.5.
drawn, will look like two straight line segments as shown
in Fig. 1.5.
Note:
1. Observe that a graph may not give rise to a function. For example, look at the graph of Fig. 1.6 which shows that
(1/2, a) and (1/2, b) are points on the graph. Since a x b, 1/2 has two images.
a
O 1 x
2
FIGURE 1.6
2. If f : [a, b] m is a function, then for any x [a, b], the line through x, drawn parallel to y-axis, meets the graph at
exactly one point as shown in Fig. 1.7.
O a x b x
FIGURE 1.7
1.5 Construction of Graphs and Transforming Theorem

In this section, we illustrate the process of drawing graphs of functions of the form y K f (ax b) L, where K, L, a
and b are some real numbers from the graph of the given function y f (x). Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function. Then
the set of points on the graph of f are given by
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{( x, f ( x)) | x [a, b]}

In other words, if we write y f (x), then the graph of f is the set of points
{( x, y) | y f ( x), x [a, b]}
1.5.1 Transformation of y-Coordinate by a Constant

Suppose k and the function f is changed or transformed to f (x) k. That is, now we have a new function g : [a, b] m
defined by
g (x) f (x) k x [a, b]
By this transformation, the graph of f is transformed to the set of points
{( x, g( x)) | x [a, b]} {( x, f ( x) k ) | x [a, b]}
{( x, y k ) | y f ( x), x [[a, b]}
In other words, the point (x, y) on the graph of y f (x) is changed to (x, y k) [see Fig. 1.8(a)]. Hence the graph of f
and the transformed graph of f (i.e., the graph of g) look like as shown in Fig. 1.8(b). This is a simple transformation
where the y-coordinate y is changed to y k.
y
y = f (x) + k
y (x, y + k)
(x, y + k) y = f (x)
(x, y ) (x, y )
O a x b x O a x b x
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.8
Example 1.6
For the function f (x) x for 0 b x b 4 draw the graph x+

3
and the transformed graph. Assume k 3. y=
y
Solution: The graph of y f (x) x and the transformed 4

graph of f are shown in Fig. 1.9.
3
x
y=
2
45°
O 1 2 3 4 x

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1.5 Construction of Graphs and Transforming Theorem 25
Example 1.7
Let y 2 x , x . Define y 2x 1. Draw the graph and y

y = 2x + 1
the transformed graph.
y = 2x
Solution: Shift the graph of y 2x by 1 unit parallel to 2
the existing graph. This yields the graph of y 2x 1 (see
Fig. 1.10). 1
O 1 x
1.5.2 Transformation of the x-Coordinate by a Constant

In this subsection we will discuss how to draw the graph of y f (x k) from the graph of y f (x). Here the x-coordinate
is transformed by a constant k. That is the point (x, f (x)) is transformed to the point (x, f (x k)). See the graphs of y
f (x) and y f (x k) in general [Fig. 1.11(a)] and in particular y x2 and y (x 1)2 [Fig. 1.11(b)].
y
y
y = (x + 1)2
y = f (x + k)
(x, f (x + k)) 4 (1, 4)
y =x2
y = f (x ) 3
2
(x + k, f (x + k))
(x, f (x)) 1 (1, 1)
O x x +k x O 1 2 x
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1.11 (a) Graph of y = f (x) and y = f (x + k); (b) graph of y = x2 and y = (x + 1)2.
1.5.3 Construction of y k f (x) from y f (x) where k ≠0 is a Constant

In this we have k 1, 0 k 1 and k 0. The point (x, f (x)) will be transformed to (x, kf (x)).
1. If k 1, the graph of y kf (x) is an expansion of y f (x) [Fig. 1.12(a)].
2. If 0 k 1, then the graph is a contraction [Fig. 1.12(b)].
3. If k 0, then the graph of y kf (x) is the reflection of y kf (x) [Fig. 1.12(c)].
y y y
y = 2 f (x)
y = −2x y = 2x
y = f (x)
y = −x y=x y = f (x)
1
y = f (x) 1
2 y=− x 1
y= x
2 2
O x O x O x
y = −f (x)
(a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 1.12 (a), (b), (c) illustrate points (1), (2) and (3) above.
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Example 1.8
Draw the graph of y = f (kx). y

y = x2
y = 2x 2 = ) 2 x)2
Solution: The graph of y f (kx) can be obtained
from y f (x) by contraction towards the y-axis when y = 4x 2 = (2x)2
k 0 and expansion from the y-axis when 0 k 1.
That is, k-fold contraction (k 1) and (1/k)-fold x
expansion (0 k 1) (see Fig. 1.13). O
Note: The essence of the transformation of the graph is the point (x, f (x)) which is transformed to the point (x, g (x))
where g (x) is a transformation of f (x) such as
g(x) f (x) k
g(x) f (x k)
g(x) kf (x)
and g(x) f (kx)

In this section, we introduce the concept of a function which is the root for the entire development of calculus (in gen-
eral, for Mathematical Analysis), the concepts of left and right limits of a function, graphical meaning of the limit and
discuss limits of some standard functions. Further, we assume the limits of some functions whose proofs are beyond
the scope of this book. First, let us begin with the concept of an interior point of an interval and neighbourhood of a
point on the real line .
DEFINITION 1.18 Interior Point If [a, b] is a closed interval and a c b, then c is called an interior point of
the interval [a, b].
DEFINITION 1.19 Neighbourhood Let c be an interior point of a closed interval [a, b] and D min{c a, b c} so
that (c D, c D ) (a, b). If 0 C D, then the interval (c C, c C ) is called C -neighbourhood
of c. The intervals (c C, c) and (c, c C ) are called left and right C -neighbourhoods, respec-
tively, of c.
DEFINITION 1.20 Limit Let c be an interior point of [a, b] and f a real-valued function defined on [a, b] (pos-
sibly except at c). Let l be a real number. If to each D 0, there corresponds a small positive
number C such that (c C, c C ) (a, b) and f ( x) l D (equivalently l D f (x) l D )
for all x (c C, c C ) and x x c then we say that f (x) tends to l as x tends c. In this case we
write
f (x) m l as x m c or lim f ( x) l or Lt f ( x) l
xmc xmc
DEFINITION 1.21 Right Limit Suppose a b c b and f is a real-valued function defined on (a, b) (possibly
except at c). Suppose there exists a real number l such that to each D 0 there corresponds a
C 0 such that (c, c C ) (a, b) and f ( x) l D for all x (c, c C ). Then we say that limit
of f as x approaches c from the right side is l. In this case we write
lim f ( x) l or Lt f ( x) l
xmc 0 xmc 0
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1.6 Limit of a Function 27
DEFINITION 1.22 Left Limit Suppose a c b b and f is a real-valued function defined on (a, b) (possibly except
at c). Suppose there exists a real number l such that to each D 0, there corresponds a C 0
such that (c C, c) (a, b) and f ( x) l D x (c D , c). Then we say that f approaches l
from the left of c and we write
lim f ( x) l or Lt f ( x) l
xm c 0 xmc 0
The concept of limit can be explained lucidly using the graph of the function (see Fig. 1.14). Given a neighbour-
hood ND (l) (l D, l D ) of l, there exists a neighbourhood NC (c) (c C, c C ) such that the rectangle formed
by the two vertical lines at c C, c C and the horizontal lines drawn at l D , l D contain some part of the graph
of y f (x).
y
y = f (x)
l+e
Given Ne (l )
l
l−e
O x
c−d c c+d
There exists Nd (c)
FIGURE 1.14
Example 1.9
Let f : [0, 1] m be defined by f (x) x x [0, 1]. Therefore

Take c 1/2 and l 1/2. Calculate its limit.
1 1
f ( x) m as x m
Solution: See Fig. 1.15. Let D 0. Choose C Min{D , 1/2} 2 2
so that 1
or lim f ( x)
x m 1/ 2 2
¥1 1 ´
¦§ D , D µ¶ (0, 1)
2 2
Further, 1
x (1,1)
¥1 1 ´ 1 y=
x ¦ D , D µ and xx (1/2) + e
§2 2 ¶ 2
1
2
1 1 (1/2) − e
f ( x) x D b D (by the choice of D )
2 2
O 1
1 −d 1 1 +d
2 2 2
f ( x) D
2
Example 1.10
Suppose Calculate its limit at O.

«2 x [ 1, 1] and x x 0
f ( x) ¬ Solution: See Fig. 1.16. Suppose D 0 and C Min{D, 1}.
0 if x 0 Then (0 C, 0 C ) ( 1, 1). Take l 2 and c 0. Now,
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x (0 C, 0 C ) and x x 0 implies
f ( x) 2 2 2 (−1, 2) 2 (1, 2)
0
E
Hence f (x) m 2 as x m 0.
−1 −d O x d 1
Example 1.11
Obtain the limit for f (x) k x [a, b]. and f ( x ) k k k 0 E x (c D , c D )

Hence,
Solution: Let a c b. Let D 0 and take C Min{D,
c a, b c}. Then lim f ( x) k
xmc
(c C, c C ) (a, b)
Example 1.12
Obtain the limit for f (x) x2 x [ 1, 1] as x m 0 and so that 0 C b 1/2 and 0 D b D . Then x (0 C,
x x 0. 0 C ) implies
f ( x ) 0 x 2 x 2 D 2 b ( E )2 E
Solution: Take c 0 and l 0. Suppose D 0. Let
Therefore lim f ( x) 0 or equivalently x2 m 0 as x m 0.
D Min{ D , 1/2} xm0
Example 1.13
Let f : [ 1, 1] m be defined by y
« x if x b 0
f ( x) ¬
1 if x 0 (−1, 1) (1, 1)
1
Obtain the left and right limits.
45°
Solution: See Fig. 1.17. −1 O 1 x
1. Take c 0 and l 0. Let 0 D 1/2 and C D. Then
(c C, 0) ( 1, 1) (since 1 1/2 0) and x ( C, 0).
This implies
f ( x) l x 0 x x D D
Therefore, the left limit of f at 0 is 0 or lim f ( x) 0.
xm0 0
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2. Take c 0 and l 1. Let 0 D 1/2 and C D . Then This implies

(0, c C ) (0, C ) ( 1, 1) | f ( x) l | | 1 1 | 0 D
and x (0, c C ) [since f (x) 1]. Therefore the right limit of f at 0 is 1 or
lim f ( x) 1.
xm 0 0
Example 1.14
Using the function given in Example 1.13, show that 1 1
lim f ( x) does not exist. b L Lb (1.1)
x m0 2 2
Again
Solution: Suppose the limit exists and lim f ( x) L,
xm0 y (0, D ) f ( y) L 1/2
say. Then by definition, to D 1/2, there corresponds C 0
such that 1
| 1 L | [∵ f ( y) 1]
2
x (0 D , 0 D ) | f ( x) L | D 1/2 1 1
1 L
Hence 2 2
1
x ( D , 0) | f ( x) L | | x L | | x L | 1/2 L (1.2)
2
1/2 x L 1/2
From Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2) we have 1/2 L b 1/2 which is a
x 1/2 L contradiction. This contradiction arose due to our suppo-
0 sup {x | x ( D , 0)} sition that lim f ( x) exists. Hence lim f ( x) does not exist.
x m0 x m0
The following example illustrates that for a function neither of the left and right limit exist nor the limits exist at a point.
Example 1.15
Let f : [0, 1] m be defined by 1

1 L
«1 if x is rational 4
f ( x) ¬ 1 1
0 if x is irrational 1 L
4 4
Show that the limit does not exist.
3

L (1.3)
Solution: If possible, assume that, lim f ( x) exists 4
xm 0 0 Again, irrational number x (0, C ) implies
and is equal to L. Then to D 1/4, there corresponds C 0
1
such that (0, C ) [0, 1] and f ( x) L
4
1 1
x (0, D ) f ( x) L 0 L [∵ f ( x) 0]
4 4
According to Theorems 0.14 and 0.17 [part (2)] both 1 1
rational and irrational numbers exist in the interval L
4 4
(0, C ). Hence, for rational number x (0, C ) we have
1
1 L (1.4)
f ( x) L 4
4
From Eqs. (1.3) and (1.4) we have 3/4 L 1/4 which is a
contradiction. Therefore, lim f ( x) does not exist.
xm0 0
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In a similar way as shown in Example 1.15 we can prove that lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) do not exist. In fact, lim f ( x),
xm0 0 x m0 x m c 0
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) do not exist for any c (0, 1).
x m c 0 xmc
T H E O R E M 1.4 Let c (a, b) and f be a real-valued function defined on [a, b] (possibly except at c). Suppose
(UNIQUENESS lim f ( x) l and lim f ( x) L. Then l L. In other words, at the point c (a, b), lim f ( x) is unique,
xmc xmc xmc
OF THE LIMIT)
if it exists.
PROOF Let D 0 . Then by definition, there exist C1 0 and C2 0 such that (c C1, c C1) (a, b) and
(c C2, c C 2) (a, b). Therefore
E
x (c D 1 , c D 1 ) | f ( x ) l |
2
E
and x (c D 2 , c D 2 ) | f ( x ) L |
2
Now, let C Min{C1, C2} so that x (c C, c C ). This implies x both (c C1, c C1) and (c C2,
c C2). Therefore x (c C, c C ) implies
| l L | | f ( x) L f ( x) l |
b f ( x) l f ( x) L
E E
E
2 2
That is, | l L | D for all D 0. Therefore | l L | 0 or l L.
Note: In a similar way we can show that

1. lim f ( x) is unique (if it exists) where a b c b.
x m c 0
2. lim f ( x) is unique (if it exists) where a c b b.

x m c 0
The following theorem gives the relation between left limit, right limit and limit of a function at a point.
T H E O R E M 1.5 Suppose a c b and f : [a, b] m is defined except possibly c. Then,

1. If lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l, then both lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exist and are equal to l.
xmc xm c 0 x m c 0
2. Conversely, if both lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exist and are equal to l say, then lim f ( x) exists
x m c 0 xmc xmc
and is equal to l.
PROOF 1. Suppose lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l. Then, to D 0 there exists C 0 such that
xmc
(c C, c C ) (a, b)
and | f ( x) l | E x (c D , c D ), x x c
Hence (c C, c) (a, b) and x (c C, c) implies
| f ( x) l | D (1.5)
and (c, c C ) (a, b) and x (c, c C ) implies
| f ( x) l | D (1.6)
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Equations (1.5) and (1.6) show that lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l and also that lim f ( x)
x m c 0 x m c 0
exists and is equal to l.
Conversely, suppose lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l and lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l.
x m c 0 x m c 0
Let D 0. Then there exists C1 0 and C2 0 such that
(c D 1 , c) (a, b) | f ( x) l | D x (c D 1 , c)
and (c, c D 2 ) (a, b) | f ( x) l | D x (c, c D 2 )
Let C Min{C1, C2}. Hence
c x x (c D , c D ) (a, b)
| f ( x) l | D x (c D , c D )
Therefore lim f ( x) l.
xmc
C OROLLARY 1.1 Suppose a c b and f is a real-valued function defined on [a, b] (except possibly at c). If lim f ( x)
xmc
exists then f is bounded on some neighbourhood of c.
PROOF Suppose lim f ( x) exists and is equal to l, say. Therefore to each D 0, there corresponds a C 0
xmc
such that (c C, c C ) (a, b) and | f ( x) l | D for all x (c D , c D ) and x x c. In particular, to
D 1, there exists C 0 such that x (c C, c C ) and x x c implies
| f ( x ) l | 1 x (c D , c D )
possibly except at x c. If f (c) is not defined we take M (| l | 1) and if f (c) is defined, then we
take
M Max [ f (c) , l 1]
In any case x (c C, c C ) implies
| f ( x) | | l | b | f ( x) l | 1
| f ( x) | b | l | 1 b M
Therefore, according to Definition 0.3, f is bounded on (c C, c C ).
Note: In Corollary 1.1, [a, b] can replaced by any non-empty subset A of .

In the following theorems, we discuss about the limits of sum, product and quotient of real-valued functions having
limits at a point.
T H E O R E M 1.6 Suppose a c b and f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are defined (except possibly at c). Let lim f ( x) L
xmc
and lim g( x) M . Then lim( f g )( x) exists and is equal to L M. Converse need not be true.
xmc xmc
PROOF Let D 0. Then by hypothesis, C1 0 (c C1, c C1) (a, b), x (c C, c C1) and x x c. This
implies
D
| f ( x) L | (1.7)
2L
where K |L| |M| 1. Also C2 0 (c C2, c C2) (a, b) and x (c C2, c C2), x x c. This
implies
D
| f ( x) M | (1.8)
2L
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Let C Min{C1, C2 }. Then from Eqs. (1.7) and (1.8), (c C, c C ) (a, b), x (c C, c C ) and x x c.
These imply
| ( f g )( x) (L M ) | | f ( x) g( x) L M |
b | f ( x) L | | g( x) M |
D D D
bD
2L 2L L
Therefore
lim( f g )( x) L M
xmc
We now show that the converse is not true. Consider the functions f , g : [0, 1] m defined by
f ( x) ¬
« 1 if x rational
and g( x) ¬
so that ( f g)(x) 0 x [0, 1] and hence for c (0, 1),
lim( f g )( x) 0
xmc
However, neither lim f ( x) nor lim g( x) exist.

xmc xmc
Note: Replacing g by g, we have that lim( f g )( x) L M .

xmc
T H E O R E M 1.7 Suppose a c b and f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are defined except possibly at c. If lim f ( x) L
xmc
and lim g( x) M , then lim( f g )( x) exists and is equal to LM.
xmc xmc
PROOF Let D 0. Then there correspond C1 0 and C2 0 such that (c C1, c C1) (a, b), x (c C1,
c C1) and x x c. This implies
D
| f ( x) L | (1.9)
2L
where L | L | | M | 1. Also x (c C2, c C2) and x x c implies
D
| g( x) M | (1.10)
2L
Now x (c C, c C ) and x x c implies [using Eqs. (1.9) and (1.10)]
| ( f g )( x) LM | | f ( x)g( x) LM |
| ( f ( x) L)g( x) L( g( x) M ) |
b | f ( x) L || g( x) | | L || g( x) M |
D D
b | g( x) | | L | (1.11)
2L 2L
Therefore, for x (c C, c C ), x x c and from Eq. (1.10) we have
D
| g( x) | | M | b | g( x) M |
2L
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so that
D
| g( x) | | M | | M | 1
2L
Now, from Eq. (1.11) we have x (c C, c C ), x x c which implies
D D
| ( f g )( x) LM | b | g( x) | | L |
2L 2L
D
b (| M | 1 | L |)
2L
D
D (∵ L | L | | M | 1)
2
Thus, given a positive number D, there exists C 0 such that x (c C, c C ) (a, b) and x
(c C , c C ), x x c which implies
| ( f g )( x) LM | D
Hence, lim( f g )( x) exists and is equal to LM.
xmc
T H E O R E M 1.8 Suppose a c b and g : [a, b] m is defined except possibly at c. Let lim g( x) exists and be non-
xmc
zero. Then, there exists C 0 such that (c C, c C ) (a, b) and
x (c C, c C ), x x c g(x) x 0
PROOF Let M lim g( x) so that by hypothesis M x 0. Without loss of generality, we may suppose that
xmc
M 0. Let 0 D M (if M 0, then we consider M ). Then by hypothesis, there exists C 0 such
that (c C, c C ) (a, b) and x (c C, c C ), x x c which implies
| g( x) M | D
D g(x) M D
M D g(x) M D
0 M D g( x) (∵ D M )
0 g(x)
g(x) x 0 x (c C, c C )
T H E O R E M 1.9 Suppose a c b and g : [a, b] m is defined except possibly at c. If lim g( x) exists and is not
xmc
equal to zero, then lim(1/g)( x) exists and is equal to (lim g( x)) 1 .
xmc xmc
PROOF Let lim g( x) M x 0 (by hypothesis). We may suppose that M 0. Let D 0. Choose G 0 such
xmc
that
« M 2D º
0 H Min ¬D , »
1 MD ¼
Corresponding to G 0, there exists C 0 such that (c C, c C ) (a, b) and
x (c D , c D ), x x c | g( x) M | H (1.12)
0 M G g(x) M G (1.13)
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Now, x (c C, c C ) implies [using Eqs. (1.12) and (1.13)]

¥ 1´ 1 1 1
¦§ g µ¶ ( x) M g( x) M
| M g( x) |

M | g( x) |
H (1.14)

M (M H)
By the choice of G, we have
M 2D
H H(1 MD ) M 2D
1 MD
G M2 D GM D M(M G) D
H
D (1.15)
M (M E)
From Eqs. (1.14) and (1.15), we have
¥ 1´ 1
x (c D , c D ) ¦ µ ( x ) D
§ g¶ M
Thus
¥ 1´ 1 1
lim ¦ µ ( x)
xmc § g ¶ M
lim g( x)
xmc
T H E O R E M 1.10 Suppose a c b, and f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are defined except possibly at c and
g( x) x 0 x [a, b]. If lim f ( x) L and lim g( x) M x 0, then
xmc xmc
¥f´ L
lim ¦ µ ( x)
xmc § g ¶ M
PROOF Define h : [a, b] m by

¥ 1´ 1
h( x) ¦ µ ( x) x [a, b]
§ g¶ g( x)
By Theorem 1.9,
¥ 1´ 1
lim h( x) lim ¦ µ ( x)
xmc xmc § g ¶ M
Now by Theorem 1.7, we have

¥f´ ¥ 1´ L
lim ¦ µ ( x) lim( f h)( x) L ¦ µ
xmc § g ¶ xmc § M¶ M
C O R O L L A R Y 1.2 Suppose a c b and f : [a, b] m is defined except possibly at c. If lim f ( x) L and L , thus
xmc
lim(L f )( x) exists and is equal to KL.
xmc
PROOF Write g( x) L x [a, b] so that by Example 1.11 we have lim g( x) L . Now, by Theorem 1.7, we
xmc
have
lim( f g )( x) L L
xmc
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C O R O L L A R Y 1.3 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are defined except possibly at c and g(x) x 0
x [a, b]. If lim f ( x)/g( x) exists finitely and lim g( x) 0, then lim f ( x) 0.
xmc xmc xmc
PROOF Since
f ( x) ¥f´
f ( x) g( x) ¦ µ ( x) g( x)
g( x) § g¶
for all x [a, b], by Theorem 1.7 we have
¥ ¥f´ ´
xmc § xmc § g ¶ ¶ xmc
lim f ( x) ¦ lim ¦ µ ( x)µ lim g( x)
( Finite numb
ber)(0)
0
C O R O L L A R Y 1.4 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are defined except possibly at c and g(x) is not a
zero function. If lim f ( x) 0 and g(x) is bounded on [a, b], then lim( f g )( x) 0.
xmc xmc
PROOF Since g(x) is bounded, suppose g( x) b M x [a, b]. Let D 0. Since lim f ( x) 0, there corre-
xmc
sponds C 0 such that for all x (c C, c C ), x x c,
D
(c D , c D ) (a, b) f ( x)
M 1
( f g )( x) f ( x)g( x)
f ( x) g( x)
¥ D ´
¦ MD
§ M 1µ¶
for all x ( c C, c C ), x x c. Thus, lim( f g )( x) 0.
xmc
Note:
1. In practice, we write “lim f ( x) l ” or “f (x) m l as x m c”, a c b for some a, b to mean that f is defined on
xmc
[a, b] except possibly at c and lim f ( x) l.
xmc
2. In the definition of lim f ( x) l, the value of f at c is not playing any role; in fact, f may not be defined at c.
xmc
The above results stated for limits are equally valid for left limits as well as right limits, with obvious modifications.
We state them briefly for right limits as follows.
T H E O R E M 1.11 Suppose a b c b and f and g are two real-valued functions defined on (a, b) except possibly at c.
Suppose lim f ( x) L and lim g( x) M . Then
xmc 0 xmc 0
1. lim f ( x) is unique when exists.

x m c 0
2. lim ( f g )( x) exists and is equal to lim f ( x) lim g( x) L M.

xmc 0 xmc 0 xmc 0
3. lim ( f g )( x) exists and is equal to ( lim f ( x))( lim g( x)) L M .

xmc 0 xmc 0 xmc 0
4. If lim g( x) M x 0, then there exists C 0 such that g(x) x 0 in (c, c C ) and lim (1/g )( x)
xmc 0 x m c 0
exits and is equal to 1/M.
5. If lim g( x) M x 0, then lim ( f /g )( x) exists and is equal to
xmc 0 x m c 0
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lim f ( x) L
xmc 0

lim g( x) M
xmc 0
6. If lim f ( x) L and K , then lim (Kf )( x) exists and is equal to K L.

xmc 0 x m c 0
7. If lim f ( x) L and lim g( x) M , then lim ( f g )( x) exists and is equal to L M.

xmc 0 xmc 0 xmc 0
T H E O R E M 1.12 Suppose a c b, f1, f2, …, fn are real-valued functions defined on [a, b] except positively at c and
lim fi ( x) exists for i 1,2,3, …, n. Then
xmc
1. lim( f1 f2 ... fn ) ( x) exists and is equal to lim f1 ( x) lim f2 ( x) ... lim fn ( x).
x mc xmc xmc xmc

2. lim( f1 f2 f3 ... fn )( x) exists and is equal to lim f1 ( x) lim f2 ( x) ... lim fn ( x) .
x mc x mc x mc x mc
PROOF 1. Follows from Theorem 1.6 by induction.
2. Follows from Theorem 1.7 by induction.
Note: Theorem 1.12 is valid when limit is replaced by left limit or right limit.
T H E O R E M 1.13 Suppose a c b and f (x) r 0 x [a, b], x x c. If lim f ( x) exists and is equal to L, then L r 0.
xmc
PROOF Suppose L 0. Take D L/2 0. Since lim f ( x) L corresponds to D L/2, there exists
xmc
C 0 such that
f ( x) L D x (c D , c D ), x x c
That is
L L
L D f ( x) L D L 0 x D (c D , c D ), x x c
2 2
which is a contradiction. Hence L r 0.
The following theorem has useful applications in evaluation of limits.
T H E O R E M 1.14 Suppose
(SQUEEZING
1. a c b.
THEOREM OR
SANDWICH 2. f, g, h are real-valued functions defined on [a, b] except possibly at c.
THEOREM) 3. f (x) b g(x) b h(x) for all x [a, b], x x c.
4. lim f ( x) and lim h( x) exist and are equal.
xmc xmc
Then lim g( x) exists and

xmc
lim f ( x) lim g( x) lim h( x)
xmc xmc xmc
PROOF Write lim f ( x) lim h( x) L . Given D 0, there exists C 0 such that

xmc xmc
L D f (x) L D
and L D h(x) L D
for all x (c C, c C ), x x c. Now, by hypotheses
L D f (x) b g(x) b h(x) L D
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and hence
L D g(x) L D
for all x (c C, c C ), x x c. Thus
| g( x) L | D x (c D , c D ), x x c
Hence lim g( x) exists and is equal to L.
xmc
1. f (x) b g(x) x [a, b], x x c.
2. lim f ( x) and lim g( x) exist.
xmc xmc
Then lim f ( x) b lim g( x).

xmc xmc
PROOF Write h(x) f (x) g (x) x [a, b], x x c. Then h( x) b 0 x [a, b], x x c and hence by Theorem
1.13, lim h( x) b 0. Therefore
xmc
lim f ( x) lim g( x) lim( f g )( x) lim h( x) b 0

xmc xmc xmc xmc
This gives
lim f ( x) b lim g( x)
xmc xmc
Note: Theorems 1.13 1.15 are also valid when the limit is replaced by left limit or right limit with relevant modifications.
The following examples will enhance the understanding of the concepts and results discussed so far.
Example 1.16
Let c , n be a positive integer and f (x) xn for all Hence f (x) m c as x m c. Assume that the result is true
x , x x c. Then lim x n c n. for n K r 1. Then xK m cK as x m c. Now (by Theorem
xmc
1.7) as x m c
Solution: If n 1, then f (x) x. Given D 0, take C D xK 1 xK x m cK c

so that x (c C, c C ), x x c. This implies That is, xK 1 m cK 1 as x m c. Thus, the result is true for
K 1. Hence by induction, the result is true for every
f ( x) c x c D D
positive integer n.
Example 1.17
Let c 0 and n be a positive integer. Then x1/n m c1/n as yn a n ( y a)( yn 1 yn 2 a yn 3 a 2 ... a n 1 )

x m c.
where n is a positive integer. Take y x1/n and a c1/n.
Therefore
Solution: Let D 0. Choose 0 C min{c, c(n 1)/n, D }.
Suppose x D (c C, c C ), x x c. Then x c x 1/n c1/n ( x( n 1)/n x( n 2)/n c1/n ... c( n 1)/n )
x c ( x 1/n )n (c1/n )n r x 1/n c1/n c( n 1)/n
( x 1/n c1/n ) [ x( n 1)/n x( n 2)/n c1/n x( n 3)/n c 2/n so that
... x 1/n cn( n 2)/n c( n 1)/n ] x c D

x 1/n c1/n b ( n 1)/ n
( n 1)/ n
D
We know that c c
(by the choice of C ). Consequently x1/n m c1/n as x m c.
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Example 1.18
Let c and p( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n be a lim(a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n )

x mc
polynomial where a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and
an x 0. Then lim p( x) p(c) . a0 a1c a2 c 2 ... an c n
xmc
p(c)
i i
Solution: By Example 1.16, x m c as x m c. Hence
by Corollary 1.3 and Theorem 1.12, we get
Example 1.19
Find the limit of 1 /( x 2) as x m 1. Hence by Theorem 1.9,

1 1
Solution: It is known that x x 1/2 m 1 as x m 1. m 1 as x m 1
Therefore x 2 1
( x 2) m 1 2 1 as x m 1
Example 1.20
Find the limit of x 1/2 1 as x m 1. Also

lim f ( x) 1 1 2
Solution: We have x m1
1/2
1 1 x f ( x) and lim g( x) 11/2 1 x 0
x 1/2 1 1/2
1 1/2
x m1
x x g( x)
Therefore, by Theorem 1.10
where
f ( x) lim f ( x) 2
f (x) 1 x1/2 and g(x) x1/2 lim( x 1/2 1) lim x m1 2
x m1 x m1 g( x) lim g( x) 1
x m1
Example 1.21
Find lim x m/n where m and n are positive integers and c lim( x m/n ) (lim x 1/n )m
xmc xmc xmc
is a positive real number.
(lim f ( x))m
xmc
Solution: Write f (x) x1/n. Then (c1/ n m
) c m/n
m/n m
x f ( x) f ( x)... f ( x) (m times) ( f ( x))
Then by part (2) of Theorem 1.12,
Example 1.22
Find lim ( x 1/n ) for x 0. 0 x C 0 x1/n C 1/n (D n)1/n D

xm0 0
Therefore
Solution: Let f (x) x1/n. We have to find lim f (x) as 0 x D x1/n 0 D
x m 0 0. Let D 0. Take C D n. Then for x (0, C ),
lim x1/n 0
xm0 0
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Example 1.23
Evaluate lim (4 x)3/2 . Here c 4 0. Therefore

xm4 0
lim g( x) (4 c)1/2 (4 4)1/2 0
xm4 0
Solution: Write
Hence
f (x) ( 4 x)3/2 for x 4
lim f ( x) lim ( g( x))3 ( lim g( x))3 0 3 0
If x 4, then 4 x 0 and consequently (4 x)3/2 is not xm4 0 xm4 0 xm 4 0
defined. Now, let
g(x) (4 x)1/2 for x 4
Example 1.24
Find the limit of lim (2 x x 2 )1/2 lim [ f ( x)]1/2 01/2 0

2 1/2 xm2 0 xm2 0
1. (2 x x ) as x m 2 0.
2. (2 x x2)1/2 as x m ( 1) 0. 2. Similarly, lim f ( x) 0 so that
x m 1 0
3. (2 x x2)1/2 as x m 0.
lim (2 x x 2 )1/2 lim [ f ( x)]1/2 01/2 0
x m 1 0 x m 1 0
Solution: Write
f (x) 2 x x2 3. Again
lim f ( x) lim(2 x x 2 )
We observe that xm0 xm0
2
f (x) 2 x x (x 1)(2 x) lim(2) lim x lim( x 2 )
xm0 xm0 xm0
so that f (x) 0 for x 1 or x 2 and f (x) 0 if 2
x ( 1, 2).
Hence
1. Now
lim(2 x x 2 )1/2 [lim f ( x)]1/2 21/2 2
lim f ( x) lim (2 x x 2 ) 0 xm0 xm0
xm2 0 xm2 0
so that
Example 1.25
Suppose f (x) m l as x m c, l 0 and n is a positive integer. 1

Show that (f (x))1/n m l1/n as x m c. [ f ( x)]1/n l 1/n b f ( x) l ( n 1)/n
(as in Example 1.15)
l
Solution: Let 0 D l and 0 G D l (n 1)/n. Then H
( n 1)/ n
D (by the choice of H)
there exists C 0 such that x D (c C , c C ), x x c which l
implies
Therefore
0 l G f (x) l G
[f (x)]1/n m l1/n as x m c
n 1/n 1/n
f (x) 0 and (l G) [ f (x)] (l G)
Example 1.26
If n is a positive integer and a , then find x n an

f ( x)
x n an x a
lim
xma x a We observe that f is not defined at x a and in fact it
need not be defined at all. Now, for x x a,
Solution: Write
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f ( x)( x a) x n a n ( x a)( x n 1 x n 2 a Hence using Example 1.18, we have
x n 3 a 2 ... a n 1 ) lim f ( x) a n 1 a n 2 a a n 3 a 2 ... a n 1

xma
so that a n 1 a n 1 ... + upto

o n times
na n 1
x n an
f ( x) x n 1 x n 2 a x n 3 a 2 ... a n 1
x a

Students at the 10 2 level need the limit of (xn an)/(x a) as x m a where 0 a and n is a rational number. In fact
this limit is nan 1. For completeness sake, here we want to prove that (xn an)/(x a) m nan 1 as x m a for any real
number n. For this, we have to use certain basic inequalities which we discuss in this section.
T H E O R E M 1.16 Suppose k and n are positive integers, n r 1 and 0 c x 1. Then

(n k) (cn 1) n(cn k 1)
PROO F Case I: Suppose c 1. Then
k b c k 1 c k 2 ... c 1
and c n 1 c n 2 ... c 1 c
n
c n
c n nc n 1
...

( n times)
Therefore
k(c n 1 c n 2 ... c 1) (c k 1 c k 2 ... c 1)nc n
On multiplying both sides with c 1, we get
k(cn 1) (ck 1)ncn
Adding n(cn 1) to both sides we get
(n k)(cn 1) (ck 1)ncn n(cn 1) n(cnk 1)
Therefore
(n k)(cn 1) n(cn k 1) (1.16)
Case II: Let 0 c 1. Then
c k 1 c k 2 ... c 1 b k
and c n 1 c n 2 ... c 1 nc n
Therefore
nc n (c k 1 c k 2 ... c 1) k(c n 1 c n 2 ... c 1)
Multiplying both sides with (1 c) 0, we get that
ncn(1 ck) k(1 cn)
or ncn(ck 1) k(cn 1)
Now, adding n(cn 1) to both sides we get
(n k)(cn 1) n(cn k 1) (1.17)
From Eqs. (1.16) and (1.17), we obtain the desired inequality.
Note: From Theorem 1.16, we have the following theorem.

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1.7 Some Useful Inequalities 41
T H E O R E M 1.17 Suppose m, n are positive integers, 1 b n m and c 0. Then

cn 1 cm 1
b
n m
with equality holding if and only if c 1.
PROOF In Theorem 1.16, take k m n so that we have
m(cn 1) n(cm 1)
and hence
cn 1 cm 1

n m
Obviously equality holds if and only if c 1.
C O R O L L A R Y 1.5 Suppose 0 p 1 is a rational number and 0 a x 1. Then ap 1 p(a 1).

PROOF Write p n/m where m, n are positive integers such that 1 b n m. Take b a1/m so that
0 b x 1, bn an/m ap 0 and bm a
From Theorem 1.17, we get that
bn 1 bm 1

n m
and hence
bn 1 (n/m)(bm 1) p(bm 1)
Therefore
a p 1 p(a 1) (∵ bn a p and bm a)
C O R O L L A R Y 1.6 Suppose @ is a real number, 0 @ 1 and 0 a x 1. Then a@ 1 @ (a 1).

PROOF Case I: Suppose a 1. Take any rational number p such that @ p 1 (this choice is possible by
Theorem 0.14). Therefore, by Corollary 1.5
a@ 1 ap 1 p(a 1)
Hence
a@ 1
p
a 1
This is true for all rational numbers p such that @ p 1. Hence
a@ 1
b inf { p | p is rational and @ p 1} @
a 1
Therefore
a@ 1 b @ (a 1) (1.18)
Case II: Suppose 0 a 1. Take any rational number p such that 0 p @. Then, since 0 @ 1
and p @,
a@ 1 ap 1 < p(a 1) (by Corollary 1.5)
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Therefore
aA 1
p (∵ a 1 0)
a 1
Since this is true for all rational numbers p such that 0 p @, it follows that
a@ 1
r sup { p | p is rational and 0 p @ } @
a 1
Therefore
a@ 1 @ (a 1) (∵ a 1 0) (1.19)
From Eqs. (1.18) and (1.19) we have a@ 1 @ (a 1).
T H E O R E M 1.18 If 0 a x 1 and @ is a positive real number, then

a@ 1 @ (a 1) if @ 1
a@ 1 @ (a 1) if @ 1
PROOF If 0 @ 1, then the result follows from Corollary 1.6. Suppose @ 1 so that 0 1/@ 1. Write
b a@ so that b1/@ a. Again by Corollary 1.6,
1
b1/@ 1 (b 1)
@
1 @
a 1 (a 1)
@
a(a 1) a@ 1
a@ 1 @ (a 1)
Thus, a@ 1 @ (a 1) when @ 1.
T H E O R E M 1.19 If 0 a x 1 and @ is real, then

1. @ a@ 1(a 1) a@ 1 @ (a 1) if 0 @ 1
2. @ a@ 1(a 1) a@ 1 @ (a 1) if @ 0 or @ 1
PROOF 1. Suppose 0 @ 1 and let b 1/a. Then by Theorem 1.18
b@ 1 @ (b 1)
1 ¥1 ´
1 @ ¦ 1µ
a@ §a ¶
(1 a)
1 a@ @ a@ @ a@ 1 (1 a)
a
@ a@ 1 (a 1) a@ 1
2. Suppose @ 1. Then 0 1/@ 1. Hence from (1)
1 [(1/@ ) 1] 1
b (b 1) b1/@ 1 (b 1)
@ @
1 ¥ b1/@ ´ 1/@ 1
¦§ µ¶ (b 1) b 1 (b 1)
@ b @
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1.7 Some Useful Inequalities 43
Using b a@ we get
a @
(a 1) @ (a 1) (a@ 1)
b
a1 @ (a@ 1) @ (a 1) (a@ 1)
a@ 1
@ 1
@ (a 1) (a@ 1)
a
1 1
a@ 1 @ (a 1)a@ a@ (a@ 1)
1
@ (a 1)a@ a@ 1 @ (a 1)
Thus (2) is proved when @ 1.
Now, suppose @ 0 so that @ 0. Write A 1 @ 1. Now by (2) (i.e., @ 1)
1
A aA (a 1) aA 1 A (a 1)
@ @
(1 @)a (a 1) a1 1 (1 @)(a 1)
(1 @ )(a 1) a a@
@
(a 1) @ (a 1)
a a@
(1 @)(a 1) a a@ a@ [(a 1) @ (a 1)] (1.20)
From the inequality in Eq. (1.20) we have
(1 @)(a 1) a a@
(a 1) @ (a 1) a a@
a@ 1 @ (a 1) (1.21)
Again from the second inequality in Eq. (1.20), we have
a a@ a@ [(a 1) @ (a 1)]
a a@ a@(a 1) @ a@(a 1)
a a@ 1 @ a@(a 1)
1
1 a@ @ a@ (a 1)
@ @ 1
a 1@a (a 1) (1.22)
Thus (2) follows from Eqs. (1.21) and (1.22) when @ 0.
T H E O R E M 1.20 Suppose a 0 and @ is real. Then

1. @ a@ 1(a 1) b a@ 1 b @ (a 1) if 0 b @ b 1
2. @ a@ 1(a 1) r a@ 1 r @ (a 1) if @ b 0 or @ 1
Equality holds if and only if a 1 or @ 0.
PROOF Suppose 0 a x 1. Then strict inequality holds in (1) and (2) as according to 0 @ 1, @ 0 or @ 1,
respectively (by Theorem 1.19). If a 1 or @ 0 or @ 1, clearly equality holds in (1) and (2).
T H E O R E M 1.21 Suppose a and x are distinct positive real numbers and @ is real. Then
1. @ a@ 1(a x) a@ x@ @ x@ 1(a x) if 0 @ 1
2. @ a@ 1(a x) a@ x@ @ x@ 1(a x) if @ 0 or @ 1
PROOF In Theorem 1.19, if we replace a by a/x we get the above result.
Note: The inequalities in (1) and (2) of Theorem 1.21 become equality if a x.
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T H E O R E M 1.22 If a 0 and @ is real, then lim x@ a@.

xma
PROOF Suppose@ 1. Then by part (2) of Theorem 1.21, whenever x (a/2, 3a/2), x x a, we have
@ 1
¥3 ´
x a 0 a@ x@ @ a@ 1 (a x) @ ¦ aµ (a x )
§2 ¶
@ 1
¥3 ´
and x a 0 x@ a@ @ x@ 1 ( x a) @ ¦ aµ ( x a)
§2 ¶
Hence, x (a/2, 3a/2), x x a, implies
@ 1
¥3 ´
x@ a@ @ ¦ aµ x a m 0 as x m a
§2 ¶
Therefore, if @ 1, x@ m a@ as x m a. In a similar way, using parts (1) and (2) of Theorem 1.21
we can show that x@ m a@ as x m a, if 0 @ 1 or @ 0. Clearly x@ m a@ if @ 0 or 1. Hence
lim x@ a@ if a 0 and @ is real.
xma
T H E O R E M 1.23 Suppose 0 a x 1 and @ is real. Define

x@ a@
f ( x)
x a
for all real numbers x x a. Then lim f ( x) @ a@ 1 .
xma
PROOF Suppose @ 1. Then, for x x a, we have from Theorem 1.21 that

a@ x@
@ a@ 1 @ x@ 1 if 0 < x a
a x
That is,
@ a@ 1 f (x) @ x@ 1 if 0 x a
Hence,
f ( x) @ a@ 1 @ a@ 1 f ( x)
@ a@ 1 @ x@ 1
@ (a@ 1 x@ 1 )
@ x@ 1 a@ 1 (1.23)
Also
a@ x@
@ a@ 1 @ x@ 1 if x a
a x
That is,
@a@ 1 f (x) @ x@ 1
This implies
f ( x) @ a@ 1 f ( x) @ a@ 1
@ x@ 1 @ a@ 1
@ ( x@ 1 a@ 1 )
@ x@ 1 a@ 1 (1.24)
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1.8 Continuity 45
From Eqs. (1.23) and (1.24), we get (using Theorem 1.22), whenever 0 x x a,
f ( x) @ a@ 1 @ x@ 1 a@ 1 m 0 as x m a
Hence f (x) m @ a@ 1 as x m a when @ 1. Now suppose 0 @ 1 or @ 0. Then by parts (1) and
(2) of Theorem 1.21 it follows that f (x) lies between @ x@ 1 and @ a@ 1. Hence by Theorem 1.22, as
xma
f ( x) @ a@ 1 b @ a@ 1 @ x@ 1 @ x@ 1 a@ 1 m 0
Here we used the fact p q p r where p q r. Therefore f (x) m @ a@ 1 as x m a.
1.8 Continuity
In this section, we give a precise definition of the most important concept of continuity of a real-valued function at
a point of its domain and extend it to its domain. The notion of continuity of a function has occupied central stage in
mathematical analysis and it will be used extensively in the coming sections of this volume. The term “continuous” is
in practice since the time of Newton, but was not defined precisely until the 19th century.
Bernhard Bolzano in 1817 and Augustin–Louis Cauchy in 1821 came to know that continuity of a function is an
important property and gave the definition. Since the concept of continuity of a function at a point is linked with the
concept of limit, Karl Weierstrass carefully proposed proper definition of continuity in 1870s. In this section we will
first explain the concepts of continuity at a point and continuous function and then discuss the properties of continu-
ous functions. Linguistically, continuous means no break. Loosely speaking, a continuous function means, a function
whose graph can be drawn on a paper without lifting the hand from the plane of the paper.
DEFINITION 1.23 Continuity at a Point Let f : [a, b] m be a function and a c b.

1. We say that f is continuous at the point c if
lim f ( x) f (c)
xmc
2. f is continuous at the left end point a if lim f ( x) f (a). In such case we say that f is right
xma 0
continuous at a.
3. f is said to be continuous at the right end point b if lim f ( x) f (b). In such case we say
x mb 0
that f is left continuous at b.
DEFINITION 1.24 Continuous Function A function f : [a, b] m is said to be a continuous function if f is

continuous at every point of [a, b] (including a and b). We say that f is discontinuous at c if f
is not continuous at c.
QUICK LOOK 5
f is continuous at c implies 2. lim f ( x) must exist and is equal to f (c).

xmc
1. The function f must be defined at the point c.
T H E O R E M 1.24 Suppose a c b and f :[a, b] m is a function. If lim f ( x) f (c) and lim f ( x) f (c), then f
xmc 0 xmc 0
is continuous at c. Conversely, if f is continuous at c, then both lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exist and
x m c 0 x m c 0
are equal to f (c).
PROOF Directly follows from Theorem 1.4.
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QUICK LOOK 6
To prove that f is continuous at c, it is enough if we lim f (c h) lim f (c h) f (c)

hm 0 hm 0
show that h 0 h 0
Example 1.27
If P( x) a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 { an is a polynomial Solution: By Example 1.16, lim x n c n. Hence, the

xmc
where a0, a1, …, an are real, a0 x 0 and n is a positive inte- result follows from Corollary 1.2 and Theorem 1.6.
ger, then show that P(x) is continuous at every c .
Note: f : m defined by f (x) x is continuous at every c .
Example 1.28
Define f : [a, b] m by f (x) k (constant) for all x [a, b]. Also

Then show that f is continuous at every c [a, b].
lim f ( x) lim k k f (a)
xma 0 xma 0
Solution: Let a c b. Then
and lim f ( x) lim k k f (b)
xmb 0 xmb 0
lim f ( x) lim k k f (c)
xmc xmc
Example 1.29
Let f : m defined by Therefore f is discontinuous at x 0, but continuous at

all other points (Fig. 1.18).
« 1 if x 0
f ( x) ¬
0 if x b 0 y
Then show that f is discontinuous at 0.
Solution: We have 1
lim f ( x) lim 0 0 f (0)

xm0 0 xm0 0 x
O
lim f ( x) lim 1 1 x f (0)
xm0 0 xm0 0
Example 1.30
Let f : m be defined by f (x) n if x [n, n 1] and so f is not continuous at n. Similarly, if n is a negative

where n 0, p1, p2, …. Then show that f is disconti- integer say n m where m is a positive integer, then
nuous at every n 0, p1, p2, … and continuous at all
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) ( m) 1 n 1
other points. xmn 0 x m( m ) 0
and lim f ( x) lim f ( x) m n

Solution: See Fig. 1.19. Let n be a positive integer. Then xmn 0 x m( m ) 0
lim f ( x) n 1 and lim f ( x) n Therefore, f is discontinuous at n. Clearly lim f ( x) 1

xmn 0 xmn 0 xm0 0
Therefore and lim f ( x) 0. Hence f is discontinuous at all integer
xm0 0
lim f ( x) x lim f ( x) values.
xmn 0 xmn 0
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1.8 Continuity 47
Now suppose x0 is not an integer and let x0 [n, n 1]

where n is an integer. Then clearly f (x0) n and 3
2
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) n f ( x0 )
x m x0 0 x m x0 0 1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Example 1.31
Let f : m defined by Solution: Let c . In every neighbourhood of c there

are infinite rationals and irrationals, and so lim f ( x)
« x if x is rational cannot exist. xmc
f ( x) ¬
Then show that f is discontinuous at all real values of x ≠ 0.
Note: The graph of this function cannot be drawn.
Example 1.32
Let f : m be defined by h(x) is a bounded function because 1 b sin 1/x b 1 for all
real x x 0. Therefore, by Corollary 1.4
« x sin(1/x) if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ lim f ( x) lim( g( x)h( x)) 0 f (0)
0 if x 0 xm0 xm0
Then show that f is continuous at x 0. Therefore, f is continuous at x 0.
Solution: When x x 0, f (x) is a product of two functions,

viz., g(x) x and h(x) sin 1/x. Here lim g( x) 0 and
xm0
Try it out Show that the function

« x cos (1/x) if x x 0
f ( x) ¬
0 if x 0
is continuous at x 0.
Hint: Work on the same lines as Example 1.32.
Example 1.33
Let c 0 and x be real. Define f (x) x@ for x 0. Then lim f ( x) lim( x@ ) c@ f (c)
xmc xmc
show that f is continuous at c.
Hence f is continuous at x c 0. Note that f is continuous
Solution: By Theorem 1.22, when c 0 also (check).
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T H E O R E M 1.25 Let c 0 and @ be real. Define

« x@ c@ ¨ c 3c ·
® if x © , ¸ , x x c
f ( x) ¬ x c ª2 2 ¹
® @ 1
@ c if x c
Then f is continuous at c.
PROOF By Theorem 1.23
¥ x@ c@ ´ @ 1
lim f ( x) lim ¦ µ @c f (c )
xmc xmc § x c ¶
Hence f is continuous at x c.
SPECIAL NOTE: Generally the students at 102 level have to evaluate lim ( x n a n )/(x a) when n is a rational num-
xma
ber and a is positive real number for which the proof does not require all the inequality theorems proved before Theo-
rem 1.26. As mentioned in the introduction of this section, the proof given for Theorem 1.25 is to cover when n is any
real number. The following theorem evaluated the same when n is rational. We state and prove the result as follows.
T H E O R E M 1.26 If n is a rational number, define

(P A R T I C U L A R
« x n an
CASE) ® if x x a
f ( x) ¬ x a
®na n 1 if x a

where a 0. Then f is continuous at a.
PROOF Case I: n is a positive integer. Then
x n a n ( x a)[ x n 1 x n 2 a x n 3a 2 ... xa n 2 a n 1 ]
Therefore
¥ x n an ´ n 1 n 2 n 3 2 n 2
lim ¦ µ lim [ x x a x a ... xa a n 1 ]
x ma § x a ¶ x ma
a n 1 a n 1 ... a n 1 (n times)(by Example 1.27)

nan 1 f (a)
Case II: Suppose n is a negative integer say n m, where m is a positive integer. Then
x n a n (1/x m ) (1/a m ) ( x m a m )
m m
x a x a x a ( x a)
Therefore
¥ x n an ´ ¥ x m am ´ ¥ 1 ´
lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ
xma § x a ¶ xma § x a ¶ xma § x m a m ¶
¥ 1 ´
(ma m 1 ) ¦ m m µ (By Case I)
§ a a ¶
( m)a m 1 na n 1 f (a)
Case III: Suppose n p/q where p and q are integers and q x 0, p x 0. Now write y x1/q and
b a1/q so that x yq and a bq and y m b as x m a. Therefore
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1.8 Continuity 49
¥ x n an ´ ¥ yp bp ´
lim ¦ µ lim ¦ q µ
xm § x a ¶ y m b § y bq ¶
¥ yp bp y b ´
lim ¦ s q µ
ym b § y b y bq ¶
¥ yp bp ´ ¥ y q bq ´
lim ¦ w lim
µ ymb ¦§ y b µ¶
ym b § y b ¶
( pb p 1 ) w (qbq 1 ) (By Cases I and II)

p p q
b
q
p q [( p / q) 1]
(b )
q
na n 1 f (a)
When n 0, then clearly f (x) x so that lim f ( x) 0 f (a). Hence, lim f ( x) na n 1 f (a),
xma xma
where n is rational.
The following is another basic theorem on limit of the function (sinx)/x which is not defined when x is equal to 0. We
establish lim (sin x)/x exists and is equal to 1.
x m0
¥ P P´
T H E O R E M 1.27 Define f : ¦ , µ m by
§ 2 2¶
« sin x
® if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
®1 if x 0
Then f is continuous at x 0.
PROOF Suppose 0 x O /2. Draw the circle with centre at the origin O and radius equal to 1. Suppose it
cuts the x-axis at A. Suppose the line “l” through O making angle x with the positive direction of
the x-axis meets the circle in B and the tangent to the circled drawn at A in C. Draw BD perpen-
dicular to the x-axis (Fig. 1.20). Now
Area of $OAB Area of the sector OAB Area of $OAC
1
x
p /2
O
D 1 A x1
FIGURE 1.20 Theorem 1.27.

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Hence
OA BD x OA AC (1.25)
Now
BD º
sin x BD ®
OB ® (1.26)
»
AC
tan x AC ®
OA ®¼
Therefore from Eqs. (1.25) and (1.26), 0 sin x x tan x, so that
sin x tan x º
0 1
x x ®® (1.27)
»
x 1 ®
1
sin x cos x ®¼
Equation (1.27) holds good when O /2 x 0, since in this case
sin x sin( x) tan( x) tan x
0 1
x x x x
Also from Eq. (1.27),
sin x
cos x 1
x
Therefore
sin x sin 2 x x 2
0 1 1 cos x 2 m 0 as x m 0
x 2 2
By squeezing theorem (Theorem 1.14)
¥ sin x ´
lim ¦ 1 µ 0 lim(1 cos x)
xm0 § x ¶ xm0
Therefore
¥ sin x ´
lim ¦ µ 1 and lim(cos x) 1
xm0 § x ¶ xm0
The graph of this function is shown in Fig. 1.21.
1
y = f (x)
−2p −p O p 2p 3p x
FIGURE 1.21 Graph of Theorem 1.27.
Note: lim cos x 1 the function cos x is continuous at x 0.

xm0
We shall now prove certain theorems on continuity of sum, product and quotient of continuous functions which are
parallel to their counterparts on limits (Section 1.5).
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1.8 Continuity 51
T H E O R E M 1.28 Let a c b, f : [a, b] m , g : [a, b] m be continuous at c, then

1. f g is continuous at c.
2. f g is continuous at c.
3. If g(c) x 0, then f/g is continuous at c.
4. If f (x) and g(x) are polynomials and
f (x) y (x a)k P(x)
g(x) y (x a)k Q(x)
then
¥f´ P ( a)
lim ¦ µ ( x) if Q(a) x0
xma §g¶ Q(a)
PROOF Since f and g are continuous at c, we have

lim f ( x) f (c) and lim g( x) g(c)
xmc xmc
1. By Theorem 1.6
lim( f g )( x) lim f ( x) lim g( x)
xmc xmc xmc
f (c) g(c)
( f g)(c)
Therefore f g is continuous at c.
2. Using Theorem 1.7
lim( f g )( x) lim( f ( x) g( x))
xmc xmc
lim f ( x) lim g( x)
xmc xmc
f (c ) g (c )
( f g )(c)
Hence f g is continuous.
3. Since lim g( x) g(c) x 0, by Theorem 1.8, g(x) x 0 for all x in a neighbourhood of c, and
xmc
hence by Theorem 1.9,
f ( x) lim f ( x ) f (c )
¥f´ ¥f´
lim ¦ µ ( x) lim xmc ¦ µ (c )
xmc § g ¶ x m c g( x) lim g( x) g(c) § g ¶
xmc
Hence f/g is continuous at c.

4. Follows from (3).
C O R O L L A R Y 1.7 1. A constant function is continuous.

2. If L and f is continuous at c, then K f is continuous at c.
3. If f and g are continuous at c, then f g is continuous at c.
PROOF 1. Suppose f ( x) k x . Therefore for any c (see Example 1.11),
lim f ( x) lim(k ) k f (c)
xmc xmc
Hence f is continuous at c. This being true for every c , it follows that f is continuous on .
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2. Define g( x) L x . Since f is continuous at c and g is continuous at c, by part (3) of

Theorem 1.28, f g L f is continuous at c.
3. By taking K 1 in (2), we get g ( 1)g is continuous at c and hence f g f ( g) is
continuous at c.
The following two theorems are about the continuity of composite function.
T H E O R E M 1.29 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m is a function and lim f ( x) l. Further suppose that g : m is

xmc
continuous at l. Then lim( g f )( x) exists and is equal to g(l).
xmc
PROOF Write p g(l) and D 0. Then there exists C 0 such that y (l D , l D ) g( y) p D (since g is
continuous at l). Since f (x) m l as x m c, corresponding to this C 0, there exists G 0 such that
x (c H, c H) f ( x) l D
l C f (x) l C
g( f ( x)) p D
( g f )( x) p D
Hence
lim( g f )( x) p g(l )
xmc
T H E O R E M 1.30 Suppose a c b and f : [a, b] m and g : m are, respectively, continuous at c and f (c). Then
g f : [a, b] m is continuous c.
PROOF By Theorem 1.29
lim( g f )( x) g( f (c)) ( g f )(c)
xmc
Hence g f is continuous at c.
Note: If c a or b, in a similar way as Theorem 1.30 we can show that g f is continuous at a or b.
C O R O L L A R Y 1.8 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continuous, f ([a, b]) [p, q] and g : [ p, q] m is continuous. Then
g f : [a, b] m is continuous.
PROOF Suppose c [a, b]. Since f is continuous on [a, b] and g is continuous on [p, q] it follows that g f
is continuous at c (by Theorem 1.30 and the note). Hence g f is continuous on [a, b].
C O R O L L A R Y 1.9 Suppose A , a c b, f : [a, b] m [0, d) and lim f ( x) l, then lim f A ( x) l A.

xmc xmc
PROOF Since f (x) r 0 on [a, b], by Theorem 1.12 it follows that lim f ( x) l r 0. Write g(x) x@ x r 0. By
xmc
Example 1.33 we get g is continuous at l. Therefore, by Theorem 1.30 it follows that
lim f A ( x) lim( f ( x))A lim g( f ( x)) g(l ) l A

xmc xmc xmc
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1.8 Continuity 53
Example 1.34
Consider Aliter:
« (1 x)1/2 1/2
(1 x) (1 x)1/2 1 1 (1 x)1/2
® if 1 b x b 1, x x 0 f ( x)
f ( x) ¬ x x
® 1 if x 0

(1 x)1/2 1 (1 x)1/ 2 1
then f (x) is continuous at x 0.
x x
Solution: It is enough if we show that the lim f ( x) 1. (1 x)1//2 1 (1 x)1/2 1

xm0
Now (1 x) 1 (1 x) x
y 1 z 1
¨ (1 x)1/2 (1 x)1/2 · 2

f ( x) 2 © ¸ y 1 z2 1
ª (1 x) (1 x) ¹
where
¨ (1 x)1/2 (1 x)1/2 ·
2© 1/2 ¸
1/2 1/2 1/2 y (1 x)1/2 m 1 as x m 0
ª [(1 x) (1 x) ][(1 x) (1 x) ] ¹
2 and z (1 x) 1/2
m 1 as x m 0 (∵ x@ m a@ as x m a)

(1 x)1/2 (1 x)1/2 Therefore
Therefore ¥ y 1 ´ ¥ z 1 ´
lim f ( x) lim ¦ 2 µ lim ¦ 2 µ
xm0 ym 1 § y 1 ¶ zm1 § z 1 ¶
2
lim f ( x) 1 f ( 0) 1 1
xm0 1 1 ¥ y2 1´ ¥ z2 1 ´
lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ
ym 1 § y 1 ¶ zm 1 § z 1 ¶
1 1
(By Theorem 1.26
6)
2 2
1
Example 1.35
Show that the function f (x) sin x is continuous on . f ( x) f (a) sin x sin a
Solution: Since sin x sin ( x ) x for x ( O /2, O /2) xa x a

2 cos sin
(by Theorem 1.27), it follows that f (x) m 0 as x m 0. 2 2
Consequently f (x) is continuous at x 0. Now, let a . x a
Then b 2 sin m0
2
as x m a. Therefore f (x) m f (a) as x m a. Thus f (x) is
continuous at x a.
Example 1.36
Show that g(x) cos x is continuous on . Since both f (x) and h(x) are continuous, it follows from
Theorem 1.30 that g(x) is continuous.
Solution: Define h(x) (O/2) x and f (x) sin x. Then
( f h)( x) f (h( x)) sin ((P /2) x) cos x g( x)
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Example 1.37
Show that the function tan x sin x/cos x is continuous so that [by part (3) of Theorem 1.28]
on except at odd multiples of O /2.
sin x sin @
tan x m tan @ as x m @
Solution: We know that cos x 0 if and only if x cos x cos @
is an odd multiple of O/2. Hence if @ is not an odd
multiple of O /2, then cos @ x 0 and cos x m cos @ x 0
Try it out Show that cot x and cosec x are continuous on except at multiples of O and sec x is continuous
on except at odd multiples of O/2.
Hint: See Example 1.37.
Since xn m an as x m a (see Example 1.16) and lim ( x n a n )/(x a) na n 1 (see Theorem 1.25 or 1.26), the following
xma
limits can be easily checked.
Try it out
1. lim( x 2 2 x 3) 11
xm2
2. lim ( x x x ) 0 ( x 0)
xm0
2x 1 1
3. lim 2

x m1 3 x 4x 5 4
x 2 4
4. lim 4
xm2 x 2
¥ 2 3´
5. lim ¦ µ 2
x m1 § x 1 x¶
x 4/3 8 4/3 8
6. lim
xm8 x 8 3
1.9 Properties of Continuous Functions

In this section we will explore the properties of continuous function defined on a closed interval [a, b] where a and b
are real numbers and a b.
DEFINITION 1.25 A function f : [a, b] m is said to be bounded on [a, b] if the range of f in is bounded
subset of (for bounded subset, see Definition 0.3).
Thus f : [a, b] m is bounded if the range set f ([a, b]) is bounded in . That is, if there exist constants @ and A such
that @ b f (x) b A x [a, b]. In fact, if f is bounded, then both l.u.b. f ( x) and g.l.b. f ( x) exist and they are finite real
x [ a, b] x [ a, b]
numbers. Also f is bounded if and only if f is bound on [a, b], because
@ b f ( x) b A A b f ( x) b @
f ( x) b Max{A , @ } x [a, b]
f is bounded
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1.9 Properties of Continuous Functions 55
DEFINITION 1.26 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function. If there exists x

[a, b] such that
f (x
) b f (x) x [a, b]
then x
is called a point of absolute minimum of f on [a, b] and f (x
) is called the absolute
minimum of f on [a, b]. Similarly, if x
[a, b] is such that

f (x) b f (x
) x [a, b]
then x
is called a point of absolute maximum of f in [a, b] and f (x
) is called the absolute

maximum of f on [a, b].
QUICK LOOK 7
If f : [a, b] m has absolute minimum and absolute maximum, then f is bounded on [a, b].
We now state and prove that a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b] (a and b are real) is bounded and we
show that the continuity of f on closed interval is essential.
T H E O R E M 1.31 Suppose a and b are real numbers and a b. If f : [a, b] m is a continuous function, then f is
bounded.
PROOF Suppose f is not bounded. Then either f is not bounded below or f is not bounded above. Since f
is continuous at a, to the positive number 1 there corresponds a C 0 such that a C b and
f ( x) f (a) 1 x [a, a D ]
so that
f ( x) 1 f (a) x [a, a D ]
Thus f and hence f is bounded in [a, a C ]. Let

S {c (a, b) f is bounded in (a, c)}
Then clearly S is non-empty because a C S and also S is bounded above. Let K be the l.u.b. S.
We observe that c (a, K) c S. Suppose K b. Since f is continuous at K, corresponding to 1,
there exists a C1 0 such that
a K C1 K C1 b
and f ( x ) f ( L ) 1 x ; L D 1 , L D 1 =
Therefore, f is bounded on [K C1, K C1] and hence it is bounded on [a, K C1]. Thus K C1 S such
that K C1 b K, a contradiction (because K is the l.u.b. S). Therefore L b and hence K b.
Again since f is continuous at b, to 1 there corresponds a C2 0 such that a b C2 b and
f ( x) f (b) 1 x [b D 2 , b]
so that f is bounded on [b C2, b]. Clearly b C2 S because b K is the l.u.b. S. Hence b S. Thus
f is bounded on [a, b].
Note: The following examples illustrate that a continuous function defined on an open interval (a, b) or semi-open
interval (a, b] or [a, b) need not be bounded.
Examples 1.49
1. Define f : (0, 1] m by f ( x) 1/x. 3. Define h : (0, 1) m by h( x) m 1/x(1 x).

2. Define g : [0, 1) m by g( x) 1/1 x. One can see that f, g, h are continuous functions but not
bounded.
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T H E O R E M 1.32 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a continuous function and f (a) x f (b). Then f assumes every value
(I N T E R M E D I A T E between f (a) and f (b).
VALUE
THEOREM)
PROOF Without loss of generality we may assume that f (a) f (b). Suppose f (a) K f (b). We now show
that, there exists x0 (a, b) such that f (x0) K. Let
L f (a)
D 0
2
Since f is continuous at a, there exists C1 0 such that
x [a, a D 1 ] f ( x) f (a) D
L f (a)
f ( x ) f (a) D
2
L f ( a) L f ( a )
f ( x) f (a) L
2 2
Now, let
S {t [a, b] f ( x) L x [a, t ]}
Clearly, from what we have established above, it follows that
a C1 S and hence S x E (1.28)
Further,
t S, a b s t s S (1.29)
Clearly S is bounded above by b. Let @ l.u.b. S so that by Eq. (1.29)
[a , @) S (1.30)
From Eq. (1.28),
a a C1 b @ (1.31)
Since f is continuous at b, corresponding to the positive number [ f (b) K]/2, there exists C2 0
such that a b C2 b and x [b C2, b]. This implies
f (b) L
f ( x) f (b)
2
f (b) L
f (b) f ( x)
2
f (b) L
f ( x)
2
This shows that t [b C2, b] t S. Hence
@ b b C2 b (1.32)
Thus a @ b and further
a b t @ t S f (t) K f (@) b K
Now, f (@) K as in Eq. (1.28), there exists C3 0 such that
K f (@ )
f ( x) K x [@ , @ C 3 ]
2
so that by Eq. (1.30), @ C3 S, which is a contradiction. Hence f (@) K. Thus f assumes the
value K.
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1.9 Properties of Continuous Functions 57
T H E O R E M 1.33 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a continuous function, M l.u.b. f ( x) and m g.l.b. f ( x). Then there
exists c, d in [a, b] such that f (c) M and f (d) m. x [a, b] x [ a, b]
PROOF Suppose f (x) x M x [a, b]. Then M f (x) 0 for all x [a, b]. Write g(x) M f (x). Then
g(x) is continuous on [a, b], and does not vanish on [a, b]. Hence 1/g is continuous on [a, b] [see
part (3) of Theorem 1.28] and hence 1/g is bounded on [a, b]. If K is a bound of 1/g on [a, b], then
1/K 0. Now,
1 1 1
L M f ( x) x [a, b]
M f ( x) g L
1
f ( x) M x [a, b]
L
1
MbM
L ∵ M l.u.b. f (x)
x [ a, b]
1
b 0, which is a contradiction
L
Hence M f (x) 0 for some x [a, b]. That is, there exists c [a, b] such that f (c) M. Similarly,
we can show that, there exists d [a, b], such that f (d) m.
QUICK LOOK 8
1. From Theorems 1.31, 1.32 and 1.33 we have that 2. Theorem 1.33 may not be true if the interval is not
every real-valued continuous function on a closed a closed interval. For example, the function f (x) x
interval [a, b], where a and b are finite real numbers, x (0, 1) is clearly continuous and g.l.b. f ( x) 0
is bounded, attains its bounds and assumes every x ( 0,1)
and l.u.b. f ( x) 1 which cannot be attained by f (x).
value between g.l.b. f ( x) and l.u.b. f ( x). x ( 0,1)
x [ a, b] x [ a, b]
C OROLLARY 1.10 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continuous and f (a) f (b) 0. Then, there exists x (a, b) such that
f (x) 0.
PROOF Since f (a) f (b) 0, m g.l.b. f ( x) 0 and M l.u.b. f ( x) 0, hence 0 [m, M]. Now the result
x [ a, b] x [ a, b]
follows from Quick Look 8.

Note: Graphically f (a) f (b) 0 means that the graph of y f (x) (see Fig. 1.19) must cross the
x-axis in between a and b.
y
(a, f (a))
y = f (x)
a b
(b, f (b))
FIGURE 1.22 Corollary 1.10.

The following theorem provides useful information.
T H E O R E M 1.34 If f : [0, 1] m [0, 1] is continuous, then for some x0 in [0, 1] f (x0) x0.
[Generally, for any function f (x), a point x0 such that f (x0) x0 is called a fixed point of f.]
PROOF Define g(x) f (x) x x [0, 1] which is also continuous on [0, 1] with g(0) f r 0 and g(1)
f (1) 1 b 0. Hence by the intermediate value theorem (Theorem 1.32), g(x) must assume the value 0.
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Thus g(x0) x0 for some x0 [0, 1]. Graphically, the graph of y f (x) (see Fig. 1.23) lies in the unit
square for which the line y x is a diagonal so that the curve must intersect the diagonal y x.
y
x
y=
y = f (x) (1,1)
O 1 x
FIGURE 1.23 Theorem 1.34.
T H E O R E M 1.35 Let f and g be continuous functions on [a, b] such that f (a) r g(a) and f (b) b g(b). Then f (x1)
g(x1) for some x1 [a, b].
PROOF Define h(x) f (x) g(x) for x [a, b] so that h is continuous on [a, b] and
h(a) f (a) g(a) r 0
and h(b) f (b) g(b) b 0
If either h(a) 0 or h(b) 0, then the theorem is proved. If h(a) x 0 h and h(b) x 0, then by
Corollary 1.10, there exists x1 (a, b) such that h(x1) 0. Hence f (x1) g(x1).
1.10 Infinite Limits

So far we considered the limit of a function at a point, keeping in mind that the limit is a real number, so that the
function is bound in a deleted neighbourhood of that point (Corollary 1.1). We now consider cases where (i) f is not
bounded or (ii) f is bounded, but the neighbourhood is infinite.
DEFINITION 1.27 Suppose a c b and f is a function defined on [a, b] except possibly at c.

1. Suppose to a positive number D (however large), there corresponds C 0 such that (c C,
c C ) [a, b] and x (c C, c C ), x x c f (x) D . Then we say that f (x) tends to infinity
as x m c and write lim f ( x) d or f (x) m d as x m c.
xmc
2. Suppose to a positive number D (however large), there corresponds C 0 such that (c C,
c C ) [a, b] and x (c C, c C ), x x c f (x) D . Then we say that f (x) tends to minus
infinity as x m c and we write lim f ( x) d or f (x) m d as x m c.
x mc
3. If to D 0, there corresponds C 0 such that (c C, c) [a, b] and x (c C, c) f (x) D ,
then we say that f (x) tends to d as x tends c from the left side and write lim f ( x) d or
xmc 0
f (x) m d as x m c 0. In a similar way, we define the right limit at c.
4. If to D 0, there corresponds a C 0 such that (c C, c) [a, b] and x (c C, c) f (x)
D, then we say that f (x) tends to d as x m c 0 and write lim f ( x) d.
x mc 0
5. The notions of left infinite limit can be extended to the right infinite limit as follows:
(a) If to each D 0 there corresponds a C 0 such that (c, c C ) [a, b] and x (c, c C )
f (x) D, then we write lim f ( x) d or f (x) m d as x m c 0.
xmc 0
(b) If to each D 0, there corresponds a C 0, such that (c, c C ) [a, b] and x (c, c C )
f (x) D , then we write lim f ( x) d or f (x) m d as x m c 0.
x mc 0
Note: d and d are only symbols, but not real numbers.

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1.11 Sequences and Series 59
Example 1.38
1. Define f ( x) 1 / x for x [ 1, 1] and x x 0. Show that Therefore lim f ( x) d.

xm0
lim f ( x) d.
xm0 2. Define f ( x) 1 / x for x [ 1, 1], x x 0. Then as in
(1), lim f ( x) d.
xm0
Solution: Let D 0 be a large number, we may suppose
3. Define f (x) 1/x for x [ 1, 1] x x 0. Then it can be
that D 1. Take C 1/2 D. Then C 1, (0 C, 0 C )
seen that lim f ( x) d and lim f ( x) d .
[ 1, 1] and x m0 0 xm0 0
x (0 C , 0 C ), x x 0 x C 4. Define f (x) 1/(1 x) for x [0, 2], x x 1. By the subs-

titution y 1 x so that y [ 1, 1], y x 0 we have by
1 1 (3), lim f ( x) d at lim f ( x) d.
2D D x m 1 0 xm1 0
x C
1
f ( x) D
x
DEFINITION 1.28 Suppose f is defined on the infinite interval [a, d) and l . If to each D 0, there corresponds
a C 0 (large enough) such that x D a f ( x) l D then we say that f (x) tends to l
as x tends to d and we write lim f ( x) l. If f is defined on ( d, a], we can similarly define
x md
lim f ( x) l.
xm d
Examples
1. Define f (x) 1/x for x r 1. Then to D 0, there cor- 2. Define f (x) 1/x for x b 1. Then as above, we can see
responds C 1/D such that that lim f ( x) 0.
xm d
x C , x 1 f ( x) 1/ x 1/C D 3. If f (x) 1/(1 x) for x x 1, then it can be verified that
f ( x) 0 D lim f ( x) 0 and lim f ( x) 0.
x md x m d
Hence lim f ( x) 0
x md
DEFINITION 1.29 Suppose a c b and f is defined on [a, b] except possibly at c. If f does not tend to either a
finite limit or an infinite limit as x m c, then we say that f oscillates at c. The function
f ( x) ¬
oscillates at every real number, because in any neighbourhood of a real number, there are
infinitely many rationals and infinitely many irrationals.

In this section we define a sequence, limit of a sequence, obtain tests for convergence of a sequence and Cauchy’s gen-
eral principle of convergence. We see a sequence as a function from the set (or ) of positive integers (sometimes
from the set W of non-negative integers) into the set of real numbers.
As a sequel, we define series as a sum of elements of a sequence, attach a meaning to the sum and obtain some tests
for convergence of series.
In this process, we also find a link between the convergence of a function to a limit at a point and convergence of
a sequence of functional values to that limit at that point. Finally, we end this with a condition for a function to be
continuous at a point of its domain with the aid of sequence.
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DEFINITION 1.30 Let {1, 2, 3, {} be the set of all positive integers. Suppose f : m is a function. Then the
functional values f (1), f (2), f (3), …, denoted by {f (n)} is called a sequence. f (n) is called the nth
term of the sequence.
It is customary to denote the functional value f (n) by xn (x may be replaced by any other letter). Thus {xn} is a sequence
in .
Examples
1. If f : m is defined by f (n) n2 or xn n2, then 5. Define

{12, 22, 32, …} { f (1), f (2), f (3), …} {x1, x2, x3, …} is «1 if n is odd
a sequence. xn ¬
1 if n is even
2. Define f : m by f (n) n 1. Then {f (1), f (2),
f (3), …} {2, 3, 4, 5, …} is a sequence. Then {1, 1, 1, 1, …} is a sequence in .
3. Define f : m by f (n) 1/n. Then {1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, …} 6. Let a . Then the sequence a, a, 0, a, a, 0, … is
is a sequence. given by
4. Define xn n2 3 n, n 1,2,3,…. Then { n2 3n},
« a if n 1 is divisible by 3
n 1, 2, 3, { is a sequence. ®
xn ¬ a if n 1 is divisible by 3
®
0 otherwise
DEFINITION 1.31 Limit of a Sequence Let {xn} be a sequence is and l . Suppose to each D 0, there cor-
responds a positive integer N such that n r N xn l D . Then we say that {xn} converges
to l as n m d or xn m l as n m d and write lim xn l.
x md
T H E O R E M 1.36 Suppose xn m l and xn m la as n m d. Then l la.

(U N I Q U E N E S S
OF LIMIT)
PROOF Suppose l la. Let D l l a /2 0. Then to this D, there corresponds a positive integer N1 such that
n r N 1 xn l D (∵ lim xn l )
x md
Similarly, there exists positive integer N2 such that

xn l a D (∵ lim xn l a)
x md
Let N Max {N1, N2}. Then n r N xn l D and xn l a D . Now,

l l a l xn xn l a b l xn xn l a D D 2 D l l a for n r N
which is a contradiction. Hence l la.
T H E O R E M 1.37 Every convergent sequence is bounded. That is, if xn m l as n m d, the {xn} is bounded. In other
words, if xn m l as n m d, then there exists k 0 such that xn b k for n 1, 2, 3, {.
PROOF Since xn m l as n m d, to the positive number 1, there corresponds a positive integer N such that
xn l 1 for n r N so that
xn xn l l b xn l l 1 l for n r N (1.33)
Let
M Max [ x1 , x2 , {, xN 1 ] (1.34)
Take k Max {1 l , M } so that from Eqs. (1.33) and (1.34), we have xn b k for n 1, 2, 3, {
Thus {xn} is bounded.
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QUICK LOOK 9
If a sequence is not bounded, then it is not convergent. For example, the sequence {xn} where xn n 1, n 1, 2,
3, …, is not bounded and hence it is not convergent.
T H E O R E M 1.38 If {xn} converges to a limit l and l x 0, then there exists a positive number K and a positive integer
N such that xn r K for n r N.
PROOF Take D l /2 0. Then there exists a positive integer N such that xn l D for n r N so that
l xn b l xn b D for n r N
Therefore
l D b xn b l D for n r N
That is,
l 3 ¥ l´
0 b xn b l for n r N ¦§∵D µ¶
2 2 2
Hence xn r l /2 for n r N. Take k l /2.
Note: If xn 1/n for n 1, 2, 3, …, then one can see that xn 0 n 1, 2, 3 … and xn m 0 as n m d which shows that
the converse of the above theorem is not true.
T H E O R E M 1.39 If {xn} converges to l, then { xn } converges to l .

PROOF Since xn m l as n m d, to D 0, there corresponds a positive integer N such that xn l D for
n r N. Hence
xn l b xn l D for n r N
Thus xn m l as n m d.
Note: The converse of the above theorem is not true. Example 1.39 illustrates the same.
Example 1.39
Show that the converse of Theorem 1.39 does not hold. and 1 l 1/2 if n is odd and n r N
Solution: Take xn ( 1)n so that {xn} { 1, 1, 1, Hence

1, …}. Suppose xn m l as n m d Then to D 1/2, there 2 1 l ( 1 l ) b 1 l 1 l 1/2 1/2 1
corresponds a positive integer N such that xn l 1/2
for n r N so that which is a contradiction. However xn 1 for all n 1, 2,
3, … converges to 1 as n m d.
1 l 1/2 if n is even and n r N Thus a sequence may not be convergent, but the
sequence of its absolute values may converge.
DEFINITION 1.32 Suppose {xn} and {yn} are two sequences.

1. If zn xn yn, then {zn} is called sum of the sequences {xn} and {yn}.
2. If tn xn yn, then {tn} is called the product of {xn} and {yn}.
3. If yn x 0 for large n, and wn xn/yn then {wn} is called the quotient of {xn} and {yn}.
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The following results are analogues to the results on functions and hence we state them without giving proofs.
T H E O R E M 1.40 Suppose {xn} and {yn} are two sequences such that {xn} converges to l and {yn} converges to m as
n m d. Then
1. {xn yn} converges to l m.
2. {xn yn } converges to l m.
3. If m x 0, then {1/yn} converges to 1/m.
4. If m x 0, then {xn /yn} converges to l/m.
5. If L , then {K xn} converges to Kl.
DEFINITION 1.33 Cauchy Sequence A sequence {xn} in is said to be a Cauchy sequence, if to each D 0, there
corresponds a positive integer N such that xn xm D for all n, m r N.
T H E O R E M 1. 41 1. Every convergent sequence in is a Cauchy sequence.

(C A U C H Y ’ S 2. Every Cauchy sequence in is convergent.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLE OF
CONVERGENCE)
PROOF We prove (1) and assume the validity of (2) because its proof needs a little bit mechanism involv-
ing l.u.b. and g.l.b. of sets of real numbers.
1. Suppose {xn} is a convergent in and let lim xn l. Then to D 0, there corresponds a positive
n md
integer N such that xn l D /2 for n r N. Now,
m, n r N xn xm xn l l xm
b xn l l xm
D /2 D /2 D
Thus {xn} is a sequence.
Note: To prove that a sequence in is not convergent, we can use Cauchy’s general principle of convergence. See the
following example.
Example 1.40
Let xn ( 1)n for n 1, 2, 3, …. Show that the sequence Taking m n 1, we have

is not convergent.
xn xn 1 1
Solution: This sequence is bounded. We show that ( 1)n ( 1)n 1 1
this is not convergent. If this sequence is convergent
then by part (1) of Theorem 1.41, corresponding to 1, ( 1)n (1 ( 1)) 1
there exists a positive integer N such that
2 1, a contradiction
xn xm 1 for n, m r N n
Thus {( 1) } is not convergent.
DEFINITION 1.34 Increasing and Decreasing Sequences

1. A sequence {xn} in is said to be monotonic increasing (or simply increasing) if xn b xn 1
for n 1, 2, 3, ….
2. A sequence {xn} is said to be strictly increasing if xn xn 1 for n 1, 2, 3, ….
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3. A sequence {xn} is said to be monotonic decreasing (or simply decreasing) if xn r xn 1 for

n 1, 2, 3, ….
4. A sequence {xn} is said to be strictly decreasing if xn xn 1 for n 1, 2, 3, ….
Examples
1. Let x2n x2n 1 1/n for n 1, 2, 3, …. Then 3. Let xn 1 (1/n) for n 1, 2, 3, …. Then
[ 1 1 1
]
{xn } 1, 1, , , , , { is decreasing but not
2 2 3 3
[ 1 2 3
]
{xn } 0, , , , { is strictly increasing.
2 3 4
strictly decreasing.
2. Let x2n x2n 1 n for n 1, 2, 3, …. Then {xn} {1, 1, [1 1
]
4. If xn 1/n, then {xn } 1, , , { is strictly decreasing.
2 3
2, 2, 3, 3, …} is increasing but not strictly increasing.
The following theorem on convergence of a monotonic sequence (i.e., either increasing or decreasing) is useful.
T H E O R E M 1.42 1. Every increasing sequence, which is bounded above, is convergent and converges to its l.u.b.
2. Every decreasing sequence, which is bounded below, is convergent and converges to its g.l.b.
PROOF 1. Let {xn} be an increasing sequence so that x1 b x2 b x3 b…. Thus {xn} is bounded below.
Now, suppose {xn} is bounded above and let @ be the l.u.b. {xn}. Let D 0. Then @ D @
and @ D is not an upper bound of {xn}. Hence there exists a positive integer N such that
@ D xN so that @ D xN @ @ D . Since {xn} is increasing with l.u.b. @, xN b xn b @
for n r N. Hence
xn A A xn b A x N D n r N
Therefore lim xn A .
nmd
2. Suppose {xn} is a decreasing sequence which is bounded below. Then one can see that { xn}
is an increasing sequence bounded above and l.u.b. { xn} g.l.b. {xn}. Let A g.l.b. {xn}.
Therefore by (1) xn m A as n m d and hence xn m A as n m d. Thus lim xn B which is
nmd
g.l.b. {xn}.
Notation: If {xn} is an increasing sequence, we write {xn}l and if it is decreasing, then we write {xn}n.
DEFINITION 1.35 Subsequence Let {nk} be a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers so that n1 n2
n3 …. Let {xn} be a sequence in . Then {xnk }, k 1, 2, 3, { is called a subsequence of {xn}.
Example 1.56
Let xn n2, n 1, 2, 3…. Then {xn} is a sequence in . Let {xnk} {x2 k} {(2k )2 , k 1, 2, 3, {}
n1 2 · 1, n2 2 · 2, n3 2 · 3, … , nk 2 · k, so that n1 n2
n3 … nk …. Then is a subsequence of {xn}.
T H E O R E M 1.43 Every subsequence of a convergent sequence converges to the same limit.

P ROOF Let {xn} be a convergent sequence, xn m l as n m d and let {xnk } be a subsequence of {xn}. To D 0,
there corresponds a positive integer N such that xn l D for all n r N. Since {nk} is an increasing
sequence of integers, there exists a positive integer k such that nk N so that np r nk N p r k.
Hence
p r k xn p l D
Thus xnk m l as k m d.
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T H E O R E M 1.44 If a subsequence of a monotonically increasing sequence converges to a limit, then the

sequence itself converges to the same limit.
P ROOF Let {xn} be a monotonically increasing sequence and {xnk } a subsequence of {xn}. Suppose xn k m l
as k m d. Since {xnk } is also increasing and lim xnk l, we have l l.u.b. xnk (Theorem 1.42) so
k md
that xnk b l for k 1, 2, 3, …. Therefore to D 0, there corresponds k1 such that
xnk l D for k b k1
Let N nk1. Then n r N n r nk1 and n b np for some p r k1. Therefore
xnk b xn b xnp b l xn l b xnk l D
for n r N. Hence xn m l as n m d.
Note: In Theorem 1.44, the increasing nature of the sequence is essential.

The following is an example of a sequence which is neither increasing nor decreasing, but contains convergent
subsequences.
Example 1.57
«0 if n is odd {x2n 1} {0, 0, 0, …} and {x2n} {1, 1, 1, …}

Let xn ¬
1 if n is even which converge to 0 and 1, respectively. Hence {xn} does
Then {xn} {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, …} which contains two subse- not converge according to Theorem 1.43.
quences
We now introduce the notion of divergence of a sequence and discuss few tests for the convergence of a sequence.
DEFINITION 1.36 1. A sequence {xn} in is said to diverge to d, if to each D 0, there corresponds a positive
integer N such that xn D for all n r N, We write xn m d as n m d or lim xn d.
nmd
2. A sequence {xn} is is said to diverge to d, if to each D 0, there corresponds a positive
integer N such that xn D for all n r N. We write xn m d as n m d or lim xn d.
nmd
QUICK LOOK 10
xn m d if and only if xn m d as n m d. 4. If {xn} is a decreasing sequence and not bounded

Note: below, then xn m d as n m d.
1. xn m d as n m d {xn} is bounded below but not 5. A sequence may neither be bounded below nor
bounded above. bounded above. For example
2. xn m d as n m d {xn} is bounded above but not «n if n is odd
bounded below. xn ¬
3. If {xn} is an increasing sequence and not bounded n if n is even
above, then xn m d as n m d.
Examples 1.58
1. Let xn n2 for n 1, 2, 3, …. That is {xn} {12, 22, n r N n 2 r N 2 ( D )2 D

32, …}. Then, given D 0, take N [ D ] 1, where [ D ]
Hence xn m d as n m d.
denotes the integral part of D . Then
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2. Let xn n for n 1, 2, 3, …. Here, given D 0, take Thus xn m d as n m d Also according to Quick Look
n [D ] 1 so that 10, n2 m d as n m d.
n r N n b N ([D ] 1) D (∵ [D ] 1 D )
The following theorem is called Cauchy’s first theorem on limits.
T H E O R E M 1.45 Suppose {xn} is a sequence in and xn m l as n m x. Then the sequence { yn} given by
(C A U C H Y ’ S
FIRST THEOREM x1 x2 ... xn
yn
ON LIMITS) n
also converges to l as n m d
PROOF It is enough if we prove the theorem for the case l 0. Suppose xn m 0 as n m d and
x1 x2 ... xn
yn
n
We now show that yn m 0 as n m d. Let D 0. Since xn m 0 as n m d, to D 0, there corresponds
a positive integer N such that
D
xn for n r N
2
By Theorem 1.39 since {xn} converges so does { xn }. Hence by Theorem 1.37 both {xn} and { xn }
are bounded. Let k be a bound of { xn }. Take
M Max N , [ 2kN
D
1 ]
Then for n r M we have
x1 x2 ... xn
yn
n
x1 x2 ... xM xM 1 xM 2 ... xn

n n
x1 x2 ... xM xM 1 xM 2 ... xn

n n
KM D ¥ n M ´
¦ µ
n 2§ n ¶
D D
(by choice of M )
2 2
Therefore yn m 0 as n m d.
To prove the main result, suppose xn m l as n m d Let
x1 x2 ... xn
yn
n
Write
an xn l
( x1 l ) ( x2 l ) ... ( xn l )
and bn
n
Now an m 0 as n m d bn m 0 as n m d. But bn yn l. Therefore
bn m 0 as n m d yn m l as n m d
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The following two theorems are tests for convergence of a sequence.
T H E O R E M 1.46 Suppose {xn} and { yn} are two sequences of non-negative real numbers and xn b yn n. Then
(C O M P A R I S O N
1. yn m 0 as n m d xn m 0 as n m d.
TEST FOR
2. xn m d as n m d yn m d as n m d.
SEQUENCES)
P ROOF 1. Suppose yn m 0 as n m d. Let D 0. Since yn m 0 as n m d, there exists a positive integer N
such that yn D for n r N. That is, 0 b yn D from n r N (∵ yn r 0). Hence (by hypothesis)
0 b xn b yn D n r N
Therefore xn m 0 as n m d.
2. Suppose xn m d as n m d. Let D 0. Therefore there exists a positive integer N such that
xn D n r N. Now
yn r xn D n N yn m d as n m d
C OROLLARY 1.11 If {xn} and { yn} are two sequences in such that xn b yn for all n, then yn m0 as n m d xn m 0
as n m d.
PROOF Using Theorem 1.39, we have yn m 0 as n m d yn m 0 as n m d. Therefore xn b yn m 0 as
n m d xn m 0 as n m d. Hence
lim xn 0
nmd
To prove the Ratio Test for sequences we need some simple results which are stated below as examples.
Example 1.41
Show that if x 1, then the sequence {xn}, n 1, 2, 3, …, positive integral index, we have
diverges to d as n m d.
xn (1 h)n 1 nh m d as n m d
Solution: Write x 1 h where h 0. Using either part Hence from part (2) of Theorem 1.46, xn m d as n m d.
(2) of Theorem 1.20 or Binomial theorem (Vol. 1) for The converse can be provid similarly.
Example 1.42
If an > 0 for n 1, 2, 3, …, then show that an m 0 as n m d 1 1

if and only if 1/an m d as n md. an for n r N D for n r N
D an
Solution: Suppose an m 0 as n m d and let D 0. Hence an m d as n m d.

Therefore there exists a positive integer N such that The converse can be proved similarly.
Example 1.43
If 0 x 1, then show that xn m 0 as n m d. ¥ 1´

n
¦ µ m d as n m d (by Example 1.41)
§ x¶
Solution: We have
xn m 0 as n m d (by Example 1.42)
1
0 x 1 1
x
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QUICK LOOK 11
If 1 x 1 (i.e., x 1), then xn m 0 as n m d.
T H E O R E M 1.47 Suppose {xn} is a sequence of non-zero real numbers such that

(R AT I O T E S T
xn 1
FOR m l as n m d
SEQUENCES) xn
Then,
1. xn m 0 as n m d, if l 1.
2. xn m d as n m d, if l 1.
P ROOF 1. Suppose l 1. Let
1 l
k
2
so that 0 k 1. Write
1 l
D
2
so that k l D . Then there exists N such that
xn 1
l D for n N
xn
xn 1
l D k for n N
xn
xn 1 k xn for n N
xn 1 k xn k 2 xn ... k n N 1 xn for n 1 (∵ 0 k 1)
xn
k n1
kN
Since 0 k 1, kn m 0 as n m d (by Example 1.43). Therefore by part (1) of Theorem 1.46,
xn m 0 as n m d.
2. Suppose l 1. Write yn 1/xn so that
yn 1 x 1 1
n m as n m d and 1
yn xn 1 l l
Hence from (1), yn m 0 as n m d so that yn m 0 as n m d Consequently xn 1/ yn m d as
n m d (by Example 1.42).
We assume the validity of the following without the proof.
T H E O R E M 1.48 Suppose {xn} is a sequence of positive terms such that

(C A U C H Y ’ S
xn 1
SECOND m l as n m d
THEOREM ON xn
LIMITS) where l is a finite number Then the sequence (xn)1/n m l as n m d.
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The following theorem is a major consequence of the density property of Q (Theorem 0.14).
T H E O R E M 1.49 Let A . Then, there exists strictly decreasing sequence {xn} of rational numbers such that
xn m @ as n m d.
P ROOF We already know (pre-requisites, Theorem 0.14) that between any two real numbers, there is a
rational number. Let x1 be a rational number such that @ x1 @ 1. Let
[
y1 Min x1 , A
1
2 ]
There exists a rational number x2 such that @ x2 y1. In general, suppose we have defined ratio-
nal numbers x1, x2, …, xn such that x1 x2 x3 ... xn A and
« 1 º
yc Min ¬ xi , A » , i 1, 2, ..., n
i 1¼
Then, there exists a rational number x n 1 such that @ xn 1 yn, so that
1
A xn 1 A and A xn 1 xn
n1
Thus, we have constructed a sequence {xn} of rational numbers such that
1
A xn A and x1 x2 ... xn 1 xn (1.35)
n
Now,
A xn xn A (∵ A xn )
¥ 1´
¦ A µ A (by construction)
§ n¶
1
m 0 as n m d
n
Consequently xn m @ as n m d Hence by Eq. (1.35), {xn} is a strictly decreasing sequence of
rational numbers such that xn m @ as n m d.
Note: In a similar way, given A , we can show the existence of strictly increasing sequence { yn} of rational numbers
such that yn m @ as n m d. In fact by Theorem 1.49, there exists strictly increasing sequence {un} of rational numbers
such that un m @ as n m d.
We now turn our discussion to establish a link connecting the limit of a sequence and limit of a function for which
we assume that “Every sequence of real numbers contains a monotonic subsequence” (i.e., either increasing or de-
creasing).
T H E O R E M 1.50 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m is a function and f (x) m l as x m c. Further suppose that {xn} is a
sequence in [a, b] such that xn x c n and xn m c as n m d. Then f (xn) m l as n m d.
P ROOF Let D 0. Then there exists C 0 such that (c C, c C ) [a, b] and
x D (c D , c D ), x x c f ( x) l D
To this C 0, there corresponds a positive integer N such that xn c D for n r N. Now,
n r N xn c D
xn D (c D , c D ), xn x c
f ( xn ) l D
Hence f (xn) m l as n m d.
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1.12 Infinite Series 69
C OROLLARY 1.12 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m is a function and f is continuous at c. If {xn} is a sequence in [a, b]
and xn m c as n m d, then f (xn) m f (c) as n m d.
PROOF In Theorem 1.50 take l f (c). Then the result follows even if xn c for some n s.
THEOREM 1.51 Suppose a c b, f : ; a, b= m is a function and l . Further suppose that whenever a
sequence {xn} [a, b], xn x c, is such that xn m c as n m d implies that f (xn) m l as x m c, then
f (x) m l as x m c.
P ROOF Suppose that f (x) does not tend to l as x m c. Then there exists a positive real number D such that
for any C 0 with (c C, c C ) [a, b], there exists xC D (c C, c C ), xC x c such that
f ( xD ) l D (1.36)
Now take C 1/n and write xC xn. Then

¥ 1 1´
xn ¦ c , c µ , xn x c
§ n n¶
Let G 0. Take
¨ 1· 1
N © ¸1
H
ª ¹ H
where [1/G] denote the integral part of 1/G so that

1 1
nrN b H
n N
Hence
1
n r N xn c H
n
so that xn m c as n m d. Since, by hypothesis f (xn) m l as n m d, there exists a positive integer N
such that f ( xn ) l D for n r N. According to Eq. (1.36), this contradicts the choice of xn. Hence
f (x) m l as x m c.
C OROLLARY 1.13 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m is a function such that f (xn) m f (c) whenever {xn} is a sequence
in [a, b] with xn m c as n m d. Then f is continuous at c.
PROOF In Theorem 1.51 take l f (c).
Combining Corollaries 1.12 and 1.13, we have the following theorem which gives an equivalent definition for the con-
tinuity of a function at a point of its domain.
T H E O R E M 1.52 Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m is a function. Then f is continuous at c if and only if f (xn) m f (c)
as n m d whenever {xn} is a sequence in [a, b] with xn m c as n m d.
P ROOF Suppose f is continuous at c and xn m c as n m d. Then by Corollary 1.12, f (xn) m f (c) as n m d.
Now, suppose that f (xn) m f (c) as n m d whenever {xn} is a sequence in [a, b] with xn m c as
n m d. We may suppose that xn x c n. Then by Corollary 1.13, f is continuous at c.
1.12 Infinite Series

In this section, we introduce the concept of an infinite series, its sum, convergent and divergent series with the aid of
the sequences. Also we give few tests to determine convergence or divergence of a series.
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DEFINITION 1.37 Infinite Series Suppose {xn} is a sequence of real numbers. Then the series x1 x2 x3 ... is
d
called an infinite series. ¤ xn stands for the infinite series x1 x2 x3 .... Here n is only a
d
n 1
variable and we may equally write ¤ xm .
m 1
n d
Note: ¤ xi x1 x2 ... xn is a finite sum. As it is, the symbol ¤ xn has no meaning, but we attach a meaning to
i 1 n 1
this symbol in certain situation as follows.
d
DEFINITION 1.38 Let ¤ xn be an infinite series. Write
n 1
n
sn ¤x
i 1
i x1 x2 ... xn
which is the sum of the first n terms x1 x2 ... xn . This sequence {sn} is called the sequence
d
of partial sums of the series ¤ xn .
n 1
1. If the sequence {sn} converges, say to s, then we say that the infinite series converges to s and
has the sum s. In this case we write 3xn s.
2. If sn diverges to d (or d) then we say that 3xn diverges to d (or d).
Notation: Suppose {xn}, {yn} are two sequences of real numbers. Then 3( xn yn ), 3L xn , L are the series associated
with the sequences {xn yn} and {Kxn}.
Note: It can be shown, as we did in the case of sequences, that if 3xn s and 3yn t, then 3(xn yn) s t and 3K xn K s.
Example 1.44
Consider the geometric series a ar ar 2 ... where a

0 (Example 1.43 and Quick Look 11)
1 r 1. Under what conditions the series converges 1 r
and diverges. a

1 r
Solution: For the given series
In particular the series 1 (1/2) (1/2 2 ) ... (here xn 1/2n
n
(1 r ) for n 0, 1, 2, ... is convergent and its sum is
sn a ar ar 2 ... ar n 1 a
1 r
1
2
Now 1 (1/2)
¥ 1 rn ´ Similarly if r 1, then the
lim sn lim a ¦ µ
x md x md § 1 r ¶
a ar n
a ¥ ar n ´ sn
lim ¦ µ 1 r 1 r
1 r x md § 1 r ¶
diverges because rn diverges and hence 3ar n diverges if
r 1.
Example 1.45
Let Solution: The series 3xn 1 0 1 0 ... diverges

n1 because if sn x1 x2 ... xn , then s2n 1 s2n n for
®«( 1) if n is odd
xn ¬ n 1, 2, 3, ....
®0 if n is even
Does this series converge or diverge?
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Example 1.46
Let xn ( 1)n 1 for n 1, 2, 3, …. Find the sum of this «0 if n is even

series. sn ¬
1 if n is odd
Solution: For the given series, we have 3xn 1 1 1 Then sn does not converge and hence the series 3xn has
1 ... so that no sum.
Example 1.47
Let ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 1´ ¥ 1 1´ ¥1 1 ´
¦ 1 µ ¦ µ ¦ µ ... ¦
1 § 2 ¶ § 2 3¶ § 3 4 ¶ § n n 1µ¶
xn 1
n(n 1) 1
n1
for n 1, 2, 3, ... . Find its sum.
1
Now m 0 as n m d sn m 1 as n m d. Hence
Solution: We have n1
1 1 1 ... 1 1
sn
1 2 2 3 3 4

n(n 1) ¤ n(n 1) 1
Example 1.48
Show that the series 1 1 2 2 3 3 ... diverges. sn x1 x2 ... xn

2 1 3 2 4 3 ...
Solution: The series 1 1 2 2 3 3 ... diverges because
n 1 1 m d as n m d
xn n n (n 1 1) n n 1 n
Hence, the series ¤ n n diverges.
and hence
T H E O R E M 1.53 Let 3xn be the series. Then a necessary and sufficient condition for 3xn to converge is that to
(C A U C H Y ’ S D 0, there corresponds a positive integer N(D ) such that for any positive integers m, n with
GENERAL m n N(D ), xn 1 xn 2 ... xm D . (In other words, the sequence {sn} of partial sums is a
PRINCIPLE OF Cauchy sequence.)
CONVERGENCE
FOR SERIES)
P ROOF Let sn x1 x2 ... xn . Then 3xn converges if and only if sn converges and {sn} converges; that
is, by Theorem 1.48, if and only if to D 0, there corresponds a positive integer N(D ) such that
sm sn D whenever m n N(D ). This implies
xn1 xn 2 ... xm sm sn for m n N (D )
Thus the result follows.
The following theorem is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the convergence of a series.
T H E O R E M 1.54 If 3xn converges, then xn m 0 as n m d.
P ROOF Suppose 3xn converges. Let D 0. Then there exists a positive integer N(D ) such that sm sn D
for m n N(D ). Now, take m n 1, n N(D ). Then
xn 1 sn 1 sn D for n N (D )
Hence xn m 0 as n m d.
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The following example shows that the converse of Theorem 1.54 is not true.
Example 1.49
Show that the series 3(1/n) is not convergent while the s2 n sn s2 n sn

nth term (1/n) m 0 as n m d.
1 1 1
...
Solution: Let n1 n2 2n
1 1 ... 1
1 1 ... 1
sn 1 2n 2n 2n
2 3 n
¥ 1´ 1
n¦ µ
Then § 2n ¶ 2
Consequently by Theorem 1.53, ¤(1/n) is not convergent.
DEFINITION 1.39 If xn r 0 n, then ¤ xn is called series of non-negative terms and if xn 0 n then ¤ xn is called
series of positive terms.
Note: If 3xn is a series of non-negative terms, then the sequence {sn} of partial sums is an increasing sequence of
non-negative terms so that either {sn} converges in which case 3xn converges or {sn} diverges to d in which case 3xn
diverges to d.
The following theorem is called comparison test for the convergence or divergence of series.
T H E O R E M 1.55 Let 3xn and 3yn be two series of non-negative terms such that xn b yn n . Then
(C O M P A R I S O N
TEST) 1. 3yn converges 3xn converges.
2. 3xn diverges to d 3yn diverges to d.
PROOF Let
sn x1 x2 ... xn and tn y1 y2 ... yn
Then xn b yn n sn b tn and {sn}, {tn} are increasing sequences. Therefore by Theorem 1.47
{tn} converges {sn} converges
{sn} diverges to d {tn} diverges to d
T H E O R E M 1.56 Let 3xn be a series of non-negative terms and 3yn a series of positive terms. If
xn
m l x 0 as n m d
yn
then either both 3xn and 3yn are both convergent or both divergent.
P ROOF We have l x 0 l 0. Then there exists a positive integer N such that
xn l
l for n r N
yn 2
That is
l xn l
l l for n r N
2 yn 2
¥ l´ ¥ 3´
¦ µ yn b xn b ¦ µ yn n r N
§ 2¶ § 2¶
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Hence
l
3xn converges ¤ yn converges 3yn converges
2
Also,
3
3xn diverges ¤ yn also diverges 3yn diverges
2
Thus 3xn and 3yn either both converge or both diverge simultaneously.
T H E O R E M 1.57 Suppose 3xn is a series of non-negative terms.

(C A U C H Y ’ S
1. Let 0 K 1. If there exists a positive integer N such that xn1/n b L for n r N, then 3xn
ROOT TEST)
converges.
2. If there exists a positive integer N such that xn1/n r 1 for n r N, then 3xn diverges.
PROOF 1. Suppose xn1/n b L (0, 1) for n r N. Then xn b Kn for n r N and 3Kn is convergent (Example
1.44 taking a 1). Therefore by Theorem 1.55, 3xn is convergent.
2. Suppose xn1/n r 1 for n r N so that xn r 1 for n r N. Hence, xn does not tend to zero. Consequently,
3xn diverges (by Theorem 1.54).
T H E O R E M 1.58 Suppose 3xn is a series of positive terms.

(D’A L E M B E R T ’ S 1. Let 0 K 1. Suppose N is a positive integer such that xn1/xn K for n N. Then 3xn
TEST) converges.
2. Suppose xn1/xn r 1 for n N. Then 3xn diverges.
PROOF 1. By hypothesis
xn1 L xn L 2 xn 1 ... L n N xN 1 for n N
n N
so that xn1 Kn N xN1. Therefore 3xn converges since ¤L xN 1 xN 1 ¤ L n N converges.
2. By hypothesis xn1 xn xn 1 ... xN 1 0 for n N. So 3xN1 3xn1 and 3xn1 diverges.
Hence 3xn1 diverges and consequently 3xn diverges.
Example 1.50
Show that the series 31/np is convergent if p 1 and 1 1 1 1 4 1

divergent if p b 1. 4 p
5 p
6 p
7 p
4 p
2 2( p 1)
Solution: 1 1 1 ... 1 8 1
p p 3( p 1)
8 p 9 p 10 p 15 8 2
1. The given series is
Thus the nth group of Eq. (1.37) 1/2n(p 1) and
1 1 1 ¥ 1 1´ 1 because p 1, 1/2n(p 1) 1. Hence 31/2n(p 1) is
p
p p { p ¦ p p µ
1 2 3 1 § 2 3 ¶ convergent (since it is a geometric series with
¥ 1 1 1 1´ common ratio 1/2p 1 1). Therefore, by comparison
¦ p p p p µ { (1.37) test (Theorem 1.55), the given series is also
§4 5 6 7 ¶
convergent.
where p 1. We observe that
1 1 1 1 2 1
p
p
p
p
p
p 1
2 3 2 2 2 2
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2. When p 1. In this case the given series becomes 3. When p 1. In this case 1/np 1/n and 3(1/n) is
1 1 divergent. Hence again by the comparison test the
1 ... which is divergent (Example 1.67). given series is divergent.
2 3 4
Note: In the case p 1, we have assumed that the convergence of a series does not change by grouping the terms of
the series.
Example 1.51
1 So xn yn and 3yn is convergent (by Example 1.50).

Show that the series ¤ is convergent.
n a2 2 Hence by comparison test 3xn is also convergent or
Solution: Let
xn n2 1
2 m 1 as n m d
yn n a 2 1 (a 2 /n2 )
1 1
xn 2 2
and yn Using Theorem 1.56 and the convergence of the series
n a n2 3yn, we have that 3xn is also convergent.
Example 1.52
1 xn 2 n 2
Show that the series ¤ is divergent. m 1 as n m d
n n1 yn n n1 1 (n 1)/n
By Example 1.50,
Solution: Let
1 ¥ 1 ´
1 1 ¤ ¦ p 1µ¶ is divergent
xn and yn n § 2
n n1 2 n
Hence by Theorem 1.56, 3xn is also divergent.
Therefore
Example 1.53
2 3 4 n1 Clearly
Show that the series p
p p ... p ... is
1 2 3 n xn 1
convergent if p 2 and divergent if p b 2. 1 m 1 as n m d
yn n
Solution: We have 1. If p 1 1 (i.e., p 2), then 3yn is convergent and
n1 hence 3xn is also convergent.
xn 2. If p 1 b 1 (i.e., p b 2), then 3yn is divergent and hence
np
3xn is also divergent.
Let
n 1
yn p
p 1
n n
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
Note: IMPORTANT FORMULAE The following log a (1 x)

2. lim log a e where a 0 and a x 1
limits are frequently used and are to be assumed. xm0 x
x log e (1 x)
¥ 1´ In particular m loge e 1 as x m 0
1. lim ¦ 1 µ e lim( 1 y)1/y where e 2.71828 x
x md § x¶ ym 0
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Worked-Out Problems 75
ax 1 Note that using this inequality and the squeezing

3. lim log e a, where a 0. In particular, theorem (Theorem 1.14) we can show that
xm0 x
¥ e x 1´ log e (1 x)
lim ¦ µ log e e 1 lim 1
xm0 § x ¶ xm0 x
4. For all elementary standard functions (i.e., functions 6. In (1) if we replace x with n N, we have
that are continuous at a point of their domains, see n
Definition 1.23) ¥ 1´
lim ¦ 1 µ e
nmd § n¶
lim f ( x) f (a)
xma
7. If lim f ( x) A 0 and lim g( x) B (finite number),
xma xma
a
5. If a 0, then log (1 a) a will be assumed. then lim( f ( x))g ( x ) A B.
1 a xma

Functions and Limits
1. The domain of the function Solution: The given graph is represented by the function
1
f ( x) x 2 3x 2 « 1
3 2 x x2 ® 1 for x 1
f ( x) ¬ x 1
is ® x for 1 x 2
(A) [ 1, 1] [2, 3] (B) ( 1, 1] [2, 3)
(C) ( d, 1] (D) [2, d)
y
Solution: We have
2 (2, 2)
x 2 3 x 2 is real x2 3x 2 r 0
(x 1) (x 2) r 0 1 (1,1)
xb1 or xr2 (1.38)

−1 O 1 2 x
Again
1 is defined 3 2x x2 0 FIGURE 1.24 Single correct choice type question 2.

2
3 2x x Answer: (A)
(x 1) (x 3) 0
(x 1) (x 3) 0 3. If f (x) x2 K x 1 for all real x and f is an even func-
tion, then the value of K is
1 x 3 (1.39)
(A) 1 (B) 1
From Eqs. (1.38) and (1.39), it follows that f (x) is defined (C) any real number (D) 0
for x ( 1, 1] [2, 3).
Solution: Since f is even, we have f (1) f ( 1).
Answer: (B)
Therefore 2 K 2 K , which implies that K 0.
2. The graph in Fig. 1.24 represents a function whose
Answer: (D)
domain is
4. Let C1 be the graph of the curve represented by the
(A) ( d, 1) (1, 2) (B) ( d, 1] [1, 2) equation x2 13x 4y 1. If C2 is the new curve
(C) ( d, 1) [1, 2] (D) ( d, 1] [1, 2] obtained when C1 is reflected in the origin, then the
equation of C2 is
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(A) x2 13x 4y 1 (B) x2 13x 4y 1 x 4 or x r7

(C) x2 13x 4y 1 (D) x2 13x 4y 1
x b 7 or xr7
Solution: Since C2 is the reflection of C1 in the origin,
x ( d, 7] [7, d)
we have
Answer: (B)
(x, y) C1 ( x, y) C2
( x)2 13( x) 4( y) 1 8. The domain of the function
x2 13x 4y 1 ¥ x 3´ 1
Cos 1 ¦
§ 2 µ¶ log 10 (4 x)
Answer: (D)
is
5. Let f (x) x 3 and
(A) [ 5, 1] [1, 3) (3, 4) (B) [ 5, 5]
« x2 9 (C) [1, 3] (3, 4) (D) [1, 3] [3, 4]
® if x x 3
g( x) ¬ x 3
Solution: Cos 1 [( x 3)/2] is defined for
®k if x 3

x 3
If f (x) g(x) for all real x, then the value of k is 1 b b1
2
(A) 0 (B) 3
2 b x 3 b 2
(C) 6 (D) no real value exists
1b x b 5
Solution: Clearly
Therefore
2
x 9 x [ 5, 1] [1, 5] (1.40)
g( x) x 3 f ( x)
x3 Again 1/log10(4 x) is defined for x 4 and x x 3. That is
for x x 3 and f ( 3) 6. Hence k 6. x ( d, 3) (3, 4) (1.41)
Answer: (C)
Therefore, from Eqs. (1.40) and (1.41), the domain of the
given function is
6. The domain of the function f ( x) x 1 1 is
[ 5, 1] [1, 3) (3, 4)
(A) ( d, 1] [2, d) (B) ( d, 0] [2, d)
Answer: (A)
(C) ( d, 0] [1, d) (D) [0, 1]
Solution: We have 9. The domain of the function
x 1 r 1 x 1 b 1 or x 1r 1 1
x 1 1
eSin
x b 0 or xr2 [ x] x1
Answer: (B) is
(A) ( 1, 0) (0, 1] (B) [ 1, 1] {0}
7. If [] denotes the greatest integer function, then the
(C) ( 1, 0) {1} (D) (0, 1], where [x] is
domain of the function
the integral part
1 of x
f ( x)
[ x 1] 5 Solution: We have
is Sin 1x is defined for 1 b x b 1 (1.42)
(A) ( d, 7] (B) ( d, 7] [7, d)
Now 1/[x] is defined when [x] x 0, that is
(C) ( 7, 7) (D) ( d, d)
x [0, 1) (1.43)
Solution: We have that
Also 1/ x 1 is defined only when x 1 0, that is
f (x) is defined [ x 1] 5 0
x 1 (1.44)
[ x 1] 5 or [ x 1] 5
From Eqs. (1.42) (1.44), the domain of the given func-
x 1 5 or x 1r 6 tion is ( 1, 0) {1}.
Answer: (C)
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10. The domain of the function ¥ m´

(C) ¦ µ f (1) (D) f (m) f (n)
x x ´
1 ¥
§ n¶
e Sin ¦ 1µ log( x [ x])
§2 ¶ Solution: Clearly f (0) f (0 0) f (0) f (0) implies
where [x] is the integral part of x is f (0) 0. Also
(A) [0, 4] (B) [0, 3] {1} 0 f (0) f (x x) f (x ( x)) f (x) f ( x)
(C) (0, 4) (D) (0, 4) {1, 2, 3} Therefore
Solution: f ( x) f (x) (1.47)
1. ex
is defined for all x (real or complex). In this context Case I: Suppose x is a positive integer. Now
x is real.
f (2) f (1 1) f (1) f (1) 2f (1)
2. sin 1 [(x/2) 1] is defined for 1 b (x/2) 1 b 1, that is,
0 b x b 4. f (3) f (2 1) f (2) f (1) 2f (1) f (1) 3f (1)
3. x r [ x] x [ x] is defined for all real x. Therefore, Therefore, by induction,
log( x [ x]) is defined when x is not an integer, f (x) xf (1) (1.48)
because x [x] when x is an integer.
Case II: Suppose x is a negative integer, say x y where
Therefore from the above, the domain of the given y is a positive integer. Now from Eqs. (1.47) and (1.48)
function is (0, 4) {1, 2, 3}. we have
Answer: (D) f (x) f ( y) f (y) yf (1) xf (1)
11. The domain of the function Case III: Suppose m and n are integers and x m/n and
n is positive. Now
(3 x x 2 )
f ( x) log 10 mf (1) f (m) [By cases (1) and (2)]
2
f (nx)
is
(A) (0, 3) (B) (0, 1) [2, d) f ( x x ... n times)
(C) (1, 2) (D) [1, 2] f (x) f (x) ... upto n times
Solution: log10[(3x x2)/2] is defined only when n f (x)
3x x 2 Therefore
0
2 ¥ m´
f ( x) ¦ µ f (1)
§ n¶
x2 3x 0
0x3 (1.45) Hence, f (x) xf (1) for all rational numbers x.
Answer: (C)
2
Now log 10 [(3 x x )/2] is defined when
Note: In the above problem, if f is also continuous, then
3x x 2 f (x) xf (1) for all real x which we discuss later.
r1
2
13. If [x] denotes the integer part of x, then the domain
x2 3x 2 b 0 e x
of the function f ( x) is
(x 1)(x 2) b 0 1 [ x]
1bxb2 (1.46) (A) [ 1, 0) (B)

(C) [0, 1] (D) (1, d)
From Eqs. (1.45) and (1.46), the domain of f (x) is [1, 2].
Answer: (D) Solution: f (x) is defined when 1 [x] x 0.
1 [x] 0 [x] 1
12. Let f : m be a function such that f (x y)
f (x) f (y) for all x, y belonging to . If m and n 1 b x 0
are integers, then f (m/n) is equal to x [ 1, 0)
f (m) m Answer: (A)
(A) (B)
f (n) n
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14. The domain of the function 4 f ( x) 10 2 f ( x) 5

x x 3 2 f ( x) 4 f ( x) 2
f ( x) 2
, x
( x x 6) x so that [f (x) 2]2 1 which is absurd. Therefore, 2p is
is not a period. Again
(A) (B) {3} 2 f ( x p) 5
f ( x 3 p)
(C) {2, 3} (D) { 2, 0, 3} f ( x p) 2
Solution: The given function can be written as 3 f ( x) 5
x f ( x)
f ( x) 1
x x 3
f ( x) Now
( x 3)( x 2) x
Therefore, f is defined for x x 2, 0, 3. f ( x 4 p) f ( x 3 p p)
Answer: (D) f ( x 3 p) 5

f ( x 3 p) 3
15. Domain of the function
3 f ( x) 5
5
f ( x) 2 Sin 1 1 x Sin 1 [2 x(1 x)] f ( x) 1

is 3 f ( x) 5
3
f ( x) 1
(A) 0 b x b 1 (B) 0 b x b 1/2
2 f ( x)
1 1 1 f ( x)
(C) bxb (D) bxb1 2
2 2 2
Therefore 4p is a period.
Solution: 1 x r 0 and x(1 x) r 0 when 0 b x b 1. In
this case, 0 b 2 (1 x) x b 1. Answer: (C)
Answer: (A) 17. Let f : m be a function such that
16. Let f : m {3} be a function such that for some f (x y) f (x y) 2f (x) f (y)
p 0, for all x, y and f (@) 1 for some A . Then
f ( x) 5 period of f is
f ( x p)
f ( x) 3 (A) 2@ (B) 3@
for all x . Then, period of f is (C) 5@ (D) 7@
(A) 2p (B) 3p Solution: Given that
(C) 4p (D) 5p f ( x y) f ( x y) 2 f ( x) f ( y) x, y
Solution: 3 does not belong to the range of f implies 2 Substituting x 0 and y 0, we have
also cannot belong to range of f because, if f (x) 2 for
some x . Then f (0) ( f (0))2 f (0) 0 or 1
2 5 If f (0) 0, then
f ( x p) 3
2 3 f (x 0) f (x 0) 2 f (x)f (0)
which is not in the range of f. Hence 2 and 3 are not in the and hence f (x) 0 for all x which contradicts the
range of f. If f (x 2p) f (x), this implies fact that f (@) 1. Therefore
f ( x) f ( x p p) f (0) 1
f ( x p) 5 Now, replacing x with x 2@ and y with x 2@ in the
given relation, we have
f ( x p) 3
f ( x) 5 f (2x) f (4@) 2f (x 2@)f (x 2@) (1.49)
5
f ( x) 3 Also in the given relation, if we put y x, then we have

f ( x) 5
3 f (2x) f (0) 2f (x) f (x)
f ( x) 3
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Therefore 1 1
f ( x)
f (2x) 2[ f (x)]2 1 (1.50) 2 2
In Eq. (1.50), if we replace x with 2@, then 1 1 ¥ 1 ´
f ( x) ¦§∵ f ( x) r xµ¶
2 2 2
f (4@) 2[ f (2@)]2 1 (1.51)
f (x)
But
Therefore, 2 is period of f (x).
x y @ f (2@) f (0) 2[f (@)]2 Answer: (A)
f (2@) 2[ f (@)]2 1
2(1) 1 [∵ f (A ) 1] Try it out In Question 18, replace 1 with a 0
and prove that 2a is period of f. (See Worked-Out
1 (1.52) Problem 24, page 63, Vol. 1.)
From Eqs. (1.51) and (1.52) we have
f (4@) 1 (1.53) 19. The period of the function f (x) Tan 1 (tan x) is
From Eqs. (1.49), (1.50) and (1.53), we get that P
(A) O (B)
f (x 2@) f (x 2@) (f (x))2 (1.54) 2
3P 3P
Similarly if we put y 2@ in the given relation, we have (C) (D)
2 4
f (x 2@) f (x 2@) 2f (x) (1.55)
Solution: f(x O) Tan 1 (tan (O x)) Tan 1 (tan x) f(x)
This implies O is the least period of f (x).
f (x 2@) f (x 2@) f (x) Answer: (A)
Therefore 2@ is a period of f (x).
20. The period of
Answer: (A)
¥ x P´
f ( x) 2 cos ¦
QUICK LOOK § 3 µ¶
In Question 17, f (x) cos x satisfies the conditions of is

f (x) with @ O. (A) 2O (B) 4O
(C) 5O (D) 6O
18. Let f : m be a function satisfying the relation Solution: Period of a cos(ax b) is 2O when a is an
integer and the period of cos(kx) 2O /k when k 0
1 integer. Therefore, period of f (x) is 6O .
f ( x 1) f ( x) ( f ( x))2
2 Answer: (D)
for all x . Then period of f (x) is
21. Which of the following graphs represents
(A) 2 (B) 3
y 2 x 2 x 1 x?
(C) 3 (D) 5 (A) y
2
5
Solution: Observe that f (x) r 1/2 for all x . Now
4
f (x 2) f (x 1 1)
1 3
f ( x 1) ( f ( x 1))2
2
2
1 1
1 f ( x) ( f ( x))2 f ( x) ( f ( x))2
2 4 1
2
[ f ( x) ( f ( x))2 ]
−1 0 1 2 3 x
1 1
f ( x) [ f ( x)]2
2 4 −1
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(B) y y
5
4
3 O 2 x
FIGURE 1.25 Single correct choice type question 22.

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
x b 0 f ( x) x 1 1 x
So the graph must be upper half the parabola y2 x
with vertex at origin. Again
(C) y
x r 2 y x 2 y2 x 2
5 which represents parabola in the upper half of the x-axis
with vertex at (2, 0).
4
Answer: (B)
3
23. lim f ( x) of the graph of the function given in
2 x m 3 0
Fig. 1.26 is
1
(A) 1 (B) 3
−1 0
(C) 2 (D) 4
1 2 3 4 5 x
−1 Solution: As per the graph, lim f ( x) 2
x m 3 0
(D) y y
5
4
O 1 2 3 x
2 x
Solution: It can be seen that FIGURE 1.26 Single correct choice type question 23.
Answer: (C)
«5 if x b 1
® 24. If f (x) 3x2 x, then
f ( x) ¬3 2 x if 1 b x b 2
®2 x 5 if x r 2
f ( x h) f ( x)
Answer: (A) lim
hm 0 h
22. The graph in Fig. 1.25 is represented by which of the (A) 3x 1 (B) 4x 1
following function? (C) 8x 1 (D) 6x 1
(A) f ( x) x 2 (B) f ( x) x 1 1
Solution: We have
(C) f ( x) x 1 (D) f ( x) x1 1
Solution: The domain of f ( x) x 1 1 is ( d, 0] f ( x h) f ( x) [3( x h)2 ( x h)] (3 x 2 x)
lim lim
[2, d) because x 1 r 1. Now hm 0 h hm 0 h
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6 xh 3h2 h (A) 11 (B) 14

lim (C) 12 (D) does not exist
hm 0 h
lim[6 x 3h 1] 6 x 1 Solution: We have
hm0
lim f ( x) lim f (2 h) lim(3(2 h) 5) 6 5 11
Answer: (D) xm2 0 hm 0 hm 0
lim f ( x) lim f (2 h) lim(7(2 h) 3) 14 3 11

25. Let xm2 0 hm 0 hm 0
«x if 0 b x b 1 Therefore
f ( x) ¬
2 x 1 if 1 b x b 2 x lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 11 lim f ( x) 11
xm2 0 xm2 0 xm2
Then lim f ( x) is equal to
x m1 Answer: (A)
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) p1 (D) does not exist ¥ 1 4 ´
28. lim ¦ µ is
xm2 §
x 2 x2 4 ¶
Solution: We have
1 1
(A) (B)
lim f ( x) lim f (1 h) lim(1 h) 1 2 4
xm1 0 hm0 hm0
(C) d (D) does not exist
lim f ( x) lim f (1 h) lim[2(1 h) 1]
xm1 0 hm0 hm0 Solution: This is the case where lim( f g )( x) exists
xma
lim(2 2 h 1) 1 even though lim f ( x) and lim g( x) do not exist as we
hm0 xma xma
said in Theorem 1.6. Therefore
Therefore
¥ 1 4 ´ ¥ x 2 4´ 1 1
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 1 lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ lim
xm1 0 xm1 0 xm 2 §x 2 x 2 4 ¶ xm 2 § x 2 4 ¶ xm 2 x 2 4
lim f ( x) 1 Answer: (B)
xm1
Answer: (A) ¥ 1 3 ´
29. lim ¦ µ is equal to
§
x m1 1 x 1 x3 ¶
26. Let
(A) 0 (B) 1
« x 1 if x b 1 (C) does not exist (D) 1
®
f ( x) ¬2 x 1 if 1 x 2
® x 1 if x r 2 Solution: Observe that individually lim 1/(1 x) and
lim 1/(1 x 3 ) do not exist. But
x m1
x m1
Then lim f ( x)
x m1
¥ 1 3 ´ ¥ 1 x x2 3´
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to 0 lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ¶
x m1 § 1 x 1 x ¶ x m1 §
3
1 x3
(C) is equal to 3 (D) does not exist
( x 2)( x 1)
Solution: We have lim
xm1 1 x3
lim f ( x) lim f (1 h) lim[(1 h) 1] 0
xm1 0 hm0 hm0 ¥ ( x 2) ´
lim ¦ µ
xm1 § 1 x x 2 ¶
lim f ( x) lim f (1 h) lim[2(1 h) 1] 1
xm1 0 hm0 hm0
(1 2)
lim f ( x) x lim f ( x) lim f ( x) does not exist 1
x m 1 0 x m1 0 x m1
1 1 1
Answer: (D) Answer: (D)
27. Let 30. Let f (x) x[x], where [x] denotes integral part of x.
If a is not an integer, then
«7 x 3 if x r 2
f ( x) ¬ f (a h) f (a)
3 x 5 if x 2 lim
hm 0 h
Then lim f ( x) equals
x m2 (A) a (B) 2[a]
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(C) [a] (D) does not exist (1 x)1/2 1

f ( x)
Solution: We have (1 x)1/3 1
f (a h) f (a) (a h)[a h] a[a] ¥ (1 x)1/2 1´ (1 x)1/3 1
lim lim
hm 0 h hm 0 h ¦ µ w 1 x 1
§ 1 x 1 ¶
(a h)[a] a[a]
lim (∵ a is not an integer, y1/2 1 y1/3 1
hm0 h w
[a+h] [a] for smaall values of h) y 1 y 1
where y 1 x. Now y m 1 as x m 0. Therefore
lim[a] [a]
hm 0
¨¥ y1/2 1´ ¥ y1/3 1´ ·
Answer: (C) lim f ( x) lim ©¦ µ w¦ µ¸
x m0 ym1 © § y 1 ¶ § y 1 ¶ ¸
ª ¹
31. Let ¥ y1/2 1´ ¥ y1/3 1´
lim ¦ µ w lim ¦ µ
ym 1 § y 1 ¶ ym 1 § y 1 ¶
« sin( x 2 )
® if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x 1 1
®1 w (By Theorem 1.26)
if x 0 2 3
Then lim f ( x) is 3
x m0
2
(A) 1 (B) 0
Answer: (B)
Solution: We have sin(a x) sin(a x)
34. lim equals
xm0 x
¥ sin x 2 ´
lim f ( x) lim x ¦ 2 µ (A) 2 sin a (B) cos a
xm0 xm0 § x ¶
(C) 2 cos a (D) 2 cos a
0s1 (By Theorem 1.27)
Solution: Let
0
Answer: (B) sin(a x) sin(a x)
f ( x)
x
2 ¥ 1´ 2 cos a sin x
32. lim x ¦ sin µ equals
xm0 § ¶ x x
(A) 0 (B) 1
¥ sin x ´
(C) does not exist (D) d (2 cos a) ¦
§ x µ¶
Solution: By Example 1.16 lim( x 2 ) 0 and sin(1/x) is Therefore
xm0
bounded. Hence by Corollary 1.4,
¥ sin x ´
lim f ( x) lim(2 cos a) ¦
¥ 1´ xm0 xm0 § x µ¶
lim ¦ x 2 sin µ 0
xm0 § x¶
¥ sin x ´
Answer: (A) (2 cos a) lim ¦ µ (By Corollary 1.2)
xma § x ¶
(1 x)1/2 1 (2 cos a) s 1 (By Theorem 1.27)

33. lim 1/3
is equal to
x m 0 (1 x) 1 2 cos a
3 Answer: (D)
(A) 0 (B)
2
(C) 1 (D) d ¥ tan x tan a ´
35. lim ¦ µ¶ is
xma§ x a
Solution: Let
(A) 2 sin a (B) 2 cos a
(C) cosec2 a (D) sec2 a
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Solution: We have Therefore lim f ( x) 1 is not true.

x m1
tan x tan a
f ( x) Answer: (A)
x a
38. Suppose a and b are positive and [y] denotes the
sin x cos a cos x sin a integral part of y and

( x a)cos x cos a
x ¨b·
f ( x)
¥ sin( x a) ´
¦
1 a ©ª x ¸¹
§ x a µ¶ cos x cos a
Then
Therefore (A) lim f ( x) 0 (B) lim f ( x) 0 and
xm0 0 xm0 0
¥ sin( x a) ´ ¥ 1 ´ b
lim f ( x) lim ¦ µ s lim ¦ µ lim f ( x)
xma xma § x a ¶ x m a cos x cos a ¶
§ xm0 0 a
1 b
1s (C) lim f ( x) 0 and (D) lim f ( x)
cos a cos a xm0 0 xm0 a
b
lim f ( x)
sec2 a xm0 0 a
Answer: (D)
Solution: We have
sin 2 x b ¨b· b
36. lim is equal to 1 © ¸ b
x m0 x cos x x ªx¹ x
(A) 2 (B) 1 x ¥ b ´ x ¨b· b
¦ 1µ b
(C) 0 (D) does not exist a § x ¶ a ©ª x ¸¹ a
Solution: We have Therefore (by Theorem 1.15)
sin 2 x ¥ sin 2 x ´ ¥ 1 ´ x¥b ´ x ¨b· b
lim lim 2 ¦ µ¦ µ lim ¦§ 1µ¶ b lim © b
x m 0 x cos x x m 0 § 2 x ¶ § cos x ¶ xm0 0 a x x m 0 0 a ª x ¹̧ a
1 b x ¨b· b
2 s 1s b lim b
1 a x m0 0 a ©ª x ¹̧ a
2 Therefore by squeezing theorem
Answer: (A) x ¨b· b
lim
xm0 0 a ©
ª x ¹̧ a
37. Let
When x 0, we have
«x2 if x1
® x ¥ b´ x ¨ b · x ¥ b ´
®x 2 if 1b x b 2 ¦ µb ¦ 1µ
f ( x) ¬ a § x ¶ a ©ª x ¸¹ a § x ¶
®8 2 x if 2xb3
®2 x 4 Again
if x3
Which one of the following is not correct? b b
b lim f ( x) b
a xm0 0 a
(A) lim f ( x) 1 (B) lim f ( x) 4
x m1 xm2
Therefore
(C) lim f ( x) 2 (D) lim f ( x) 4
xm3 xm4 b
lim f ( x)
Solution: We have xm0 0 a
lim f ( x) lim(1 h2 ) 1 Hence lim f ( x) lim f ( x) b/a. Thus
x m 1 0 hm 0 xm0 0 xm0 0
and lim f ( x) lim[(1 h) 2] 3 b

x m1 0 hm 0 lim f ( x)
xm0 a
Answer: (D)
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39. Let f (x) cos[x] where [x] is the integral part of x. as y m 0 (see Example 1.20). Therefore
Then
1
(A) lim f ( x) 1 (B) lim f ( x) 1 lim f ( x) 1
xm0 xm0 0 x md 1
(C) lim f ( x) 1 (D) lim f ( x) 0 Answer: (C)
xm0 0 xm0
Solution: If C is a positive number less than 1, then 42. Let
x [0, C ] [x] 0 2 3 cos x sin x

f ( x)
and hence f (x) 1 x [0, 1). Therefore (6 x P ) 2
lim f ( x) 1 for x x O /6. Then lim f ( x) is

x mP /6
xm0 0
1 1
Again (A) (B)
24 36
x ( C, 0) [x] 1
1 1
(C) (D)
and hence f (x) cos( 1) cos 1 for all x ( C, 0). Thus 12 48
lim f ( x) cos 1.
x m0 0 Solution: Put y 6x O so that y m 0 as x m O /6. Also
Answer: (B) x (O y)/6. Therefore
¥ P y´ ¥ P y´
40. Let f (x) sin x/x for x x 0 and [] denote the greatest 2 3 cos ¦ µ sin ¦ µ
§ 6 6¶ § 6 6¶
integer function. Then lim[ f ( x)] is f ( x)
x m0 y2
(A) 0 (B) 1
¨ 3 y 1 y· ¨ 1 y 3 y·
(C) does not exist (D) 1 2 3© cos sin ¸ © cos sin ¸
ª 2 6 2 6¹ ª2 6 2 6¹
Solution: Let 0 C 1. Then according to the proof of y 2
Theorem 1.27
2 2 cos( y/6)
sin x
0 1 x ( D , D ) y2
x
Therefore 4 sin 2 ( y/12)

y2
¨ sin x ·
©ª x ¸¹ 0 x ( D , D ) ¨ sin( y/12) · 1
2
4© ¸ s
Hence lim[ f ( x)] 0. ª y/12 ¹ 144
xm0
2
Answer: (A) 1 ¥ sin Q ´
¦ µ
36 § Q ¶
x sin x
41. lim is equal to where P y/12 m 0 as y m 0. Therefore
x md x cos x
2
(A) 0 (B) d 1 ¥ sin Q ´
lim f ( x) lim ¦ µ
(C) 1 (D) does not exist xm0 36 Q m0 § Q ¶
Solution: We have 1 1
s 12
sin x 36 36
1 Answer: (B)
x sin x x

x cos x 1 cos x 2 1 cos x
x 43. lim is equal to
xm0 sin 2 x
Put y 1/x so that y m 0 as x m d. Now 1 1
(A) (B)
1 1 2 2 4 2
y sin m 0 and y cos m0
y y
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1 1 where [x] is the integral part of x. Then lim f ( x) equals

(C) (D) x m0
8 2 12 2 (A) 1 (B) 0
Solution: We have (C) 1 (D) does not exist
Solution: Observe that [x] 0 0 x 1. Therefore
2 1 cos x 2 (1 cos x) 1
s if 0 C 1, then
sin 2 x sin 2 x 2 1 cos x
«0 if 0 x D
¥ x ´ ®
2 sin 2 f ( x) ¬ sin( 1)
1
¦
¦ 2 µ ® ( 1) sin 1 if D x 0
2 x 2 x
µ 2 1 cos x
¦§ 4 sin cos µ¶
2 2 So
1 1 lim f ( x) 0 and lim f ( x) sin 1
s xm0 0 xm0 0
x 2 1 cos x
2 cos2 Hence lim f ( x) does not exist.
2 x m0
Therefore Answer: (D)

2 1 cos x 1 1 1
lim s 1 cos 2( x 1)
xm0 sin 2 x 2 2 1 1 4 2 46. lim
x m1 x 1
Answer: (B)
(A) exists and equals 2
2 (B) exists and is equal to 2
sin(P cos x)
44. lim is equal to
x m0 x2 (C) does not exist because x 1 m 0 as x m 1
P (D) does not exist because the left limit at x 1 is
(A) 1 (B) not equal to the right limit at x 1
2
(C) O (D) O Solution: We have
Solution: We have 1 cos 2( x 1) sin( x 1)
2
x 1 x 1
sin(P cos2 x) sin(P (1 sin 2 x))
lim lim Therefore
xm0 x2 xm0 x2
1 cos 2( x 1) 2 sin(1 h 1)
2 lim lim
sin(P P sin x) x m 1 0 x 1 hm 0 (1 h) 1
lim
xm0 x2
¥ sinh ´
lim 2 ¦ 2
2 hm 0 § h µ¶
sin(P sin x)
lim
xm0 x2 1 cos 2( x 1) sin(1 h 1)
lim 2 lim
x m1 0 x 1 hm 0 1 h 1
sin(P sin 2 x) sin 2 x
lim P 2 ¥ sin h ´
xm0 (P sin 2 x) x 2 lim ¦ µ
hm 0 § h ¶
2
¥ sin(P sin 2 x) ´ ¥ sin x ´ 2
P lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ
xm0 § P sin 2 x ¶ x m0 § x ¶
Left limit x Right limit
Os1s1O Answer: (D)
Answer: (D)
x tan 2 x 2 x tan x
47. lim equals
45. Let xm0 (1 cos 2 x)2
« sin[ x] 1
® if [ x] x 0 (A) (B) 2
f ( x) ¬ [ x] 2
®0 if [ x] 0
1
(C) (D) 2
2
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Solution: Let Again interchanging x and y in Eq. (1.59), we have

x tan 2 x 2 x tan x f ( f ( y) f ( x)) f ( yx) x f ( y) (1.60)
f ( x) 2
(1 cos 2 x) Equations (1.59) and (1.60) imply
¥ 1 ´ f (xy) y f (x) f (yx) x f (y) (1.61)
2 x tan x ¦ 1
§ 1 tan 2 x µ¶
f ( x) x f ( y) y x, y
4 sin 4 x
Suppose
x tan 3 x 1
s f (x) x f (y) y K
2 sin 4 x 1 tan 2 x
Substituting f (x) K x in Eq. (1.56), we have
3 2
x sin x cos x x f ( y) L ( xy L ) x
s
2 cos3 x sin 4 x cos 2 x
x f ( y) xy x
1¥ x ´ 1
¦ µ¶ Therefore
§
2 sin x cos x cos 2 x
x( y L ) xy x [∵ f ( y) L y]
So
Kx x
1 1 1
lim f ( x) (1) s L 1 (∵ x 0)
xm0 2 1 2
Answer: (A) So
f (x) x K x 1
48. If [t] denotes the integral part of t, then lim[ x sin P x]
x m1 Hence
(A) equals 1 (B) equals 1
(C) equals 0 (D) does not exist ( f ( x))1/3 1 (1 x)1/3 1
lim lim
xm0 ( f ( x))1/2 1 xm0 (1 x)1/2 1
Solution: Use the concept of the integral part of a real
number. ¥ 1/3 ´ ¥ 1 x 1 ´
lim ¦ (1 x) 1µ ¦
Answer: (D) xm0 § 1 x 1 ¶ § (1 x)
1/2
1µ¶
1/3 2
49. Let f : m be a function satisfying the relation
f ( x f ( y)) f ( xy) x for all x, y . Then 1/2 3
Answer: (C)
¥ f ( x)1/3 1 ´
lim ¦ µ
xm0 § f ( x)1/2 1 ¶ 50. Let
1 «sin x if x x nP , n x 0, p 1, p 2, ...
(A) 1 (B) f ( x) ¬
2 2 otherwise
2 3
(C) (D) « x 2 1, x x 0, 2
3 2 ®
and g( x) ¬4, x0
Solution: Given relation is ®5, x2

f ( x f ( y)) f ( xy) x (1.56)
Then lim g( f ( x)) is
x m0
Interchanging x and y in Eq. (1.56), we have
(A) 1 (B) 6
f ( y f ( x)) f ( yx) y (1.57)
(C) 5 (D) 7
Again replacing x with f (x) in Eq. (1.56) we get
Solution: If 0 C 1, then f (x) sin x for x ( C, C ),
f ( f ( x) f ( y)) f ( y f ( x)) f ( x) (1.58) x x 0. Therefore
Therefore, Eqs. (1.56) (1.58) imply lim g( f ( x)) lim g(sin x) lim(sin 2 x 1) 1
xm0 xm0 xm0
f ( f ( x) f ( y)) f ( xy) y f ( x) (1.59)
Answer: (A)
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Px Solution: We can see that (Fig. 1.27)

51. lim(1 x)tan
x m1 2 «x if x b 0
P ®
(A) O (B) f ( x) ¬ x 2 if 0 x b 1
2 ®x if x 1

2 1
(C) (D) Now
P P
f (1 h) f (1) (1 h)2 1
Solution: Put 1 x P so that P m 0 as x m 1. Therefore lim lim
hm 0 0 h hm 0 h
Px P
lim(1 x)tan lim Q tan (1 Q ) 2 h h2
x m1 2 Q m0 2 lim 2
hm 0 h
¥ PQ ´
lim Q cot ¦ µ
Q m0 § 2¶ Now
¥P ´ f (1 h) f (1) (1 0 h) 1 ¥ h´
Q cos ¦ Q µ lim lim lim ¦ µ 1
§2 ¶ hm 0 0 h hm 0 0h hm 0 § h ¶
lim
Q m0 ¥P ´ Therefore the required limit does not exist.
sin ¦ Q µ
§2 ¶
y
¥ P ´
Q x
2 ¦ 2 µ ¥P ´ y=
lim . ¦ µ cos ¦ Q µ
Q m0 P ¥P ´ §2 ¶ (1, 1)
¦ sin ¦ Q µ µ
§ § 2 ¶¶ y = x2
2 2 x
s 1s 1
P P
Answer: (C)
52. Let FIGURE 1.27 Single correct choice type question 53.
«x 3 if x r 1 Answer: (D)
® 2
f ( x) ¬ x 3 x 13
® if x 1 tan x sin x
4 2 4 54. lim
xm0 x3
Then lim f ( x) is equal to 1
x m1 (A) 1 (B)
(A) 1 (B) 0 2
(C) 2 (D) 2 (C) 0 (D) d
Solution: We have Solution: We have
¨ (1 h)2 3 13 · 1 3 13 tan x sin x sin x(1 cos x)

lim f ( x) lim © (1 h) ¸ 2 lim 3
lim
x m 1 0 hm 0 ª 4 2 4¹ 4 2 4
xm0 x xm0 x 3 cos x
lim f ( x) lim 1 h 3 2 ¥ x x´ ¥ 2 x´
¦§ 2 sin cos µ¶ ¦§ 2 sin µ
x m1 0 hm 0 2 2 2¶
lim
Therefore xm0 x 3 cos x
lim f ( x) 2 3
x m1 ¥ x´
sin ¥ x ´
Answer: (D) ¦ 2µ cos
lim 4 ¦ ¦ 2 µ
¥ x´ µ
¦ ¦ µ µ ¦§ 8 cos x µ¶
xm0
53. Let f (x) Min{x, x2}. Then § § 2¶ ¶
f (1 h) f (1) 1 3 1
lim s1 s1
hm 0 h 2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 Answer: (B)
(C) 2 (D) does not exist
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x1 (1/2) 1
55. lim 3
x m 1 (17 1/4 (1/2) 1
x) 2
(A) 8 (B) 16 Answer: (C)
(C) 32 (D) 64
1 cos mx
Solution: Let 58. lim
x m 0 1 cos nx
x1 m2 n2
f ( x) 1/4 (A) (B)
(17 x) 2 n2 m2
Put (17 x)1/4 y so that y m 2 as x m 1. Therefore (C) d (D) does not exist
Solution: We have
y4 16 y4 2 4
f ( x)
y 2 y 2 ¥ mx ´
2 sin 2 ¦
¥ 1 cos mx ´ § 2 µ¶
So lim ¦ µ lim
xm0 § 1 cos nx ¶ x m0 ¥ nx ´
2 sin 2 ¦ µ
¥ y4 2 4 ´ § 2¶
3
lim f ( x) lim ¦ µ 4 s 2 32
x m 1 ym 2 § y 2 ¶ 2
¥ ¥ mx ´ ´ ¥ nx/2 1 ´
Answer: (C) sin ¦
lim ¦ § 2 µ¶ mx µ ¦ ¥ nx ´ nx/2 µ
x m0 ¦ µ ¦ sin ¦§ µ¶ µ¶
§ mx/2 2 ¶ § 2
1 n x
56. lim (m, n are odd positive integers) is
x m 1 1 m x 2 2
¥ mx ´ ¥ nx ´
sin 2
m n ¦ 2 µ ¦ 2 µ m
(A) (B) lim ¦ lim
n m x m0 mx µ xm0 ¦ nx µ n2
¦§ µ¶ ¦§ sin µ¶
(C) 1 if n m (D) d if n m 2 2
m2 m2
Solution: Put x = zmn so that x m −1 z m −1 and 12 s 12 s 2
n2 n
x1/n = zm, x1/m = zn. Therefore
Answer: (A)
1 n x zm 1
lim lim
x m 1 1 m x z 1 zn 1 ¥ Sin 1 x ´
59. lim ¦ µ
¥ zm ( 1)m xm0 § x ¶
z1 ´
lim ¦ n
zm 1 § z1 z ( 1)n µ¶ (A) 0 (B) 1
(∵ m, n are odd) (C) d (D) does not exist
1 Solution: Put P Sin 1 x so that P m 0 as x m 0 and
m( 1)m 1 n 1
n( 1) x sin P. Therefore
m ¥ 1 ´
(∵ m, n are odd) ¥ Q ´
lim ¦ Sin x µ lim ¦ 1
n xm0 § x ¶ Q m 0 § sin Q µ¶
Answer: (A)
Answer: (B)
2
¥ 2 sin x sin x 1 ´
57. lim ¦ ¥ 1 cos P x ´
P § 2 sin 2 x 3 sin x 1µ¶ 60. lim ¦
§ µ
xm
6 x m1 tan 2 P x ¶
(A) 1 (B) 1 1
(A) 0 (B)
(C) 3 (D) 3 2
1
Solution: Given limit is (C) 1 (D)
2
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) ¥ sin x 1´ Solution: Let
lim lim ¦ µ
P (2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) P § sin x 1 ¶
xm
6
xm
6 1 cos P x (1 cos P x)cos2 P x
f ( x)
tan 2 P x sin 2 P x
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(1 cos P x)cos2 P x cos2 P x ¥ P x´

sin ¦ µ
1 cos P x 2
1 cos P x § 4 2¶
lim
x m cos ¥ P x ´
P
Therefore 2 ¦§ µ
4 2¶
cos2 P x
lim f ( x) lim
x m1 x m1 1 cos P x ¥P P´
sin ¦ µ
§ 4 4¶
cos2 (P ) 0
¥P P´
1 cos P cos ¦ µ
§ 4 4¶
( 1)2 1 ALITER

1 ( 1) 2
Answer: (D) ¥ 1 sin x ´
lim (sec x tan x) lim ¦ µ
P P § cos x ¶
xm xm
2 2
¥ x 1/3 1 ´
61. lim ¦
x m1 x 2/3 1 ¶
§ µ 1 sin x
lim
P
1 1 xm 1 sin 2 x
(A) (B) 2
2 3
1 sin x
1 1 lim
(C) (D) xm
P 1 sin x
6 6 2
0
1/3 1/3 1 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
2/3
Answer: (B)
x 1 x 1 x 2/3 1
Therefore 63. If
¥ x 1/3 1 ´ ¥ 1/3 1´ ¥ x 1 ´ (2 x 3)( x 1)

lim ¦ µ lim ¦ x µ lim ¦ µ f ( x)
xm1 § x 2/3 1 ¶ xm1 § x 1 ¶ xm1 § x 2/3 1 ¶ 2x2 x 3
1 then lim f ( x) is equal to

(1)( 1/3) 1 x m1
1
3 (A) 0 (B) 10
2 ( 2/3) 1 2
(1) 1 1
3 (C) (D)
Answer: (A) 10 10
Solution: f (x) is defined in a deleted neighbourhood 1.
62. lim (sec x tan x) Also
P
xm
2
(2 x 3)( x 1) (2 x 3)
(A) 1 (B) 0 f ( x)
(2 x 3)( x 1) (2 x 3)( x 1)
(C) d (D) 1/2
Therefore
Solution: We have
2 3 1
¥ 1 sin x ´ lim f ( x)
lim (sec x tan x) lim ¦ µ x m1 (2 3)(1 1) 10
P P § cos x ¶
xm xm
2 2 Answer: (D)
¥P ´
1 cos ¦ xµ 64. Let
§2 ¶
lim
xm
P ¥P ´ tan 3 x tan x
2 sin ¦ xµ g( x)
§2 ¶ cos[ x (P /4)]
¥ P x´ Then lim g( x) is
2 sin 2 ¦ µ P
§ 4 2¶ xm
4
lim
P
x m 2 sin ¥ P x ´ ¥ P x´
2 ¦§ µ¶ cos ¦§ µ¶
4 2 4 2
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(A) 2 2 (B) 4 2 ( d)
d
(C) 4 (D) 8 25
Solution: g(x) is defined in a neighbourhood of O /4 Answer: (B)
except at O /4. Now,
2x2 3
tan x(tan x 1)(tan x 1) 67. lim
g( x) x md 4x 3
(1/ 2 )(cos x sin x)
1 1
2 tan x(tan x 1)(sin x cos x) (A) (B)
2 2 2
cos x(cos x sin x)
2 tan x(tan x 1)
Solution: As x is positive, we have
cos x
3
Therefore ¥ 2x2 3 ´ 2 2
x 2 1
lim ¦ µ lim
2 (1)(1 1) x md § 4 x 3 ¶ x md 3 4 2 2
lim g( x) 2(2) 4 4
xm
P 1/ 2 x
4
Answer: (B)
Answer: (C)
cos x
65. lim x( x 2 1 x) 68. lim
x md xm
P (1 sin x)2/3
2
1
(A) (B) d (A) 0 (B) 1
2
(C) d (D) 1
(C) 0 (D) 1
Solution: Let
Solution: We have
cos x
f ( x)
2 x( x 2 1 x 2 ) (1 sin x)2/3
lim x( x 1 x) lim
x md x md
x2 1 x Put P (O /2) x so that P m0 as x m O /2. Now
1
lim ¥P ´
x md 1 cos ¦ Q µ
1 2 1 §2 ¶
f ( x)
x 2/3
¥ ¥P ´´
1 1 ¦§ 1 sin ¦§ 2 Q µ¶ µ¶

1 1 2
sin Q
Answer: (A)
(1 cos Q )2/3
2
66. lim ( 2 x 3 5 x) is ¥Q´ ¥Q´
x m d 2 sin ¦ µ cos ¦ µ
§ 2¶ § 2¶
(A) d (B) d
¥Q´
(C) 0 (D) 10 2 2/3 sin 4/3 ¦ µ
§ 2¶
Solution: We have
21/3 cos Q
2
¥ 2 x 3 25 x 2´ m d as Q m 0
lim ( 2 x 2 3 5 x) lim ¦ ¥Q´
µ sin1/3 ¦ µ
x m d x m d §
2 x 2 3 5x ¶ § 2¶
Answer: (C)
¥ 23 x 2 3 ´
lim ¦ µ
x m d §
2 x 2 3 5x ¶ 4x5 9x 7
69. lim
¥ 3 ´ x md 3x 5 x 4 x 2 1
23 x
¦ x µ (A) d (B) 0
lim ¦ µ
x m d
¦ 2 3 µ (C) 4/3 (D) 7
5 x
§ x2 ¶
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Solution: We have Solution:
¨ 9 7 · 2
9 1
¥ 4x5 9x 7 ´ © 4 x4 x5 ¸ 9x2 2 x x2
lim ¦ µ xlim © ¸ lim lim
x md § 3 x 5 x 4 x 2 1¶ md
©3 1 1 1 ¸ x md 4 x 11 x md 11
4
©ª x x 3 x ¸¹ x
4
90 1 1
3
40 2
¥ ¥ 1´ ´ Answer: (D)
¦§∵ xlim ¦ n
md § x ¶
µ 0 when n is a positive integerµ
¶
Answer: (C) 72. Let f ( x) x ( x 4 x ). Then lim f ( x)
x md
(A) exists and is equal to 2 (B) exists and is equal

QUICK LOOK
to 0
Let 1
(C) exists and equals to (D) does not exist
2
P( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n , an x 0
Solution: f (x) is defined for all x r 0. We have
and Q( x) b0 b1 x b2 x 2 ... bm x m , bm x 0
x ( x 4 x) 4 x 4
Then f ( x)
x4 x x4 x 4
1 1
« an x
P ( x) ® if n m
lim ¬ bm
x mpd Q( x)
®0 Therefore
if n m
4 4
When n m, then lim f ( x) 2
x md 1 0 1 2
« a
® d if n 0 Answer: (A)
P ( x) ® b m
lim ¬ 3 2
x md Q( x) a
® d if n 0 73. Let f ( x) x { x x 4 1 x 2 }. Then lim f ( x)
x md
® bm is equal to
1 1
(A) (B)
2 2 4 2
x 8 3
70. lim (C) (D) does not exist
x md 3 x 10 x 2 4 2
(A) 0 (B) d
Solution: We have
(C) d (D) 1
Solution: We have x 3 {x 2 x 4 1 2 x 2 }
f ( x)
¥ 1 8 ´ x2 x4 1 x 2

¥ x 8 ´ ¦ x x2 µ
lim ¦ µ xlim ¦ 3 1 µ x3 { x4 1 x2 }
x md § 3 x 10 x 2 ¶ md
¦ 2 10 µ
§x x ¶ x2 x4 1 x 2
0 x3 (x4 1 x4 )
0
0 0 10
[ x 2 x 4 1 x 2 ][ x 4 1 x 2 ]
Answer: (A)
x3
2
9x 2 x
71. lim [ x 2 x 4 1 x 2 ][ x 4 1 x 2 ]
x md 4 x 11
1

(A) 1/4 (B) 3 ¨ ·¨ ·
1 1
(C) 3/4 (D) 1/2 © 1 1 4 2 ¸ © 1 4 1¸
©ª x ¸¹ ª x ¹
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1 Try it out In place of 4 ( 22) and 16 ( 24) if

( 1 1 2 )( 1 1) there are a2 and a4, respectively, then the answer is
a2/2.
1 1

2 2 (2) 4 2
Answer: (B) 3x 2 1 x 2 1
76. lim
xmd 2x 3
1/ 3
20 2 x 3 x 3 3 1
74. lim (A) (B)
2 4 x 3 (8 x 4)1/ 3
x md
2 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 31
(C) (D) does not exist
3 2
(C) (D) 10
2
Solution: We have
Solution: Let
1 1
1/3 2 2 3 2
1 2
20 2 x 3 x 3x 1 x 1 x x
f ( x) lim lim
2 4 x 3 (8 x 4)1/3 x md 2x 3 x md
2
3
x
Dividing numerator and denominator by x we get
3 0 1 0 3 1
20 3
2 6 20 2
x x
f ( x) 1/3 Answer: (B)
2 3 ¨8 4 ·
4 ©
x x ª x x x ¸¹ 2
Try it out If x 0, then x x, and so the
Therefore limit of the above function as x m d is (1 3 )/2.
020 2 Hence,
lim f ( x) 1/3
1
x md 0 4 0 (0 0 ) 2
3x 2 1 x 2 1
Answer: (A) lim
x md 2x 3
2 4
75. lim[ x x 4 x 16 ]
is meaningless.
x md
(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 2 (D) 16
¨1 1 ¥ 2x ´ ·
Solution: We have 77. lim © Sin ¦§ µ¸
xm0 ª x 1 x2 ¶ ¹
f ( x) x x 2 4 x 4 16
1
2 2 4 (A) (B) 1
x ( x 4) ( x 16) 2
f ( x)
x x 2 4 x 4 16 (C) 2 (D) 2
4 x 2 16 Solution: In a neighbourhood of zero,

x x 2 4 x 4 16 ¥ 2x ´
Sin 1 ¦ 2 Tan 1 x
§ 1 x 2 µ¶
16
4
x2 Therefore
4 16 ¥ 2 Tan 1 x ´
1 2 1 4 ¥1 ´
x x lim ¦ Sin 1 xµ lim ¦ µ¶
xm0 § x ¶ xm0 § x
4 0
¥ Q ´
1 0 1 0 2 lim ¦ µ where Q Tan 1 x
Q m 0 § tan Q ¶
4 2 s 1 2
2
2 Answer: (C)
Answer: (C)
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¨ x 1 ¥ 3 ´· 12 x 3x 4 x 1
78. lim © 2 tan ¦ x µ ¸ 81. lim
x md ª § 2 ¶¹ xm0 2 cos x 7 3
3 (A) loge12 (B) log e 3 log e 4
(A) 1 (B)
2 1
(C) (log e 3 log e 4) (D) 6 log e 3 log e 4
2
(C) (D) d Solution: The given limit can be written as
3
Solution: We have (3x 1)(4 x 1)( 2 cos x 7 3)
lim
xm0 2 cos x 2
¥ ¥ 3´ ´
¥ x 1 ¥ 3 ´´ ¦ 1 tan ¦§ 2 x µ¶ µ ¥ 3x 1´ ¥ 4 x 1´ 2
lim ¦ 2 tan ¦ x µ µ lim ¦ 3µ ¦§ µ¦ µ ( 2 cos x 7 3) x
x md § § 2 ¶ ¶ x md § 2 3 / 2 x ¶ x ¶§ x ¶
lim
xm0 x
3 ¥ tan Q ´ ¥ 3´ 4 sin 2
2
lim ¦ µ ¦§ where Q x µ¶
2 Q m0 § Q ¶ 2
¥ 3x 1´ ¥ 4 x 1´
3 3 ¦§ µ¦ µ ( 2 cos x 7 3)
s1 x ¶§ x ¶
lim
2 2 xm0 [sin( x/2) ( x/2)]2
Answer: (B)
log e 3 s log e 4 s 6
atan x asin x We have used part (3) of Important Formulae.
79. lim is equal to (a 0)
x m 0 tan x sin x
Answer: (D)
(A) loge a (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) d ¥ 1 2 x 5x 10 x ´
82. lim ¦ µ¶
xm0 § x sin x
Solution: We have
(A) loge 10 (B) log e 5 log e 2
atan x asin x ¥ atan x sin x 1´
lim lim asin x ¦ (C) log e 5 log e 2 (D) (log e 5 log e 2) 1
x m 0 tan x sin x xm0 § tan x sin x µ¶
¥ at 1´ Solution: We have
lim(asin x ) s lim ¦ µ (where t tan x sin x)
t m0 § t ¶
xm0
(5x 1)(2 x 1)
Given limit = lim
a0 s loge a loge a [By part (3) of Important Formulae] xm0 x sin x
Answer: (A) ¥ 5x 1´ ¥ 2 x 1´ ¥ x ´
lim ¦ µ¦ µ¦ µ
xm0 § x ¶ § x ¶ § sin x ¶
¥ log(6 x) log(6 x) ´
80. lim ¦ µ¶ log e 5 log e 2 1
xm0 § x
1 1 log e 5 log e 2
(A) (B)
2 3 Answer: (C)
(C) 1 (D) 2
83. If G( x) 25 x 2 , then
Solution: We have
¥ G( x) G(1) ´
1 ¥ x´ lim ¦
x m1 §
µ¶
log ¦ 1 µ x 1
¥ log(6 x) log(6 x) ´ 6 § 6¶
lim ¦ µ¶ lim 1 1
xm0 § x xm0 x/6 (A) (B)
2 6 24
1 ¥ x´
log ¦ 1 µ 1 1
6 § 6¶ (C) (D)
lim 2 2 3
xm0 x / 6
1 1 1 Solution: We have
s 1 s 1 G( x) G(1) 25 x 2 ( 24 )
6 6 3
x 1 x 1
Here we have made use of part (2) of Important Formulae.
Answer: (B)
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1/x 2
[ 25 x 2 24 ] ¥ 1 6x2 ´ e6
lim ¦ e3
x 1 µ
xm0 § 1 3x 2 ¶ 3
e
[25 x 2 24] 1 Answer: (C)

x 1 ( 25 x 2 24 ) 1/x
« ¥P ´º
x1 86. lim ¬tan ¦ xµ »
xm0 §4 ¶¼
25 x 2 24 (A) e (B) e2
Therefore (C) 1 (D) d
¥ G( x) G(1) ´ 1 1 1 1 Solution: Let

lim ¦ µ¶
x m1 § x 1 24 24 24 2 6 1/x
¨ ¥P ´·
Answer: (A) f ( x) ©tan ¦ xµ ¸
ª §4 ¶¹
1/x
¥ x 6´
x4 ¥ 1 tan x ´
¦
84. lim ¦ µ § 1 tan x µ¶
x md § x 1 ¶
tan x/x
(A) e6 (B) e5 (1 tan x)1/tan x ·¹
ª̈
(C) e4 (D) d 1/tan x · tan x/x
ª̈(1 tan x) ¹
Solution: We have Using parts (1) and (7) of Important Formulae we get
x 4
¥ 6´ ¥ 6´ e1
x4 ¦§ 1 µ¶ 1 lim f ( x) e2
¥ x 6´ x ¦ xµ 1
¦§ µ ¦ xm0 e
x 1¶ ¥ 1´
x 1µ
¦§ 1 µ¶ ¦§ 1 µ Answer: (B)
x x¶
x/6 6 87. lim(cos x)cot x

¨¥ 6´ · 6
4 xm0
©¦§ 1 µ¶ ¸ ¥ 1 ´
ª
x ¹ ¦ xµ (A) 1 (B) d
x ¦ 1µ
¥ 1´ ¦ 1 µ (C) e (D) 0
¦§ 1 µ § x¶
x¶ Solution: We have
Therefore (cos x)cot x [(1 cos x 1)1/(cos x 1) ](cos x 1)/tan x
x4
¥ x 6´ e6 ¥ 1 0´ Take
lim ¦ µ ¦ e5
x md § x 1 ¶ e § 1 0 µ¶ cos x 1
f ( x) [1 (cos x 1)]1/(cos x 1) and g( x)
We have used part (1) of Important Formulae. tan x
Answer: (B) We know that [by part (1) of Important Formulae]
1/x 2 lim f ( x) e
¥ 1 6x2 ´ xm0
85. lim ¦ µ
xm0 § 1 3x 2 ¶
Now,
(A) e2 (B) e9 x x
(C) e3 (D) d 2 sin 2 cos x sin cos x
g( x) 2 2 m 0 as x m 0
Solution: We have sin x x
cos
2
1/x 2 2
¥ 1 6x2 ´ [(1 6 x 2 )1/6 x ]6 Therefore, by part (7) of Important Formulae
¦§ µ 2
1 3x 2 ¶ [(1 3 x 2 )1/3 x ]3
lim( f ( x))g ( x ) e 0 1
xm0
Therefore using part (1) of Important Formulae we get
Answer: (A)
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(1 sin x)(8 x 3 P 3 )cos x (C) e 2/O (D) e O /2

88. lim
xm
P (P 2 x)4 Solution: Suppose
2
tan(P x/2 ) tan(P x/2 )
¥ 1´ ¥ ¥ 1´ ´
P2 3P 2 f ( x) ¦ 2 µ ¦1 ¦1 µµ
(A) (B) § x¶ § § x¶¶
16 16
Put y 1 (1/x) so that y m 0 as x m 1. Therefore
P2 3P 2
(C) (D)
16 16 f ( x) (1 y)tan(P /2)(1 y)
Solution: Let (1 y)cot(P y/2)
(1 sin x)(8 x 3 P 3 )cos x [(1 y)1/y ]y cot(P y/2)
f ( x)
(P 2 x)4 [(1 y)1/y ][(P y/2)/tan(P y / 2)]s( 2 /P )
(1 sin x)cos x(2 x P )(4 x 2 2P x P 2 ) Therefore using part (7) of Important Formulae we have

( 2 x P )4
Given limit e1s 2/P e 2/P
(1 sin x)cos x(4 x 2 2P x P 2 )
Answer: (B)
( 2 x P )3
Therefore 90. If
(1 sin x)cos x ae x b
lim f ( x) lim 2
(3P ) (1.62) lim 2
P P ( 2 x P )3 xm0 x
xm xm
2 2
then (a, b) is equal to
Put 2x O y so that y m 0 as x m O / 2. Therefore now
(A) (2, 2) (B) ( 2, 2)
¨ ¥ P y´ · ¥ P y´ (C) (2, 2) (D) ( 2, 2)
(1 sin x)cos x ©ª1 sin ¦§ 2 µ¶ ¸¹ cos ¦§ 2 µ¶
Solution: We have
( 2 x P )3 y3
ae x b
¥ y´ ¥ y´ lim 2
¦§ 1 cos µ¶ ¦§ sin µ¶ xm0 x
2 2
y3 Since the denominator x m 0 as x m 0, by Corollary 1.2
we have
¥ y´ ¥ y´
2 sin 2 sin lim(ae x b) 0
¦ 4 µ¦ 2 µ
¦ ¦ µ
xm0
§ y2 µ¶ § y ¶
which implies that a b 0. Therefore by part (3) of
2 Important Formulae
¥ 2 y´ ¥ y´
sin sin
¦ 4 µ 1 ¦ 2 µ 1 ¥ ae x a ´ ¥ e x 1´
2 ¦
§ y / 4 µ¶ 16 ¦§ y / 2 µ¶ 2 2 lim ¦
xm0 §
µ lim a ¦
x ¶ xm0 § x ¶
µ a
¥ y´
2
¥ y´ Hence
sin sin
1 ¦ 4 µ ¦ 2µ a2b
¦ (1.63)
16 § y / 4 µ¶ ¦§ y / 2 µ¶
Answer: (C)
Therefore from Eqs. (1.62) and (1.63) 2 1/x
91. If lim(1 ax bx ) e 3 , then
xm0
3P 2
lim f ( y) s 1s 1 (A) a 3 and b is any real number
xm0 16
(B) a 3/2 and b is any real number
Answer: (D)
(C) b 3 and a is any real number
tan(P /2 x ) (D) a 1 and b is any real number
¥ 1´
89. lim ¦ 2 µ
x m1§ x¶ Solution: We have
(A) e2O (B) e2/O
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2
)/ x ( ax bx 2 ) x 3 sin(1/x) 2 x 2
[ 1 (ax bx 2 )]1/x [ 1 (ax bx 2 )]( ax bx
93. lim
[1 (ax bx )]2 [1/( ax bx 2 )][( ax bx 2 )/x ] x md 1 3x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1
Using parts (1) and (7) of Important Formulae, the given
2
limit ea e3 a 3. (C) d (D)
3
Answer: (A)
Solution: We have
92. If
1 1
x 3 sin 2x2 x sin 2
¥ x2 1 ´ x x
lim ¦ ax bµ 0 lim lim
x md § x 1 ¶ x md 1 3x 2 x md 1
3
x2
then (a, b) value is
(A) (1, 1) (B) (1, 1) 1 2 ¨ ¥ 1´ ·

03 ©∵ xlim ¦§ x sin µ¶ 1¸
x
(C) ( 1, 1) (D) (1, 0) ª md ¹
Solution: Let 3
1
3
x2 1 Answer: (B)
f ( x) ax b
x1
94. If n is a fixed positive integer then
( x 2 1) ( x 1)(ax b)

x1 lim (1sec
2
x
2sec
2
x
3sec
2
x
... nsec x )cos
2 2
x

2 P
(1 a) x (a b) x 1 b xm
2

x1
(A) n (B) d
Put y 1/x so that y m 0 as x m d. Therefore (C) d (D) n2
2
¥ 1 ´ (1 a) (a b) y (1 b) y 2
x 2
x
f ( x) f ¦ µ Solution: It is known that K sec b nsec for K 1, 2,
§ y¶ y(1 y) 3, …, n. Therefore
Now, 2
x 2
x 2 2 2 2 2
(1sec 2sec ... nsec x )cos x
b (n nsec x )cos x
n ncos x
lim f ( x) 0
x md Again
2
(1 a) (a b) y (1 b) y
lim 0 (1sec
2
x
2sec
2
x
... nsec x )cos
2 2
x
r (nsec x )cos
2 2
x
n
ym 0 y( y 1)
Since the denominator tends to zero as y m 0, by Corollary Therefore
2 2 2 2
1.2 the numerator must tend to zero as y m 0. Therefore n lim (n) b lim (1sec x
2sec x
... nsec x )cos x
P P
xm xm
1 a0 or a1 2 2
2
0 lim
; (a b) (1 b) y= (a b) b lim (n ncos x ) n
P
xm
ym 0 y1 2
a b By squeezing theorem, we have

Hence (a, b) (1, 1). 2
x 2
x 2 2
lim (1sec 2sec ... nsec x )cos x
n
Answer: (B) xm
P
2
Note: Under the given hypothesis, the function given in Answer: (A)
Problem 91 becomes
Try it out
x2 1 2
x1 m 0 as x m d 2
x 2
x 2 2
x1 x1 lim(1cosec 2cosec ... ncosec x )sin x
n
xm0
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Limits of Sequences
95. Let [1x] [2 x] [3 x] ... [nx]
lim
1 2 3 ... n nmd n2
xn
n2 x
(A) (B) x
for n 1, 2, 3, …. Then the value of lim xn is 2
nmd (C) 0 if 0 x 1 (D) d if x 1
1
(A) (B) 1 Solution: By the definition of the integral part
2
(C) 2 (D) d x 1 [x] b x
Solution: We have 2x 1 [2x] b 2x

3x 1 [3x] b 3x
n(n 1) 1¥ 1´ 1
xn ¦ 1 µ¶ m as n m d …………………
2n2 2§ n 2
…………………
Answer: (A)
nx 1 [nx] b nx
96. If
Adding all the inequalities we have
12 2 2 32 ... n2
yn x(1 2 3 ... n) n [1x] [2 x] ... [nx]
n3
b x(1 2 ... n)
then lim yn is equal to
nmd
x xn(n 1)
1 1 n(n 1) n [1x] [2 x] ... [nx] b
(A) (B) 2 2
6 3
Dividing throughout by n2, we get
2
(C) (D) d x¥ 1 ´ 1 [1x] [2 x] ... [nx] x ¥ 1´
3 ¦§ 1 µ¶ b ¦1 µ
2 n n n 2
2 § n¶
Solution: We have
Taking limit as n m d and using squeezing theorem
n(n 1)(2 n 1) 1 ¥ ´ ¥ 1´ 2 1 we have
yn (1) ¦ 1 µ ¦ 2 µ m
6n3 6 § n¶ § n¶ 6 3
as n m d. [1x] [2 x] ... [nx] x
lim 2

Answer: (B) nmd n 2
Answer: (A)
97. Let
13 2 3 33 ... n3 Try it out On similar lines (i.e., by using the con-

zn 4
n cept of [x]) we can show that
Then lim zn is [12 x] [2 2 x] ... [n2 x] x

nmd 1. lim
nmd n3 3
1
(A) 1 (B) [13 x] [2 3 x] ... [n3 x] x
2 2. lim
(C)
1
(D) 0
nmd n4 4
4
Solution: We have 99. Let x be a real number and
n2 (n 1)2 1¥ 1´ 1
2 1
zn an {[ x 1] [2 x 2] [3 x 3] ... [nx n]}
¦ 1 µ¶ m as n m d n2
4n 4
4§ n 4
Answer: (C) then lim an is equal to (where [·] denotes integral
part) x md
98. Let x be a real number and [] denote the integral x x1
part function. Then (A) 1 (B)
2 2
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x2 x 2 4 3l
(C) (D)
2 2 3 2l
Solution: We know that [x y] [x] [y] if one of x Hence

or y is an integer. Therefore 3l 2l 2 4 3l
[x 1] [x] 1 or l 2 2 l 2 (∵ xn 0 n)
[2x 2] [2x] 2 Answer: (A)
[3x 2] [3x] 3 Note: It can be seen that 2 is the l.u.b. {xn} (see Theo-
………………… rem 1.42).
………………… 101. Let x0 0, x1 1 and xn 1 xn 1 xn2 for n r 1.

[nx n] [nx] n Then
Adding all the equations and dividing by n2, we get ¥ x ´

lim ¦ nn 1 µ
nmd § 2 ¶
1 1
lim an lim {[ x] [2 x] ... [nx] n(n 1)}
nmd n2
nmd 2 P P
(A) (B)
4 2
[ x] [2 x] ... [nx] n(n 1)
lim lim 2 4
nmd n2 nmd 2 n 2
(C) (D)
P P
x 1
(by Problem 98)
2 2 Solution: {xn} is an increasing sequence. Define
Answer: (B) Pn Cot 1 (xn) or xn cot Pn
100. Let Now

4 3 xn P P
x1 1 and xn 1 for n r 1 x0 0 cot , x1 1 cot 2
3 2 xn 2 2
If lim xn exists finitely, then the limit is equal to and in general

nmd
xn 1 cot Q n cosecQ n
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 2 1 1 cos Q n

sin Q n
Solution: We have
¥Q ´
43 7 cot ¦ n µ
x1 1, x2 § 2¶
3 2 5
¥ P ´
¥ 7´ cot ¦
4 3¦ µ § 4 s 2 n µ¶
4 3 x2 § 5 ¶ 41
x3 x2
3 2 x2 ¥ 7 ´ 29 ¥ ¥P´ ¥P´ ¥ P ´ ´
3 2¦ µ
§ 5¶ ¦§∵ x p 1 cot ¦§ µ¶ , x2 cot ¦§ µ¶ cot ¦§ µ , etc.µ
4 8 4 s 2¶ ¶
We can easily verify that xn xn1 and hence {xn} Therefore
is strictly increasing sequence of positive terms. Let
lim xn l. Therefore ¥ P ´
cot ¦
§ 4 s 2 n 1 µ¶
nmd
xn
l lim xn1
nmd 2n 1 2n 1
¥ 4 3 xn ´ 1
lim ¦
nmd § 3 2 xn µ
¶ n 1 ¥ P ´
2 tan ¦
§ 4 s 2 n 1 µ¶
4 3 lim xn
nmd

3 2 lim xn
nmd
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1 Therefore

¥ P ´ ¥ 1´
tan ¦ lim an lim ¦ µ 0
§ 4 s 2 n 1 µ¶ P nmd nmd § n ¶

¥ P ´ 4
¦§ n 1 µ
¶ Answer: (B)
4s2
4 1 103. Let x 1 and for each positive integer n, define

P ¥ tan x ´
¦§ µ x x2 x4
x ¶ sn ( x)
x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 1) ( x 1)( x 2 1)( x 4 1)
P n 1
where x m 0 as n m d. Therefore x2
4 s 2n 1 ... n 1
( x 1)( x 2 1) ...( x 2 1)
4 4
lim xn 1 Then lim sn ( x) is equal to
nmd P P nmd
Answer: (D) (A) 1 (B) 0
1
102. Let a0 1, a1 2 and (C) x (D)
x 1
n(n 1)an 1 n(n 1) an (n 2) an 1
Solution: We have
for n r 1. Then lim an is n 1
nmd sn ( x) x x2 x4 x2
2 4 16 ... n
(A) 1 (B) 0 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x2 1
1 ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´ ...
(C) d (D) ¦ 2 ¦ 2 4
e § x 1 x 1¶ § x 1 x 1µ¶
µ
Solution: From the given relation we have ¥ 1 1 ´
¦ n 1 n
1 2 a2 0 (1 2)a0 1 § x 2 1 x 2 1µ¶
1 1 1 1
a2 n
2 2 x 1 x2 1
¥ 1´ Therefore
and 6 a3 2a2 0 a1 2 ¦ µ 1 x 1
§ 2¶ sn ( x) 1 n
x2 1
1 1
a3 n
Since x 1, we have lim ( x 2 1) d so that
6 3 nmd
Assume that ak 1/ k for all k 2, 3, …, m. Now

m 0 as n m d
2n
m(m 1) am 1 m(m 1)am (m 2)am 1 x 1
m(m 1) m 2 Therefore

m m 1 lim sn ( x) 1 0 1
nmd
1 m 2 Answer: (A)

m 2 m 1
104. The sequence {an} is defined as a1 1 and an
(m 1) (m 2) 1
n(an 1 1) for n r 2. If
m 1 m 1
¥ 1´¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
Therefore Pn ¦ 1 µ ¦ 1 µ ... ¦ 1 µ
§ a1¶ § a2¶ § an¶
1 1
am 1 then lim Pn equals
m(m 1) m 1 m 1 nmd
Hence by complete induction, ak 1/ k for k r 2. (A) 1 (B) e 1

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(C) e 1 (D) e f ( 2) ( x) f ( f ( x))

Solution: We have f ( 3) ( x) f ( f ( 2) ( x))
¥ a 1´ ¥ a2 1´ ... ¥ an 1´
Pn ¦ 1 and in general
§ a1 µ¶ ¦§ a2 µ¶ ¦§ an µ¶
f n1 (x) f ( f (n)(x))
¥ a ´ ¥ a ´ ¥ a 1 ´ ¥ ak ´
¦ 2 µ ¦ 3 µ ... ¦ n ¦§∵ ak 1 1 for k r 2µ
§ 2a1 ¶ § 3a2 ¶ § (n 1)an µ¶ k ¶ for n r 1 where
an 1 x
(1.64) f (1) ( x) f ( x) 1
n1 2
Now Then lim f ( n) ( x) is equal to

nmd
an 1 (n 1)(an 1)
(A) 1 (B) 2
n1 n1
1
a 1 an 1 (C) x (D)
n 1 x
n1 n n
Solution: We have
Therefore
f ( x) x 1
f ( 2) ( x) f ( f (1) ( x)) f ( f ( x)) 1 2 1
a2 a1 1 2 2 2

2 1 1
1¥ x 1 ´ x 1 1
f ( 3) ( x) f ( f ( 2) ( x)) ¦ 1µ 1 3 2 1
a3 a2 1 2 § 22 2 ¶ 2 2 2

3 2 2 By induction we can see that
......................
x 1 1 1
...................... f ( n) ( x) ... 1
2n 2n 1 2n 2 2
an 1 an 1
1
n1 n n 1
x 2n
n
Adding all the above equations we get 2 1
1
an 1 a1 1 1 ... 1 2

n1 1 1 2 n x 1
n
2 n 1
2 2
From Eq. (1.64) we have
1 1 ... 1 Now
Pn 1 (< a1 1)
1 2 n 1
lim 0 lim f ( n) ( x) 0 2 0 2
d nmd 2n nmd
1
But the number e is the sum of the infinite series
n
¤ Answer: (B)
n 0
(this is to be assumed). Note that ¤an is defined as the 106. Define an n2 20 for n 1, 2, 3,… . Let dn be the
greatest common divisor of an and an 1 and d be
limit of the sequence of the partial sums {sn} where
the least common multiple of dn for n 1, 2, 3, … .
sn a1 a2 ... an (see Definition 1.38). Thus
Then the infinite sum of the series
lim Pn e d d d ...
nmd d
4 42 43
Answer: (D)
is
105. Suppose x is real. Define (A) 162 (B) 9
x (C) 108 (D) 54
f ( x) 1
2
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Solution: We have 108. For each positive integer n, let

an 1 an 2n 1 3 4 5 n2
sn ...
1 2 4 2 3 5 3 4 6 n(n 1)(n 3)
This implies dn divides 2n 1 for all n 1, 2, 3, …. Now
Then lim sn equals
3an an 1 4n2 2n 81 2n (2n 1) 81 nmd
This implies dn divides 81 and 81 will be the L.C.M. of dn 29 29

(A) (B)
for n 1, 2, 3, … so that d 81. Now 6 36
d d ... d 29
d 2 d (C) 0 (D)
4 4 1 18
1
4 Solution: Let
4
(81) 108 k2
3 uk
k(k 1)(k 3)
Answer: (C)
( k 2) 2

107. Let a1 = 1, a2 = 1 + a1, a3 = 1 + a1a2, …, an+1 = 1 + k(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
d
1 k 2 4k 4
a1a2 … an. Then ¤ an
n 1 k(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
(A) 1 (B) e k(k 1) 3k 4
1 1 3
(C) 2 (D)
2 (k 2)(k 3) (k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
Solution: Let 4

k(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
1 1 1
sn ...
a1 a2 an ¥ 1 1 ´ 3¨ 1 1 ·
¦ µ ©
§ k 2 k 3 ¶ 2 ª (k 2)(k 3) (k 1)(k 2) ¸¹
¥ 1 1 ´ 1 1
2 ¦ µ ... (∵ a1 1)
§ a1 a2 ¶ a3 an 4¨ 1 1 ·
©
3 ª (k 1)(k 2)(k 3) k(k 1)(k 2) ¸¹
¥a a 1´ 1 1
2 ¦ 1 2 µ ... (∵ a1 a2 1)
a a
§ 1 2 a3¶ a4 an (see Sec. 5.5, Vol. 1, p. 225)
¥ 1 1´ 1 1 Now, put k 1, 2, 3, …, n and add. Thus

2¦ µ ...
§ a1a2 a3 ¶ a4 an su u1 u2 ... un
¥ a a a3 1 ´ ... 1 ¥1 1 ´ 3¨ 1 1 ·
2¦ 1 2 µ (∵ a1a2 a3 1) ¦
§ a1a2 a3 a4 ¶ an § 3 n 3 µ¶ 2 ©ª (n 2)(n 3) 2 3 ¸¹
¥ 1 1´ 1 4¨ 1 1 ·
2¦ µ ...
§ a1a2 a3 a4 ¶ an 3 ©ª (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) 1 2 3 ¸¹
..................................................
.................................................. Therefore
Finally 1 3 4 29
lim sn
1
nmd 3 12 18 36
sn 2 and a1a2 ... an 1 Answer: (B)
a1a2 ... an
2
n n
Therefore ¥ 1 ´
109. lim ¦ 1 µ is equal to
§
nmd n2 cos n ¶
lim sn 2 0 2
nmd
(A) 1 (B) e
Answer: (C) (C) e2 (D) does not exist
Solution: Put m n2 cos n so that m m d as n m d.
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Now l 1 or 4
n2 n n2 n But xn 2 and {xn} is an increasing sequence and hence l

2 x 1. Thus l 4.
m n cos n
Answer: (D)
1
1
n m 1 as n m d 112. lim[ 2 log(3n) log(n 2 1)] is equal to
nmd
cos n
1 2 (A) 0 (B) log 3
n
(C) 2 log 3 (D) 4 log 6
because
Solution: The given limit is
1 cos n
lim 0 and lim 0
nmd n nmd n2 9n2
lim[log(9 n2 ) log(n2 1)] lim log
Therefore nmd nmd n2 1
n2 n ( n2 n)/m ¥ 9 ´
¥ 1 ´ ¨¥ m
1´ · lim log
lim ¦ 1 2 lim ©¦ 1 µ ¸ e nmd ¦ 1 µ
µ nmd ª § ¦§ 1 2 µ¶
nmd § n cos n ¶ m¶ ¹ n
Answer: (B)
¥ 9 ´
log ¦
d
§ 1 0 µ¶
n2
110. ¤ n! equals log 9 2 log 3
n1
Answer: (C)
(A) e (B) e2
(C) 2e (D) d 8 n3 ¥ P ´
sin ¦ µ
¥ 1´ P § 2n¶
Solution: Let 113. lim ¦ 1 2 µ is equal to
nmd § n ¶
n2 n n 1 1 1 1 (A) 4 (B) e4
un
n n 1 n 1 n 2 n 1 (C) 1 (D) d
for n r 2. Therefore Solution: We have

n
¥ 1´ ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ P ´
sn ¤u
n 1
k 1 ¦ 1 µ ¦ µ ... ¦
§ 1¶ § 1 2 ¶

§ n 2 n 1µ¶ ¨¥ 2
4¦ sin µ
§ 2n¶
n · P /2 n
1´
Given limit lim ©¦ 1 2 µ ¸ e 4 s1 e 4
¥ 1 1 1 ´ 1 ª§
nmd © n ¶ ¸¹
2 ¦ 1 ... µ
§ 1 2 n 1¶ n 1 Answer: (B)
Hence d d
1 P2 1
lim sn 2e
nmd
114. If ¤ n2 6
, then ¤ (2n 1)2 is
n1 n1
Answer: (C) P2 P2
(A) (B)
8 6
111. Let xn 2 2 2 ... 2 (n square roots).
Then lim xn is equal to P2 P2
nmd
(C) (D)
3 24
(A) 8 (B) 16
Solution: We have
(C) e2 (D) 4 d d d
1 1 1
Solution: We have xn 2 xn 1 . Suppose lim l.
nmd
¤ (2n 1) ¤ n ¤ (2n)
n1
2

n1
2

n1
2
Then
d
l 2 l P2 1 1
¤
6 4 n 1 n2
l 2 5l 4 0
(l 1) (l 4) 0 P2 P2 P2

6 24 8
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115. If ¨ ¥ B´ B´·
¥
©sin ¦ A B µ sin ¦ A B µ ¸
ª § 2 ¶ § 2¶¹
¥ 12 2 2 ... n2 ´
A lim ¦ µ¶
nmd § n3 ¨ ¥ B´ ·
©sin ¦§ A (n 1)B 2 µ¶ ¸
and ... © ¸
© ¥ B´¸
¨ (13 12 ) (2 3 2 2 ) (33 32 ) ... (n3 n2 ) ·
B lim © © sin ¦§ A (n 1)B 2 µ¶ ¸
¸ ª ¹
nmd ª n4 ¹
¥ B´ ¥ B´
Then sin ¦ A (2 n 1) µ sin ¦ A µ
§ 2¶ § 2¶
(A) @ 3A (B) 2@ 3A
¥ B B´
(C) 4@ 3A (D) 3@ 4A ¦§ A (2 n 1) A µ¶
2 cos 2 2 sin nB
n(n 1)(2 n 1) 2 1 Therefore
A lim
nmd 6n3 6 3
¥ A A (n 1)B ´ ¥ nB ´
cos ¦ µ sin ¦ µ
¥ 13 2 3 33 ... n3 ´ 12 2 2 32 ... n2 § 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
B lim ¦ µ lim s
nmd § n 4 ¶ nmd n4 B
sin
2
n2 (n 1)2 n(n 1)(2 n 1)
lim 4
lim In the given problem, @ 0 and A O /2n. Therefore
nmd 4n nmd 6n4
1 P P ... ¥ (n 1)P ´
sn cos 0 cos cos cos ¦

4
0
2n 2n § 2n µ¶
Therefore 3@ 4A. ¥ (n 1)P ´

0
Answer: (D)
¦
cos ¦ 2n µ sin ¥ n P ´
µ ¦§ µ
2 4n ¶
¦§ µ¶
1 n 1 ¥ KP ´ is
116. lim
nmd n
¤ cos ¦
§ 2 n µ¶ ¥ P ´
sin ¦ µ
K 0 § 4n ¶
(A) 1 (B) 0
P P
2 cos(n 1) sin
(C) (D) does not exist 4n 4
P ¥ P ´
sin ¦ µ
Solution: First we show that § 4n ¶
cos A cos(A B ) cos(A 2B ) { cos(A (n 1)B ) 1 ¥P P ´

cos ¦ µ
2 § 4 4n ¶
(A A (n 1)B ) ¥ nB ´
cos sin ¦ µ ¥ P ´
2 § 2 ¶ sin ¦ µ
§ 4n ¶
B
sin
2 Therefore
Let ¥ ¥P P ´ ´
¥ 1 n 1 cos ¦ µ
s cos A cos(A B ) cos(A 2B ) { cos(A (n 1)B ) ¥ rP ´ ´ 1 ¦ § 4 4n ¶ 4 µ
lim ¦
nmd § n
¤
r 1
cos ¦ µ µ
§ 2n ¶ ¶
lim ¦
2 nmd ¦ ¥ sin P ´
µ
Pµ
Multiply both sides with 2 sin (A/2). Therefore ¦§ µ¶
¦ 4n µ
¦ ¥ P ´ µ
¥ B´ B B ¦§ ¦§ µ¶ µ¶
s ¦ 2 sin µ 2 cos A sin 2 cos(A B )sin 4n
§ 2¶ 2 2
1 ¥P´
B .cos ¦ µ
... 2 cos(A (n 1)B ) sin § 4¶ 4 2
2 2
1 P P
¨ ¥ B´ ¥ B´· Answer: (C)
©sin ¦ A µ sin ¦ A µ ¸
ª § 2 ¶ § 2¶¹
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117. Let Therefore
2 3 1 33 1 ... n3 1 1
Pn 3 ; n 2, 3, 4, .... an [(2 2 )n (2 2 )n ]
2
2 3 1 33 1 n 1
[(2 2 )n (2 2 )n ]
Then lim Pn is equal to and bn
nmd 2 2
1 7
(A) (B) Therefore
2 11
an ¨ ( 2 2 )n ( 2 2 )n ·
3 2 2© n n¸
(C) (D) bn ª (2 2 ) (2 2 ) ¹
4 3
¨ ¥2 n
Solution: We have 2´ ·
©1 ¦ µ ¸
© §2 2 ¶ ¸¹
k3 1 (k 1)(k 2 k 1) 2ª n
¨ ¥2 2´ ·
k3 1 (k 1)(k 2 k 1) ©1 ¦ µ ¸
©ª § 2 2 ¶ ¸¹
¥ k 1´ ¥ k2 k 1 ´
Hence
¦ µ
§ k 1¶ § (k 1) (k 1) 1µ¶
¦ 2
¥a ´ ¥ 1 0´ ¥ 2 2 ´
for k 2, 3, …, n. Therefore lim ¦ n µ 2 ¦
nmd § bn ¶ § 1 0 µ¶ ¦§∵ 1µ
¶
2 2
¥ 2 1 3 1 4 1 ... n 2 n 1´ 2
Pn ¦ µ
§ 21 31 41 n n 1¶ Answer: (B)
¥ 7 13 21
... n2 n 1 ´

¦ 3 7 13 2 µ 119. If
§ (n 1) (n 1) 1¶
lim[1 x log(1 b2 )](1/x ) 2b sin 2 Q , b 0
2 xm0
¥ 1 2 3 n 2 n 1´ ¥ 7 13 21 ... n n1 ´
¦ ... µ¶ ¦
§3 4 5 n n 1 § 3 7 13 (n 1) (n 1) 1µ¶
2 and P ( O, O ] then the value of P is
P P
¥ 2 ´ ¥ n 2 n 1´ (A) p (B) p
¦ ¦ µ¶ 4 3
§ n(n 1) µ¶ § 3
P P
(C) p (D) p
2¨ 1 · 6 2
©1
3 ª n(n 1) ¸¹ (IIT-JEE 2011)
Therefore Solution: Let
2 2 f ( x) [1 x log(1 b2 )]1/x
lim Pn (1 0)
nmd 3 3 log(1b2 )
« 1 º
Answer: (D) ® 2 x log(1 b2 ) ®
¬[1 x log(1 b )] »
118. If an and bn are positive integers and an 2bn ® ¼®
(2 2 )n , then Therefore
2
¥a ´ lim f ( x) e log(1 b ) 1 b2
lim ¦ n µ xm0
nmd § bn ¶
1 b2 2b sin2 P
(A) 2 (B) 2
2 2b sin2 P 1 b2 r 2b (< b 0)
(C) e (D) e2
b 1 and sin2 P 1
Solution: We have
Therefore
an 2bn (2 2 )n
P
an 2bn (2 2 )n Qp
2
Answer: (D)
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Continuity
120. If the function (see Theorem 1.24 and Quick Look 6). Now
« x2 2x a lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
xm0 0 hm 0
® when x x 0 h 0
f ( x) ¬ sin x
® b when x 0 1 cos 4(0 h)
lim
is continuous at x 0, then hm 0 (0 h)2
(A) a 0, b 2 (B) a 1, b 0 2 sin 2 2 h
lim
(C) a 1, b 1 (D) a 0, b 0 hm 0 h2
2
Solution: ¥ sin 2 h ´
2 lim ¦ µ s4
hm 0 § 2 h ¶
f (x) is continuous at x 0 lim f ( x) f (0) b
xm0 8s1 8
Now
Also
x2 2x a
lim f ( x) lim lim f ( x) lim f (0 h)
xm0 xm0 sin x xm0 0 hm 0
h 0
exists finitely and the denominator sin x m 0 as x m 0.
2 h
Hence, by Corollary 1.3 lim
hm 0
16 h 4
lim( x 2 2 x a) 0 a 0
xm0 2 h ( 16 h 4)
lim
Therefore hm 0 16 h 16
x2 2x lim(2( 16 h 4))
hm 0
lim f ( x) lim
xm0 x m 0 sin x 2(4 4) 16
x 2 Therefore
lim
xm0 ¥ sin x ´
¦§ µ lim f ( x) x lim f ( x)
x ¶ xm0 0 xm0 0
0 2 So f (x) is not continuous for any value of A.

1 Answer: (D)
2 f (0) b 2 122. f : m is a continuous function such that the
equation f (x) x has no real solution. Let g : m
Thus a 0, b 2. be defined by g (x) f (f (x)). Then the number of
Answer: (A) real solutions of the equation g (x) x is
121. The function (A) only one (B) 0
(C) only one in the (D) infinite
« 1 cos 4 x interval (0, 1)
® if x 0
x2
®® Solution: Let h(x) f (x) x. Since h(x) 0 has no real
f ( x) ¬ A if x 0
solutions, by Corollary 1.10 either h(x) 0 for all real x or
® 2 x
® if x 0 h(x) 0 for all real x. Therefore,
® 16 x 4 g(x) x (f (f (x)) f (x)) ( f (x) x)
is continuous at x 0 for keeps the same sign for all real x. That is the graph of
(A) A 16 (B) A 8 g (x) x can never cross the x-axis. Hence g(x) x 0 has
(C) A 4 (D) no value of A no real solution. Thus f ( f (x)) x has no real solution.
Answer: (B)
Solution: f is continuous at x 0 if
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (0) A
x m0 0 x m0 0
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123. Let a 0, b 0 and Therefore
« a x bx mp f (qx) f ( x x ... q times) f ( x) f ( x) ... q times

f ( x) ® if x x 0
¬ x ¥ p´
®k mp qf ( x) f ( x) m ¦ µ mx
if x = 0 § q¶
If f is continuous at x 0, then the value of k is Hence f (x) mx for all rational numbers x.
(A) (log a) (log b) (B) log a log b We now suppose that x irrational.
(C) log a log b (D) 1
Let {xn} be a sequence of rational numbers such that
Solution: We have xn m x as n md. (This is possible due to Theorem 1.49
and the note under it.) Now, by Theorem 1.52 we have
¥ a x bx ´
lim f ( x) lim ¦ µ f (xn) m f (x) as n md
xm0 xm0 § x ¶
(a x 1) (b x 1) But f (xn) mxn (∵ xn in rational) and mxn m mx as n md.
lim Therefore
xm0 x
x
¥ a 1´ ¥ b x 1´ f (x) mx
lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ
xm0 § x ¶ xm0 § x ¶ Thus f (x) mx for all irrational x. Hence f (x) mx for
all real numbers x where m f (1).
log a log b
Answer: (D)
[using part (3) of Important Formulae.]
Answer: (C) QUICK LOOK
All straight lines y mx (except the y-axis) are

124. Let f : m be a continuous function such that the graphs of the function f : m such that f is
f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) x, y continuous and
Then, there exists a constant m such that f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) x, y
(A) f (x) mx only for integer values of x
(B) f (x) mx only for positive integer values 125. Let x x 1. For each positive integer n, let
of x
(C) f (x) mx only for rational values of x x x2 x4
fn ( x )
(D) f (x) mx for all real values of x x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 1) ( x 1)( x 2 1)( x 4 1)
n 1
Solution: We have x2
... n 1
f (x y) f (x) f (y) f (0) 0 ( x 1)( x 2 1) ... ( x 2 1)

for each positive integer n. Suppose f ( x) lim f ( x).
and f ( x) f (x) for all x nmd
Then
Let f (1) m. Then
(A) f is discontinuous at 0
f (2) f (1 1) f (1) f (1) 2m m(2) (B) f is discontinuous at 1
f (3) f (1 2) f (1) f (2) m 2m 3m m(3) (C) f is discontinuous at infinitely many values of x
Hence by induction, f (n) mn for all positive integers n. (D) f is continuous for all x x 1
If n is a negative integer, then Solution: With reference to Problem 103,
f ( n) f (n) « x 1
f (n) f ( n) m( n) (∵ n 0) ®®1 2n if x x 1
fn ( x ) ¬ x 1
mn ® 1 1 1 ... 1 if x 1
® 2 2 2 2 3 2n
That is, f (x) mx for all integer values of x. Now suppose
n
x p/q is a rational number, q 0 integer. Then Case I: x 1. That is x 1 or x 1. In this case x 2 m d
as n m d. Therefore
f (qx) f ( p) mp ( p is an integer)
f ( x) lim fn ( x) 1
nmd
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y Take y x 1 so that
y x 1 and f ( y) f ( x)
y=1 (1, 1) y=1 Answer: (A)
1
x
y=
127. Suppose f and g are continuous functions on the
p /4 closed interval [a, b] such that f (a) r g(a) and f (b) b
−1 1 x g(b). Then
(A) f (x0) g(x0) for exactly one x0 [a, b]
(B) f (x0) g(x0) for at least one x0 [a, b]
(C) f (x0) g(x0) for no value of x0 [a, b]
(D) f (x0) g(x0) for infinitely many values of
FIGURE 1.28 Single correct choice type question 125. x0 [a, b]
1 1 1 ... Solution: Define Q(x) g(x) f (x) for x [a, b].
Case II: x 1 f ( x) lim fn ( x) d
nmd 2 22 22 Therefore Q is continuous on [a, b] and Q(a) g(a)
f (a) b 0 and Q(b) g(b) f (b) r 0. If either Q(a) 0
1 or Q(b) 0, we are through. Otherwise Q(a) 0 and
2 1 Q(b) 0 so that Q(x) 0 for some x (a, b). Thus
1 f (x) g(x) for some x (a, b).
1
2
Answer: (B)
Case III: x 1 ( 1 x 1) . Therefore
x 1 128. If the function
f ( x) lim fn ( x) 1 x
nmd 0 1 ®«2 x for x b 1
f ( x) ¬ 2
«1 if x 1 ® x ax b for x 1
®
f ( x) ¬ x if 1 x 1 is continuous, then
®1 if x r 1
(A) a 2, b 1 (B) a 2, b 1
So f is continuous for all x x 1. See Fig. 1.28. (C) a 2, b 1 (D) a 2 b
Answer: (D) Solution: We have
126. Suppose f is continuous on the closed interval [0, 2] « x 2 ax b for x 1

and f (0) f (2). Then ®
f ( x) ¬ 2 x for 1 b x b 1
(A) y x 1 and f (x) f (y) for at least one pair x, ® 2
y [0, 2] x ax b for x 1
(B) y x 1 of f (x) f (y) for same x, y [0, 2] Since f is continuous at x 1,
(C) y x 1 and f (x) x f (y) for infinitely many x, y lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x m( 1) 0 x m( 1) 0
[0, 2]
(D) y x 1 and f (x) f (y) for no pair x, y [0, 2] Therefore
Solution: Define g :[0, 1] m by 1 a b 2
g(x) f (x 1) f (x) a b3 (1.65)
Since f is continuous, g is continuous on [0, 1]. Also Again,
g(0) f (1) f (0), g(1) f (2) f (1) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 2 1 a b

x m 1 0 x m1 0
and f (0) f (2) g(0) and g(1) are of opposite sign. So

Therefore, g(x) 0 for some x (0, 1). That is
ab1 (1.66)
f (x 1) f (x) for some x (0, 1)
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From Eqs. (1.65) and (1.66), a 2, b 1. 1 1 1

1
Answer: (C) 4 3 n1
129. If f is a real-valued function satisfying the relation 19 1

(1.69)
12 n 1
¥ 1´
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ 3 x Also
§ x¶
for all real x x 0, then lim(sin x) f ( x) is equal to 1 1 1 ... 1

x m0
An 1 2

2 2 3 3 4 (n 1)n
(A) 1 (B) 2
1 ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´ ... ¥ 1 1´
(C) 0 (D) d 1 ¦ µ ¦ µ ¦ µ
4 § 2 3 ¶ § 3 4 ¶ § n 1 n¶
Solution: We have
1 1 1
¥ 1´ 1
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ 3 x (1.67) 4 2 n
§ x¶
7 1
Replacing x with 1/x, we have (1.70)
4 n
¥ 1´ 3 Therefore from Eqs. (1.69) and (1.70), we have
2 f ( x) f ¦ µ (1.68)
§ x¶ x
19 1 7 1
From Eqs. (1.67) and (1.68), we get An for n r 3
12 n 1 4 n
2 Taking limits we get
f ( x) x
x
19 1 7 1
Therefore lim lim An lim
12 nmd n 1 nmd 4 nmd n
¥ 2 sin x ´ Hence
lim(sin x) f ( x) lim ¦ x sin xµ
xm0 xm0 § x ¶
2(1) 0 2 19 7
a
12 4
Answer: (B)
Answer: (D)
130. Let
131. P(x) is a polynomial such that P(x) P(2x) 5x2 18.
1 1 Then
An 1 ...
22 32 n2
¥ P ( x) ´
and lim An a. Then
lim ¦ µ
xm3 § x 3¶
nmd
1 (A) 6 (B) 9
(A) a 0 (B) 0 a (C) 18 (D) 0
2
19 7 Solution: Since 5x2 18 is a quadratic polynomial and
(C) 1.5 a 1.7 (D) a
12 4 P(x) P(2x) 5x2 18 it follows that P(x) must be a
quadratic polynomial. Suppose
Solution: We have
P(x) ax2 bx c
1 1 1
An 1 ...
22 32 n2 By hypothesis
Clearly (ax2 bx c) (4ax2 2bx c) 5x2 18

1 1 1 ... 1 or 5ax2 3bx 2c 5x2 18
An 1 2

2 3 4 4 5 n(n 1) This gives
1 ¨ 1 1 · ¨ 1 1 · ... ¥ 1 1 ´ a 1, b 0, c 9
1 ¦
4 ©ª 3 4 ¹̧ ©ª 4 5 ¹¸ § n n 1µ¶
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So 9 2
(A) f ( x) f (0) x
P(x) x2 9 16
4 2
Therefore (B) f ( x) f (0) x
9
P ( x)
lim lim( x 3) 9 3
xm3 x 3 xm3 (C) f ( x) f (0) x
16
6
16 2
Answer: (A) (D) f ( x) f (0) x
9
132. Let Solution: Given relation can be rewritten as
¨ log(2 x) x 2 n sin x · ¥ x´ ¥ x´ ¥ x´
f ( x) f ¦ µ f ¦ µ f ¦ µ x 2
f ( x) lim © ¸ § 2¶ § 2¶ § 4¶
nmd ª 1 x2n ¹
x x x x
for x 0. Then Replacing x with , 2 , 3 , ... , n on both sides and
2 2 2 2
(A) f is continuous at x 1 adding all the equations, we have
(B) f is not continuous at x 1
¨ ¥ 1 ´ n1 ·
(C) f has exactly two points of discontinuties in the ©1 ¦ 2 µ ¸
¥ x ´ ¥ x´ ¥ x ´ §2 ¶
open interval (0, 1) f ( x) f ¦ n 1 µ f ¦ µ f ¦ n 2 µ x 2 © ¸
§2 ¶ § 2¶ §2 ¶ © 1 ¸
(D) f is not defined at x 1 ©ª 1 2 2 ¸¹
Solution: If 0 b x 1, then x2n m 0 as n m d so that (1.71)
f (x) log(2 x) Since f is continuous, taking limits on both sides of

Eq. (1.71) as n m d we get
log 3 sin 1
f (1) ¥ x´ 4
2 f ( x ) f (0) f ¦ µ f (0) x 2
§ 2¶ 3
If x 1, then
Therefore
¨ log(2 x) ·
© sin x ¸
x 2n ¥ x´ 4
f ( x) lim © ¸ sin x f ( x) f ¦ µ x 2 (1.72)
x md 1 § 2¶ 3
© 1 ¸
©ª x2n ¸¹
In Eq. (1.72), again replace x with x/2, x/2 2 , ..., x/2 n
Therefore and add all of them. Then, we have
«log(2 x) if 0 b x < 1 ¨ ¥ 1 ´ n1 ·
®® 1 ©1 ¦ 2 µ ¸
f ( x) ¬ [log 3 sin 1] if x 1 ¥ x ´ 4 §2 ¶
f ( x) f ¦ n 1 µ x 2 © ¸
®2 §2 ¶ 3 © 1 ¸
®sin x if x 1 ©ª 1 2 2 ¸¹
Since lim f (x) log 3 x f (1) and lim f (x) sin 1 x f (1), Again taking limits on both sides as n m d, we get
x m 1 0 x m1 0
f is not continuous at x 1. 16 2
f ( x ) f (0) x
Answer: (B) 9
133. If f : m is continuous such that Therefore

16 2
¥ x´ ¥ x´ f ( x) f (0) x
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ f ¦ µ x 2 9
§ 2¶ § 4¶
Answer: (D)
for all x , then
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134. f :[0, 1] m is continuous and assumes only rational Equations (1.73) and (1.74) give
values and f (0) 3. Then, the roots of the equation P P
a ,b
¥ ¥ 1´ ´ 2 ¥ ¥ 1´ ´ 3 12
¦§ f ¦§ µ¶ µ¶ x ¦§ f ¦ µ µ x f (1) 0
§ 3¶ ¶
2 Answer: (A)
are
136. Let
(A) rational and unequal (B) irrational
(C) imaginary (D) equal « sin(a 1) x sin x
® for x 0
Solution: Since f is continuous and in between any ®® x
two real numbers, there are infinitely many rational and f ( x) ¬c for x 0
irrational numbers, f must be a constant function. Since ® 2 1/2 1/2
® ( x bx ) x for x 0
f (0) 3, we have ® bx 3/2
f (x) 3 x [0, 1] If f is continuous at x 0, then
Therefore the given quadratic equation is 3x2 3x 3 0 3 1
(A) a , b x 0 is any real number, c
which has imaginary roots. 2 2
Answer: (C) 3 1
(B) a , b x 0, c
2 2
135. The values of a and b so that the function
5 1
« P (C) a , b x 0, c
® x a 2 sin x, 0bx
4
2 2
® 3 1
® P P (D) a , b x 0, c
f ( x) ¬2 x cot x b, bxb 2 2
® 4 2
® P Solution: f is continuous at x 0. This implies
®a cos 2 x b sin x, 2 x b P
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) c
xm0 0 xm0 0
is continuous for 0 b x b O are, respectively,
P P P P Now
(A) , (B) ,
3 12 3 12 ¨ sin(a 1) x sin x ·
lim f ( x) lim ©
P P P P xm0 0 ª x x ¹̧
(C) , (D) ,
4 12 6 4 (a 1) 1 c
Solution: f is continuous at x O /4 implies a c 2 (1.75)
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) Again
P P
xm 0 xm 0
4 4
[1 bx]1/2 1
lim f ( x) lim
P P xm0 0 xm0 0 bx
a b
4 2
1 bx 1 1
lim c (1.76)
P xm0 bx[ 1 bx 1] 2
a b (1.73)
4
From Eqs. (1.75) and (1.76), we get
Again f is continuous at O/2 implies
3 1
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) a , c and b is any real x 0
P P 2 2
xm 0 xm 0
2 2
Answer: (B)
b a b
137. Consider
a 2b 0 (1.74)
«1 x if 0 b x b 2
f ( x) ¬
3 x if 2 x b 3
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y Therefore g is discontinuous at x 1. Again

4 lim g( x) 2 2 0
(1, 3) xm2 0
3
(2, 2) and lim g( x) 4 2 2
xm2 0
2
(1, 1) So g(x) is discontinuous at x 2 and hence g is discon-
1 (3, 1)
tinuous at x 1, 2.
Answer: (C)
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
138. Let f ( x) [ x] 1 x for 1 b x b 3 where [x] is the

integral part of x. Then, the number of values of x
FIGURE 1.29 Single correct choice type question 137. in [ 1, 3] at which f is not continuous is
(A) 0 (B) 1
Let g( x) f ( f ( x)). Then the number of values of x
at which f (x) is discontinuous is (C) 2 (D) 3
(A) 0 (B) 1
y
(C) 2 (D) infinite (3, 4)
4
Solution: We have (see Fig. 1.29) (2, 3)
3
«1 f ( x) if 0 b f ( x) b 2
g( x) f ( f ( x)) ¬
3 f ( x) if 2 f ( x) b 3 2
(−1, 1) (1, 1)
Now 1
0 b x b 1 0 b 1 x b 2º
» (1.77) −1 O 1 2 3 4 x
g( x) f ( x 1) 1 (1 x) 2 x ¼
1xb22b1xb3
g(x) f ( f (x)) 3 (1 x) 2 x
Therefore
1 x b 2 g(x) 2 x (1.78) Solution: We have (see Fig. 1.30)
Again « 1 1 x x if 1b x 0
2 x b 3 f (x) 3 x ®1 if x0
®
and 0 b 3 x 1 so that ®1 x if 0x1
f ( x) ¬
®1 if x1
g(x) f (3 x) 1 (3 x) 4 x (1.79)
®1 x 1 x if 1 x 2
From Eqs. (1.77) (1.79) we have ®
2 x 1 1 x if 2 b x b 3
«2 x if 0 b x b 1
® More clearly
g( x) ¬2 x if 1 x b 2
®4 x if 2 x b 3 « x if 1 b x 0

®1 x if 0 b x 1
®
Now f ( x) ¬
®x if 1 b x 2
lim g( x) 2 1 3 ®1 x if 2 b x b 3
x m 1 0
and lim g( x) 2 1 1 Clearly f is discontinuous at x 0, 1, 2.

x m 1 0
Answer: (D)
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1. Let (A) lim f ( x) does not exist (B) f is continuous at
x m0
x0
¥ O ´
f ( x) [ x] sin ¦ (C) lim f ( x) 0 (D) lim f ( x) 1
§ [ x 1] µ¶ x md x md
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. Then

Solution: Since x m 0 and sin 1/x is a bounded function,
(A) domain of f is [ 1, 0) (B) lim f ( x) 0 by Corollary 1.4
xm0 0
(C) f is continuous on [0, 1) (D) lim f ( x) 1 1

x m1 0 x sin m 0 as x m 0
Solution: x
(A) f is not defined for all those values of x such that Therefore
[x 1] 0 0 b x 1 1 lim f ( x) 0 f (0)
xm0
1bx0
So (B) is true. Now put x 1/y so that y m 0 as x m d.
Therefore domain of f is [1, 0). This implies (A) Therefore
is true.
1 sin y
(B) We have f ( x) sin( y) m 1 as y m 0
y y
lim f ( x) lim( f (0 h))
xm0 0 hm 0
h 0 So
¥ O ´ lim f ( x) 1
lim[0 h] sin ¦ x md
hm 0 § [0 h] 1µ¶
h 0 Therefore (D) is also true.
lim(0 s sin O ) Answers: (B), (D)
hm 0
0 f ( 0) 3. Suppose
Therefore (B) is true. « log(1 2 x) 2 log(1 x)
® if x x 0
(C) Now f ( x) ¬ x2
® 1 if x 0
0 b x 1 [x 1] [x] 1 0 1 1
Therefore Then
(A) lim f ( x) exists and is equal to 1
f (x) 0 s sin O 0 x m0
for 0 b x 1 and f (0) 0. So f is continuous on [0, 1). (B) lim f ( x) exists

x m0
This means that (C) is true.
(C) lim f ( x) exists and is equal to 1
(D) Here x m0
lim f ( x) lim f (1 h) (D) f is continuous at x 0

x m1 0 hm 0
h0 Solution: Note that f is defined for all x 1/2. Now
¥ O ´ ¥ 1 2x ´
lim [1 h] sin ¦ log ¦
hm 0 § [1 h] 1µ¶ § 1 2 x x 2 µ¶
f ( x) when x x 0
O x2
1 s sin 1
2 ¥ ¥ x ´ 2´
log ¦ 1 ¦ µ µ
So (D) is also true. § § 1 x¶ ¶

Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) x2
¨ ¥ ¥ x ´2´ ·
2. Let © log ¦ 1 ¦ µ ¸
§ § 1 x ¶ µ¶ ¸ 1
« ¥ 1´ © s
for x x 0 © 2 ¸ (1 x)2
® x sin ¦§ µ¶ © ¥¦
x ´
¸
f ( x) ¬ x µ
§ 1 x¶
©ª ¸¹
® 0 for x 0

Then Therefore, by part (2) of Important Formulae
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lim f ( x) (1)( 1) 1 according as h m 0 0 or h m 0 0. So (B) is true. Since

x m0 sin x is continuous for all real x, sin x is also continuous
Answers: (B), (C) for all real x and hence (C) is true.
Answers: (A), (B), (C)
4. Let
« x 6. Let
® , xx0
f ( x ) ¬ 1 e 1/ x « 1
® 0, x 0. ® x sin , x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
Then ® 0, x0
f (0 h) f (0) and g(x) xf (x). Then
(A) lim 1
hm 0 h (A) f is continuous at x 0
(B) lim f ( x) 0 f (0 h) f (0)
xm0 0 (B) lim exists finitely
hm 0 h
(C) lim f ( x) 1
xm0 0 (C) g is continuous at x 0
(D) lim f ( x) 0 g(0 h) g(0)
xm0 0 (D) lim exists finitely
hm 0 h
Solution: We have
Solution:
¥ h ´ 0
lim f ( x) lim f (0 h) lim ¦ µ 0 (A) We have (by Corollary 1.4)
xm0 0 hm 0 hm 0 § 1 e 1/ h ¶ 1 0
h0
¥ 1´
lim ¦ x sin µ 0
¥ h ´ xm0 § x¶
lim f ( x) lim f (0 h) lim ¦ µ 0s0 0
xm0 0 hm 0 h m 0 § 1 e 1/ h ¶
h0 f (0 )
f (0 h) f (0) ¥ h ´ Therefore f is continuous at x 0. So (A) is true.

0
lim lim ¦ 1 e 1/ h µ (B) We have
hm 0 h hm 0 ¦
§ µ¶
h
1
¨ 1 · h sin 0
f (0 h) f (0) h 1
lim © 1 ¸ 1 1 lim lim lim sin
h m 0 © 1 1/ h ¸ 1 0 hm 0 h hm 0 h hm 0 h
ª e ¹
This limit does not exist and so (B) is not true.
Answers: (A), (B), (D)
(C) Since x is continuous at x 0 and f is continuous at
5. If f ( x) 1 sin x then
x 0, it follows that g(x) is continuous at x 0. So
(C) is true.
f (0 h) f (0)
(A) lim does not exist (D) We have
hm 0 h
1
(B) lim
f (0 h) f (0)
does not exist h2 sin 0
g(0 h) g(0) h
hm 0 h lim lim
hm 0 h hm 0 h
(C) f is continuous for all real x
(D) f is continuous for all x x 0 ¥ 1´
lim ¦ h sin µ
hm 0 § h¶
Solution:
0 g(0)
(A) We have
f (0 h) f (0) 1 sin( h) 1 Therefore (D) is true.
lim lim Answers: (A), (C), (D)
hm 0 h hm 0 h
sin h ¥ sin h ´ (∓)1 7. Let
lim lim ¦ p µ
hm 0 h hm 0 § h ¶
«0 if x 0 or x is irrational
according as h m 0 0 or h m 0 0. So (A) is true. ®1 m
Similarly ® if x rational, n 0
f ( x) ¬ n n
f (0 h) f (0) ® m
lim p1 ® and is in lowest terms
hm 0 h n
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Then 1
f (zn ) 0 n 0
(A) f is continuous at x 0 q
(B) f is discontinuous at all non-zero rationals
which is a contradiction. Therefore f is not continuous at
(C) f is continuous at all irrational numbers any non-zero rational. Hence (A) and (B) are true.
(D) f is continuous at x 0 only Note: The above function f is called Thomae’s function.
Solution: Answers: (A), (B), (C)
Case I: a is irrational. Therefore f (a) 0. Suppose {xn}
is a sequence of irrational numbers such that xn m a as 8. Let
n m d, then «3 x 2 1 if x 0
®
f (xn) 0 f (a) f ( x) ¬ax b if 0 b x b 1
®
so that f (xn) m f (a) as n m d. Now suppose {yn} is a se- x 3 if x 1
quence of rational numbers such that yn m a as n m d. Let If f is continuous for all real x, then
yn m/q, q 0 and m/q is in lowest terms. Therefore
(A) a 4 (B) b 1
1 (C) a 3 (D) b 1
f ( yn ) m 0 as n m d
q
Solution: Since f is continuous for all real x, it must be
because q m d as n m d. So continuous at 0 and 1 also.
f (yn) m 0 f (a) as n m d 1 lim f ( x) a(0) b b 1
xm0
Hence by Theorem 1.52, f is continuous at all irrational
numbers because any sequence of reals tending to a con- Also
tains subsequences of rationals and irrationals. So (C) is a(1) 1 lim f ( x) 1 3 2 a 3
true. x m1
Case II: a is rational. Suppose a 0. Let {xn} and {yn} Answers: (B), (C)
be sequences of rational and irrational numbers, respec-
tively, such that 9. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?
(A) If f is continuous at a, then f need not be con-
lim xn 0 lim yn
nmd nmd tinuous at a.
Let xn {m/q} where m/q is in lowest terms so that (B) If f and g are functions such that f g is continu-
ous in their common domain, then f and g may
1 not be continuous.
f ( xn ) m 0 as n m d
q (C) Let f : m be a continuous function such that
Therefore f (x) 0 for all rational x. Then f (x) 0 for all x.
(D) Let f and g be two continuous functions from
1
lim f ( xn ) lim 0 f (0) to and f (x) g(x) for all rationals x. Then f (x)
n md q md q g(x) for all x.
Also Solution:
f ( yn ) 0 n lim f ( yn ) 0 f (0) (A) Let f : m be defined by
nmd
« 1 if x is rational
Hence f is continuous at 0 because any sequence of reals f ( x) ¬
contains subsequences of rationals as well as irrationals. 1 if x is irrational
Suppose a x 0 be a rational. Assume that f is continuous Let a be any real number. Since in every neighbour-
at a. Let {zn} be a sequence of irrational numbers such hood of “a”, there are infinitely many rational num-
that lim zn a. bers and infinitely many irrational numbers (See
nmd
Theorems 0.14 and 0.17), it follows that f is not con-
Since f is continuous at a, by Theorem 1.52 tinuous at a. But f ( x) 1 for all x is continuous at
1 all real numbers. Hence (A) is true.
lim f (zn ) f (a) (B) Define f : m and g : m by
nmd q
where a m/q is in its lowest terms. But « 1 if x is rational
f ( x) ¬
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and Finally, f is discontinuous at x 1 and 3 and at all

other values of x, f is continuous implies the number val-
g( x) ¬ ues of x at which f is discontinuous is two. Therefore (D)
1 if x is irrational is true.
Then both f and g are discontinuous at every real x Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
whereas ( f g )( x) 0 x is continuous for all
real x. So (B) is true. 11. Let
(C) Let a be irrational. Choose a sequence {xn} of « x 1 if x 1
rational numbers (see Theorem 1.49 and the note ®
f ( x) ¬ 2 x 1 if 1 b x b 2
under it) such that xn m a as n m d. Since f is con-
® x1 if x 2
tinuous at x a, by Theorem 1.52, we have
f ( xn ) m f (a) as n m d Then
(A) f is discontinuous at x 1
But
(B) f is continuous at x 2
lim f ( xn ) 0 f (a) 0
nmd (C) f has intermediate value property on [0, 2]
Hence f (a) 0 for all irrational a. Therefore f (x) 0 (D) f has intermediate value property on [1, 2]
for all real x, because any sequence of reals tending to Solution: f is discontinuous at x 1, because
a contains subsequences of rationals and irrationals.
Therefore (C) is true. lim f ( x) 0 and lim f ( x) 1
x m 1 0 x m1 0
(D) Take h(x) f (x) g(x) so that by the above result [i.e.,
So (A) is true. Now
(C)] h(x) 0 for all x. Therefore (D) is true.
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) lim f ( x) 2(2) 1 3
xm2 0
10. Let and lim f ( x) 2 1 3

xm2 0
« 2x 2 imply that f is continuous at x 2. So (B) is true.
® x2 4x 3 for x x 1, 3
® Since f is discontinuous at x 1, f cannot enjoy the
f ( x) ¬ 1 intermediate value property on [0, 2] because [0, 1] is
® for x 1
2 contained in [0, 2]. As f (x) 2x 1 is continuous on [1, 2],
®
k for x 3 it will have intermediate value property in [1, 2]. Hence,
(C) is not true whereas (D) is true. See Fig. 1.31.
Then
(A) f is not continuous at x 1 y
(B) f is discontinuous at x 3 for any value of k 4
(C) f is continuous at x 1, if f ( 1) is defined
to be 1 3
(D) The number of values of x at which f is discon- 2

tinuous is 2
1
Solution: We have
2( x 1) 2 O 1 2 3 4 x
f ( x) if x x 1
( x 1)( x 3) x 3 −1
Now
2
lim f ( x) 1 FIGURE 1.31 Multiple correct choice type question 11.
x m 1 1 3
Hence f is discontinuous at x 1 because f ( 1) is 1/2. So Answers: (A), (B), (D)
(A) is true.
Now if f ( 1) is defined to be 1, then f is continuous at 12. Let f (x) [x2] [x]2 where [ ] is the greatest integer
x 1. So (C) is true. function. Then
Again, since lim f ( x) does not exist, it follows that f (A) f is discontinuous at all integer values of x
x m 3
is not continuous at x 3, whatever value of k may be. (B) f is continuous at x 1
So (B) is true.
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(C) f is discontinuous at x 0
(n2 1) (n 1)2
(D) f is discontinuous at all integer values of x x 1
2 n 2 x 0 for n x 1
Solution: We have
lim f ( x) lim([(1 h)2 ] [1 h]2 ) Again
x m 1 0 hm 0
h0
2
lim f ( x) lim([(n h)2 ] [n h]2 )
lim([1 2 h h ] 1) xmn 0 hm 0
h 0
hm 0
h0
n2 n2 0
lim(1 [h2 2 h] 1)
hm 0 Because
1 1 0 (∵[h2 2h] 0) n2 (n h)2 n2 1
2 2
lim f ( x) lim([(1 h) ] [1 h] ) for small positive values of h implies that [(n h)2] n2.
x m1 0 hm 0
h 0 Note that at n 1, and so
lim([1 2 h h2 ] 1) lim f ( x) 2(1) 2 0
hm 0 x m1 0
h0
Therefore (D) is true.
1 1 (∵ 1 1 2 h h2 2
Answers: (B), (C), (D)
for very small positive
values of h)
QUICK LOOK
0
The function f (x) [x2] [x]2 is discontinuous at all
Therefore integer values of x x 1 and is continuous at x 1.
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 0 f (1).
x m 1 0 x m1 0
13. Let
So f is continuous at x 1. This implies that (B) is true.
Now 1 x2n
f ( x) lim
lim f ( x) lim([(0 h)2 ] [0 h]2 ) x md 1 x2n
xm0 0 hm 0
h 0
Then
0 1 (∵ [0 h] 1) (A) f is continuous for all x 1
1 (B) f is discontinuous at x 1, 1
liim f ( x) lim([(0 h)2 ] [0 h]2 ) (C) f is continuous for 1 x 1
xm0 0 hm 0
h m0 (D) f is continuous for all x 1
0 0 0
Solution: If x 1, then lim x 2 n d so that
nmd
Therefore f is discontinuous at x 0 and so (C) is true.
Let n be an integer. Then for very small positive h, we 1
lim 0
have nmd x2n
n2 1 (n h)2 n2 Therefore f (x) 1 for x 1. By definition f (p1) 0. If
so that 1 x 1, then lim ( x 2 n ) 0 so that f (x) 1. Therefore
nmd
[(n h)2] n2 1
« 1 for x 1
and [n h]2 (n 1)2 ® 0 for x 1
®®
Hence f ( x) ¬ 1 for 1 x 1
® 0 for x1
lim f ( x) lim([(n h)2 ] [n h]2 ) ®
xmn 0 hm 0
h 0 ® 1 for x1
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So f is continuous at all x x 1, 1. Figure 1.32 shows the by Theorem 1.43 the sequence {xn} converges to a finite
graph of f (x). limit, say l. Therefore
1 1
y l lim ( xn 1 ) lim (2 xn 3) (2l 3)
nmd nmd 4 4
Hence l 3/2 and so (D) is true.
1 Answers: (A), (B), (D)
15. Let x1 r 2 be a fixed number. Define xn 1 1

−1 O 1 x xn 1.
(A) Then {xn} is a decreasing sequence
−1 (B) Then xn r 2 for all n
(C) If x1 2, then lim xn 2
nmd
FIGURE 1.32 Multiple correct choice type question 13. (D) If x1 2, then lim xn 2
nmd
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
Solution: We have
14. Let x1 1 and x2 x1 (1 x1 1) x1
1 [( x1 1) x1 1]
xn 1 (2 xn 3)
4
0
for n r 1. Then
Therefore x2 x1. Assume that xn 1 xn. Now
(A) xn 2 for all n
(B) {xn} is monotonic increasing xn 2 xn 1 (1 xn 1 1) (1 xn 1)
(C) lim ( xn ) 2 xn 1 1 xn 1 0 (∵ xn 1 xn )
nmd
(D) lim ( xn ) 3/2 Therefore

nmd
xn 2 xn 1
Solution: We have x1 1 2 and
So {xn} is a decreasing sequence. This implies (A) is true.
1 5 Now
x2 (2 x1 3) 2
4 4
x2 1 x1 1 and x1 r 2 x2 r 2
Therefore xn 2 for n 1 and 2. Assume that xm 2 for
Assume xn r 2. Now,
same n m. Now
xn 1 1 xn 1 r 1 2 1 2
1 1 7
xm 1 (2 xm 3) (2(2) 3) 2
4 4 4 Therefore xn r 2 for all n. So {xn} is a decreasing sequence
which is bounded below by 2. Hence {xn} is convergent
Hence by induction, xn 2 for all n and so (A) is true. by Theorem 1.42. Suppose the limit is l. Then
Also
l lim ( xn 1 )
5 nmd
x1 1 x2
4 lim (1 xn 1)
nmd
Assume that xm xm 1. Now
1 l 1
1
xm 1 (2 xm 3) So
4
l 2 3l 2 0 l 1 or 2
1
(2 xm 1 3) (∵ xm xm 1 )
4 But xn r 2 for all n implies that l 2. So (D) is true. Also
when x1 2, then xn 2 for all x so that lim xn 2. Hence
xm 2 mmd
(C) is true.
Therefore {xn} is increasing and so (B) is true. Thus {xn} Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
is an increasing sequence and bounded above. Therefore
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1. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II. 2 sin x sin 2 x 2 sin x ¥ 1 cos x ´
(C) lim lim ¦ µ
xm0 x 3 xm0 x § x2 ¶
Column I Column II ¥ 2 x´
¥ sin x ´ ¦ 4 sin µ
lim ¦ µ 2
2x 1 xm0 § x ¶ ¦
(A) lim is (p) 2 log 2 § x 2 µ¶
xm0 1 x 1 2
¥ x´
1 2 x 3x sin
(B) f ( x) ¥ sin x ´ ¦ 2 µ
. Then (q) 1 lim ¦ µ
3 x 2 x xm0 § x ¶ ¦ x µ
¦§ µ
lim f ( x) equals 2 ¶
x m1
1s 1 1
¥ 2 sin x sin 2 x ´
(C) lim ¦ µ¶ is (r) 2 Answer: (C) m (q)
xm0 § x3
4 (D) x1 1, x2 3 x1 x2. Assume that xn xn 1.
(D) x1 1 and xn 1 2 xn . (s) ( 3 2) Therefore
x x { xn 3
Define yn 1 2 xn 2 2 xn 1
n 2
Then lim yn is (t)
3 3 xn 2 xn 1 2 xn 1 2 xn
nmd
which is positive, because xn xn 1. So {xn} is an
increasing sequence and bounded above by 2. By
Solution:
Theorem 1.42, {xn} converges to a finite limit, say L.
¥ 2x 1 ´ ¥ 2 x 1´ ¥ x ´ So
(A) lim ¦ lim ¦§ µ¶ ¦§ µ
x m0 § 1 x 1µ
¶ x m 0 x 1 x 1¶ L lim ( xn 1 ) lim 2 xn 2 L
nmd nmd
¥ x ´ 1
lim ¦ 2 1µ Now
xm0 § x ¶ ¥ 1 x 1´
¦§ µ¶ L2 L 2 0
x
1 (L 2)(L 1) 0
(log 2)
¥ 1´ L 2 (∵ xn 2 n)
¦§ µ¶
2
By Cauchy’s first theorem on limits (Theorem 1.45)
2 log 2 lim yn 2
nmd
Answer: (A) m (p)
Answer: (D) m (r)
1 2 x 3x 2. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II.

(B) f ( x)
3 x 2 x
¥ 1 2 x 3x ´ ¥ 3 x 2 x ´ Column I Column II
¦
§ 3 x 4 x µ¶ ¦§ 1 2 x 3 x µ¶
¥ sin x cos x ´
(A) lim ¦ µ¶ is (p) 1
1¥ 3 x 2 x ´ x md § x2
¦
3 § 1 2 x 3 x µ¶ ¥ 1 1´
(B) If l lim ¦ 3 µ , then (q) 0
Therefore xm0 § x 8 x 2x ¶
(48)l is
1 ( 2 2) 2
lim f ( x) (C) If [ ] denotes greatest (r) 1
x m1 3 2 3 3 3
integer function, then
Answer: (B) m (t)
lim([ x 2] [2 x] x)
xm2
(D) lim ([ x] x ) ([x] is integral part (s) 2

x m 1 0
of x) is equal to
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Solution:
Column I Column II
(A) 2 b sin x cos x b 2 (i.e., sin x cos x is bound-
«2 x for 0 b x b 1
ed) and 1/x2 m 0 as x m d. This implies (C) f ( x) ¬ (r) [ 1, 3]
x 1 for x 1
sin x cos x Then f is not continuous at x
lim 0
x md x2 equal to
Answer: (A) m (q)
« x 2 a2
® if x x a
(B) We have (D) f ( x) ¬ x a (s) 1
®0 if x a

2 3 8 x
l lim Then f is continuous at x a, if
xm 2 2 x s 3 8 3
the value of a is
1 ¥3 3 ´ 1 (t) 3
lim ¦ 8 x 8 µ 3
2 xm 2 § x ¶ 8 x
1 1 1 Solution:
s 8 2 / 3 s
2 3 2 (A) f (1) = 2(1) − 4(1) + 5(1) − 4 = − 1
1 1 1 1 f (2) = 2(8) 4(4) 5(2) 4 = 6
s s s
2 3 4 2 f (1) f (2) 0 and f is continuous on [1, 2]. This
1 implies f (x) has a zero in (1, 2).

48 Answer: (A) m (q)
Therefore (48) l 1.
(B) f 16 x 2 is continuous on [ 4, 0] and f (0) 4,
Answer: (B) m (r) f ( 4) 0. Since 0 7 4 , by intermediate value
theorem for continuous functions on a closed in-
(C) In a neighbourhood (very small) of 2, terval,
[x 2] [2 x] 1 f ( x) 7 for some x ( 4, 0)
[x 2] [2 x] x 1 x 16 x 2 7 for some x ( 4, 0)
Therefore xp3
lim([ x 2] [2 x] x) 1 2 1 Therefore x 3.
xm2
Answer: (C) m (p) Answer: (B) m (t)
(C) For
(D) [1 h] 0 when h 0 is very small. This implies
lim ([ x] x ) 0 1 1 « 2x if 0 b x b 1
x m 1 0
f ( x) ¬
x 1 if x 1
Answer: (D) m (p)
lim f ( x) 2
xm1 0
3. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II.
and lim f ( x) 1 1 0
x m1 0
Column I Column II implies that f (x) is not continuous at x 1.

(A) f ( x) 2 x 3 4 x 2 5 x 4 has a (p) 0 Answer: (C) m (s)
zero in the interval
(D) lim f ( x) 2a and f (a) 0 f is continuous at x a,
2 xma
(B) If f ( x) 16 x then f (x) (q) [1, 2]
only when a 0.
assumes the value 7 at x
equals to Answer: (D) m (p)
(Continued)
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4. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II. (C) Let

cosec x
¥ (1 tan x) ´
f ( x) ¦
Column I Column II § 1 sin x µ¶
sec x
(A) lim(1 sin x)cosec x is (p) 0 (1 tan x)1/tan x ·¹
xm0 ª̈
x (1 sin x)1/sin x
¥ x 2´ (q) e
(B) lim ¦ µ is Therefore
x md § x 1 ¶
co sec x e
¥ 1 tan x ´ (r) 1 lim f ( x) 1
(C) lim ¦ µ is xm0 e
x m 0 § 1 sin x ¶
Answer: (C) m (r)
« P P
® x 2 , xb
2
® (D) We have
® P
(D) f ( x) ¬ cos x, xb0 (s) e2 ¥ O´ O
® 2 lim f ( x) ¦ µ
O
x m ¥¦ ´µ 0
§ 2¶ 2
® x 1, 0 x b1 § 2¶
®log x, x 1
¥ O´
0 cos ¦ µ
Then the number of points at (t) e § 2¶
which f is not continuous is lim f ( x)
O
x m 0
(IIT-JEE 2011) 2
Therefore f is continuous at x O / 2. Now

Solution:
lim f ( x) cos 0 1 0 1 lim f ( x)
(A) lim(1 sin x)cosec x lim(1 sin x)1/sin x e xm0 0 xm0 0
xm0 xm0
Answer: (A) m (q) Therefore f is continuous at x 0. Again

lim f ( x) 1 1 0 log 1 lim f ( x)
x x m 1 0 x m1 0
¥ 2´
x 1 Therefore f is continuous at x 1. This implies that f
¥ x 2´ ¦ xµ
(B) ¦ µ ¦
§ x 1¶ 1µ is continuous for all x.
¦§ 1 µ
x¶ Answer: (D) m (p)
x/2 2
¨¥ 2´ · 5. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II.
©¦§ 1 µ ¸
x¶ ¹
ª x
¥ 1´ Column I Column II
¦§ 1 µ¶
x
1 tan x 1
Therefore (A) Let f ( x) tan x 1 tan x (p) 2
x/2 2
¨¥ 2´ · 1 tan x 1
x lim © ¦ 1 µ ¸
¥ x 2´ x md ª § x¶ ¹ Then the number of values of x
lim ¦ µ
x md § x 1 ¶ 1
x such that 0 b x O/2 at which f is
lim ¦¥ 1 ´µ not continuous is
x md § x¶
e2 « 9x
e ® sin 2
e ® if x x 0
(B) Let f ( x) ¬ x (q) 3
Answer: (B) m (q) sin
® 2
® k if x 0

If k is the value such that f is
continuous at x 0, then 2k/9 is
(Continued)
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6. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II.

Column I Column II
(C) Let f (x) 3x 5. Then lim f 1 ( x) (r) 1 Column I Column II
x m1
is equal to
1¥ 1 1 1 ´
(D) If f (x) [x] |1 x| where [x] (s) 1 (A) lim ¦1 { µ equals (p) 1
nmd n§ 3 5 2 n 1¶
is the integral part of x, then
lim f ( x) is 1 1 1
xm2 0
(B) Let sn 2
2
{ (q) 1/2
(n 1) ( n 2) ( n n) 2
(t) 0
Then lim ( sn ) is equal to
n md
Solution: 4 3 xn
(C) Let x1 1 and xn 1 for n r 1
3 2 xn (r) 0
(A) Add R3 to R1. Then
Then lim xn is equal to
nmd
0 0 2
f ( x) tan x 1 tan x ¥ n´
(D) lim ¦ n µ is (s) 2
nmd § 2 ¶
1 tan x 1
2(tan2 x 1) 2 sec2 x (t) 2
which is continuous for all x in [0, O / 2].
Solution:
Answer: (A) m (t)
1
(A) Let sn so that lim sn 0. Therefore by
(B) We have 2n 1 nmd
Cauchy’s first theorem on limits (Theorem 1.45)
¨¥ 9x ´ ¥ x ´ ·
©¦ sin 2 µ 9 x ¦ 2 µ 2 ¸ 1
1 1 ...

1
lim f ( x) lim ©¦ µ ¦ µ ¸ s1 s2 ... sn 3 5 2 n 1 m 0 as n m d
xm0 xm0
©¦ 9 x µ 2 ¦ sin x µ x ¸ n

n
©ª§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶ ¸¹
Answer: (A) m (r)
9k
Therefore (B) We have
2 1 1 1
(k ) 2 sn 2
2
...
9 (n 1) ( n 2) (n n)2
Answer: (B) m (p) 1 1
b 2 2 ... n times
n n
(C) We have
n 1
f ( x) 3 x 5 2

n n
1 x5
f ( x) Therefore
3
1
Therefore sn b n
n
1 5
lim f 1 ( x) 2 Also
x m1 3
Answer: (C) m (p) 1 1
sn r 2
... n times
(n n) (n n)2
(D) In the left neighbourhood 2, [2 h] 1. Therefore
n 1
lim f ( x) lim([2 h] 1 (2 h) ) 2

xm2 0 hm 0 4n 4n
h 0
That is
1 1 2
Answer: (D) m (p) 1 1
b sn b
4n n
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Hence by squeezing theorem lim sn 0 because This gives

1 nmd
lim 0. 3l 2l 2 4 3l
n md n
2l 2 4 or l p 2
Answer: (B) m (r)
7 Hence xn 1 n l 2.
(C) x1 1, x2 x1 x2 2. By induction we can see Answer: (C) m (t)
5
that xn xn 1 so that {xn} is an increasing sequence
and also xn 2 n. That is {xn} is an increasing se- (D) Let xn n/2n. Then
quence and bounded above. Hence by Theorem 1.42
{xn} converges to a finite limit say l. So xn 1 1 ¥ n 1 ´ 1 ¥ 1´
¦ µ ¦ 1 µ¶ m 1/2 as n m d
xn 2§ n ¶ 2§ n
l lim xn 1
x md
Therefore by Ratio test (Theorem 1.47)
¥ 4 3 xn ´
lim ¦ xn m 0 as n m d
nmd § 3 2 x µ
n¶
Answer: (D) m (r)
4 3l

3 2l
1. Passage: It is known that 1 1
1s
¥ sin x ´ tan x 2 2
lim ¦ µ 1 lim
xm0 § x ¶ xm0 x Answer: (C)
Based on this information, answer the following ¨ ¥ sin 2 x ´ 3 ·

questions. 3 © ¦ µ 8x3 ¸
sin 2 x § 2x ¶ ¸8
(ii) lim lim ©
1 cos x x m 0 x sin 2 3 x x m 0 © ¥ sin 3 x ´ 2 ¸ 9
(i) lim is ©x¦ 9x2 ¸
xm0 x2 µ
ª § 3x ¶ ¹
(A) 1 (B) 2 Answer: (D)
1
(C) (D) 0 ¥ 1 2 cos x cos 2 x ´ 2 cos2 x 2 cos x
2 (iii) lim ¦ µ lim
xm0 § x2 ¶ xm0 x2
sin 3 2 x
(ii) lim is equal to
x m0 x sin 2 3 x 2 cos x(cos x 1)
lim
3 4
xm0 x2
(A) (B)
2 9 x
sin 2
2 8 4 lim 2
(C) (D) xm0 x2
3 9
2
¥ 1 2 cos x cos 2 x ´ ¥ x´
(iii) lim ¦ µ¶ is sin
xm0 §
¦ 2 µ 1
x2 lim ¦
x µ
(A) 1 (B) 1 ¦§ µ
2 ¶
1 1 Answer: (B)
(C) (D)
2 2
¥ xn an ´ n 1
Solution: 2. Passage: Using lim ¦ µ na
xm a § x a ¶
, answer the fol-
¥ x´ lowing questions.
2 sin 2
(i) lim 1 cos x ¦ 2µ
lim ¦ µ¶ ¥ x 1/3 x 1/2 x 3/2 3 ´
xm0 x2 xm0 § x 2
(i) lim ¦
x m1 §
µ¶ is
2
x3 1
¥ x´
sin 2 7
¦
lim ¦ 2µ 1 (A) (B)
xm0 x µ 2 3 9
¦§ µ
2 ¶
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(C)
1
(D)
1 ( x n 1) ( x n 1 1) ... ( x 2 1) ( x 1)

3 9 x 1
(ii) If n is a positive integer then
x n 1 x n 1 1 ... x 2 1 x 1
n1
¥x (n 1) x n ´ x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
lim ¦ µ
x m1 § ( x 1)2 ¶ Therefore
n n1
(A) (B) lim f ( x) n (n 1) (n 2) ... 2 1
2 2 x m1
n(n 1) n(n 1)(2 n 1) n(n 1)

(C) (D)
2 2 2
¥ 1 2 x 1´ Answer: (C)
(iii) lim ¦ µ¶ is
xm0 § x
(iii) We have
1
(A) 0 (B) ¨ 1 2x 1·
2 1 2x 1
lim lim 2 © ¸
1 xm0 x xm0
ª (1 2 x) 1 ¹
(C) (D) 1
2 ¥ y 1´
2 lim ¦ µ , where y 1 2 x
Solution: ym 1 § y 1 ¶
(i) Let 1
2s 1
x 1/3
x 1/2
x 3/2
3 2
f ( x) 3 Answer: (D)
x 1
Therefore 3. Passage: A function f is continuous at a point a if and
x 1/3
x 1/2
x 3/2
3 only if
f ( x)
( x 1)( x 2 x 1) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a)
xma 0 xma 0
¨¥ x 1/3 1´ ¥ x 1/2 1´ ¥ x 3/2 1´ · 1
©¦ Equivalently lim f ( x) f (a). Based on this informa-
x 1 µ ¦ x 1 µ ¦ x 1 µ¸ 2 xma
©ª § ¶ § ¶ § ¶ ¸¹ x x1
tion, answer the following questions.
Taking limit we get
(i) Let
¥ 1 1 3´ 1
lim f ( x) ¦ µ x2 x2 x2 x2
x m1 § 3 2 2¶ 1 1 1 f ( x) ... d
1 x2 (1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 )3 (1 x 2 )4
14 1 7
s Then lim f ( x)
6 3 9 x m0
Answer: (B) (A) is 0

(B) is 1
(ii) Let
(C) is continuous at x 0
x n 1 (n 1) x n (D) is discontinuous at x 0
f ( x)
( x 1)2
(ii) Let
n
x( x 1) n( x 1) «1 x if x b 2
f ( x) ¬
( x 1)2 5 x if x 2
x( x n 1) «® x 2 if x 2
n g( x) ¬
x 1 ® 4 if x b2
x 1
Then
x( x n 1 x n 2 ... x 1) n
(A) f is discontinuous at x 2 and g is continu-
x 1
ous at x 2
( x n x n 1 x n 2 ... x) n (B) f is continuous at 2 and g is discontinuous at 2

x 1
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(C) both f and g gave continuous at p 2 4. Passage: Let f : m be such that

(D) both f and g are discontinuous at p 2 (a) f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) x, y
(iii) Let (b) f (1) 2
« 1 if x 0 (c) f is continuous at origin.
®
f ( x) ¬ 0 if x 0 Answer the following questions.
® 1 if x 0 (i) Which of the following statements is true?

and g( x) 1 x [ x] (A) f is discontinuous at all rational values of x
(B) f is discontinuous at all irrational values of x
where [x] is the integral part of x. Define h(x)
f (g(x)). Then (C) f is continuous for all real x
(A) h(x) is not continuous at integer values of x (D) f (x) 2x
(B) h(x) is continuous at x 0 only ¥ 2 f ( x ) 1´
(ii) lim ¦ µ¶ is equal to
(C) h(x) is continuous for all real x x 0, p 1 xm0 § x
(D) h(x) is continuous for all real x 1
(A) log 4 (B) log 2
Solution: 2
(i) f (x) is a geometric series with common ratio 1/(1 1
(C) log 2 (D) log 4
x2) which is positive and less then unity when x x 0. 8
Thus (iii) lim (1 f ( x))1/x is
x md
¥ x2 ´
¦ 1 x2 µ (A) e2 (B) e
§ ¶
f ( x) 1 (C) e (D) e4
1
1 (IIT-JEE 2011)
1 x2
Solution:
So
(i) We shall prove that f is continuous at all real x. Let
«1 when x x 0 a . Now
f ( x) ¬
0 when x 0 f (x y) f (x) f (y) for all x, y
Therefore f is not continuous at x 0. 0 f (0 0) f (0) f (0)
Answer: (D)
Therefore
(ii) We have f (0) 0 (1.80)
lim f ( x) 1 2 Also,
xm2 0
0 f (0)
and lim f ( x) 5 2 3
xm2 0
f (x ( x)) f (x) f ( x)
Also
f ( x) f (x) (1.81)
lim g( x) 2 2 4 lim g( x)
xm2 0 xm2 0 Now
Thus both f (x) and g(x) are continuous at x 2. lim f ( x) lim f (a h)
xma 0 hm 0
Also both f and g are continuous at x 2. There-
fore both f and g are continuous at x p2. lim f (a ( h))
hm 0
Answer: (C)
lim( f (a) f ( h))
hm 0
(iii) Since
lim( f (a) f (h))
x [x] r 0 h(x) f (g(x)) 1 hm 0
for all x, therefore h is continuous for all real x. f (a) lim f (h)
hm 0
Answer: (D) f (a) f (0) [By (c)]
f (a) 0 [By Eq. (1.80)]
f (a)
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Thus lim f ( x) f (a). Similarly lim f ( x) f (a). is continuous on will be determined by the value
xma 0 xma 0
of f (1). In fact if f (1) k, then f (x) kx.
Therefore
(ii) We have
lim f ( x) f (a)
xma (2 f ( x ) 1) ¥ 2 2 x 1´
lim lim ¦ (∵ f ( x) 2 x)
so that f is continuous at a . xm0 x xm0 § x µ¶
Answer: (C) ¥ 4 x 1´
lim ¦
xm0 § x µ¶
Now, we prove that f (x) 2x.
Case I: Suppose x is a positive integer. Then log 4 2 log 2
Answer: (A)
f ( x) f (1 1 { x times)
f (1) f (1) { x times (iii) We have
2 2 { 2 ( x times) [∵ f (1) 2] lim (1 f ( x))1/x lim (1 2 x)1/x
x md x md
2x
lim (1 2 x)(1/2 x )2
Case II: x is a negative integer, say x y where y is x md
a positive integer. Then e2

f ( x) f ( y) Answer: (A)
f ( y) [By Eq. (1.81)] 5. Passage: The function y f (x) is defined by the para-
(2 y) (By Case I) metric equations
2x (∵ x y) x 2t t 1
Case III: Suppose x m/n where m is an integer and and y 2t 2 t t
n is a positive integer. Then Answer the following questions.
f (m) f (nx) f ( x x { upto n times) (i) The value of f (2) is
f ( x) f ( x) { upto n times (A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) 0
nf ( x)
(ii) f (x) consumes the value 1/2 at x equal to
But f (m) 2m (by Cases I and II). Therefore
(A) 2 1 (B) 3 2
2 m nf ( x) 2 2
¥ m´ (C) 2 1 31
(D)
f ( x) 2 ¦ µ 2 x
§ n¶ 2 2
(iii) The number of values of x at which f is discon-
Case IV: Suppose x is irrational. According to Theo- tinuous is
rem 1.49 together with the Note under it, we can al-
ways construct a sequence {xn} of rational numbers (A) 0 (B) 1
such that xn m x as n m d Since f is continuous at x, (C) 2 (D) 4
by Theorem 1.52
Solution: First, we express f explicitly which will help
f (xn) m f (x) as n m d us in answering the questions.
But f (xn) 2xn (by Case III). Therefore Case I: t 0. In such case for the given equations we
f ( x) lim f ( xn ) have
nmd
x 2t (1 t) 3t 1
lim (2 xn ) 2
nmd ¥ x 1´
and y 2t 2 t 2 t 2 ¦
2 lim xn § 3 µ¶
nmd
2x Also t 0 x 1.
Case II: 0 b t b 1. In this case we have
Thus f ( x) 2 x x . Note that all the functions
satisfying the conditions f (x y) = f (x) f (y) and f x 2t (1 t) 3t 1
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2 (i) If h(x) is continuous for all real x, then

2 2 ¥ x 1´
2
and y 2t t 3t 3 ¦
§ 3 µ¶ (A) a 1, b 1 (B) a 1, b 0
(C) a 0, b 1 (D) a 1, b 0
Also 0 b t b 1 1 b x b 2.
(ii) If h(x) is continuous for all x, then the number
Case III: t 1. In this case we have of solutions of the equation h(x) 0 is
x 2t (t 1) t 1 (A) 3 (B) 2
and y 2t2 t2 3t2 3(x 1)2 (C) 4 (D) 0
(iii) The number of values of x at while f is discon-
Also x 2. Therefore
tinuous is
«1 2 (A) infinite (B) 2
® 9 ( x 1) for x 1
® (C) 0 (D) 4
1
f ( x) ¬ ( x 1)2 for 1 b x b 2 (IIT-JEE 2002 mains)
®3
® 2 Solution:
3( x 1) for x 2
(i) We have (i) We will first find g f .
1 ( g f )( x) g( f ( x))
f (2) (2 1)2 3
3 «x a 1 for x a
® 2
Answer: (A) ®( x a 1) b for a b x 0
¬ 2 2
(ii) Since f is continuous on [ 1, 2] and ®( x 1 1) b x b for 0 b x 1
® 2
1 ( x 2) b for x r 1
f ( 1) 0 3 f (2) Since g f is continuous at x a, we have that
2
left limit at x a is same as right limit at x a.
by the intermediate value theorem for continuous Therefore
functions, we have f (x) 1/2 for some x [ 1, 2].
Therefore 11bb0
1 1 Also at x 0, g f is continuous. Therefore left

( x 1)2 and right limits at x 0 are equal. So
3 2
(a 1)2 b 0 b
3 2
x ( 1, 2)
2 a1
Answer: (B) Thus a 1, b 0.
Answer: (D)
(iii) Clearly f is continuous at x 1 and 2 and hence f
is continuous for all x. (ii) For these values of a and b,
Answer: (A)
«x 2 if x 1
® 2
Note: Draw the graph of y f (x) of the above function h g f ¬x if 1 b x 1
to have a clear picture. ® 2
( x 2) if x r 1
6. Passage: Let
y
«x a if x 0
f ( x) ¬
x 1 if x r 0
(−1,1) (1,1)
1
and
«® x 1 if x 0
g( x) ¬ 2 −2 −1 O 1 2 x
®( x 1) b if x r 0
where a and b are non-negative real constants. For
the function h( x) ( g f )( x), answer the following
questions. FIGURE 1.33 Comprehension-type question 6.
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Now h( 2) 0, h(0) 0 and h(2) 0 implies that (iii) Since there is no break in the curve (see Fig. 1.33) h
the equation h(x) 0 has three solutions. is continuous for all real x.
Answer: (A) Answer: (C)
Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions Clearly Statement II is true [see part (1) of Important
Formulae]. Now
In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given x
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. ¥ 3´
x 1
Mark the correct answer as: ¥ x 3´ ¦ x µ
lim ¦ µ xlim
x md § x 2 ¶ md ¦ 2µ
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II ¦§ 1 µ¶
is a correct explanation for Statement I. x
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is x/3 · 3
¨
not a correct explanation for Statement I. lim ©¥¦ 1 3 ´µ ¸
x md ª § x¶ ¹
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. 2
¨¥ x / 2
(D) Statement I is false and Statement II is true. 2´ ·
lim ©¦ 1 µ ¸
x md § x¶ ¹
ª
1. Statement I: The sum of the infinite series
e 3
e 5
1

1

1

1 {
e2
2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
Statement I is also true and Statement II is a correct
is 1/2. explanation of Statement I.
Statement II: The nth term of the series is equal to Answer: (A)
1 1
. 3. Let [x] denote the integral part of x.
n1 n2
Statement I: Let
Solution: The nth term of the series is
« sin[ x]
1 1 1 ® if [ x] x 0
f ( x) ¬ [ x]
(n 1)(n 2) n 1 n 2 ® 0
if [ x] 0
Thus, Statement II is true. Now let
Then lim f ( x) does not exist.
x m0
1 1 1
uk
(k 1)(k 2) k 1 k 2 ¥ sin x ´
Statement II: lim ¦ µ 1
xm0 § x ¶
Put k 1, 2, ..., n and add. Then
1 1 Solution: Statement II is true (see Theorem 1.27). Now
sn u1 u2 u3 { un
2 n2 sin[0 h]
lim f ( x) lim
xm0 0 hm 0 [0 h]
Thus h 0
1 1 sin( 1)
lim sn 0 lim
nmd 2 2 hm 0 ( 1)
Therefore Statement I is also true and Statement II is a sin 1
correct explanation of Statement I.
Also lim f ( x) 0 because [0 h] 0. Therefore
Answer: (A) xm0 0
x lim f ( x) x lim f ( x) does not exist

¥ x 3´ xm0 0 xm0 0
2. Statement I: lim ¦ µ is equal to e 5
x md § x 2 ¶
lim f ( x) does nott exist
x xm0
¥ 1´
Statement II: lim ¦ 1 µ e
x md § x¶
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Statement I is also true. That is, both statements are true and 6. Statement I: Let
Statement II is not a correct explanation of Statement I.
« 1 sin 3 x P
Answer: (B) ® 2
if x
® 3 cos x 2
4. Statement I: Let ® P
f ( x) ¬ a if x
® 2
« sin x P
® if x 0 ® b(1 sin x)
f ( x) ¬ x ® (P 2 x)2 if x
®ax b 2
if x 0
If lim f ( x) exists, then a 1 and b 0. If f is continuous at x O / 2 then the values of a and
x m0 b are, respectively, 1/2 and 4.
Statement II: lim( px q) q where p and q are any Statement II: A function f is continuous at x c, if
xm0 and only if
real constants.
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (c)
xmc 0 xmc 0
Solution: Statement II is clearly true. Since lim f ( x)
x m0
exists, the left and right limits of f (x) at x 0 must be Solution: Statement II is true (Theorem 1.24). So
equal. So ¥P ´
1 sin 3 ¦ hµ
§2 ¶
¥ sin x ´ lim f ( x) lim
lim ¦
xm0 §
µ 1 P h m 0 ¥ P ´
x ¶ xm 0
2 h 0 3 cos ¦
2
hµ
§2 ¶
lim f ( x) 1
xm0 0 1 cos3 h
lim
Now hm 0 3 sin 2 h
lim f ( x) lim (ax b) b (1 cos h)(1 cos h cos2 h)
xm0 0 xm0 0 lim
hm 0 3(1 cos h)(1 cos h)
Therefore b 1 whereas a may be any real number.
Hence Statement I is false. 1 cos h cos2 h
lim
hm 0 3(1 cos h)
Answer: (D)
3 1 ¥P´
f¦ µ a
¥ sin 2 x a sin x ´ 3(2) 2 § 2¶
5. Statement I: If lim ¦ µ¶ exists finitely,
xm0 § x3
then the value of a is 2. Therefore a 1/2. Also
f ( x) ¨ ¨ ¥P ´··
Statement II: If lim exists finitely and © b ©1 sin ¦ hµ ¸ ¸
x m a g( x) §2 ¶¹¸
lim f ( x) lim © ª
lim g( x) 0 then lim f ( x) 0. xm0 0 ©
hm 0 ¥ 2 ¸
h 0 © P 2 ¥
P ´´ ¸
xma xma ¦§ hµ¶ µ
©ª ¦§ 2 ¶ ¸¹
Solution: According to Corollary 1.3, Statement II is
true. Now b(1 cos h)
lim
hm 0 ( 2 h)2
¥ sin 2 x a sin x ´ ¥ sin x ´ (2 cos x a)
lim ¦ µ¶ xlim ¦§ µ
xm0 § x 3 m 0 x ¶ x2 2b sin 2
h
lim 2
2 cos x a
lim exists finitely hm 0 4h2
xm0 x2
h
Therefore b sin 2
lim 2
lim(2 cos x a) 0 hm 0 2h2
xm0
2
¥ h´
So a 2. sin
b¦ 2µ
lim ¦
Answer: (A) hm 0 8 h µ
¦§ µ
2 ¶
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b Therefore

8 1
a and b 4
Now 2
b 1 Hence Statement I is also correct and Statement II is a

a b4 correct explanation of Statement I.
8 2
Answer: (A)

1. Let f : m be a function and 0 @ 1. If x y (∵1 A 0 and x y r 0)
f ( x) f ( y) b A x y x, y Answer: 1
Then the number of points of x such that the 2. Let

graph of y f (x) intersects the line y x is _______.
« 3 x 4 tan x
Solution: Let x0 . Now define ® if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
x1 f ( x0 ), x2 f ( x1 ), {, xn 1 f ( xn ) { ® k if x 0
Consider the sequence {xn}. By the construction of the If f is continuous at x 0, then the value of k is _______.
sequence {xn} and the property that f is satisfying, we get
Solution: We have
that
¥ 4 tan x ´
xn xn 1 b A n x0 x1 (1.82) lim f ( x) lim ¦ 3 µ
xm0 xm0 § x ¶
Therefore for m n, we have
3 4 7
xn xm xn xn 1 xn 1 xn 2 Therefore k 7.
... xn m ( n 1) xn m n Answer: 7
b @ n x0 x1 @ n 1 x0 x1 3. Let f : ( 1, 1) m ( 1, 1) be continuous and f (x) f (x2)
1
... @ n m ( n 1) x0 x1 for all x ( 1, 1) and f (0) , then the value of
2
A n x0 x1 (1 A A 2 ... A m ( n1) ) ¥ 1´
4 f ¦ µ is _______.
§ 4¶
1
b A n x0 x1
1 A Solution: By hypothesis
¥ 2 1 ´
¦§∵ 1 A A ... d µ f (0)
1
1 A¶ 2
Since 0 @ 1, @ n m 0 as n m d Hence {xn} is a Cauchy
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
sequence so that lim xn exists. Suppose lim xn x. Also f ¦ µ f ¦ µ f ¦ µ { f ¦ n µ for n r 1
nmd nmd § 2¶ § 4¶ § 16 ¶ §2 ¶
for any two y and z in
Since f is continuous at x 0, by Theorem 1.52 we have
f ( y) f (z) b @ y z y z (∵ 0 @ 1)
¥ 1´
implies that f is continuous on . Therefore f ¦ n µ m f (0) as n m d
§2 ¶
xn m x f (xn) m f (x) (By Corollary 1.12)
Therefore
But f (xn) xn 1 { f (xn)} is a subsequence of {xn}.
¥ 1´ 1
Hence (by Theorem 1.44) lim f ¦ n µ f (0)
n md §2 ¶ 2
xn m x as n m d f (xn) m x as n m d
¥ 1´ 1
Therefore f (x) x. To prove that the point is unique, f¦ µ
§ 4¶ 2
suppose f (x) x and f (y) y. Therefore
x y f ( x) f ( y ) b A x y ¥ 1´
4f ¦ µ 2
§ 4¶
(1 A ) x y b 0
Answer: 2
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4. For x (0, 1), define 3

¥ 2 x 1´
« x(1 x) if x is rational ¦ x µ
® § ¶
f ( x) ¬ 1 lim f ( x) lim
xm0 xm0 ¥ sin( x log 2) ´ log(1 x 2 log 4)
® 4 x(1 x) if x is not rational
log 2 ¦ log 4
§ x log 2 µ¶ x 2 log 4
Then, the number of points in (0, 1) at which f is con- (log 2)3
tinuous is ________.
(log 2)(2 log 2)
Solution: Let 0 a 1. Then f is continuous at a if and 1
only if, log 2
2
1
a(1 a)
a(1 a) Therefore f (0) is defined to be (1/2)log 2 so that
4 [f (0)] 0.
2p 2 Answer: 0
a (0, 1)
4
because in every neighbourhood of a, there are infinitely 7. Let
many rationals tending to a and infinitely many irratio- « x
nals tending to a. ®1 x if x 1
®
Answer: 2 f ( x) ¬
® x if x r 1
5. If m and n stand for the number of positive and nega-
® 1 x
tive roots, respectively, of the equation ex x, then m The number of points at which f is not continuous is
n is equal to _______. _______.
Solution: We have
Solution: We have e x 0 x . Also ex m 0 as x m d « x

®1 x if x b 1
and ex m das x m d. The function f (x) x is the graph ®
of the line y x (see Fig. 1.34). Also ex x for x r 0. Hence ® x if 1 x 0
m 0 and n 0. ®1 x
Answer: 0 f ( x) ¬
® x if 0 b x 1
y ®1 x
® x
® if x r 1
1 x
1 Clearly
y= cx
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 0 f (0)
p /4 xm0 0 xm0 0
O x
Hence f is continuous at x 0. Also
x 1
=
y lim f ( x)
x m( 1) 0 2
but lim f ( x) does not exist and
x m( 1) 0
1
lim f ( x)
FIGURE 1.34 Integer type question 5. x m1 0 2
6. If but lim f ( x) does not exist. Therefore at x p1, f is not
x m1 0
(2 x 1)3 continuous.
f ( x)
sin( x log 2) log(1 x 2 log 4) Answer: 2
is continuous everywhere, then the integral part of 8. If f : m is continuous and satisfies the relation
f (0) is ______.
f (x y) f (x y) 2 f (x) 2 f (y)
Solution: We have
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and f (1) 1, then f (3) is equal to________. Solution: Given relation is

Solution: In the given relation, taking x y 0, we ¥ 1 ´ 2 2
f ( x) f ¦ (1.84)
have f (0) 0. Also x 0 implies § 1 x µ¶ x 1 x
f (y) f ( y) 0 2 f (y) 1
Replacing x with in Eq. (1.84) we have
f ( y) f (y) 1 x
Again if we put y x in the given relation we get ¥ 1 ´ ¥ x 1´ 2(1 x)
f¦ f¦ 2(1 x) (1.85)
f (2x) 4 f (x) 22 f (x) (1.83) § 1 x µ¶ § x µ¶ x
Now replacing y with 2x in the given relation we obtain 1

Again replacing x with in Eq. (1.84), we get
1 x
f (3x) f ( x) 2 f (x) 2 f (2x)
Therefore [∵ f ( x) f ( x)] ¥ x 1´ 2x
f¦ f ( x) 2 x (1.86)
§ x µ¶ 1 x
f (3x) f (x) 2 f (2x)
Now adding Eqs. (1.84) and (1.86) and subtracting
f ( x) 2 2 2 f ( x) [By Eq. (1.83)] Eq. (1.85) gives
32 f (x) ¥2 2 2x ´ 2(1 x)
2 f ( x) ¦ 2x µ 2(1 x)
Therefore by induction, we have f (nx) f (x) for all n2 § x 1 x 1 x¶ x
positive integers n. Replacing n with n and observing ¥ 2 2(1 x) ´ ¥ 2 2x ´
that f ( x) f (x) x, we have ¦ µ ¦ µ 2 x 2(1 x)
§x x ¶ § 1 x 1 x¶
f ( nx) f (nx) n2 f (x) ( n)2 f (x)
2 x 2(1 x)
2
Therefore f (nx) n2 f (x) for all integers x. Also x (1 x)
f (n) n2 (∵ f (1) 1) 2( x 1)
2 2
If x p/q is rational, then x 1
q2 f ( x) f (qx) f ( p) p2 f (1) p2 (∵ f (1) 1) 2( x 1)

x 1
Therefore
p2 Therefore
f ( x) 2
x 2 for all rational
q x1
f ( x)
x 1
If x is irrational, then let {xn} be a sequence of rational
numbers such that xn m x as n m d. Since f is continuous, Taking limit we get
by Theorem 1.52 we have
¥ x 1´ 2 1
f (xn) m f (x) as n m d lim ¦ µ
x m 2 § x 1¶
3
2 1
But Answer: 3
lim f ( xn ) lim ( xn2 ) x 2
nmd nmd 10. The number of solutions of the equation cos x x in
the interval [O /6, O /4] is ________.
Therefore f (x) x2 when x is irrational. Also f (x) x2 for
all real x. Hence Solution: Let f (x) cos x x Clearly f (x) is continuous
on [O /6, O /4]. Also
f (3) 32 9
Answer: 9 ¥P´ 3 P
f¦ µ 0
§ 6¶ 2 6
9. If f is a real-valued function defined for all x x 0, 1 and
satisfying the relation ¥P´ 1 P
and f¦ µ 0
§ 4¶ 2 4
¥ 1 ´ 2
f ( x) f ¦
§ 1 x µ¶ x 1 x Hence by Corollary 1.10, f (x) 0 for same x (O /6,
O /4). Since x cos x is strictly increasing in [ 0, O /2], it fol-
Then lim f ( x) is ________. lows that the equation x cos x 0 has unique solution.
x m2
Answer: 1
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EXERCISES
1. Let f (x) log10 (3x2 4x 5) where x is real. Then, ¥ x n 1´
the domain and range of f are, respectively lim ¦ µ
x m1 § x 1 ¶
(A) {0} and
(A) 6 (B) 7
(B) and [log 10 (11/3), d)
(C) 8 (D) 9
(C) {0, 1} and [log10 (13/3), d)
(D) and 8. Let A be the set of all non-negative integer and for
real number t, [t] denotes the greatest integer not
x 2 exceeding t. Define f : A m by
2. Let f ( x) . Then the range of f is
x2 2 x 3
«0 if x 0
¨ 1 1 · ¨ 1 1 · ®
(A) © , ¸ (B) © , ¸ f ( x) ¬¥ ¨ x ·´ ¨ª log10 x ·¹ ¥ ¨ x ·´
ª 2 2¹ ª 3 3¹ ®¦§ x 10 ©ª 10 ¸¹µ¶ 10 f ¦ © ¸µ if x 0
§ ª 10 ¹¶

¨ 3 1· ¨ ( 3 1) 3 1 ·
(C) ©0, ¸ (D) © , ¸ ¥ x a 1´
ª 4 ¹ ª 4 4 ¹ If a f (7752), then lim ¦ µ is
x m1 § x 1 ¶
x2 x 2 (A) 2577 (B) 7572

3. The range of f ( x) is
x2 x 1 (C) 7275 (D) 2757
(A) [1, d) (B) [ 1, d)
9. Let f be a real-valued function satisfying the relation
(C) [1, 7/5) (D) [1, 7/3)
¥ 1´
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ 3 x for all real x x 0
4. The domain and range of f ( x) log( x 2 6 x 10 ) § x¶
are respectively
If n is the number of real solutions of the equation
(A) and [0, d) (B) and [0, 1]
f (x) f ( x), then
(C) and {0} (D) and {1}
¥ x n 2n ´
lim ¦ µ
log 2 ( x 3) xm2 § x 2 ¶
5. The domain of the function f ( x) is
x 2 3x 2 (A) 4 (B) 6
(A) { 1, 2} (B) ( 2, d) (C) 8 (D) 16
(C) { 1, 2, 3} (D) ( 3, d) { 1, 2}
1
10. The range of the function f ( x) is
6. Let 4 3 cos x
9x ¨ 1 1·
f ( x) , x (A) [0, 1] (B) © ,
x
9 3 ª 7 2 ¸¹
2010 ¨ 1 ·
¥ k ´ (C) © , 1¸ (D) [1, 7 ]
and ¤
k 1
f¦
§ 2011µ¶
n ª 7 ¹
n
¥ x 1´ 11. If [t] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding t,
Then lim ¦ µ is equal to ¨1 ·
x m1 § x 1 ¶ then the range of the function Sin 1 © x 2 is
ª2 ¹̧
(A) 2010 (B) 1004
(C) 1005 (D) 1006 (A) [0.1]
P
(B) 0,[ ]
2
7. Let p(x) be a polynomial satisfying the relation
p(x) p(2x) 5x2 18. If n p(4), then
(C) 0,[ P P
,
4 2 ] (D) [ ]
P P P
, ,
4 3 2
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Exercises 133
12. Let (A) 3x 1 (B) 6x 1

« 1 (C) 9x 1 (D) 6x
® 1 x if x x 1
® ¥ x 4 100 x 2 ´
¬
f ( x) ®0 if x 0 19. lim ¦
§ µ
x md x6 2 x ¶
®1 if x = 1
(A) 0 (B) d
g( x) ( f f f )( x) (C) d (D) 50
Then lim g( x) is equal to
x m1 20. Let f (x) 17x7 19x5 1. Let P and Q be the follow-
(A) 4 (B) 3 ing statements.
(C) does not exist (D) 1 P: f is continuous for all real x.
13. Let
Q: f (x) 0 has a solution in the interval ( 1, 0).
Then
«sin x if x x nP , n 0, p 1, p 2, {
f ( x) ¬ (A) both P and Q are true
if x = nP
(B) P is true whereas Q is false
«® x 2 1 if x x 2 (C) P is false and Q is true
and g( x) ¬
® 3 if x 2 (D) both P and Q are false
Then lim( g f )( x) is
x m0 21. Let f : m be defined by
(A) 0 (B) 1 «2 if x
f ( x) ¬
(C) 3 (D) does not exist 5 if x r 1
14. Let f (x) 2x4 x2 x 5. Then lim f ( x) is Consider the following two statements S1 and S2.
xm d
(A) d (B) d S1: f is continuous on the closed interval [0, 2].

(C) 2 (D) 0 S2: f assumes the value 4 in [0, 2].
Then
15. For real x, let {x} denote the fractional part of x.
Then (A) both S1 and S2 are true
(B) S1 is false and S2 is true
x sin([x})
lim (C) S1 is true and S2 is false
x m1 x 1
(D) both S1 and S2 are false
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) does not exist (D) 1 22. Consider the following two functions defined on the
closed interval [0, 1]:
3
¥ 3x 1 ´
2x 3 x2 4
16. lim ¦ µ f ( x) ; g( x) 2
x m d § x4 x2 ¶ 2x 5 x 4
(A) 1 (B) 0 Then
(C) d (D) d (A) both f and g are continuous
¥ x2 5 3´ (B) f is continuous whereas g is not continuous
17. lim ¦ µ (C) f is not continuous whereas g is continuous
xm2 § x 2 2 x ¶
(D) both f and g are not continuous
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3
(C) 2 (D) 3 23. Consider the function f (x) = 25 x 2 on the inter-
val [ 5, 0].
18. Let f (x) 3x2 x. Then (A) f is continuous on [ 5, 0] and f ( x) = 7 for
¥ f ( x h) f ( x) ´ some x ( 5, 0)
lim ¦ µ¶
hm 0 § h (B) f is continuous on [ 5, 0] and f ( x) x 7 for any
x [ 5, 0]
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(C) f is not continuous on [ 5, 0] (A) e (B) e5

(D) f (x) 7 for some x [0, 5] (C) 1 (D) d
2x 1 3 32. If lim ( x 2 x 1 ax b) 0 then

24. lim xm d
xm4 x 2 2
1 1
2 2 2 (A) a 1, b (B) a 1, b
(A) (B) 2 2
3 3
1 1
4 2 (C) a ,b1 (D) a 1, b
(C) (D) 2 2
3 3
2n
33. If x x (O /2) nO, then lim (sin x) is equal to
( 1/ m) ( 1/ m) nmd
x a
25. lim = (A) 1 (B) 0
xma x a
m
a (C) d (D) does not exist
(A) (B) ma1/m
ma
34. Let
(C) ma (1 m)/m (D) ma(m 1)/m n
f ( x) (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 4 )...(1 x 2 )
eA x e B x where | x |< 1, the lim f ( x) is
26. lim nmd
x m 0 sin A x sin B x
1 1
A B (A) (B)
(A) (B) 0 1 x 1 x
AB
A B x x
(C) 1 (D) (C) (D)
A B 1 x 1 x
27. The number of points of discontinuity of the func- 35. Let

tion tan (1/x) in the interval [0, 100] is
« ¥ 1 1´
(A) 100 (B) 101 ®( x 1)2 ¦§|x| x µ¶ if x x 0
f ( x) ¬
(C) 50 (D) 51 ®0
if x 0
28. The number of points of discontinuities of Then, the number of points of discontinuities of f in
«®1 21/ x if x x 0 the interval [ 2, 2] is
f ( x) ¬
if x 0 (A) 1 (B) 0
®0
(C) 2 (D) infinite
is
(A) 0 (B) 1 36. If k is a positive integer, then
(C) 2 (D) infinite
¥ 1k 2k 3k ... nk ´
lim ¦ µ¶
¥ 1 2 cos x ´ nmd § nk 1
29. lim ¦ µ is (A) 1/k (B) 1/(k 1)
x m § sin[ x (P /3)] ¶
P
3
(C) k/(k 1) (D) 1
1 Hint: Use part (i) of Theorem 1.21 and show that
(A) (B) 1
3 k 1
1 1 1k 2k 3k ... nk « 1 ¥ 1´ 1 º
(C) 3 (D) k 1
¬ ¦§ 1 µ¶ k 1 »
3 k1 n k 1 n n ¼
2
x and take limit as n m d
30. lim(1 3 tan x)cot
2

xm0
(A) e2 (B) e3 37. {an} is a sequence of non-zero real numbers which

are in AP with common difference d. Then
(C) e 3 (D) 1
¥ 1´
n 5 ¥ 1 1 1 ´
31. lim ¦ 1 lim ...
µ nmd ¦
§ a1a2 a2 a3 an an 1 µ¶
nmd § n¶
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Exercises 135
(A) 1/d (B) a1/d 45. Let

(C) d/a1 (D) 1/da1 x 2 tan(1/x)
f ( x) for x 0
38. lim (n1/ n ) 8x2 7x 1
nmd
Then lim f ( x) is
(A) 1 (B) 0 x md
(C) does not exist (D) finite positive number (A) 1/2 (B) 1/ 2
less than 1 (C) 1/2 2 (D) 2 2
1/n
¨¥ 2 ´ 1 ¥ 3 ´ 2 ¥ 4 ´ 3 ¥ n+1´ n · 46. Let
39. lim © ¦ µ ¦ µ ¦ µ ... ¦ =
nmd ª § 1 ¶ § 2 ¶ § 3 ¶ § n µ¶ ¸¹
« 1 if x 0
(A) 1 (B) 1/e ®
f ( x) ¬0 if x 0
(C) e (D) d ®1 if x 0

Hint: Use Cauchy’s second theorem on limits.
g( x) f ( x) 1
40. f : m is a function satisfying the relation
Then the number of values of x at which g(x) is dis-
f (f (x)) f (x) ax b x where a x 0. Then the
continuous is
number of solutions of the equation f (x) x is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 2 (D) 3
(C) 2 (D) infinite
1/n 47. Let A and B be real constants and
41. lim (n !)
x md
« Ax B if x b 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 ®
f ( x) ¬ 3 x 2 if 1 x 2
(C) d (D) cannot be determined ® 2
Bx A if x r 2
n
¥ k ´
42. If sn ¤ ¦§ 1
n2
1µ then lim ( sn ) is
¶ x md
If f is continuous at x 1 and 2 then
k 1 (A) A 6, B 3 (B) A 3, B 6
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) A 3, B 6 (D) A 3, B 6
(C) 1/4 (D) d
x x k 48. Let
Hint: 1 x 1 for x 1. Put x 2
2 x 2 n « 1 ¥ 1 ´
® sin ¦ if x x a
and use squeezing theorem. f ( x) ¬ x a § x a µ¶
®0 if x a

¥P´
43. lim sec ¦ log x
x m1 § 2 x µ¶ Then
1 2 (A) left limit at a exists and is equal to zero
(A) (B) (B) right limit at a exists and is equal to 1
O log 2 P log 2
P (C) at a, left limit exists finitely, but right limit does
log 2
(C) (D) not exist
2P 2 log 2
(D) both left and right limits at a do not exist
44. Let p be a real number and
49. Let
i ( 2 n cot 1 p) ¥ pi + 1´
an e ¦§ pi 1 µ¶ «1 1 1
® if xb for n r 0 integer
f ( x) ¬ 2 n 2n1 2n
where i 1.Then lim (an ) is equal to ®0 if x 0
nmd
(A) p (B) p2 Then

(C) p/2 (D) 1 (A) f is discontinuous in the open interval
Hint: Put Cot p P and use De Moivre’s theorem.
1
¥ 1 1´
¦§ n 1 , n µ¶
2 2
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(B) f is not continuous at x 1 ¥ x 4 sin(1 / x) x 2 ´

(C) f is discontinuous at x 1/2 55. lim ¦ 3 µ
x md § 1 x ¶
1
(D) f is continuous exactly at x n for n 1, 2, 3
2 (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 1/2 (D) does not exist
50. Function f is defined on [0, 1] by
«x if x is rational (2 x)40 (4 x)5

f ( x) ¬ 56. lim
1 x if x is irrational x md (2 x)45

(A) 1 (B) 1
Then
(C) d (D) d
(A) f assumes every value in [0, 1] and is also con-
tinuous on [0, 1]
x10 x x
(B) f is continuous exactly at x 1/2 and assumes 57. lim
x m 0 1 cos x
every value in [0, 1]
(A) log 10 (B) 2 log 10
(C) f is not continuous at x 1/2, but assumes every
value between 0 and 1 (C) 3 log 10 (D) 4 log 10
(D) f is not continuous on [0, 1] and hence it cannot ¥ 1 3x 1 2 x ´
assume all the values between 0 and 1 58. lim ¦ µ
xm0 § x 2x2 ¶
51. If (A) 1 (B) 2
1 2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/2
x 1 x x 1 2
f ( x) 2 x 1/x 1
1 ®«(e 1) if x x 0
x 2 59. Let f ( x) ¬
x ® 1 if x 0
then lim f ( x) is equal to Then
x m1/ 2
(A) lim f ( x) 1
3 3 xm0 0
(A) (B)
2 2 2 2 (B) lim f ( x) 1
xm0 0
(C) 3 2 (D) 3 2
(C) lim f ( x) 1
xm0
¥ x ´
52. lim ¦ µ is (D) lim f ( x) 0
x md ¦ µ¶ xm0
§ x x x
(A) d (B) 0 n
1 ¥ 1 ´
(C) 1 (D) 1/2 60. Let sn ¤ Tan
k 1
¦§ µ.
1 k k2 ¶
®« x 1 1 if x Then lim ( sn ) is
53. Let f ( x) ¬ nmd
® [ x] if x r
P P
where [ ] is the greatest integer function. Then the (A) (B)
2 4
set of points of discontinuities of f consists precisely
(C) 0 (D) 1
(A) all integers r 1
n
(B) the integer 1
(C) all integers greater than 1
61. Let sn ¤ Cot
k 1
1
(2k 2 ). Then lim ( sn ) is
nmd
(D) all negative integers P

(A) (B) 0
2
54. Let f : m be a function satisfying f (x) 2f (1 x) P
(C) 1 (D)
x2 2 for all x . Then lim f ( x) is 4
x m3
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 62. Let sn sin Q sin 2Q sin 3Q ... sin(nQ ). Then
(C) 2/3 (D) 3/2
¥ s s s sn ´
lim ¦ 1 2 3 µ¶
nmd § n
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Exercises 137
1 Q 1 Q sin x
(A) cot (B) tan ¥ sin x ´ x sin x
2 2 2 2 64. lim ¦ µ
xm0 § x ¶
1 Q
(C) 1 (D) tan (A) e (B) 1/e
4 2
(C) e (D) e
¥ x x x x´
63. lim ¦ cos .cos 2 .cos 3 ... cos n µ 1 cos 1 cos x
nmd § 2 2 2 2 ¶ 65. lim
xm0 x4
(A) (sin x)/x (B) 0
(A) 1/4 (B) 4
(C) sin x (D) does not exist
(C) 8 (D) 1/8

1. Let 4. Let
« 1 P « 1 if x 0
®®Cos (cot( x [ x])) for x 2 ®
f ( x) ¬0 if x 0
f ( x) ¬
® P ®1 if x 0
P [ x] 1 for x r
® 2
Then
where [x] is the integer part of x. Then (A) lim f ( x) does not exist
x m0
P P
(A) lim f ( x) (B) lim f ( x) 1 (B) lim( f ( x))2 0
P
xm 0 2 P
xm 0 2 xm0
2 2
(C) lim( f ( x))2 1
P P xm0
(C) lim f ( x) 1 (D) lim f ( x) 1
P
xm 0 2 P
xm 0 2 (D) lim( f ( x))2 does not exist
2 2 x m0
2. Let 5. f : s m is a function satisfying the relation

«x if x is rational f (x 2y, x 2y) xy
f ( x) ¬
0 if x is irrational for all x, y . Then
«0 if x is rational x 2 y2
g( x) ¬ (A) f ( x, y)
x if x is irrational 8
Then the function f g is x 2 y2

(B) f ( x, y)
8
(A) continuous for all real x
(C) f (2 2 , 0) 1
(B) is one-one
(C) is onto (D) f (3 2 , 0) 9
(D) is continuous exactly at x 0 4
6. Let
3. Let
« O ¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 1´ ¥1 ´ ¥3 ´
cosec x A ¦ , 1µ , B ¦ , µ¶ , C ¦§ , 1µ¶ , D ¦§ , dµ¶
®(cos x sin x) if x 0
2
§ 2 ¶ § 2 2 2 2
®
f ( x) ®¬ a if x 0 ¥ x2 2x 3 ´
and f ( x) log ¥ 1 ´ ¦ 2 µ
® e 1/ x e 2 / x e 3 / x ¦§ x µ¶ § 4 x 4 x 3 ¶
O 2
® if 0 x
2 / x 3 / x
® ae be 2 Then f is defined as x belongs to
Then (A) A (B) B
(C) B C (D) B C D
(A) a 1/e (B) b 1/e
(C) a e (D) b e
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7. Let (D) If f : m is continuous at origin and satis-

«0 fies the relation
if x 0
® f (x y) f (x) f (y)
® ¥ P ´
f ( x) ¬ x 2 sin ¦ µ if \ x \
§ 2x ¶ for all x, y in and f (1) 2, then f (x) 2x for
®
®x 2
if \ x \ r 1 x

Then 9. For each x [0, 1], let
(A) f is even for x r 1
f (x) Max {x2, (x 1)2, 2x(1 x)}
(B) f is odd in ( 1, 1)
Then
(C) f is continuous in ( 1, 1)
(A) f is continuous at x 1/3
(D) f is discontinuous at x p1
(B) f is continuous at x 2/3
8. Which of the following are true? (C) f is discontinuous at x 1/2
x4
¥ x6 ´ (D) f is continuous on [0, 1]
(A) lim ¦ µ e17
x md § x 11 ¶
10. Let f : m be defined by f (x) x [x] where [x] is
¥ tan 3 x 3 tan x ´
(B) lim ¦ µ 24 the integral part of x. Then
x m ¦ cos ¥ x P ´ µ
P
3 ¦ µ (A) f is discontinuous at all integer values of x
§ § 6¶ ¶
(B) f is continuous at all non-integer values of x
1 cos 2 ( x 1)
(C) lim does not exist (C) 0 b f ( x) 1 x
x m1 x 1
(D) f (x) assumes 0 but never 1

In each of the following questions, statements are given 1. Match the items of Column I with those of Col-
in two columns, which have to be matched. The state- umn II.
ments in column I are labeled as (A), (B), (C) and (D),
while those in column II are labeled as (p), (q), (r), (s) Column I Column II
rect matching with one or more statements in column II. ¥ tan 2 x tan x 2 ´
The appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers (A) lim ¦ µ (p) 2
P§ sin x cos x ¶
to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in xm
2
(B) lim (1 sin x)tan 2 x (q) 1
Example: If the correct matches are (A) m (p), (s), xm
P
2
(B) m (q), (s), (t),(C) m (r), (D) m (r), (t), that is if the
matches are (A) m (p) and (s); (B) m (q), (s) and (t);
(C) m (r); and (D) m (r), (t), then the correct darkening «®ax b if x b 2 (r) 3 2
of bubbles will look as follows: (C) f ( x) ¬ 2
®|x 5 x 6| if x 2
p q r s t
If f is to be continuous on (s) 2 2
A
then b/a is equal to
B «®21 x if x 1
(D) f ( x) ¬ (t) 0
2
C ®ax bx 1 if x r 1
D If f is continuous at x 1 then
the value of a b is
www.jeeneetbooks.in
Exercises 139
2. In Column I, functions are given and against them val- 4. In Column I, nth terms of a sequence are given. In
ues of x are mentioned at which f is to be defined such Column II, their respective limits as n m d are given.
that f becomes continuous at the mentioned points. Match them.
In Column II, the values of f at these points are given.
Match these. Column I Column II
3
Column I Column II n2 n
(A) (p) 1
n1
x 3
(A) f ( x) at x 3 (p) 2 4
n5 2 3 n2 1
3 2
x 1 2 (B) (q) 4/3
3 4 3
(q) 1/2 n 2 n 1
cos2 x sin 2 x 1 (r) 3/4
(B) f ( x) at x 0 (n 2) (n 1)
x2 1 1 (r) 1/2 (C)
(n 3) (s) 0
1 ¥ x´ 1 1 1
(C) f ( x) tan ¦ µ at x 0 (s) 4 1 2 ... n
x § 2¶ (t) 2/3
(D) 2 2 2
2
tan x 2 tan x 3 1 1 ... 1
(D) f ( x) (t) 0 1 2 n
tan 2 x 4 tan x 3 3 3 3
at x Tan 1 (3)
5. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
Column I Column II
Column I Column II ¥ e x 2 cos x ´
(A) lim ¦ µ¶ (p) 1
¥ tan 3 x tan 3 x ´ xm0 § x2
(A) lim ¦ µ¶ is (p) 1/2
x m0 § tan x ¥ e sin 2 x e sin x ´ (q) 3
(B) lim ¦ µ¶
xm0 § x
¥ x2 7 4 ´ (q) 2
(B) lim 4 ¦ 2 µ is (r) 2
xm3 § x 5x 6 ¶ (C) lim ( x(e1/x 1))
(r) 3 x md
(s) e
¥ 2 x 2 16 ´
(C) lim ¦ x µ is 1 sin x cos 2 x
x m 2 § 4 16 ¶ (s) 2 (D) lim (t) 3/2
is
xm0 tan 2 ( x/2)
¨ ¥O ´·
(D) lim ©(sin x cos x)tan ¦ xµ ¸ (t) 1/2
xm
O ª § 4 ¶¹
4
1. Passage: f : m is a function satisfying the follow- (ii) lim( f 1 ( x)) is
x m1
ing three conditions:
(a) f ( x) f ( x) x (A) 1 (B) 0
(b) f ( x 1) f ( x) 1 x (C) does not exist (D) e
¥ 1 ´ f ( x) (iii) The number of common points of the graph of
(c) f ¦ µ 2 x x 0 y f (x) with the line y (x) is
§ x¶ x
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) infinite
2 f ( x 1) 2 f ( x )
(i) lim is Hint: f (x) x x R.
xm2 x
(A) 2 (B) log 2 2. Passage: Let f (x) be a function defined in a neigh-
(C) 2 log 2 (D) 2/(log 2) bourhood of a . Then lim f ( x) exists finitely if
xma
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and only if lim f ( x), lim f ( x) exist finitely and are If f is continuous at x O c 2 then the a b is equal to
xma 0 xma 0
equal. Further if f (a) is defined and lim f ( x) f (a), (A) O : 2 (B) 2 : O
xma
then f is said to be continuous at x a. Answer the (C) 1 : O (D) O : 1
following questions.
3. f (x) is real-valued function satisfying the functional
« 2x relation
®1 for 0 b x 1
(i) Let f ( x) ¬ a
®ax ¥ 1 ´ 2 2
for 1 b x 2 where a 0. f ( x) f ¦
§ 1 x µ¶ x 1 x
If lim f ( x) exist, then a is equal to
x m1 for all x x 0 and 1. g(x) is a polynomial of degree n
(A) 1 (B) 1 satisfying the relation
(C) 2 (D) 2 g(x) g(y) g(xy) 2 g(x)g(y)
(ii) Let for all real x and y and g(4) 17. Answer the following
2 questions.
®« x x 1 if x r 1
f ( x) ¬
®sin(a 1)P if x 1 (i) lim f ( x)
x m1
If f is to be continuous at x 1, then (A) 0 (B) 1
3 1 (C) does not exist (D) 2
(A) a 2 n (B) a 2 n
2 2 (ii) The number of real solutions of the equation
(C) a
1
(D) a 3 2 nP ( g f )( x) 2 is
2 nP
2 2 (A) 1 (B) 2
(iii) Let (C) 0 (D) infinite
(iii) Number of discontinuities of g f is
« P
®®ax 1, xb
2 (A) 2 (B) 4
f ( x) ¬
P (C) 3 (D) 1
®sin x b, x
® 2 x1
Hint: Show that f ( x) and g(x) x2 1
x 1

and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. ® x sin , x x 0
Mark the correct answer as: ®0, x 0
is a correct explanation Statement I. Then f is continuous at x 0.
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is Statement II: Let a . In a neighbourhood of a two
xma
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. and g(x) is bounded. Then lim f ( x)g( x) 0.
xma
1
bounded function. x n
n(n 1)
¤k 2
.
Statement II: Every continuous function defined on a k 1
closed interval is bounded.
Statement II:
2. Statement I: If 1 x1, than lim x 0.
n ¥ n 1´ nP
sin ¦ µ P sin
xm0 § 2 ¶ 2
sinP sin 2P sin 3P ... sin nP
Statement II: For n r 3, x2 b xn b x2 where 1 x 1. sin(P /2)
¥ sinP ´
and lim ¦
P m0 § 2P ¶
µ 1
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Exercises 141
5. Statement I: If f and g are continuous at x a, then Statement II: If g is continuous on a closed interval
h(x) Max ( f (x), g(x)) is also continuous at x a. [a, b] and g(a)g(b) 0, then g(x) varies for some value
in [a, b].
1 1
Statement II: Max( f , g ) ( f g) f g Hint: Consider g(x) f (x 1) f (x) on [0, 1] to prove
2 2
Statement I.
« 1
®sin for x 0 « x if x is rational
6. Statement I: Let f ( x) ¬ x 8. Statement I: Let f ( x) ¬
® 0 for x 0 0 if x is irrational.
Then f is continuous at x 0 and discontinuous at all
Then f is discontinuous at x 0.
x 0.
Statement II: f assumes all values between 1 and 1
Statement II: A function g is continuous at x0 [a, b]
both inclusive.
if and only if for any sequence {xn} of real numbers
in [a, b], xn m x0 as n m d implies f (xn) m f (x0) as
7. Statement I: Suppose f is continuous on the closed
n m d.
interval [0, 2] and that f (0) f (2). Then there exist x,
y in [0, 2] such that f ( x) f ( y) and y x 1. Hint: If x0 , then there exist sequences of rational
and irrationals tending to x0.

The answer to each of the questions in this section is a 3. If f : (a, d) m is a function such that lim ( x f ( x)
non-negative integer. The appropriate bubbles below the x md
l, l IR), then lim f ( x) is equal to _______.
respective question numbers have to be darkened. For x md
the question number Y is 246, then the bubbles under Y 4. Let f (x) 2 x and g(x) e x for all x IR. Then
labeled as 2, 4, 6 are to be darkened. lim ( f g )( x) equals_______.
x md
X Y Z W
2 ¥ 1´
0 0 0 0 5. lim 2 x ¦ 1 cos µ is equal to _______.
x md § ¶ x
1 1 1 1
1
Hint: Put x .
2 2 2 Q
3 3 3 3
x
6. If a lim(cos x sin x)1/ , then integer part of a is
4 4 4 x m0
5 5 5 5 _______.
6 6 6 Hint: Show that a e.
7 7 7 7
7. Let f (x) a0 a1x a2x3 a4x4 a5x5 a6x6 where a0,
8 8 8 8 1/x
¥ 1 f ( x) ´
9 9 9 9 a1, ... , a6 are real and a6 x 0. If lim ¦ µ e2 ,
xm0 § x3 ¶
4
1. lim(2 x)
x m1
tan(P x/2 )
e k where k is _______. then ¤ a is equal to _______.
i0
i
¥ 3´ ¥ 2´ ¥ 2 x 23 x 6 ´
lim ¦ 1 µ lim ¦ 1 µ 8. lim ¦
x md § ¶
x x md § x¶ 1 µ is equal to _______.
2. If l, then is _______. xm2 §
2 x 2 1 x ¶
¥ 3´ ¥ 3´ l
lim ¦ µ lim ¦ µ 2
x md § x 2 ¶ x md § x ¶
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3x
9. Let x1 3 and xn 1 2 xn for n r 1. Then lim xn ¥ 1/ x ¥ 3 ´ 1/x ´
x md 1/x
exists and is equal to _______. ¦ 2 ¦§ 2 µ¶ 3 µ
11. lim ¦ µ is _______.
x md § 3 ¶
x
¥ 3e 2e ´ x
10. lim ¦ µ is _______.
x md e x 3e x ¶
§ 12. Let f (x) Max{x, x2}. Then the number of points at
which f is not continuous is _______.
ANSWERS

1. (B) 34. (A)
2. (D) 35. (A)
3. (D) 36. (B)
4. (A) 37. (D)
5. (D) 38. (A)
6. (C) 39. (C)
7. (B) 40. (A)
8. (A) 41. (A)
9. (A) 42. (C)
10. (C) 43. (B)
11. (B) 44. (D)
12. (D) 45. (C)
13. (B) 46. (B)
14. (A) 47. (A)
15. (C) 48. (D)
16. (D) 49. (C)
17. (B) 50. (B)
18. (B) 51. (A)
19. (A) 52. (C)
20. (A) 53. (C)
21. (D) 54. (A)
22. (A) 55. (B)
23. (A) 56. (B)
24. (B) 57. (B)
25. (A) 58. (C)
26. (C) 59. (B)
27. (D) 60. (B)
28. (B) 61. (D)
29. (C) 62. (A)
30. (B) 63. (A)
31. (A) 64. (B)
32. (B) 65. (D)
33. (B)
1. (A), (D) 6. (B), (C), (D)

2. (B), (C), (D) 7. (A), (B), (C)
3. (A), (D) 8. (A), (B), (C), (D)
4. (A), (C) 9. (A), (B), (D)
5. (A), (C), (D) 10. (A), (B), (C), (D)
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Answers 143

1. (A) m (r); (B) m (t); (C) m (p); (D) m (p) 4. (A) m (s); (B) m (s); (C) m (s); (D) m (q)
2. (A) m (p); (B) m (s); (C) m (q); (D) m (p) 5. (A) m (t); (B) m (p); (C) m (p); (D) m (q)
3. (A) m (r); (B) m (r); (C) m (p); (D) m (q)
Comprehension Type Questions

1. (i) (A); (ii) (A); (iii) (D) 3. (i) (C); (ii) (A); (iii) (D)
2. (i) (D); (ii) (A); (iii) (B)

1. (D) 5. (A)
2. (A) 6. (B)
3. (A) 7. (A)
4. (A) 8. (A)

1. 2 7. 2
2. 2 8. 8
3. 0 9. 2
4. 0 10. 3
5. 1 11. 9
6. 2 12. 0
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Derivative and
Differentiability 2
Contents
Derivative and Differentiability
2.1 Derivatives: An
Introduction
2.2 Derivatives of Some
Standard Functions
2.3 Special Methods of
Differentiation
2.4 Successive Derivatives
of a Function
Worked-Out Problems
y
Summary
Exercises
Answers
O x
dy / dx
The derivative is a measure
of how a function changes as
its input changes. In other
words, a derivative can be
thought of as how much one
O x quantity is changing in
response to changes in some
other quantity. The process
of finding a derivative is
called differentiation.
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146 Chapter 2 Derivative and Differentiability
2.1 Derivatives: An Introduction

Until the 17th century, a curve was described as a locus of points satisfying certain geometric conditions. It seems that
mathematicians realized that all the curves cannot be described using geometrical conditions. To overcome this, Ana-
lytical Geometry was created and developed by Rene’ Descartes (1596–1650) and Pierre De Fermat (1601–1665). In
this new found idea, geometric problems were re-described in terms of algebraic equations and new class of curves
defined algebraically rather than using geometric conditions. The concept of derivative evolved in this new context
which led to its geometrical interpretation as a slope of a tangent to a curve, velocity of a particle and rate measure.
The notion of derivate of a function was initiated by Newton and Leibniz in 1680s. Wherever we consider rate of
change of a function, naturally differentiation steps in. Let us begin with the formal definition of derivative.
DEFINITION 2.1 Suppose f is a function defined in a neighbourhood of a point c (i.e., there exist real numbers
a, b such that a < c < b and f : [a, b] m ). If
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
lim
xmc § x c ¶
exists then we say that f is differentiable at c and then the limit,
f( ) f( )´
lim ¥¦ µ
x mc § x c ¶
denoted by f a(
a c), is called the derivative of f at c.
We also say that f a( a c) is the differential coefficient of f at c. Usually if we write y f (x), we denote f a c) by
( )x c or (dyyy//dx
d )x c. If f is differentiable at every point c of (a, b), then we say that f is differentiable in the open
interval (a, b). If f is differentiable at each point in its domain, we obtain a new function on the domain of f called the
derived function which is denoted by f a( dx or dy/dx, where y f (x).
a x) or df /d
d
DEFINITION 2.2 Left and Right Derivatives Suppose f is a function defined in a neighbourhood of c as
described in Definition 2.1. If
¥ f( ) f( )´
lim ¦ µ¶
xmc 0 § x c
a c ) and is called the left derivative of f at c. Similarly, if
exists, then it is denoted by f a(
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
lim
xmc 0 § x c ¶
a c ) and is called the right derivative of f at c.
exists, then it is denoted by f a(
QUICK LOOK 1
¥ f (c h) f (c) ´ ¥ f (c h) f (c) ´
1. f a(c ) lim 3. f a(c) lim
hm 0 § h ¶ hm 0 § h ¶
h>0
¥ f (c h) f (c) ´
2. f a(c ) lim
hm 0 § h ¶
h>0
Example 2.1
Let f ( x) x 2 in (0, 2). Show that f is differentiable at 1 Solution: Take c 1. Then

and find f a ( ).
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2.1 Derivatives: An Introduction 147
¥ f ( ) f ( )´ ¥ 2 ´ Hence f is differentiable at 1 and f a( ) 2.

lim lim ¦ x 1µ
x m1 § x 1 ¶ x m1 § x 1 ¶
lim( )2
x m1
Example 2.2
Let f ( x) x 3 in ( 1, 1). Show that f is differentiable at 0 ¥ f ( ) f ( )´ ¥ 3 ´

lim lim ¦ x 0µ
and find f a( ). xm0 § x 0 ¶ xm0 § x ¶
2
Solution: Take c 0. Then lim ( )0
xm0
Hence f is differentiable at 0 and f a( ) 0.
Example 2.3
Let f x) x in ( 1, 1). Is f differentiable at 0? Hence

¥ f ( ) f ( )´
Solution: Take c 0. Then lim
xm0 § x 0 ¶
¥ f ( ) f ( )´ ¥ \ x\ ´ does not exist. Therefore f ( x) x is not differentiable
lim lim
xm0 § x 0 ¶ xm0 § x ¶ at 0. Note that x is continuous at 0.
Example 2.4
Let f (x) K for all x [a, b] (i.e., f is a constant function ¥ f ( ) f ( )´ ¥ K K´

lim lim 0
on [a, b]). Show that f is differentiable at 0 and find f a(
a c) xmc § x c ¶ xmc § x c ¶
where c (a, b).
a c) 0.
Hence, f in differentiable at c and f a(
Solution: Let c (a, b). Then
More usually, if f is a constant function on an interval J, then f a( x) 0 x J.
Example 2.5
Let ¥ f ( ) f ( )´ x sin(1// )
lim lim
« 1 xm0 § x 0 ¶ xm0 x
® x sin , x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x ¥ 1´
® 0, x0 lim sin
n µ
xm0 § x¶
Show that f is not differentiable at 0. does not exist. Therefore f is not differentiable at 0. Also,
we know that f is continuous at 0.
Solution: For the given function we have that
In the following theorem, we prove that a necessary condition for a function to be differentiable at a point is that
the function is continuous at that point. Theorem 2.1 gives a more precise description.
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T H E O R E M 2.1 If f : [a, b] m is differentiable at c (a, b), then f is continuous at c.

PROOF By hypothesis
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
lim f a( )
xmc § x c ¶
Let E 0.Then there exists C such that

E
0D ,( , c D) (a,, ) and x ((cc , c D)
a c) E
f a(
x x c implies
f ( x ) f (c )
f a (c ) E
x c
Now,
x (c
(c , c D) f ( x ) f (c ) ( f a (c ) E ) x c
f a (c ) E D E
Hence f is continuous at c.
Note: The converse of the above theorem is not true. See Example 2.3. However, there are functions which are every-
where continuous on but nowhere differentiable. One such example is as follows.
Example
Define f : m by Then f is continuous on but not differentiable at

any point of . The proof of this result is beyond the
d
1 scope of this book.
f ( x) ¤
n0
2n
cos(3n x)), x
In the following theorem, we discuss the differentiability of sum, the product, and the quotient of two differentiable
functions.
T H E O R E M 2.2 Suppose f and g are differentiable at c and K, L are any two real numbers. Then
(i) L f M g is differentiable at c and ( )( ) K f a( ) Lgg a( ).

(ii) f g is differentiable at c and
( )a ( ) f a ( )g( ) f ( )g a ( ) (Product Rule)
(iii) If g(c) x 0, then f /g
/g is differentiable at c and
¥ f á f a ( c ) g (c ) g a (c ) f (c )
¦§ g µ¶ (c) (Quotient Rule)
( g(c))2
PROOF (i) We write, when x x c,

f ( x ) f (c ) g ( x ) g (c )
p( x) and q( x)
x c x c
By hypothesis p( x) m f a (c) q( x) m g a (c) as x m c. Hence
q(
( )( ) K f ( ) Lg
Lga ( ) xmc
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That is
( )( ) ( )( ) ¥ f ( ) f ( )´ ¥ g(( ) g(( ) ´
L M
x c § x c ¶ § x c ¶
L ( ) Mq( x)
m L f a( ) M gaa(c) as x m c
Therefore ( ) is differentiable at c and
( )a ( ) L f ( ) M g a( )
(ii) We have
( )( ) ( )( ) f ( )g(( ) f ( )g(( )
( ((xx) (c))g(( ) f ( )( ( x) (c))
Therefore
¥ ( )( ) ( )( ) ´ ( ( x) (c))g(( ) ( ( x) (c))
lim lim lim (c)
xmc § x c ¶ xmc x c xmc x c
f a( )g(( ) f ( )g a( ) [ ∵ g a( ) exists lim ( x) (c)]
xmc
Therefore, fg is differentiable at c and

( )a ( ) f a( ) g ( ) f ( ) g a ( )
(iii) Now f is continuous at c implies that g is continuous at c. Also since g is continuous and
g(c) x 0, by Theorem 1.8 g( x) x 0 in a neighbourhood ( , c D ) of c. Hence f/
f g is well
defined in ( , c D )). Now
1 ¨¥ f ´ ¥f´ · 1 ¥ f ( x ) g (c ) f (c ) g ( x ) ´
© ¦ µ ( x ) ¦ µ (c ) ¸
x c ª§ g ¶ § g ¶ ¹ x c ¦§ g ( x ) (c ) µ¶
1 [{ f ( ) f ( )} (c) (c){g(( ) g(( )}]

x c g(( )g(( )
¥ f ( x ) f (c ) ´ g (c ) f (c ) ¥ g ( x ) g (c ) ´
§ x c ¶ § x c ¶

g ( x ) g (c )
f a( ) g ( ) f ( ) g a( )
m
g (c ) g ( )
(∵ g (c) x0 and g is differentiable at c implies g( x) m g(

g (c ) x m c). Therefore f/
f/g is dif-
ferentiable at c and
¥ f á f a(c) g(c) f (c) g a(c)

¦§ g µ¶ (c)
( g(c))2
The following theorem is on differentiability of composite function and is also called chain rule.
T H E O R E M 2.3 If f is differentiable at c and g is differentiable at f(c), then g f is differentiable at c and ( )a ( )

(C H A I N R U L E ) is equal to gaa( f (c)) f a(c).
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PRO OF Write u f (c) and y f (x). Let

f ( x ) f (c )
R( x) f a (c )
x c
for x x c so that R( x) m 0 as x m c. Now, let
g( y) g(u)
S( y) g a(u)
y u
for y x u so that S(y) m 0 as y m u. [Since g is differentiable at u f (c).] Now,
( )( ) ( )( ) g(( ( x)) g( (c))

x c x c
g(( ) g(( )

x c
¥ g(( ) g(u) ´ ¥ y u ´
¦
§ y u µ¶ § x c ¶
¥ y u´
[ g (u) S( y)]
§ x c¶
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
[ g (u) ( y)]
§ x c ¶
m [ (u) ]f a ( ) mc
Therefore
[( g f )( x) ( g f )(c)]
lim g a( ) f a( )
xmc x c
g a( (c)) f a( )
Hence g f is differentiable at c and ( g f ) a (c) g a ( f (c)) f a (c).
Note: The chain rule is also called as differentiation by substitution.
The following theorem, known as Carathéodory Theorem (asked in IIT-JEE 2001 mains), gives us a necessary and suf-
ficient condition for the differentiability of a function at a point.
T H E O R E M 2.4 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function and c (a, b).Then f is differentiable at c if and only if
( C ARATHÉODORY
T HEOREM ) (i) f is continuous at c.
(ii) There exists a function g : [a, b] m such that g is continuous at c and f(
f x) f(
f c) g(x)(x c)
for all x [a, b]. In this case, g(c) f a (c).
P ROOF Suppose f is differentiable at c. Then by Theorem 2.1, f is continuous at c. Thus (i) holds.
Now define
« f ( x ) f (c )
® if x x c,, x [a, b]
g( x) ¬ x c (2.1)
® f a (c) if x c
Then
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
lim g(( ) lim
xmc xmc § x c ¶
f a( ) ( ∵ f is differentiabl
i e at c)
g (c )
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Hence g is continuous at c. Further, by Eq. (2.1)
f ( x) f (c) g( x)( x c) xx [a, b]
Hence (ii) holds and by definition g(c) f a (c).

Conversely, suppose that both (i) and (ii) hold. Then
¥ f ( ) f ( )´
lim lim g(( )
x mc § x c ¶ xmc
g(( ) ( ∵ g is continuouss at )
Hence f is differentiable at c and f a (c) g(c).
Here is an example to illustrate the above theorem.
Example
Let f ( x) x 3 for x and a . We know that Here g( x) x 2 ax a 2 satisfies the conditions of
Carathéodory’s theorem and f a(a) g(a) 3a 2.
x3 a 3 ( x a) ( x 2 ax a 2 )
T H E O R E M 2.5 Let f [a, b] m be a function and f ( x) x x [a, b]. Let c (a, b) and f be differentiable at c.
(D I F F E R E N T I A - Then the function
BILITY OF THE
1 ¥ 1´ 1
RECIPROCAL g (i.e. g( x) ¦ µ ( x) x [a, b])
OF A f §f¶ f ( x)
FUNCTION) is differentiable at c and
f a( c )
gaa(c)
( f (c))2
PROOF We can consider g as a quotient of two functions by considering

h(( x)
h
g( x) x [a, b]
f ( x)
where h(x) 1 is the constant function on [a, b]. Then by Quotient Rule
haa(c) f (c) h(c) f a(c)
gaa(c)
( f (c))2
0 f ( c ) 1 f a( c )

( f (c))2
f a(c )

( f (c))2
In the second step we have used the fact that since h is a constant function, by Example 2.4,
a c) 0.
ha(
Advice: It is better for the reader to prove Theorem 2.5 using the concept of the differentiable coefficient and the
property that if f is differentiable at c, then f is continuous at c.
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T H E O R E M 2.6 Let f [a, b] [c, d] be a bijection and g be the inverse of ff. If f is differentiable at x0 (a, b) and
a x0 ) x 0 and g is continuous at f ( x0 ), then g is differentiable at f ( x0 ) and
f a(
1
gaa( f ( x0 ))
f a( x0 )
PROOF Write y f (x) and y0 f (x0). Let k be a non-zero real number such that y0 k [c, d]. Write
g( y0 k ) g(y
( 0) h
so that
g( y0 k) ( y0 ) h x0
g(y h (2.2)
and hence
1
f ( x0 h) f ( g( y0 k )) y0 k ( g f ) (2.3)
a x0 ) x 0 and
Since f a(
f (x h) f (x
(x )
m f a( x0 ) as h m 0
h
we have
h 1
lim
hm0 f( 0 ) f( 0) f a( 0 )
Now, by Eqs. (2.2) and (2.3) we obtain
g( y0 k ) g(y
( y0 ) h

k f ( x0 h) y0
h 1
m as h m 0
f ( x0 h) f (x
( x0 ) f a( x0 )
Since h m p k m 0, we have that
g(( 0 ) g( 0 ) 1
lim
k m0 k f a( 0 )
1
Hence g f is differentiable at f ( x0 ) and
1
gaa( f ( x0 ))
f a( x0 )
Note: In the lines immediately succeeding Definition 2.1, we mentioned that if y f ( x) is differentiable at each point
1 1
of its domain then we denote f a( x) by dyy/dx
d . Accordingly, if y f ( x) admits f , x f ( y) so that
1 1
( )a ( )
dy//dx
which we write as dx/dy and hence
dy dx 1 f a( x )
f a( x )( f )a ( y) 1
dx dy f a( x )
It is in this sense, we write
dx 1

dy dyy/d
dx
We now recall the concepts of increasing and decreasing functions (see Definition 1.40, p. 52, Vol. 1).
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DEFINITION 2.3 Let A be a subset of and f A m be a function. Then

1. f is called increasingg or monotonically increasingg if f (x) b f (y) whenever x b y belong to A.
If f (x) f (y) whenever x y, then f is called strictly increasing function or strictly mono-
tonic increasing.
2. f is called decreasing or monotonically decreasing if f (x) r f (y) whenever x y.
If f (x) f (y) whenever x y, then f is called strictly decreasing or strictly monotonic
decreasing.
The following is a corollary to Theorem 2.6.
C O R O L L A R Y 2.1 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continuous and strictly monotonic increasing. Write A f ( ) B

1
f (b) so that f exists, is continuous and strictly monotonic increasing on [ , B ]]. If a c b
and f is differentiable at c and f 1 (c) ≠ 0, then f 1 is differentiable at f (c) and
1 1
( )a ( )
f a( )
1
PROOF Since f is strictly increasing on [a, b], f is bijection from [ , b] [A , ] and hence f exists on
a c) x 0, by Theorem 2.6, f 1 is differentiable at c and
[ , B ]]. Since f a(
1 1
( )a ( )
f a( )
The following proof is based on Carathéodory’s theorem and hence we can say that this is
also corollary to Carathéodory’s theorem.
ALITER Since f is differentiable at c, by Carathéodory’s theorem there exists a function h : [a, b] m

such that h is continuous at c and h(c) f a(c) and f ( x) f (cc)) h( x)(x
( x c) for all x [a, b].
Sinceh is continuous atcand h(c) x 0, thereexists D 0 suchthat ( , c D ) (a,, ) and h(( ) x 0
in ( , c D )). Write I c D , c D ). If y f (I), then
1 1 1
f (f ( y)) f ((cc) h( f ( y))( f ( y) c)
h( f 1
( y))( f 1 ( y) f 1 ( f (c)))
Hence
1 1 f ( f 11 ( y)) f (c)
f ( y) f ( f (c))
h( f 11 ( y))
y f (c )
11
h( f ( y))
y f (c )

(h f 1 )( y)
By Carathéodory’s theorem, f 1 is differentiable at f (c) and
1 1
( )a ( (c)) 1
( )( (c))
1

h(c)
1

f a(c )
Hence
1 1
( )a ( (c))
f a( )
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Note:
1. The theorem is equally valid if f is continuous and strictly decreasing on [a, b].
2. If f aa(c) 0, the above result is nott valid. For, let f ( x) x 3, then f is continuous and strictly increasing on and f is
differentiable at 0. But f 1 ( x) x 1/3 is not differentiable at 0 because f 1( ) , f a(0) is not defined.
2.2 Derivatives of Some Standard Functions

In this section we derive the derivatives of the standard functions like xA, log x, e x, sin x, cos x, etc. and later we will
use them in solving problems.
Example 2.6
Let a 0 and @ is real. Then show that the function Therefore
f ( x) xA , x 0 is differentiable at a and f a(a) A aA 1 . f a ( a) A a A 1
In particular, if n is rational and x , f ( x) n x n 1.
If we replace a by x and @ by n, then f a( x) nx n 1 .
Solution: We have (by Theorem 1.23)
f( ) f( ) ¥ A aA ´
lim lim ¦ x µ Aa
A 1
x ma x a xma § x a ¶
Example 2.7
If a 0, show that the function f ( x) log x (with base e) log(1 y) ¥ x ´

a a) 1//a. In general, f a( x) 1///xx
is differentiable at a and f a( lim where y 1
ym 0 ay § a ¶
where x 0.
1
1 [By (3) of Importa
t nt Formulae in Chapter 1]
Solution: We have a
f( ) f( ) ¥ log log a ´ 1
lim lim
x ma x a xma § x a ¶ a
¥ log( x// ) ´ Therefore

lim
xma § x a ¶ 1
f a ( a)
¥ ¥ x ´´ a
log ¦ 1 1
§ § a ¶ µ¶ 1
lim .
xma ¥x ´ a
1
§a ¶
Example 2.8
Let a 0 and f ( x) a x for x . Then show that f is ( x c

)
differentiable at any c and f a(c) ac log a. In gen- lim ac
xmc x c
eral, f a( x) a x log a. In particular, if f ( x) e x , then ¥ a y 1´
f a( x ) e x . ac lim ¦ (where y x c m 0 as x m c)
ym 0 § y µ¶
Solution: We have ac log a [By (3) of Important Formulae in Chapter 1]
¥ f ( ) f ( )´ a x ac
lim lim
xmc § x c ¶ x mc x c
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2.2 Derivatives of Some Standard Functions 155
Example 2.9
Show that the function f ( x) sin x is differentiable at ¥ ¥ x a´ ´

any a and f a(
a a) cos a. In general, f a( x) cos x for sin
¦ § 2 ¶µ ¥ x a´
x . lim ¦ µ cos §
xma
¦ ¥ x a ´ µ 2 ¶
§ § 2 ¶ ¶
Solution: We have
1 s co
c s (∵ cos x is continuous)
f( ) f( ) ¥ sin x sin a ´
lim lim = cos a
x a´ x a´
2 cos ¥ sin ¥
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
lim
xma x a
Example 2.10
Show that the function g( x) cos x is differentiable at ¥ ¥ x a´ ´
any a and gaa(a) sin a. In general, g a( x) sin x. sin
¦ § 2 ¶µ ¥ x a´
lim ¦ µ sin §
xm0
¦ x a µ 2 ¶
Solution: We have § ¶
2
g(( ) g(( ) ¥ cos x cos a ´ ( )sin a
lim lim
sin a
x a´ x a´
( )sin ¥ sin ¥
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
lim
xma x a
Example 2.11
Show that the function h( x) tan x is differentiable at sin ( x a)

lim
any a and a is not an odd multiple of P /2 and x m a ( )cos x cos a
a a) sec 2 a. In general, if x is not an odd multiple of
f a(
¥ sin( x a) ´ 1 1
a x) sec 2 x.
P /2, then ha( lim s s
xma § x a ¶ cos x cos a
1s s
cos a cos a
h(( ) h(( ) ¥ tan x tan a ´
lim lim ¦
x ma x a xma § x a µ¶ sec 2 a
Example 2.12
If a and is not a multiple of P , then show that the ¥ sin( x a) ´
function f ( x) cot x is differentiable at a and f (a) lim ¦
x m a § ( )sin x sin a µ
¶
cosec 2 a. In general, f a( x) cosec 2 x for all real x x n ,
n . ¥ sin( x a) 1 1 ´
lim s s
xma § x a sin a ¶
sin x sin
Solution: We have
1 1
f( ) f( ) cot x cot a 1 s s
lim lim sin a sin a
xma x a xma x a
cosec 2 a
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Example 2.13
If a is not a multiple of O O, then show that the function ¥ x a´ ¥ x a´

g( x) cosec x is differentiable at a and ga(a) cosec a 2 cos sin
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
cot . In general, gaa( x) cosec x cot x for all x x nO,O lim
xma ( )sin x sin a
n .
¥ ¥ x a´ ´ ¥ x a´
Solution: We have sin cos
¦ § 2 ¶µ § 2 ¶
lim ¦ µ
g(( ) g(( ) cosec x cosec a xma
¦ ¥ x a ´ µ sin x sin a
lim lim
x ma x a xma x a § § 2 ¶ ¶
sin a sin x (11)cos a
lim
xma ( x a)sin x sin a sin 2 a
cosec a cot a
Example 2.14
If a x ( n )( /2), n , then show that the function ¥ a x´ ¥ x a´

h( x) sec x is differentiable at a and haa(a) sec a tan a. 2 sin sin
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
In general, haa( x) sec x tan x for all x x n ( /2), lim
xma ( )cos x cos a
n .
¥ x a´ ´ a x´
sin ¥ sin ¥
Solution: We have ¦ § 2 ¶ µ § 2 ¶
lim ¦ µ
x a
µ cos x cos a
xma
h(( ) h(( ) sec x sec a ¦
lim lim § 2 ¶
xma x a xma x a
sin a
cos a cos x 1
lim cos2 a
xma ( c s x cos a
) co
sec a tan a
In the coming set of examples, we find the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions and
inverse hyperbolic functions. Here afterwards we write y f ( x) (function) and write dyy/dx
d f ( x).
Example 2.15
Let y Sin–1 x whose domain is [–1, 1] and range is dx

cos y i 2 y 1 x2
1 sin
¨ P P· dy
©ª 2 , 2 ¹¹̧ . Find its derivative.
Using the Note under Theorem 2.6 we get
Solution: We have
1 dy 1
y Si xx sin y
dx 1 x2
Therefore
Hence
dx
cos y 1
dy d( x) 1
for 1 x 1
Also P / y P /2 f 1 x 1 y 0. So dx 1 x2
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Example 2.16
Let y Cos 1 x, whose domain is [ 1, 1] and range is [0, O ]. dx

sin y 1 cos2 x 1 x 2
Find its derivative. dy
Hence
Solution: We have
1 dy 1
yC xx cos y for 1 x 1
dx 1 x2
Therefore
This implies
dx
sin y d 1
dy ( 1
x)
dx 1 x2
where y ( , P ) whenever 1 x 1 and sin y 0. So
Note: The derivative of Cos 1 x can also be realized from the relation
P
Sin 1
C 1x
Cos for 1 b x b 1
2
Example 2.17
Let y Tan 1 x where x and the range is ( /2, /2). So

Find its derivative. dy 1

dx 1 x 2
Solution: We have
1 This implies
yT xx tan y
d 1 1
Therefore ( x) x
dx 1 x2
dx
sec 2 y y 1 x2
dy
Example 2.18
Find the derivative of Cot 1 x for all x . Therefore
Solution: We know that d 1 d 1 1

( x) ( x) x
P
dx dx 1 x2
Tan 1
C 1x
Cot x
2 Observe that Cot 1 x (0, P ).
Example 2.19
¥ P´ ¥P ´ Now
Let y Sec 1 x, x [ 1, 1] and y ¦ 0, µ ¦ , P µ .
§ 2¶ § 2 ¶
Find out dy/dx. 1. x 1 sec y 0 and hence tan y 0.
2. x 1 sec y 0 and hence tan y 0.
Solution: We have
dx
x sec y sec y tan y sec 2 y sin y 0
dy
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Therefore So
« 1
« sec 2 y x 2 1 if x 1 ® if x 1
® dy ® x x 2 1
tan y ¬
2 ¬
® x 1 i x1 dx ® 1
if x 1
® x x 2 1
1
for 1 x 1
x x2 1
Example 2.20
¥ P ´ « 1
Let yCosec 1 x, x [ 1, 1] and y , 0 ® if x 1
§ 2 ¶
d 1 ® x x2 1
¥ P ´ Find out dy/dx. ( x) ¬
0, . dx 1
§ 2¶ ® if x 1
® x x 2 1
Solution: Working along the same lines as in Example
1
2.19, we get
x x2 1
ex e x ex e x
When x is real, then is called cosine hyperbolic and is denoted by coshx. Also is called sine hyperbolic
2 2 2
2
and is denoted by sinhx. Also observe that cosh x sinh x 1. The functions tanhx, cothx, cosechx and sechx are defined
similar to tan x, cot x, cosec x and sec x.
Example 2.21
ex e x
dy e x e x ( )
Let y sinh x . Find dy/dx.
2 dx 2
ex e x
Solution: By part (i) of Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 we have
2
cosh x
Example 2.22
ex e x
dy e x ( )e x
Let y cosh x . Find dy/dx.
2 dx 2
x x
e e
Solution: We have
2
sinh x
Example 2.23
sinh x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x

Let y tanh x . Find dy/dx.
cosh x cosh 2 x
Solution: We have 1

dy ( x)cosh x ( x )( x) cosh 2 x
Quotient Rule
dx cosh 2 x ¥ 1 ´
sech 2 x ¦∵ sech x is defined as
§ o h x µ¶
cos
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Try it out Show that

d
( x) cosech 2 x
dx
Example 2.24
Let y cosech x, x {0} . Find dy/dx. cosh x
(∵ The derivative of sinh x is
sinh 2 x cosh x and by Quotiient Rule)
Solution: We have
cosech x coth x
dy d ¥ 1 ´
Therefore
dx dx ¦§ sinh x µ¶
d d
( 1) (sinh x) ( x) cosech x coth x
dx dx

(sinh x)2
Example 2.25
Let y sech x, x . Find dy/dx. ( ) sinh x

(∵ The derivative
cosh 2 x off cosh x is sinh x)
Solution: We have
sech x tanh x
dy d ¥ 1 ´
Therefore
dx dx ¦§ cos h x µ¶
d d
( 1) (cos h x) ( x) h x ta h x
sech
dx dx
(By Quotient Rule)
cosh 2 x
The following are the derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions.
Example 2.26
Let y Sinh 1 x for all x . Find its derivative.

1
( cosh 2 y n h 2 y 1)
2
1 sinh y
Solution: We have
1
y Sinh 1 x x sinh y
1 x2
dx
cosh y
dy Therefore
dy 1 d 1
( x)
dx cosh y dx 1 x2
Example 2.27
y Cosh 1 x x cosh y, x (1, d) . Find its derivative. y Cosh 1 x

x cosh y
Solution: We have dx
sinh y
dy
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For x > 1,
cosh 2 y 1
d 1 1
x2 1 ( x)
dx 2
x 1
Example 2.28
Find the derivative of y Tanh 1 x, x ( 1, 1). ¥ e y e y ´

2
1 ¦
§ e y e y µ¶
Solution: We have
1 tanh 2 y
yT h 1

xx tanh y 1 2
0 ( 1< x 1)
Therefore
Therefore
dx
sech 2 y dy 1
dy
dx 1 x 2
2
¥ 2 ´
and hence
§ ey e y¶
4 d 1 1
( x)
(e y e y )2 dx 1 x2
Example 2.29
Find the derivative of y h 1 x , x ( , 1).

Coth ( 2
2
)
2
sinh y
Solution: We have 2
coth y 1
y Coth 1 x x coth y
1 x2
Therefore
Therefore
dx dy 1
cosech 2 y
dy dx 1 x 2
1 So
2
sinh y d 1 1
( x)
dx 1 x2
QUICK LOOK 2
Though the domains of Tanh 1 x and Coth 1 x are, respectively, ( 1, 1) and ( 1, 1), but their derivatives are
same.
Example 2.30
Find the derivative of y Sech 1 x, x (0, 1) Therefore
dx
Solution: We have sech y tanh y
dy
y Sech 1 x x sech y
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So
sech y 1 sech 2 y
dy 1
x 1 x2
dx x 1 x 2
Example 2.31
Find the derivative of y Cosech 1 x, x x 0. because for any real x, cosech x 0 ( 0) according as
x 0( 0). Therefore
Solution: We have
dx
y Cosech 1 x x cosech y x(p x2 )
dy
Now
and hence
dx
cosech y coth y dy 1
dy
dx x 1 x 2
cosech y (p cosech 2 y )
QUICK LOOK 3
1. Sinh 1 x g ( x x 2 1) 1 ¥ 1 x´
3. Tanh 1 x log ( x 1)
2 § 1 x¶
2. Cosh 1 x g( x x 2 1)
The following are illustrative examples of the rules of differential of sum of two functions, product of two functions,
quotient rule, chain rule using the derivative of standard functions, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions,
hyperbolic functions and their inverses.
Example 2.32
Find the derivate of xex. dy

f a( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g a( x )
dx
Solution: Let y x2ex. Take f ( x) x 2 and gg(x
( x) e x.
( x)e x x 2 (e x ) See Examples 2.6 and 2.8
Therefore
y f (x)g(x) ex ( x x2 )
Therefore by product rule [see (ii) of Theorem 2.2]
Example 2.33
Find the derivative of x log x sin x . d d

( fg )( x) (h( x))
dx dx
Solution: Let y x log x sin x . Take f ( x) x, g(x)
log x and h( x) sin x. Therefore using parts (i), (ii) of f a( x)g( x) f ( x)gaa( x) haa( x)
Theorem 2.2 and referring to the derivatives of standard ¥ 1´
1 log x x cos x
functions (Examples 2.6–2.14) we get § x¶
dy d log 1 cos x
( fg h)( x)
dx dx
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Example 2.34
Find the derivative of y log7 (tan x) whenever defined. dy ¥ 1 ´

(log 7 e) ¦ (sec 2 x)
dx § tan x µ¶
Solution: We have
¥ 1 ´
y log 7 (tan x) log e (tan x) log 7 e (log 7 e) ¦
§ sin x cos x µ¶
Therefore using chain rule, we get
Example 2.35
Find the derivative of y 5x log x x sin x. 5x g5

1
(sin x x cos x)
x
Solution: We have ¥ d (a x ) ´
x ¦§∵ a x log a, a µ
dy d( ) d(log x) d( x sin x) dx ¶

dx dx dx dx
[ ( f g )a f a g a]
Example 2.36
Find the derivative of the function y (x x 2 )2 . 2 ( 1

2
)
2( 1 )
2
1 x
Solution: If y ( f ( x))n then we know that by chain
rule 2 2
2( 1 )

2
dy 1 x
n( f ( x))n 1
f a( x )
dx 2y

Therefore 1 x2
y (x x 2 )2 So
dyy ¥ 1 ´ dy 2y
2(x
(x x2 ) ¦ 1 ( x)µ
dx § 2 1 x2 ¶ dx 1 x2
Example 2.37
If y log(Sin x), then find dyy/dx

d . dy ¥ 1 ´ d
(Sin 11 x)
dx ¦§ Sin 1 x µ¶ dx
Solution: Note that Sin 1x must belong to ( , P / ) so
that x ( , 1). Therefore, using chain rule we get 1 1
1
s
Sin x 1 x2
Example 2.38
Find the derivative of e x x e . ¥

e x xe 1
e´
§ x¶
Solution: Let y e x x e . Then
¥ e´
y 1
dy § x¶
e e 1
e x x e e x ex
dx
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Example 2.39
Find the derivative of d

1
g a( x ) ( 1 x2 )
x Sin x dx
y
1 x2 1
s (1 x 2 ) 1/ 2 (0 2 x)
2
Solution: Let f ( x) x Sin 1 x, g( x) 1 x 2 . x

Therefore 1 x2
f Therefore
y
g
¥ x ´ ¥ x ´
Sin 1 x 1 x 2 ( x Sin 1 x) ¦
Hence ¦§ 2 µ § 1 x 2 µ¶
dy 1 x ¶

dy f a( x) g( x) f ( x) g a( x) dx ( 1 x 2 )2

dx ( g( x))2
x 2 Sin 1 x
Now 1 x 2 Sin 1 x x
1 x2

f a( x )
d
( x Sin 1 x) 1 x2
dx
(1 x 2 ) Sin 1 x x 1 x 2 x 2 Sin 1 x
x
Sin 1 x (Product Rule) (1 x 2 )3 / 2
2
1 x
Sin 1 x x 1 x 2

(1 x 2 )3 / 2
Example 2.40
Find the derivative of y log (cosh 3 x). Now

dy 1 du
Solution: Put u cosh 3x so that y log u. Therefore
dx u dx
du 1
( x)(
)( ) s (3 i h 3 x)
dx cosh 3 x
3 h 3x
Example 2.41
dy 1
If y log x , then show that . Case II: Suppose x < 0. Then
dx x
y log x log( x)
Solution: Since x 0 f ll x x 0, the domain of the Taking derivative and using chain rule we get
function is { }.
dy 1 1
Case I: Suppose x 0. Therefore ( 1)
dx ( x) x
y log x log x
Therefore
Taking derivative we get
dy 1
dy 1 f xx0
dx x
dx x
d(log x ) 1
or
dx x
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Example 2.42
Find the derivative of y Sin 1 (e x ). dy dy du 1 ex

ex
dx du dx 1 u2 1 e2 x
Solution: We have y Sin 1u where u e x. Therefore
(using chain rule or substitution) we have
Example 2.43
dy dy dy du 1 1 1
If y log(log x), then find .
dx dx du dx u x x log x
Solution: Put log . Then y log u so that
Example 2.44
dy cos x dy 1
If y Sin 1 (sin x), then show that . cos x
dx \ x\ dx 1 u2
cos x
Solution: Put u sin x so that 1 b u b 1 and du/dx
cos x. Now 1 sin 2 x
cos x
p1 Justify the signs
\ x\
Example 2.45
Find dyy/d
dx where y Tanh 1 (e x ). dy dy du

dx du dx
Solution: Put u e x so that du/dx ex. Now, 1
ex
y Tanh 1 u 1 u2
ex
Therefore (see Example 2.28)
1 e2 x
Example 2.46
dy Now
If y log (sec x tan x), then show that sec x.
dx y log u
dyy dy du
Solution: Put u c x tan x so that
dx du dx
du
sec x t x sec 2 x 1
dx sec x (sec x tan x)
u
sec x x tan x
1
(sec x) u
u
sec x
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2.3 Special Methods of Differentiation 165
2.3 Special Methods of Differentiation

Sometimes the usual rules of differentiation may be a cumbersome process for finding derivatives of some typical
functions. In such cases we need special methods which we are going to discuss in this section.
2.3.1 Substitution Methods

The chain rule (Theorem 2.3) is also called substitution method. However, some functions need a suitable substitution
to compute the derivative elegantly. This is illustrated in the following examples.
Example 2.47
If Therefore
1 x dy dy dQ
y Tan 1
1 x dx dQ dx
dy dx
where x 1, then find dy/dx. w
dQ dQ
Solution: Put x cos Q , Q ( , P ). Then 1 1
s
2 ( sin Q )
1 x 1 cos Q Q
tan 2 1 1
1 x 1 cos Q 2 s
2 1 cos2 Q
This implies
1
1 x Q
tan 2 1 x2
1 x 2
so that
¥ Q´ Q
y Tan 1 tan
§ 2¶ 2
Example 2.48
¥ 3a 2 x x 3 ´ Now
If y Tan 1 ¦ µ , then show that
§ a(a 2 3 x 2 ) ¶ ¥ 3 tan Q tan 3 Q ´
y Tan 1 ¦
§ 1 3 tan 2 Q µ¶
dy 3a
Tan 1 (tan 3Q ) 3Q
dx a 2 x 2
Therefore
Solution: Put x a tan Q so that
dy dQ
dx 3
a sec 2 Q dx dx
dQ 3

¥ x2 ´ dx/ddQ
a¦1 µ
§ a2 ¶ 3
2 2
2 2 ( )/a
a x

a 3a

a x2
2
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Example 2.49
¥ x2 1 x ´ log(sec Q tan Q )2
If y log ¦ µ , then show that
§ x2 1 x ¶ 2 log(sec Q tan Q ) (∵ sec Q tan Q )
dy 2 Therefore

dx 1 x2 dy dy dx
w
dx dQ dQ
Solution: Put x tan Q so that 2(sec Q tan Q sec 2 Q )
w sec 2Q
dx (sec Q tan Q )
sec 2Q 1 x 2
dQ 2

Now sec Q
¥ sec Q tan Q ´ 2
y log ¦
§ sec Q tan Q µ¶ 1 x2
2.3.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

Use of logarithms will be advantageous in computing the derivatives of functions of the form ( ( x))g(( ). More precisely,
let f and g be defined and differentiable on an interval II. Let h( x) ( f ( x))g ( x ) so that
log ( ( )) ( ) log(f ( ))
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
haa( x) f a( x )
ga
g a( x) log( f ( x)) g( x)
h( x) f ( x)
Hence
¥ g ( x ) f a( x ) ´
haa( x) h( x) ¦ gaa( x) log( f ( x))
§ f ( x) µ¶
Now replace h( x) with (ff ( x))g(

g x)
.
Note: If y ( f ( x))g ( x ), then

dy ¥ g ( x ) f a( x ) ´
y ¦ g a( x) log( f ( x))
dx § f ( x) µ¶
We illustrate the above-stated theory with some examples now.
Example 2.50
If y x x , i d dyy/d
dx where x 0. 1 dy x
log x log x 1
y dx x
Solution: Taking logarithm on both sides of y xx
Therefore
we get
dy
log log x x x (log x 1)
dx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we obtain
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2.3 Special Methods of Differentiation 167
Example 2.51
If y (tan)sin x , x (0, P /2), then find dy/dx. 1 dy ¥ sec 2 x ´

(cos x) log (tan x) sin x ¦
y dx § tanx µ¶
Solution: Taking logarithm on both sides we get
(cos x) log (tan x) sec x
log y (sin x) log (tan x)
Therefore
Note that both tan x and sin x are positive for x (0, P /2). dy
y (cos x log (tan x) sec x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get dx
Example 2.52
Let y ( x )2 / x for x x 0, x 1. Then find dyy/dx

d . ¥ x ´
log( x 1)
1 dy § x1 ¶

Solution: Taking logarithm on both sides we get y dx x 2
2 Therefore
log log( )
x
dy 2 y ¥ x ´
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get log( x 1)
dx x 2 § x 1 ¶
2.3.3 Parametric Differentiation

Suppose x and y are functions of a parameter t, say x f (t ) and y g(t ) in any interval. Further assume that f is inver-
tible and f g, f 1 are differentiable in the relevant intervals. Then to find dyy/dx
d , we proceed as follows:
1 1
y g (t ) g( f ( x)) (g
(g f )( x )
Hence
dy
g a(( f 1 ( x)( f 1 )a ( x)
dx
dy dx
w
dt dt
dy
w f a (t )
dt
g a (t )

f a (t )
This process is called parametric differentiation or differentiation of one function g w.r.t. another function f. We
illustrate the above-stated theory with some examples now.
Example 2.53
If x acos t and y asin t, for 0 P /22 and a x 0, find dy g a(t )

dy/dx. dx f a(t )
Solution: Write x f (t) and y g(t) in ( , P / ) and note a t

f g are differentiable in ( , P / ) and f 1 exists in
that f, a i t
(0, 1) and is differentiable. Hence using parametric dif- x x
ferentiation, we get
y y
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Note: In Example 2.53, x and y are functions of t and we computed the derivative of the function y w.r.t. another
function x.
Example 2.54
If f (t ) log t sin t and g(t ) e t cos t in (0, P /2), then we have

find dg/df .
dg dg df
w
Solution: Since df dt dt
df 1 e t sin t
sin t
dt t (1/t ) cos t
dg t(e t sin t )
e t sin t
dt 1 t cos t
df
and x0
dt
Example 2.55
If x sec Q cos Q and y sec nQ cosnQ , then show n tan Q (sec nQ cosnQ )

that tan Q (sec Q cos Q )
2
¥ dy ´
( x 2 4) ¦ µ n2 ( y2 4) osnQ )
n(sec nQ co
§ dx ¶
sec Q cos Q
From this we have
Solution: We have
2
¥ dy ´ n2 [sec nQ cosnQ ]2
dx
sec Q tan Q sin Q ¦§ µ¶
dx (sec Q cos Q )2
dQ
dy n2 [(sec nQ cosnQ )2 4]
n sec n 1 Q (sec Q tan Q ) n cosn 1 Q ( sin Q )
and (sec Q cos Q )2 4
dQ
n(sec n Q tan Q n cosn 1Q sin Q ) n2 ( y2 4)

x2 4
Therefore
Hence
dy dy dx
w ¥ dy ´
2
dx dQ dQ ( x 2 4) ¦ µ n2 ( y2 4)
§ dx ¶
2.3.4 Differentiation of Implicit Functions

Suppose y is a function of x, y is not explicitly in terms of x, but x and y are connected through a relation F. F Write
F ( x, y) . Here y is a function of x, say, y f ( x), but x and y are connected through the relation F ( x, y) , that is
F ( x, f ( x ) ) . If this be the case, we say that y is an implicitt function of x. The following are illustrative examples.
Example
Suppose y f ( x), x [a, b] and x 2 y2 1 x [a, b]. x 2 ( f ( x))2 1

In this case f (x) may not be known explicitly, but we may Then
compute f (x) using the relation
f ( x) 1 x 2 or f ( x) 1 x 2
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2.4 Successive Derivatives of a Function 169
If y is an implicit function of x and x and y are con- 2 x 2 yy a 0

nected through a relation F ( x, y) 0, it is possible,
Here y a f a( x). Hence
sometimes,to find y a f a( x), by differentiating F ( x, y) 0
on both sides w.r.t. x. Here, x 2 y2 1. On differentiating x x
ya
both sides w.r.t. x, since y is a function of x, say y f (x), y f ( x)
we get
Example 2.56
If y is an implicit function of x, and x and y are connected 3x 2 y2 y a 3( y xya)

33y 0
through the relation x 3 y3 3xy 3 xy 0, find y a or dy/dx.
( y2 x) y y x2
3 3
Solution: On differentiating x y 3 xy w.r.t. x y x2
we get ya
y2 x
Example 2.57
If ax 2 2hxy
hxy b
hxy byy2 2 gx
g ffyy c 0, then find dy/dx ¥ dy ´ dy
2ax 2 h y x 2by
where all the coefficients are constants and at least one § dx ¶ dx
of a, h, b is not zero. dy
2g
2g 2 f 0
dx
Solution: Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x
dy
we get (hx by f ) ax hy g 0
dx
dyy (ax hy g )

dx hx by c
Finally, we conclude this theory part of differentiation with the derivatives of second order, third order, etc.
2.4 Successive Derivatives of a Function

DEFINITION 2.4 Suppose f : (a, b) m is a function and is differentiable in (a, b). Then the derived function
f a can be regarded as a function on (a, b). That is, f a : (a, b) m is also a function. Suppose
f a is differentiable in (a, b) with derived function ( )a ( ), then this function is denoted by
f aa(
aa x) and is called the second derivative of f in (a, b).
If further f aa is differentiable in (a, b), then its derived function ( )a ( ) is denoted by
f aaa(
aaa x) and is called the third derivative of f in (a, b). In general, the (n + 1)th derivative of f is
the derivative of f (n) (x) (if exists), n 1, 2, 3, ….
Note: Even though the nth derivative of a function is explained, as per the scope of the syllabus, we restrict to second-
and third-order derivatives. If y f ( x), then f ( n ) ( x) is also denoted by d n y/dx
d n.
The following are some illustrative examples.
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Examples
1. Let f ( x) x 2 in (0, 1). For the given function f aaa( x) cos x, f ( 4) ( x) sin x
f a( x ) 2 x and in general
f aa( x) 2 «cos x if n is of the form 4k 1
and f ( n)
( x) 0 for n r 3 ® sin x if n is of the form 4k 2
®
n f ( n) ( x) ¬
2. Let f ( x) x where n is a positive integer. Then ® cos x if n is of the form 4k 3
f a( x) nx n 1 , f aa( x) n(n 1) x n 2 ®sin x if n is of the form 4k
f aaa( x) n(n 1)(n 2) x n 3

Note: One can see that if f (x) sin x, then its nth
and in general derivative is
f(n)(x) n! ¥ nP ´
f ( n) ( x) sin ¦ xµ for n 1, 2, 3, {
( n 1) ( n 2) § 2 ¶
In this case f ( x) 0, f ( x) 0, {.
3. If f ( x) sin x in (0, P /2), then 4. If f ( x) e L x, then f ( n)( x) L n e L x L n f ( x).
f a( x) cos x, f aa( x) sin x ( 1)n 1 (n 1)
5. If f ( x) log x, then f ( n)( x) .
xn
Example 2.58
If x cos Q Q sin Q , y sin Q Q cos Q , then find d 2 y/dx

d 2. Now
dy dy dx Q i Q
Solution: From the given equations, w tan Q
dx dQ dQ Q Q
dx
sin Q i Q Q Q Q Q Therefore
dQ
dy d2 y dQ sec 2 Q sec 3 Q
cos Q ( Q Q i Q ) Q si Q (sec 2 )
dQ dx 2 dx Q cos Q Q
Example 2.59
If y sin(sin x), then show that d2 y

si (sin x) s2 x cos(sin x)( sin x)
2
d y dyy dx 2
2
(tan x) y cos2 x 0
dx dx
d 2 ¥ sin x ´
y x cos(sin x) cos
o x¦
§ cos x µ¶
Solution: Differentiating y sin(sin x) we get
dy
dy yy cos2 x tan x
cos(sin x)(cos x) dx
dx
Therefore
Again
d2 y dyy
2
(tan x) y cos2 x 0
dx dx
d
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WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
Note: Before going to Worked-Out Problems, we recall 5. Right derivative at x a is denoted by f a(a 0) and is
the concepts of continuity and differentiability of a given by
function at x a.
f (a h) f (a)
1. Left limit at x a is denoted by f (a 0) and is given f a (a ) lim
hm0 h
by h 0
f (a ) lim f (a h) 6. Derivative at x a is denoted by f a(

a a) and is given by
hm0
h0
f (a h) f (a)
f a(a) lim
2. Right limit at x a is denoted by f (a 0) and is hm0 h
given by
7. f (x) is differentiable at x a if and only if both
f (a ) lim f (a h) a a ) and f a(
f a( a a ) exist finitely and are equal.
hm0
h0 The common value is f a( a a) .
8. f is continuous on a set of real numbers (interval)
3. f is continuous at x a if and only if f (a ) and implies that there are no breaks on the graph of
f (a ) exist finitely and are equal to f (a). y f (x).
4. Left derivative at x a is denoted by f a(
a a ) and 9. f is not differentiable at a point x x0 implies that
is given by there is sharp bend like “” or “” at (x0, y0) where
f (a h) f (a) y0 f (x0) on the graph of y f (x).
f a(a ) lim 10. If f is discontinuous at x a, then f is not differen-
hm0 h
h 0 tiable at x a.

1. Let f and g be differentiable functions such that 2 6
f (3) 5, g(3) 7, f a( ) 13, g a( ) 6, f a( ) 2 and ( )( ) ( )( )
3x 1 x 1
g a( ) 0. If h( x) ( f g )( x), then h a( ) is equal to
(A) 14 (B) 6 1

(C) 12 (D) 10 4
Solution: By chain rule Therefore
haa( x) f a( g( x)) g a( x) 1
x0
4
Therefore
Now,
h a( ) f a( g(3)) g a( )
2
f a( ) 6 a x)
f a( and gaa ( x) 3 x
( x )2
26
Therefore, using chain rule we have
12
( )a ( 0) g a( ( x0 )) f a( 0)
Answer: (C)
2
2. Let f ( x) 2/(
/ x 1) and g( x) 3 x. It is given that 3s 2
¥ 1 ´
( )( 0) ( )( 0 ). Then ( )a ( 0 ) equals 1
§ 4 ¶
32
(A) 32 (B) 3 s ( 2)(16)
3
9
32 32 32
(C) (D)
9 3 3
Solution: We have Answer: (D)
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3. If f (x) and g(x) are two functions from to such Therefore

3 2 8
that ( )( ) ( ) , then f a(
a )g a( ) is a ) x f a( )
f a(
(A) 8 (B) 16 Hence f is not differentiable at x 1. Similarly,
(C) 12 (D) 24 f a( ) 0 and f a( ) 2. Therefore f is not differ-
Solution: We have entiable at x 1. Thus, f is not differentiable at x 1, 1.
3 2 Answer: (A)
( )( ) ( )8
6. If x 2 s t cos 2t y 2 si t in 2t, then dyy/d
dx at
f ( x) x 8 and g( x) x 3 x2 2
t P /6 is
Therefore 1
(A) 3 (B)
f a( ) 8 and g a( ) 3( ) 2( ) 1 3
(C) 2 1 (D) 1
f a(
a ) g a( ) 8 s 1 8
Solution: We have
Answer: (A)
dx
2 2 sin t 2 si 2t
4. If f ( x) x (x
(x ) and g( x) 1 x , then ( )a ( ) dt
is equal to
1 dy
(A) 1 (B) and 2 cos t 2 c 2t
2 dt
1 Therefore
(C) (D) 2
2 dy dyy dx
w
Solution: We have dx dt dt
2 (cos t cos 2t )
( )( ) 1 x2
2 (sin 2t si t )
x
( )a ( ) 3t t
1 x2 2 sin sin
i
2 2 tan 3t
and hence 3t t 2
2 cos sini
2 2
1
( )a ( )
2
Hence
Answer: (C)
¥ dy ´ ¥ 3 ¥ P ´´ P
tan ¦ tan 1
f x)
5. The number of points at which the function f( § dx ¶ t P § 2 § 6 ¶ µ¶ 4
x 1 x 1 is not differentiable is 6
(A) 2 (B) 1 Answer: (D)

(C) 0 (D) infinite 7. If 1 x2 1 y2 3 ( x y), then dydx is equal
Solution: We have to
2 2 1 y2
« (x
( x ) 1 x 2xx i x 1 (A) ( )( ) (B)
® 1 x2
f ( x) ¬ ( x ) ( x) 2 i 1 b x b 1
® ( x ) (x
(x ) 2 x i x 1 1 x2 x2 y2
(C) (D)
1 y2 (1 x 2 )( y2 )
Now
Solution: The given relation is
f ( h) f (
( )
f a( ) lim
hm0 h
h0 1 x2 1 y2 3 ( x y)
2(
( h) 2 ¥ 2h ´ (This is differentiation of implicit function.) Put x sin A
lim lim 2
m
hm h
h hm 0 § h ¶ and y sin B. Then
f a( 11 0) 0 cos A cos B 3 (sin A sin B )
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2
¥ A B´ ¥ A B´ ¥ ¥ A B´ ¥ A B ´ ´ 9. If f a( x) sin x and
2 cos cos 3 2 cos sin
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶ § § 2 ¶ § 2 µ¶ µ¶
¥ 2 x 1´
y f
¥ A B´ 1 § x 2 1¶
tan
§ 2 ¶ 3
then dydx at x 1 is
1
A B 2 Tan 1 1 1
3 ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
(A) sin (B) sin 2
4 § 2 ¶ 4 § 2¶
1
Si 1 x 1
y 2 Tan 1 ¥ 1´ 1 ¥ 1´
3 (C) sin 2 (D) sin 2
§ 4¶ 2 § 2¶
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get
Solution: We have
1 1 ¥ dy ´
0 ¥ 2 x 1´
1 x2 1 y2 § dx ¶ y f 2
§ x 1¶
2
dy 1 y dyy ¥ 2 x 1´ d ¥ 2 x 1´
fa 2
dx 1 x2 dx § x 1 ¶ dx § x 2 1 ¶
2
Answer: (B) ¥ 2 x 1´ ¥ 2(( ) 2x ( )´
sin 2
§ x 2 1 ¶ ¦§ ( 2
) 2 µ
¶
8. If 2
3 ¥ 2 x 1´ ¥ 22 x 2 x 2 ´
(sin ) sin(P x// ) 1
( ) 2 x tan (log( x 2))
2)) 0 sin 2
2 § x 1 ¶ § ( x 2 1)2 µ¶
2 ¦
then dydx at x 1 is
3 1 Therefore
(A) (B) ¥ dy ´ 1 ¥ 1´
P2 3 P P2 3 sin 2
§ dx ¶ x 1 2 § 2¶
3 3P
(C) (D) Answer: (D)
P P2 3 P2 3
10. If
Solution: This problem also comes under implicit
function. On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get ax 2 bx c
y 1
( x a)( x b)( x c) ( x b)( x c) x c
Px P º
(sin ) sin(P x/ ) s log (sin ) s cos s ® then dydx is equal to
2 2
® y ¥ a b c ´
¥ P x ´ 1 ® (A)
¥
sin
P x´
(sin ) §
sin
2 ¶
s cos y s
dy
®® x § x a x b x c¶
§ 2 ¶ dx » (2.4) (B) 1 ¥ a b c ´
3¥ 2 ) ®®
´ 2 x sec 2 (log ( x 2)) x § x a x b x c¶
¦ 2 µ
2 § (2 | x |) 4 x 1 ¶ x2 ® y¥ a b c ´
® (C)
2 x s log 2 tan (log( )) 0 ®¼ x § x a x b x c¶
1¥ a b c ´
From the given equation we have (D) §
x x a x b x c¶
3
x 1 i y Solution: We have
P
Therefore substituting x 1 and sin y /P in ax 2 bx x
y
Eq. (2.4) we have ( x a)( x b)( x c) ( x b)( x c) x c
2 ax 2 x2
¥ 3´
¦§ µ ( x a)( x b)( x c) ( x b)(x
( x c)
¥ dy ´

P ¶
3
§ dx ¶ x 1 2 x3
¥ ´ P P 2 3
1 ¦ 3µ ( x a)(x
( x b)( x c)
§ P ¶
Therefore
Answer: (C)
log log x log( x a) log( ) log( x c)
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Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get Therefore

1 dy 3 1 1 1 dy dyy dx
w
yddx x x a x b x c dx dt dt
¥1 1 ´ ¥1 1 ´ ¥1 1 ´ 1 ¥ 3 2´

§ x x a ¶ § x x b¶ § x x c ¶ t § t2 t ¶
t
1 ¥ 3 2´
a b c 2 2
t §t t¶
x( x a) x( x b) x( x c)
So
Therefore
3
dy y ¥ a b c ´ ¥ dy ´ dy
x xt 3 1 t 1
dx x § x a x b x c¶ § dx ¶ dx
Answer: (A) Answer: (B)
11. If f : m is an even function, then 13. If x 3 cos t, y 4 sin t, then dydx at the point
( //2, ) is
(A) f a ( ) 0 (B) f a(
a x) is an even function
2 2
(C) f ( ) 0 (D) nothing can be said (A) (B)
3 3
about f a(
a x)
4 4
(C) (D)
Solution: y f (x) is an even function. Therefore 3 3
f ( x) f ( x) x Solution: We have
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get 3 2 1
x t
f a( x)( ) f a( x) 2 2
f a( x) f a ( x) 1
and y 2 2 i t
Hence 2
f a( ) f a( ) f a( ) 0 Now
Answer: (A) dx dyy
3 i t d 4 cos t
dt dt
12. If a function is represented parametrically by the
equations implies
dy dyy dx
1 t 2 3 w
x 3 , y 2 dx dt dt
t 2t t 4 cos t

then 3 sin t
2 3
¥ dy ´ dy ¥ dy ´ dy ¥ 1 ´
(A) x 1 (B) x 1 4¦
§ dx ¶ dx § dx ¶ dx § 2 µ¶

3
dy
3 ¥ 1 ´
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´ dy 3 ¦
(C)
§ dx ¶
x (D) x
§ dx ¶
1 x § 2 µ¶
dx dx
4
Solution: We have
3
1 1 3 2 Answer: (D)
x 3
2
, y 2

t t 2t t 1 log x
14. If y , then dydx is equal to
Therefore x x log x
dx 3 2 x 2 y2 1 x 2 y2 1
(A) (B)
dt t 4 t 3 x2 2x2
xy 1 xy 1
dy 3 2 (C) (D)
and 3 2 2x 2x2
dt t t
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Solution: We have
16. If y x x x , x 0, then dy/dx at x 1 is
y( x x log x) log x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get 1 ¥ 3 4 2´ 1 ¥ 3 4 2´
(A) ¦ µ (B) ¦ µ
2 1 2 § 4 2 ¶ 1 2 § 4 2 ¶
dy 1
( x x log x) y(1 log x ) ¥ 3 4 2´ 3 4 2
dx x (C) ¦ (D)
dy ¥ 1 log x ´ 1 § 8 2 µ¶ 1 2
y logg x
dx ¦§ y µ¶ x Solution: We have
y
y2 log x dy ¨ 1 1 ¥ 1 ´·
dy x
©1 ¦§ 1 µ¸
dx 1 log x dx 2 x¶¹
2 x x x ª 2 x x
y(1 xy
x log x)
(2.5) Therefore
x(1 log x)
¥ dy ´ 1 ¥ 1 3´
But by the hypothesis, 1 µ
§ dx ¶ x 1 2 1 2 ¦§ 2 2 2¶
xy 1
log x ¥ 3 4 2´
1
xy 1 ¦ µ
2 1 2 § 4 2 ¶
Substituting the value of log x is Eq. (2.5), we get that
Answer: (A)
¨ ¥ xy 1´ ·
©1 xy ¦§ xy 1µ¶ ¸
dy
yª ¹ 17. The number of values of x at which
dx ¥ xy 1´
x¦1 ¥ 2x ´
§ xy 1µ¶ f ( x) Sin 1
§ 1 x2 ¶
y (1 x 2 y2 )
is not differentiable is
x 2 xy
(A) 0 (B) 1
1 x 2 y2
(C) 2 (D) 3
2x2
Answer: (B) Solution: Since
d 1 1
16 ( x) (| x | )
15. If f ( x) 1 x 2/3 , then f a ( ) is dx 1 x2
x
1 1
(A) (B) we have
8 4
1 1
(C) (D) 1 [ (1 x 2 ) x(2 x)]
12 3 f a( x )
¥ 2x ´
2 ( x 2 )2
Solution: We have 1
§ 1 x2 ¶
2 16
f a ( x) x 1/3 2 ( x2 ) 2(1 2
)
3 x 2 2
Therefore ( x ) 2 2 (1 )
2 16 2
f a ( ) ( ) 1/3
2(1 )
3 ( )2 |1 2
(1
| (1 2
)
2 ¥ 1´ 1
« 2
3§ 2 ¶ 4 if | | 1
®® 1 x 2
1 1 1 ¬
® 2
3 4 12 if | x | 1
® 1 x 2
Answer: (C)
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Therefore f a(a x) does not exist at | | 1 ( .e., x p 1) H ( h) H (

( )
H a( ) lim
because f a ( ) 1 and f a( ) 1 and f a(1 0) hm 0 h
f a( ) 1. h 0
Answer: (C) [| 1 h |] 1
lim
hm 0 h
2
18. If f ( x) xe x /2
, then f a( ) is [1 ] 1
lim
(A) 1 (B) 0
hm 0 h
1 1 [1 1]
(C) (D) lim 0
2 2 hm 0 h
H ( h) H ( ( )
Solution: We have H a( ) lim
hm 0 h
h 0
2 2
¥ 2 x ´
f a( x ) e x /
xe x /2
[| 1 h |] 1
§ 2 ¶ lim
2 hm 0 h
e x /22 ( x 2 )
[1 h] 1
lim
Therefore f a( ) 0. hm 0 h
Answer: (B) 0 1
lim d
hm 0 h
19. The function f ( x) | log x | is
Therefore H a( ) is finite H a( ) is infinite. Hence
(A) continuous and differentiable for 0 1 H is not differentiable at x 1.
(B) differentiable for 0 1, but not differen- Answer: (D)
tiable at x 1
(C) discontinuous at x 1 3t 3t 2
21. If x ,y , then dydx at t 2 is
(D) not differentiable for all x 0 1 t 2
1 t2
(A) (B)
3 3
« log x if 0 x 1
f ( x) ¬ 4 4
log x if x r 1 (C) (D)
3 3
« 1 Solution: We have
®® x if 0 x 1
and f a( x ) ¬ dx 3(1 t 2 2t 2 ) 3(1 t 2 )

®1 if x r 1 dt (1 t 2 )2 (1 t 2 )2
® x
dy 3[2t(1 t 2 ) t 2 (2t )] 6t
Therefore f a( ) 1 and f a( ) 1 and hence ffa(1) 2 2

dt (1 t ) (1 t 2 )2
does not exist.
Answer: (B) Therefore
dy dyy dx 2t
20. Let f (x) [x] where [t] is the greatest integer not w
dx dt dt 1 t 2
exceeding t and g( x) | x | . Then ( )( ) is
so that
(A) differentiable at x 1 and ( f º g)a
(B) differentiable at x 1 and ( )a ( ) 1 ¥ dy ´ 4

(C) differentiable at x 1 and ( )a ( ) 0 § dx ¶ t 2 3
(D) not differentiable at x 1
Answer: (C)
Solution: Let
H ( x) ( f g )(x
( x) f ( g( x)) [| x |] 3t 3t 2
22. If x 2
,y , then h(t) dydx is
1 t 1 t2
Now
(A) exactly differentiable at t p1
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(B) not differentiable at t p1 25. Let f ( x) a0| x|3 a1 | x|2 a2 | x| a3 . Then

(C) not differentiable at t 0
(D) not differentiable at more than two points (A) f is differentiable at x 0 if a2 x 0
(B) f is not differentiable at x 0, whatever be
Solution: From Problem 21, a0 a1 , a2 a3
(C) f is differentiable at x 0 if and only if a2 0
dy 2t
h(t ) (D) If f is differentiable at x 0, then a0 0 and
dx 1 t 2 a2 0
which is not defined at t p1. Hence h(t) in not differen- Solution: In Problem 24, we have seen that | | is not
tiable at t p1. differentiable at x 0, whereas | |3 is differentiable at
Answer: (B) x 0. Also | |2 x 2 is differentiable for all real x. If
a2 0, then
23. Let f (x) and g (x) be functions defined on as
f ( x) a 0| x| 3 a 1| x| 2 a 3
follows:
is differentiable at x 0. Conversely, if f (x) is differen-
« 0 if x 0 «0 if x 0
f ( x) ¬ and g( x) ¬ 2 tiable at x 0, then
x iff x 0 x if x r 0
a2 | x| f ( x) a0 | x|3 a1 | x|2 a3
Then
is differentiable at x 0 which is possible when a2 0.
(A) f is differentiable at x 0 and g is not differen- Answer: (C)
tiable at x 0
(B) f is not differentiable at x 0, whereas g is dif- 26. Let f ( x) x[ x] where [x] denotes the integral part
ferentiable at x 0 of x. If x is not an integer, then f a(
a x) is equal to
(C) both f and g are not differentiable at x 0
(D) both f and g are differentiable at x 0 (A) [x] (B) 2[x]
(C) 2x (D) does not exist
Solution: We have
Solution: Suppose x 0 and n x n 1 where n r 0
f a( ) 0 and f a( ) 1 integer. Therefore
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 0. Again f ( x) x[ x] nx
g a( ) 0 and g a( ) 2(( ) 0 so that
Therefore g is differentiable at x 0. f x) n [ x]
Answer: (B)
If x 0 and ( ) x n where n r 0 integer, then
3
24. Let f ( x) | x| and g( x) | x| . Then f ( x) (n )x
(A) both f and g are not differentiable at x 0 so that
(B) both f and g are differentiable at x 0
f a( x) (n ) [ x]
(C) f is differentiable at x 0 but g is not
(D) g is differentiable at x 0 but f is not a x) [ x].
Therefore when x is not an integer, then f a(
Solution: We have Answer: (A)
x x
27. Let f ( x) e , g( x) e and h( x) g( f ( x)). Then
« x if x 0
f ( x) ¬ h a( ) is equal to
x if x r 0
1
(A) (B) e
«® x 3 if x 0 e
and g( x) ¬
3
® x if x r 0 (C) 1 (D) 1
Clearly Solution: We have

ex
a )
f a( f a( ) 1 h ( x ) g (e x ) e
x
g a( ) 3(( ) 0 d g a( ) 3( ) 0 haa( x) (e e )( e x )
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 0 but g a( ) 0.
Answer: (D)
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Therefore (C) f a( x) | gaa( x)| for all x ( , 1)

1 1
haa( ) (e ))(( ) (D) gaa( x) | f a( x)| for all x ( , 1)
e
Answer: (A) Solution: We have
«® xx 3 if 1 x 0
28. Consider the function f ( x) | sin
si x | | cos x | for f ( x) ¬
3
0 2P . Then ® x if 0 b x 1
(A) f (x) is differentiable x ( , 2P ) Therefore
(B) f (x) is not differentiable at x P / , P and 3P /22
«® 3 x 2 i 1 x 0
and differentiable at all other values in ( , 2P ) f a( x ) ¬
2
(C) f (x) is not differentiable at x P /2 and 3P /22 ® 3 x if 0 b x 1
and differentiable at all other values in ( , 2P ) Also
(D) f is discontinuous at x P / , P and 3P /22
a )
f a( f a( )
Solution: We have
so that f is differentiable at x 0 and hence differentiable
P for all x in ( 1, 1). But
«
® sin x ccos x if 0 x b
2 a x) 3 x 2 x (
ga( ( , 1)
®
® sin x ccos x P Therefore
if xbP
® 2
f ( x) ¬ gaa( x) | f a( x)| x ( , 1)
® sin x cos x 3P
if P x b Answer: (D)
® 2
® 3P
® sin x cos x if x 2P 30. Function f : m satisfies the functional equation
2
f ( x)
Therefore f ( x y)
f ( y)
« P
® cos x si x if 0 x b
2 If f a( ) p and f a(a) q, then f a(
a a) is
®
® cos x si x P
if xbP p2 q
® 2 (A) (B)
f a( x ) ¬ q p
® cos x sin x 3P
if P x b
® 2 p
® (C) (D) q
3P q
® cos x sin
sin x if x 2P
2
Solution: We have
Now it is clear that
f( )
f( ) f( ) f( ) 0 or 1
¥P ´ ¥P ´ f( )
(i) f a fa 0 1
§2 ¶ §2 ¶
If f (0) 0 then
(ii) f a ( ) , f a (P 0)) 1 f ( x)
0 f (0) f (0) f ( x x)
¥ 3P ´ ¥ 3P ´ f ( x)
(iii) f a fa 0 1
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
f ( x) 0 x
Therefore, f is not differentiable at x P / , P and 3P /2
2. This is not possible, because
Answer: (B) f ( x)
f ( x y)
f ( y)
29. Let f ( x) | x 3 | and g( x) x 3 both being defined in Therefore
the open interval ( 1, 1). Then
f (0) 1 (2.6)
(A) f a( x) gaa( x) for all x ( , 1)
(B) f a( x) gaa( x) for all x ( , 1)
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Also (A) 1 (B) 1

(C) 2 (D) 2
f( ) 1
f ( a) f ( a)
f (a) f (a) Solution: The given relation is
f ( ) f ( a) 1 (2.7) ¥ x y´ 1
f ( f ( x) f ( y)) (2.9)
§ 2 ¶ 2
Now
q f a(a) In Eq. (2.9), put y 0 and replace x with 2x. Then we
have
f (a h) f (a) 1
lim f ( x) ( f ( x)
x) ) [ f (0)) ]
hm0 h 2
f (h ( a)) f (a) Therefore
lim
hm0 h f ( x) 2 f ( x) 1 (2.10)
f (h) Now,
f( )
f( ) f ( x h) f ( x)
lim f a( x) lim
hm0 h hm0 h
f( ) 1 ¥ ¥ x h´ ´
f ( ) lim [By Eq. (2.7)] f ¦2 f( )
h m0 h § § 2 ¶ µ¶
lim
f (h) f ( ) hm0 h
f (a) lim
hm 0 h ¥ x h´
2f 1 f( )
<
[ f (0) 1 according to Eq. (2.6)] § 2 ¶
lim [By Eq. (2.10)]
f (a) f a( ) hm0 h
f (a)( p) ¨ f ( ) f ( )·
2©
ª 2 ¸¹ 1 f ( )
Therefore lim [By Eq. (2.9)]
q hm0 h
f (a)
p (2.8) f( ) 1
lim
Now hm0 h
f( ) f( )
f ( a h) f ( a) lim ( (0)) )
f a( a) lim hm0 h
hm0 h f a( )
f( ) 1 1 (By hypothesis)

f( ) f( )
lim [By Eq. (2.7)]
hm0 h a x) 1 for all real x. So f ( x) x
Therefore, f a( k
1 f (h) f (0) where k is a constant. Again,
lim [ f (0) 1]
f ( a) h m 0 h 1 f ( 0) 0 k k 1
f a( ) Therefore

f (a)
f ( x) x 1
¥ p´
p¦ µ [By Eq. (2.8)] or f( ) 2 1 1
§ q¶
Answer: (B)
p2

q 32. Let f be real-valued function defined on as follows:
Answer: (A) «1 x x1
®
f ( x) ¬( x)( x) for 1 x 2
31. Let f : m be a function satisfying the relation ®3 x
f x2
¥ x y ´ f ( x) f ( y)
f Let m be the number of values of x at which f is dis-
§ 2 ¶ 2 continuous and n be the number of values of x at
for all x y . If f (0) 1 and f a( ) exists and is which f is not differentiable. Then m n is equal to
equal to 1, then f (2) is equal to
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(A) 2 (B) 1 1 1 ¥ 4 ´
( )a ( ) 0 log 2 e
(C) 0 (D) 4 4 1 4 log 2 4 § 4 ¶
Solution: It is enough if we check the continuity and 1
differentiability of f at x 1 and 2 only. log 2 e
12
(i) lim f ( ) 1 1 0 lim f ( ) f is contin- Answer: (D)
x m1 0 x m 1 0
uous at x 1. si 4 x cos
34. The derivative of the f ( x) sin c 4 x, 0 b x b
(ii) lim f ( ) ( )( ) 0 and 2 O is positive if
xm2 0
P P P
lim f ( ) 3 2 1 f is discontinuous at (A) 0 x (B) x
xm20 8 4 2
x 2. Therefore m 1. Now P 5P 5P 3P
(C) x (D) x
« 1 o x1 2 8 8 4
®
f a( x) ¬2 x 3 for 1 x 2 Solution: We have
® 1 fo x 2
f ( x) (sin 2 x cos
c 2 x )2 sin 2 x cos2 x
(iii) f a( ) 1 and f a( ) 2(( ) 3 1. That is 1 2 sin 2 x cos2 x
f a( ) f a( ) 1 f is differentiable at 1
x 1 and f a( ) 1. 1 sin 2 2 x
2
(iv) Since f is discontinuous at x 2, it is not differen- 1 ¥ 1 cos 4 x ´
tiable at x 2. Therefore n 1. Hence m n 2. 1
2§ 2 ¶
Answer: (A)
3 1
cos 4 x
33. Let f ( x) 2
x( x )
for all x r 1. Then ( 1
)a ( ) is 4 4
(1/k) log2e where the value of k is Therefore
(A) 4 (B) 8 f a( x) 0 sii 4 x 0
(C) 9 (D) 12 i 4 0
Solution: Clearly f (x) r 1 for x r 1. Let y r 1 and 4 x 2P
y 2 x( x 1). Therefore P P
2
x
log 2 ((xx 1) x x 4 2
Answer: (B)
This implies that x 2 x log 2 y 0 has real roots.
Hence
35. If the function
1 « 2 x, |x | 1
x (1 p 1 4 log 2 y ) f ( x) ¬ 2
2
x ax b, | x| 1
Now is continuous for all real x, then
1 (A) a , b 1 and f is differentiable for all x
x r 1 x (1 1 4 log 2 y )
2 (B) a , b 1 and f is not differentiable at x 1, 1
Therefore (C) a , b 1 and f is not differentiable at x 1, 1
(D) a , b 1 and f is not differentiable at x 1, 1
1 1
f ( x) (1 1 4 log 2 x ) for x r 1
2 Solution: We have
1 1 ¥0 1 ´¨ 4 · « x 2 ax b for x < 1
( )a ( ) 0 log 2 e ®
2§¦ 2 1 4 log 2 x µ¶ ©ª x ¹¹̧ f ( x) ¬ 2 x 1b x b 1
( log 2 x log e x log 2 ) ® 2
x ax b for x 1
So f is continuous at x f ( 1 0) f ( 1 0)
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1 a b 2 (x2
37. The function f ( x) (x |x 2
) |x x | cos(| x |)
a b 3 (2.11) is not differentiable at
f is continuous at x f (1 0) f (1 0) (A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 2
ab1 (2.12)
Solution: We have
From Eqs. (2.11) and (2.12), a 2 and b 1. Now
«( )( ) for x 1
« x 2 2 x 1 if x 1 ®
® |( x 1)(
)(xx 2)| ¬ (( )( ) for 1 x 2
f ( x) ¬2xx i 1 b x b ®(
)( ) f r x2
fo
® 2
x 2 x 1 if x 1
and cos(| |) c (
cos( ) cos x
Therefore
Therefore
«2 x 2 if x 1
® « (x2 (x
))(x (x
))(x ) cos x o x1
f a( x ) ¬ 2 i 1b x b 1 ®
®2 x 2 f ( x) ¬ ( x 2 (x
))(x (x
))(x ) cos x fo 1 b x b 2
if x 1
® 2
Now, (x (x
))(x (x
))(x ) cos x fo x 2
f a( ) 2(
( )20 Now
and f a( ) 2
x( x )( x ) ( x 2 ))(( x ) (x
« 2x( ( x 2 )( x ) sin x
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 1. Again ®
® for x 1
f a( ) 2 ® 2 x( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2 1)( x 22)) ( x 2 1)( x 1) ssin
® in x
f a( x ) ¬
and f a( ) 2(( ) 2 4 for 1 b x b 2
®
Hence f is not differentiable at x 1. ® 2 x(( 1)( 2) ( 2 )( )( ) ( 2 )( )( ) sin x
®
Answer: (C) ® for x 2
36. Let Clearly
«e cos x sin x | x| b a ) n f a(1 0)

f a(
f ( x) ¬
2 otherwise so that f is differentiable at x 1 and
If m and p are, respectively, the number of points of f a( ) ( )( ) sin 2 3 sin 2
discontinuity and the number of points at which f is
and f a( ) ( )( ) sin 2 3 sin 2
not differentiable, then
(A) m 0, p 2 (B) m 1, p 1 a ) x f a( ) and hence f is not differ-
Therefore f a(
(C) m 2, p 1 (D) m 2, p 2 entiable at x 2.
Answer: (D)
Solution: We have
38. Let f ( x) xe x( x)
«2 i x 1 , x Then
®
f ( x) ¬e cos x sin x if 1 b x b ¨ 1 · ¨ 1 ·
®2 a x) r 0 in © , 1¸
(A) f a( a x) 0 in © , 1
(B) f a(
i x1 ª2 ¹ ª 2 ¹¹̧
Clearly (C) f a( x) r 0 x (D) f a( x) 0 x
f( )2 Solution: We have
and f( ) e cos(( 1) sin( 1) e cos 1 sin
i 1 x) x)
f a( x ) e x ( x e x( ( x)
Therefore f is discontinuous at x 1 and hence f is not x( x ) 2
differentiable at x 1. Also f ( ) e cos 1 sin 1 and e ( x x )
x)
f( ) 2 so that f is discontinuous at x 1 and there- e x( ( x )( x )
fore f is not differentiable at x 1. Hence m 2, p 2.
Answer: (D)
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Since e x( x)
0 for all real x, 3
f ( x 2 ) F (x 2 ) 1 x
2
a x) r 0 ( x ))(( x ) b 0
f a(
Put x 2 so that f ( ) 1 3 4.
¨ 1 ·
© , 1
ª 2 ¹¹̧ Note: If we put x 2, then f ( ) 2 which cannot be
Answer: (A) done, because f is defined for x 0 and F a( ) f ( x) for
x 0. Also one can replace x with x in F( 2 ) x 2 x 3
log e ( x 3)
39. If f ( x) , then the domain of f a(
a x) is so that F( ) x x 3/2 and hence
x 2 3x 2 3
f ( x ) F a (x ) 1 x
(A) { , 2} (B) ( , d) 2
Answer: (C)
(C) { , 2, } (D) ( , d) { 1, 2, }.
Solution: Clearly loge(x 3) is defined when x 3. 41. Let f : m be a function defined by f (x)
That is Max {x,, 3 }. The set of all points where f (x) is not
differentiable is
loge(x 3) is defined in ( , d) (2.13)
(A) { 1, 1} (B) { 1, 0}
Also
(C) {0, 1} (D) { 1, 0, 1}
x 2 3x
3x 20x 1, 2 (2.14)
Solution: Explicit form of f is
From Eqs. (2.13) and (2.14), the domain of f (x) is
( , d) { 1, }. Now «x if x 1
2 ® 3
x 3x 2 ®x if 1 b x b 0
( x ) log e ( x 3) f ( x) ¬
x3 ®x if 0 < x b 1
f a( x )
( x 2 x )2 ®x3
if x 1
2
( x x ) ( x )( l g e ((xx 3)
) log See Fig. 2.1. The graphs y x3 and y x intersect in three
2 2
( )(
)( ) points, namely (0, 0), ( 1, 1) and (1, 1). Therefore
a x) is defined for x 3 and x x 2, 1. So
Therefore, f a(
x
domain of f aa( x) is ( , d) { 1, }. y
=
y
Answer: (D)
1 (1, 1)
40. f : (0, ) m is continuous. If F( F x) is a differen- y = x3
tiable function such that F a( ) f ( x) x 0 and
F( 2 ) x 2 x 3, then f (4) equals O 1 x
5 −1
(A) (B) 7 (−1, −1)
4
(C) 4 (D) 2
(a)
Solution: We have
2
a ) f ( ) F a(
F a( (x2 )
) f (x (2.15) y
Now, since
x (1, 1)
F( 2
) x2 x3 y=
we get O
3
x
y=
F a(x 2 )(2
)(2x) 2x x 2 (−1, −1)
x
y=
Therefore
2 3
F a( ) 1 x
2 (b)
From Eq. (2.15) we get
FIGURE 2.1 Single correct choice type question 41: (a) Curve
of y x and y x3. (b) Graph of f (x) Max{x, x3}.
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«1 if x 1 (C) We have
® 2 f3 ( x) sin(| x|) | x |
®3x i 1 x 0
f a( x ) ¬
®1 i 0x 1 « sin x x if x 0
¬
®3x 2
i x1 sin x x if x r 0
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get
Clearly
« cos x 1 i x 0
(i) f a( ) 1 and f a( ) 3 f3a( x) ¬
cos x 1 i x 0
(ii) f a( ) 0 and f a( ) 1
(iii) f a( ) 1 and f a( ) 3 Now,
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 1, 0 and 1. f3a(0 0) 1 1 2

Answer: (D) and f3a (0 0) 1 1 2
Therefore f3 is not differentiable at x 0. So (C) is
42. Which of the following function(s) is differentiable not correct.
at x 0?
(D) We have
|) | |
(A) cos(| x|) (B) cos(| x|)
|) | |
(C) sin(| |) | x| (C) sin(| |) | x | f4 ( x) sin(|x
sin(| x|) | x|
« sin
si x x if x 0
Solution: ¬
sin x x if x r 0
(A) We have
f 1 ( x) cos(| x|) | x|
« cos x 1 i x 0
f 4a ( x) ¬
«cos x x if x 0 cos x 1 i x r 0
¬
cos x x if x r 0 This implies
f 4a (0 0) 1 1 0
« sin x 1 i x 0 and f 4a (0 0) 1 1 0
f 1a ( x) ¬
si x 1 i x 0 Therefore f4 ( x) is differentiable at x 0. Hence (D)
is correct.
This implies
Answer: (D)
f 1a (0 0) 1 and f 1a (0 0) 1
Therefore, f1 ( x) is not differentiable at x 0. Hence 43. Let f (x) 3 sin x 4 sin3 x. The length of the longest
(A) is not correct. a x) r 0 is
interval in which f a(
(B) We have P P
(A) (B)
f2 ( x) cos(| x |) | x | 3 2
3P
«cos x x if x 0 (C) (D) O
¬ 2
cos x x if x r 0
x, 0 b x b 2P . Differen-
Solution: We have f ( x) sin 3 x,
tiating w.r.t. x we get
« si x 1 if x < 0
f2 a ( x ) ¬ f a( x) 3 cos 3 x r 0
sin x 1 i x 0
This implies that P 3P
0 b 3x b b 3 x b 2P
2 2
f2a(0 0) 1 and f2a(0 0) 1
a x) r 0
Therefore, length of the longest interval in which f a(
Therefore, f2 ( x) is not differentiable at x 0. Hence is
(B) is not correct.
P ¥ 2P P ´ P P P

6 § 3 2¶ 6 6 3
Answer: (A)
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44. Suppose that f ( x) (x

(x )2 for x r 1. If g(x) is the a x) is { , 1}.
Therefore domain of f a(
function whose graph is the reflection of the graph Answer: (D)
of f (x) with respect to the line y x, then ga(
a x) is
1 46. If y is a function of x and log( x y) , then
(A) x 1, x r 0 (B) ,x0 ¥ dy ´
2 x is
1 § dx ¶ x 0
(C) 1,
1 0 (D) 2 x 11, x r 0
x (A) 1 (B) –1
Solution: By hypothesis g(x) is the inverse of f for x r 0 (C) 2 (D) 0
(Fig. 2.2). If y r 0 and y ( x )2 we get Solution: Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x we
get
x y 1
1 ¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´
Therefore 1 2y
2y 2x (2.16)
x y§ dx ¶ § dx ¶
1
g( x) f ( x) x 1 for x r 0
From the given equation, x 0 y 1. From Eq. (2.16),
So, for x 0
1 dy ¥ 1 ´ 1
2 xµ 2 y
gaa( x)
2 x dx ¦§ x y ¶ x y
y=x Therefore
2 2 ¥ dy ´ ¨ 1 · 1
+ 1) 1 + 1) s 0 2(1) 2 1 1
(x (y § dx ¶ x 0 ©ª 0 1 ¹¹̧ 01
y= x=
−1 O So
−1 ¥ dy ´
1
§ dx ¶ x 0
FIGURE 2.2 Single correct choice type question 44. Answer: (A)
Answer: (B) 47. Let
45. The domain of the derivative of the function «® xe ax , xb0

f ( x) ¬
1 2 3
« Tan x if | x |b 1 ® x ax x , x0
®
f ( x) ¬ 1
i | x| 1 where a is a positive constant. The interval in which
® (| x | ) if
2 aa x) r 0, is
f aa(
is
(A) { } (B) { } ¨ a 2a · ä ·
(A) © , (B) © , a
ª 3 3 ¹¹̧ ª 2 ¹¹̧
(C) { } (D) { , 1}
¨ 2 a · ä ´
Solution: We have (C) © , (D) © , d
ª a 3 ¹¹̧ ª3 ¶
«1
® 2 ( x ) i x 1 Solution: We have
®
f ( x) ¬Tan 11 x if 1 b x b 1 f( ) e0 0
®1
® (x ) 0 a(( ) 0
i x1
2 f( )
Clearly f is discontinuous at x 1, 1 and hence at 1, 1,
the function f is not differentiable. Also Therefore f is continuous at x 0. Now
« 1 «® e ax axe ax for x 0
®2 if x 1 f a( x ) ¬
2
® ®1 2ax 3 x f x0
for
® 1
f a( x ) ¬ 2
if 1 b x b 1 Clearly
®1 x
®1 a ) e0 0 1
f a(
® 2 if x 1
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and a ) a( ) 3( ) 1
f a( Therefore f is an odd function. Also
So f is differentiable at x 0 and f a( ) 1. Hence f a(
a x) 2e x ¥ 1 ´
1
exists for all real x. Now f a( x ) 2x
0 x ∵( x) a
1 e § 1 x 2¶
ax
«ae ( ax) f x 0 Therefore f is odd and f a( x) 0 x .
®
f aa( x) ¬ 2aa f x0 Answer: (B)
® 2a 6 x fo x 0

log a (P x)
49. Let f ( x) x e where a 1. Then
aa ) a 0 ( a ). For x 0,
Clearly f aa( log a (e x)
f aa( x) r 0 2 ax r 0 a x) 0 for x r 0
(A) f a(
2 a x) 0 for x r 0
(B) f a(
r (2.17)
a ¨ P´ ¨P ´
(C) f a( x) 0 i ©0, f a( x ) b
,d
Again for x 0, ª e¶ ªe ¶
f aa( x) r 0 2a 6 x r 0 ¨ P· ¨P ´
(D) f a( x) 0 in ©0, and f a( x) r 0 in © , d
ª e ¹¹̧ ªe ¶
a
r (2.18) Solution: We have
3
aa x) r 0 in the interval
From Eqs. (2.17) and (2.18), f aa( 1 1
llog((e x) log( x)
¨ 2 a · f a( x ) P x e x
©ª a , 3 ¹¹̧ . (log(e x)2 )
Answer: (C) P d r 0P x r ex
log( x)) log( )
¥ P P ´
48. The function f : m , is given by ( log a t is increasing because a 1)
§ 2 2¶
log(P x) log( )
P 1 x

f ( x) 2 Tan (e ) ex Px
2
a x) 0 and x r 0 .
Therefore f a(
Then
Answer: (B)
(A) a x) 0 for x 0
f is even and f a(
(B) a x) 0 for all x
f is odd and f a( 50. Let f ( x) Max{2 sin x, 1 cos x} for 0 x P . Then
(C) a x) 0 for all x
f is odd and f a( the value of x at which f is not differentiable is
(D) f is neither even nor odd, but f a( x) 0 x
¥ 3´ ¥ 3´
(A) Cos 1 x (B) Sin 1
Solution: We have § 5¶ § 5¶
P ¥ 3´ ¥ 3´
f ( x) 2 Tan 1 (e x ) (C) P Sin 1 (D) P Cos 1
2 § 5¶ § 5¶
Solution: See Fig. 2.3. The two curves y 2 sin x and
Therefore
y 1 cos x intersect at the point
P
f ( x) 2 Tan 1 (e x )
2 ¥ 3´
x P Cos 1
P § 5¶
2 Cot 1 (e x )
2 n
which can be obtained by solving the equation 2 sinx
¨P · P 1 cos x. Also
2 © Tan 1 (e x )
ª2 ¹¹̧ 2 « ¥ 3 ´
i x f r 0 x b Cos 1
®® 2 sin
¥ P ´ § 5¶
∵ Ta
T n 1
Cott 1 x x
Cot f ( x) ¬
§ 2 ¶
®1 cos x for Cos 1 ¥ 3 ´ x P
P ® § 5¶
2 Tan 11 (e x )
2
f( )
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y P
«
( p2 , 2( p 2)
(p, ®cos x for 0 b x b
4
2 ®
y = 1 − cos x ® sin x P
y = 2 sinx for xbP
1
® 4
f ( x) ¬
®0 3P
for P x b
p p
x ® 2
O
p − Cos−1 3 ® 3P
2
( (
5 ®cos x for x b 2P
2

As said in the above note, there are three sharp points
on the graph at x P / , P , P /2 and hence f is not differ-
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get entiable at these points.
« ¥ 3´ y
®®2 cos x for 0 x b P Cos 1
§ 5¶ (E,
E l)
f a( x ) ¬
3 y = sinx
® sin x for P C 1
xP
® 5
O p p p
Therefore at x P Cos 1 (3/5), we have 4 2
3p x
2
¥ ¥ 3´ ´
Left derivative 2 cos P Cos 1
§ § 5 ¶ µ¶ y = cosx
3 6
2 s
5 5 FIGURE 2.4 Single correct choice type question 51.
At x P Cos 1 (3/5),
5 we have Answer: (D)
¥ ¥ 3´ ´ 52 f : (0,, ) m ( , d) is a twice differentiable function

Right derivative sin P Cos 1
§ § 5 ¶ µ¶ and satisfies the functional relation f ( x ) xf ( x)
¥ ¥ 3´ ´ for all positive x. If g( x) log ( f ( x)), then for any
sin ¦ Cos 1
§ § 5 ¶ µ¶ positive integer n,
¥ ¥ 4´ ´ ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
sin ¦ Sin 1 g aa n g aa
§ § 5 ¶ µ¶ § 2¶ § 2¶
4 ¥ 1 1 1 ´
(A) 4 ¦ 1
5 § 9 25 (2 1)2 µ¶
1 ¥ 1 1 1 ´
Therefore, f a( (3// )) does not exist. (B) 4 ¦ 1
§ 9 25 (2 1)2 µ¶
Answer: (D)
¥ 1 1 1 ´
(C) 4 ¦ 1 2µ
Note: In general, if the graph of a function is union of § 9 25 (2 1) ¶
branches of intersecting curves, then at the points of 1 1 1
¥ ´
intersection the function is not differentiable. (D) 4 ¦ 1 2µ
§ 9 25 (2 1) ¶
51. Let f ( x) Max{ sin x, cos x, 0} for 0 2P . Then, Solution: Since g( x) log( f ( x)), we have
the number of points at which f is not differentiable
g( x ) log( f ( x ))
in ( , 2P ) is
log( xf ( x))
(A) 0 (B) 1
log x l g( f ( x))
(C) 2 (D) 3
log x g( x)
Solution: See Fig. 2.4 and note that the thick por-
tion is the graph of y f ( x). Draw the graph of Therefore, for all x 0 we have
y sin x, y cos x so that
g( x ) g( x) log x
Replacing x with x ( /2) ( x 1// ) we have
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¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 1
g x g x log x 1 x 1 d 0 2 x(1 x) 1
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶ § 2¶ 2
4 (1 x) 1
2
4 4 x 1 (1 2 )2 0
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 1 2
ga x ga x Therefore
§ 2 ¶ § 2¶ 1 2x 1
x 2 1
2 f a x) s ( )
1 ( x) 2 1 x
Differentiating again, we get
1 2
s ( x)
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 4 1 4 x( x) x( x)
2 x(
g aa x g aa x (2.19)
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶ (2 x 1)2 1 1 2x
( /2)
Now, substituting x 1, 2, 3, , n in Eq. (2.19) and x(1 x) (1 2 x)) (1 x)
adding them, we get that 1 1
0
x(( ) x(( )
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 1 1 ´
g aa n g aa 4¦1 Answer: (B)
§ ¶ § ¶ 2µ
2 2 § 9 25 (2 n 1) ¶
55. If y2 P( x) is a polynomial of degree 3, then
Answer: (A)
d ¥ 3 d2 y´
2 y
dx ¦§ dx 2 µ¶
x
53. Let f (x) be a polynomial function and g( x) e . If
h( x) ( f g )( x), then haa(
aa x) is
aaa( x) Paa( x)
(A) Paaa (B) Paaaa( x) Paaa
aaa( x)
(A) f aa(e x ) e x f a(e x ) (C) P( x)P aaa( x) (D) a constant
(B) f aa(e x ) e 2 x f a( x) e x
Solution: It is given that y2 P( x) . In this problem,
x
(C) f aa(e ) dx by y1 and d 2 y/d
for comfort sake, we denote dyy/d dx 2
2
by y2. Differentiating the given equation y P ( x)
(D) f aa(e x ) e 2 x f a(e x ) e x
w.r.t. x, we have
Solution: We have
2 yy1 P a( x) (2.20)
h( x) ( f g )(x
( x) f ( g( x)) f (e x ).
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get
Differentiating w.r.t. x (using chain rule) we get
2 y12 yy2
22y P aa( x) (2.21)
haa( x) f a(e x ) e x
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (2.21) with y2, we get
Again differentiating we get
2 y2 y12 2 y3 y2 y2 P aa( x) P( x)P aa( x)
haaaa( x) f aa(e x ) e x e x f a(e x ) e x
Therefore
f aa(e x ) e 2 x f a(e x ) e x
2 y3 y2 ( x) aa( x) 2 y2 y12
Answer: (D)
1
54. If
P( x)Paaaa( x) ( Paa( x))2
2 [By Eq. (2.20)]
f ( x) 2 Sin 1 1 x S 1
( x(1 x)
So
for 0 1/2 then f a(
a x) is equal to
d 3 1
2 2 ( y y2 ) P a(( x)P aa( x) P( x)P aaa( x) s 2 P a( x) s P aa( x)
(A) (B) 0 dx 2
x(1 x) P( x)Paaaaaa( x)
1 x 1
(C) (D) x Answer: (C)
x x(1 x)
Solution: We have 0 < x < 1/2. This implies that 56. If y sin(m Sin 1 x), then
d2 y
Sin 1 1 x and Sin 1 (2 (1 x)) ( 2
)
dx 2
are defined because
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dy dy dy d2y
(A) xy m2 y2 (B) x m2 y 2y 2
3x 2 x3 2 6ax 2
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
(C) x m2 y (D) x my2 dy d2y
dx dx 2 y 4 x2
2xy x3 2 6ax 2
dx dx
Solution: We have y sin(m Sin 1 x). Differentiating 2b dy d2y ¥ b´
2 2 3
w.r.t. x we get 2 4 6ax 2 & xy ax 2 µ
x dx dx 2 § x¶
dy 1 m dy d2y 2b
cos(m Si x) s 4 2
x3 2 4ax 2
dx 1 x2 dx dx x
dy dy d2y 2b
1 x2 m (m Sin 1 x) 4 x 2 2 4ax 2
dx dx dx x
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get 4ax3 2b

x2
2 d2 y dy
1
1 x 2
( 2 x) 2(2ax3 b)
dx 2 1 x2 dx
m x2
1
m [ sin(m x )] s 2 ¥ 2 dy ´
1 x2 2 §
x y x3 [By Eq. (2.23)]
x dx ¶
2
m y
dy
1 x2 2y 2x
dx
Therefore Therefore
2 d2 y dy dy d2 y
( ) 2
x m2 y 2x x2 2y
dx dx dx dx 2
2 d2 y dy d2 y dyy 2 y
( ) x m2 y x 2
dx dx dx 2
dx x
Answer: (B) Answer: (C)
58. If 0 1, then
57. If xy ax 2 (b/x) , then
1 2x 4x3 8x7
2 2
4
d
d y
x 2 2
dyy

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x8
dx dx
1 x
y y (A) (B)
(A) (B) 1 x 1 x
x x
2y 2y x 1 x
(C) (D) (C) (D)
x x 1 x 1 x
Solution: It is given that Solution: Let

n 1
b 2 2n 1 x 2 1
xy ax un n 1
x 1 x2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get Therefore
dyy b n 1 n 1
y x 2ax 2 (2.22) un 1 2 x2 1
(1 x 2 )
dx x m0 nmd
un 2n
dy 1 x
2 y x3 2ax 3 b (2.23)
dx Combining Theorems 1.57 and 1.58 (i.e., applying
Cauchy’s Root Test and D’Alemberts Test), we get that
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get
the given series is convergent. Now let
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n 1
y ( x)( x 2 ))(( x 4 )( x 8 ) ( x2 ) « ¥ 1 2 ´
®x § 1 sin(log x )¶ if x x 0
60. Let f ( x) ¬ 3
so that ®0
if x 0
2 4 2 n 1
( ))yy ( )(1 x)( )( ) ( )
Then
2 2 n 1
( )( x 2 )( 4
){( ) (A) f is discontinuous at x 0
Therefore, finally (B) f is differentiable at x 0
(C) f is continuous and differentiable at x 0
n
( )y 1 x2 (D) f is continuous at x 0, but not differentiable at
x0
and hence
Solution: Observe that
2n
1 x 1
y m as n m d « ¥ 1 ´
1 x 1 x ®x 1 sin(2 log | x |)¶ if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ § 3
Therefore the infinite product ®0 if x 0

2 1 Since sin(2 log | x |) is a bounded function, we have
( )( )( x 4 )( 8
){ d
1 x
l g | x |) 0
lim x sin(2 log
x m0
Using logarithmic differentiation, we have
Therefore
1 2x 4x3 8x7 1
d lim f ( ) 0 0 0 f ( )
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x8 1 x xm0
Answer: (A) Also
Note: For more information about convergence of series 1 x 2

f a( x) 1 sin(2 log | x |) cos(2 log
l g | x |) f xx0
of positive terms, see pages 66 and 258 of Introduction To 3 3 x
Real Analysis, Robert G. Bartle and Donald R. Sherbert, and f a( ) does not exist.
Wiley Student Edition, Wiley India. Answer: (D)
59. Let f ( x) [ x] sin(P x) where [x] denotes the integer 61. Consider the following two statements:
part of x. Then at x k, k being an integer, the left x
derivative of f(
f x) is Statement I: The function f ( x) is differ-
1 | x |
entiable for real x.
(A) ( )k ( )P (B) ( )k 1 ( )P
Statement II: The function g( x) x 2 | x | is thrice
(C) ( )k ( ) (D) ( )k 1 ( ) differentiable for all real x.
Then
Solution: We have
(A) Both statements are true.
f (k h) f ( )
f a(k ) lim (B) Statement I is true but statement II is false.
hm0 h (C) Statement I is false and statement II is true.
h0
(D) Both statements are false.
[ ]sin(P ( ))
lim Solution: We have
hm0 h
) sin(kP hP )
( )sin( « x
lim if x 0
hm0 h ®1 x
x ®
(k 1)( 1)k 11 sin( ) f ( x) ¬0 if x 0
lim 1 | x | ®
hm0 h x
® if x 0
¥ sin hP ´ 1 x
lim(k 1)( 1)k P
hm 0 § Ph ¶ « x3 if x 0
k ®
( ) ( )P g( x) x 2 | x | ¬ 0 if x 0
Answer: (A) ® 3
x if x 0
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Clearly, f (x) is continuous for all x x 0 and at x 0 « 6 x x0

and gqa ( x) ¬
f( ) f( )0 f( ) 6x x0
Hence f is continuous for all real x. Also g aa( ) g aa( )0
« 1 But
®( if x 0
® x )2
f a( x ) ¬ « 6 x0
® 1 gqa ( x) ¬
if x 0 6 x0
® ( x )2
g aaa( ) 6; g (0 0) 6
and a ) f a( )
f a(
Therefore f is differentiable for all real x. Thus, Statement Therefore gq is not differentiable at x 0. Hence
I is true. Now aaa x) exists for all real x is false. So Statement II is
gaaa(
false.
«® 3 x 2 if x 0
gaa( x) ¬ Answer: (B)
2
® 3 x if x 0
gaa( ) g a( ) 0

y
1. Let f ( x) [ x] 1 x for b x b 3 where [x] de-
notes the integer part of x. Then
5 (3, 5)
(A) In the open interval (–1, 3), f has three points of
discontinuity
4
(B) f is right continuous at x –1 and has right
derivative at x –1
3 (2, 3)
(C) f is left continuous at x 3 and has left deri-
vative at x 3
2
(D) f has right derivative at x –1 and is not diffe-
rentiable at x 0, 1, 2, 3.
1
Solution: We have
« x x fo b x 0 −1 O 1 2 3 x
®0 x 1 x fo 0 b x 1
®®
f ( x) ¬1 x x fo 1 b x 2
for
®2 f 3
® FIGURE 2.5 Multiple correct choice type question 1.
®3 5 at x 3
See Fig. 2.5 which shows the graph of y f ( x). On the 2. Let
graph clearly there are breaks at x 0, 1, 2, 3. «3x 1b x b 1
(i) At x the function is right continuous. f ( x) ¬
(ii) At x f ( x) is not left continuous. 4 x fo 1 x 4
(iii) At discontinuous points the function is not differ- Then
entiable. (A) f is discontinuous at x 1
(B) f is continuous at x 1
(C) f is differentiable at x 1
(D) f is not differentiable at x 1
Solution: See Fig. 2.6. We have f ( ) 1 and f ( ) 3.
The graph has no break in [ But at the point (1, 3),
there is a sharp point. Now
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f (1 1 3 4 f (1 Therefore
Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Again 1

f a(1
1
f a(1 log 3 and f a(1
1
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 1. and f a (1 1
1
y
4
Hence f is not differentiable at x 1. Also you can notice
that (1, 0) is a sharp point on the graph in Fig. 2.7.
3 (1, 3)
Answers: (A), (D)
4. The function Sin 1 (cos x)

(A) has infinite number of discontinuities
−1, 1
3
1
(B) has finite number of discontinuities
(C) has no discontinuities
−1 O 1 4 x (D) has infinite number of points at which the func-
tion is not differentiable
Solution: Let f ( x) Sin 1 (cos x). Since cos x and
Sin 1 x are, respectively, continuous on their respective
FIGURE 2.6 Multiple correct choice type question 2.
domains, it follows that f (x) is continuous for all real x.
Answers: (B), (D) Also
3. Let f ( x) log x . Then 1 sin x
f a( x ) ( sin x)
(A) f is continuous at x 1 1 cos2 x sin x
(B) f is discontinuous at x 1 Therefore, f a( x) does not exist at x nP , where n .
(C) f is differentiable at x 1 Answers: (C), (D)
(D) f is not differentiable at x 1
Solution: We have « 1 1
® x Tan , xx0
5. Let f ( x) ¬ x
« log x for 0 x 1 ®0,
f ( x) ¬ x0
log x for 1 b x
Then f is
Now
(A) continuous at x 0
f (1 log 1 0
(B) not continuous at x 0
and f (1 log 1 0
(C) continuous and differentiable at x 0
Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Now (D) not differentiable at x 0
« 1 Solution: Put Tan 1 (1/x) Q , x x 0. Therefore
®® x for 0 x 1
f a( x ) ¬ 1
®1 tan Q
for 1 x x
® x
y
so that Q m P /2 as x m 0. In this case
«Q cot Q , xx0
f ( x) ¬
0, x0
y log x
which gives
P
Q cot Q m 0 as Q m
2
O 1 x
lim f ( x) 0 f (0)
xm 0
Hence f is continuous at x 0.
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For x x 0, Then
1 x ¥ 1´ (A) f is continuous at x 0
f a( x) Tan 1 ¦ µ (B) f is differentiable at x 0
x 1 x2 § x2 ¶
1 1 (C) f aa(0) exists
Tan 1
x x(1 x 2 ) (D) f a( x) is not continuous at x 0
Therefore neither f a (0 0) nor f a (0 0) exist because of Solution: Since sin(1/x) is bounded and x 2 m 0 as
the presence of x in the denominator of the second term, x m 0, we have
whereas
lim x 2 sin(1/x) 0 f (0)
1 xm 0
lim Tan 1 d
xm 0 0 x Thus f is continuous at x 0. Also,
1 1
and lim Tan 1 d h2 sin
xm 0 0 x f (0 h) f (0) h
lim lim
hm 0 h hm 0 h
Hence f a (0) does not exist.
¥ 1´
Answers: (A), (D) lim ¦ h sin µ
hm 0 § h¶
0
« x1 1
® if x 0 Therefore f a(0) exists and f a(0) 0. Now
6. Let g( x) ¬ x
®0 if x 0 « 1 1
®2 x sin cos for x x 0
f a( x ) ¬ x x
Then g is
®0 for x 0
(A) continuous and differentiable at x 0
(B) continuous and differentiable for all x > 0 Hence lim f a( x) does not exist because lim cos (1/x)
xm 0 xm 0
(C) continuous for all x > 0 does not exist. Thus f a( x) is not continuous at x 0.
(D) not right differentiable at x 0 Answers: (A), (B), (D)
Solution: For x 0,
8. Suppose f : m is a function satisfying
x (i) f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) for all real x, y.
g ( x)
x ( x 1 1) (ii) f ( x) 1 xg ( x) where lim g( x) 1.
xm 0
x
Then
x11
(A) f is differentiable for all x
Therefore, g is continuous and differentiable for all x
(B) f is twice differentiable for all x and f aa (0) 1
and
(C) f is differentiable for all x and f a( x) f ( x)
0
lim g( x) 0 g ( 0) (D) f (0) 1
xm 0 1 1
Solution: We have
So g is continuous at x 0. Now
f (0) 1 0 g (0) 1
h
g a(0 0) lim d
h m 0 ( h 1 1)h So (D) is true. Now,
h 0
Neither g a(0 0) nor g a(0 0) exist finitely. Hence g is f ( x h) f ( x)

f a( x) lim
not differentiable at x 0. hm 0 h
Answers: (B), (C), (D) f ( x) f (h) f ( x)
lim
hm 0 h
2
®« x sin(1/x), x x 0 ( f (h) 1)
7. Let f ( x) ¬ lim f ( x)
®0, x0 hm 0 h
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(h g(h)) « x
lim f ( x) ® if x x 0
hm 0 h 10. Let f ( x) ¬ 1 e 1/x
f ( x) lim g (h) ®0 if x 0
hm 0
f ( x) s 1 Then
f ( x) (A) f is continuous at x 0
Therefore f a( x) exists for all real x and f a( x) f ( x). (B) f a(0 0) 1
Hence (C) is true. Now (C) f a(0 0) 0
f aa ( x) f a ( x) f ( x) (D) f a(0) 1
f aa (0) f (0) 1 Solution: We have e 1/x m d as x m 0 and e 1/x m 0
So (B) is true. as x m 0 . In any case, lim f ( x) 0 f (0). Thus f is
xm 0
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) continuous at x 0. So (A) is true. Now
f (0 h) f (0)
9. f : m is a function satisfying the relation f a(0 0) lim
hm 0 h
f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) x, y h 0
and f ( x) x 0 real x ¥ 0 h ´
0
lim ¦ 1 e 1/h µ
hm 0 ¦ µ¶
Suppose the function is differentiable at x 0 and § h
f a (0) 2. Then 1
(A) f is differentiable for all x lim
hm 0 1 e 1/h
(B) f a ( x) 2 f ( x) x
1
(C) 2 f a( x) f ( x) x 1
1 0
(D) f (0) 1
Thus f a(0 0) 1 and so (B) is true. Again
Solution: We have
f (0 h) f (0)
x 0 y f (0) ( f (0))2 f a(0 0) lim
hm 0 h
f (0) 0 or f (0) 1 h 0
Now f (0) 0 contradicts the hypothesis that f (x) xx. ¥ 0h ´

0
Therefore f (0) x 0. So f (0) 1 . Hence (D) is correct. lim ¦ 1 e 1/h µ
hm 0 ¦ µ¶
Now § h
f ( x h) f ( x) 1
f a( x) lim lim
hm 0 h 1 e 1/ h
hm 0
f ( x) f (h) f ( x) 0 (∵ lim e 1/h d)
lim hm 0
hm 0 h h 0
( f (h) 1)
lim f ( x) Therefore (C) is true.
hm 0 h
( f (h) f (0)) Answers: (A), (B), (C)
lim f ( x)
hm 0 h
11. Let f : m be any function and g( x) f ( x) .
f ( x) f a (0)
Then which of following is/are not true?
2 f ( x)
(A) If f is onto, then g is onto
So (B) is true. Therefore f is differentiable for all x and
(B) If f is one-one, then g is one-one
f a( x) 2 f ( x).
(C) If f is continuous, then g is continuous
(D) If f is differentiable, then g is differentiable
QUICK LOOK Solution: f is onto f () . But g () {0}.

Therefore (A) is not true. Now
f ( x) e 2 x
p f ( x) f ( x) g is not one-one
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Thus (B) is not true. f (0 h) f (0) ¥ 0 ´

Suppose f is continuous at “a”. Then to each E 0, there lim lim ¦ µ 0
hm 0 h hm 0 § h ¶
corresponds D 0 such that h 0
f a(0
f ( x) f (a) E for x a D (2.24)
f (0 h) f (0) h2
Now and lim lim 0
hm 0 h hm 0 h
h 0
g ( x ) g (a) f ( x ) f (a)
f a(0
b f ( x) f (a) E for x a D
Therefore
[By Eq. (2.24)]
f a(0 f a(0
Therefore g(x) is continuous at a. Thus (C) is true. Now,
f ( x) x is differentiable at x 0, but g( x) x is not So f is differentiable at x 0 and f a(0) 0. This implies
differentiable at x 0. Hence (D) is not true. that (B) is true. Now [see Fig. 2.8(b)]
Answers: (A), (B), (D) «0 for x 0
f a( x ) ¬
2 x for x r 0
«®0 for x 0
12. Let f ( x) ¬ 2 Clearly f a( x) is continuous at x 0 and hence f a is con-
® x for x r 0 tinuous on . Therefore (C) is true. Again
Then
(A) f is continuous at x 0 «0 for x 0
f aa( x) ¬
(B) f is differentiable at x 0 2 for x r 0
(C) f a( x) is continuous on So f aa is not continuous at x 0 and hence f aa(0) does
(D) f aa( x) exists for all x not exist. So (D) is false.
y
QUICK LOOK
1. In Fig. 2.8(a), even though at origin the point looks

like a sharp point, but actually, at origin x-axis is a
tangent to the curve y x 2 .
x O x 2. The only sharp point on the graph of y f a( x) is at
the origin so that f a is not differentiable at x 0.
(a)
y 13. Let f be a function defined for all real x and let it
y 2x satisfy the relation
f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) xy ( x y)
If f a(0) 1, then
(A) f is differentiable for all real x
x O x
(B) f a is differentiable for all real x
(C) f a(3) 8
(b)
(D) f a satisfies the relation
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
f a( x ) f a ¦ µ f a( x ) f a ¦ µ x x 0
Solution: See Fig. 2.8(a). The graph of y f ( x) is the § x¶ § x¶
union of negative x-axis and the branch of the parabola
Solution: In the given relation, substituting x y 0,
y x 2 in the first quadrant. Clearly
we have f (0) 0. Also substituting y x, we have
f (0 0) 0 f (0 f ( x) f ( x) which reveals that f is odd. Now,
so that f is continuous at x 0. Hence (A) is true. Now

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f ( x h) f ( x) Case II: 0 t b 1. Therefore

f a( x) lim
hm 0 h x 2 t (1 t ) 3t 1
¥ f ( x) f (h) hx( x h) f ( x) ´ and
lim ¦ µ¶
hm0 § h
1
¨ f (h) · y 2 t 2 t 2 3t 2 ( x 1) 2
lim © x( x h) 3
hm0 ª h ¹̧
So
¨ f (h) f (0) ·
lim © x( x h) [∵ f (0) 0] x 3t 1 3 1 2 (∵ 0 t 1)
hm 0 ª h ¹̧
f a ( 0) x 2 Case III: t 1. Therefore
x 2 t (t 1) t 1 2
1 x 2
and y 2 t t 2 3t 2 3 ( x 1)2
Therefore f is differentiable, f a is differentiable, f a(3) 8.
Also Therefore
¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´ 1 «1
f a( x) f a ¦ µ ( x 2 1) ¦ 2 1µ x 2 2 2
§ x¶ §x ¶ x ® ( x 1)2 for x b 1
®9
®
¥ 1 f ( x) ¬ 1
and
¥ 1´ ´
f a( x) f a ¦ µ ( x 2 1) ¦ 2 1µ ( x 1)2 for 1 x b 2
§ x¶ §x ¶ ®3
® 2
1 ®3( x 1) for x 2
1 x2 1
x2 (i) Clearly
2 1
2 x 1
x2 f ( 1 0) ( 1 1)2 0
3
¥ ¥ 1´ ´
¦ f ( x) f ¦ µ µ 1
§ § x¶¶ and f ( 1 0) ( 1 1)2 0
3
Therefore (A), (B), (C) and (D) are all true. So f is continuous at x 1. Hence (A) is true.
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) (ii) We have
14. Let y f ( x) be a function defined parametrically 1

f (2 0) s9 3
by 3
x 2t t 1 and f (2 0) 3(2 1)2 3
and y 2t 2 t t Therefore f is continuous at x 2.
Then f is (iii) We have
(A) continuous at x −1 2
f a( 1 0) ( 1 1) 0
(B) continuous at x 2 9
(C) differentiable at x 1 2
and f a( 1 0) ( 1 1) 0
(D) not differentiable at x 2 3
Solution: Therefore f is differentiable at x –1. So (C) is true.
Case I: t b 0. Then (iv) We have
x 2 t (1 t ) 3t 1 2
f a(2 0) (2 1) 2
1 3
and y 2t 2 t 2 t 2 ( x 1)2 and f a(2 0) 3(2 1)2 3
9
Also t b 0 implies Therefore f is not differentiable at x 2. So (D) is
true.
x 1 3t b 0 x b 1
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15. Let f ( x) be a polynomial with positive degree satis- is

fying the relation (A) continuous at x 1
f ( x) f ( y) f ( x) f ( y) f ( xy) 2 (B) differentiable at x 1
(C) continuous at x 3
for all real x and y. Suppose f (4) 65. Then
(D) differentiable at x 3
(A) f a( x) is a polynomial of degree two
(B) roots of the equation f a( x) 2 x 1 are real Solution: We can write the given function as
(C) xf a( x) 3[ f ( x) 1] « 2
(D) f a( 1) 3 ®x 3 x 13
®® 4 2 4 for x 1
Solution: We have f ( x) ¬
®3 x for 1 b x b 3
f ( x) f ( y) f ( x) f ( y) f ( xy) 2 ®x 3 for x 3
®
for all real x and y. Substituting x y 1, we have
Now
f (1)2 3 f (1) 2 0
1 3 13
f (1 0)
Therefore 4 2 4
f (1) 1 or f (1) 2 1 6 13 8
2
4 4
If f (1) 1, then
f (1 0) 3 1 2
f ( x) f (1) f ( x) f (1) f ( x) 2
Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Now
f ( x) 1 real x
so that f(x) will be a constant polynomial which is a con- «x 3
tradiction. Therefore f (1) x 1 and hence f (1) 2. Now ®® 2 2 for x 1
f a( x ) ¬
replacing y with 1/x in the given relation we get 1 for 1 b x b 3
®
®1 for x 3
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
f ( x) f ¦ µ f ( x) f ¦ µ f (1) 2
§ x¶ § x¶ Therefore
¥ 1´ 1 3
f ( x) f ¦ µ [∵ f (1) 2] f a(1 0) 1
§ x¶ 2 2
We know that any polynomial satisfying the relation and f a(1 0) 1
f ( x) f (1/x) f ( x) f (1/x) x x 0 So f is differentiable at x 1. Actually, the line y 3 x is
a tangent to the parabola
must be a polynomial of the form x n 1 or 1 x n where
n is its degree (Problem 19, page 61, Vol. 1). Therefore x 2 3x
n n y 13
f ( x) x 1 or 1 x 4 2
But y
f (4) 65 f ( x) x 3 1
Therefore
3
f a( x ) 3 x 2 (1, 2)
2
3
−
y
1
x
=
=
3−
y
x
16. The function

O 1 2 3 x
«x 3, xr1 −1
® 2
f ( x) ¬ x 3 x 13 −2
® , x
4 2 4 −3

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at the point (1, 2) (this fact will be realized in the next So

chapter). See Fig. 2.9. Therefore f is continuous and dif-
«1 if x x 0
ferentiable at x 1 and so (A) and (B) are true. Now, f ( x) ¬
0 if x 0
f (3 0) f (3 0) 0
Therefore f is discontinuous at x 0. This implies
This implies f is continuous at x 3 and so (C) is true. (A) is true.
Again
(B) We have
f a(3 0) 1 and f a(3 0) 1
¥ 2x ´
f ( x) Sin 1 ¦
imply f is not differentiable at x 3. § 1 x 2 µ¶
« 2 Tan 1 x for 1 b x b 1
®®
17. Which of the following is/are correct? ¬O 2 Tan 1 x for x 1
(A) The function ® 1
® O 2 Tan x for x 1
x x x
f ( x) {d
1 x (1 x)(1 2 x) (1 2 x)(1 3 x) Therefore
is discontinuous at x 0 ¥ P´
f ( 1 0) P 2 ¦ µ
¥ 2x ´ § 4¶
(B) f ( x) Sin 1 ¦ is not differentiable at
§ 1 x 2 µ¶ P
P
two points which are p1 2
(C) f ( x) x log x is not differentiable for P

0x1 2
f ( 1 0) 2 Tan 1 ( 1)
« ¥ P x´
sin ¦ µ for x 1
(D) f ( x) ®¬ § 2 ¶ ¥ P´
2s¦
® 2 x 3 [ x] for x r 1 § 4 µ¶

where [x] denotes part of x continuous at x 1 P

2
Solution:
Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Similarly
(A) Let
P P
x x x f (1 0) 2 Tan 1 (1) 2 s
s n ( x) { 4 2
1 x (1 x)(1 2 x) (1 n x)(1 (n 1) x)
P P
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´ { and f (1 0) P 2 Tan 1 (1) P
¦1 µ¶ ¦§ µ¶ ¦§ µ 2 2
§ 1 x 1 x 1 2x 1 2 x 1 3x ¶
So f is continuous at x 1. Now
¥ 1 1 ´
¦
§ 1 n x 1 (n 1) x ¶µ « 2
®1 x 2 for x 1
1 ®
1 ® 2
1 (n 1) x f a( x ) ¬ for 1 b x b 1
2
®1 x
Now n m d implies ® 2
® for x 1
1 1 x 2
m0
1 (n 1) x Therefore
Therefore f a( 1 0) 1, f a ( 1 0) 1
lim s n ( x) 1 and f a(1 0) 1, f a(1 0) 1
nm d
So f is not differentiable at x p 1. Hence (B) is

true.
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(C) We have x
(B) g(x) is not defined at x 0 and lim f ( x)
f ( x) x log x for x 0 x xm 0
and f a( x) log x 1 does not exist

«1 1
Therefore (C) is false. ®® 2 x for 0 x
2
(C) h( x) ¬ 2
(D) We have 1
®¥ x ´ 1
¦ µ¶ for b x 1
« Px ®§ 2 2
® sin 2 for x 1 is continuous at x 1/2, but not differentiable at
® x 1/2
f ( x) ¬1 for x 1
® 3 (D) Q( x) x 1 x 2 is continuous for all x ,
®3 2 x for 1 x b
2 but not differentiable at x 1, 2
Now Solution: Clearly (A) is true because
f (1 0) sin P /2 1 ¥ sin x ´
lim ¦ 1
xm 0 § x µ¶
f (1 0) 3 2 1
Let
and f (1) 1
Therefore f is continuous at x 1 and so (D) is « 1 if x 0
g( x) ¬
true. 1 if x 0
g is not defined at x 0 and also g(0 0) 1 and g(0 0)
«1 1 x 2 1 which shows that lim g( x) does not exist. So (B) is
for 1 b x b 1 xm 0
®
18. Let f ( x) ¬ 1 true. For the function given in (C)
® 1 log for x 1
x ¥1 ´ 1 1
h ¦ 0µ 0
Then §2 ¶ 2 2
(A) f is continuous at x 1 2
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 1´
(B) f is not differentiable at x 1 and h ¦ 0µ ¦ µ 0
§2 ¶ § 2 2¶
(C) f is continuous and differentiable at x 1
(D) f a( x) exists for all x (0, 1) so that h is continuous at x 1/2. Further
Solution: We have « 1
®® 1 for 0 x
f (1 0) 1 1 1 1 2
h a( x ) ¬
® 2 ¥¦ 1 x´µ 1
and f (1 0) 1 log 1 1 for bx1
® §2 ¶ 2
Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Hence (A) is true.
Now so that
x ¥1 ´
f a( x ) h a ¦ 0µ 1
1 x 2 §2 ¶
for 0 b x 1 and at x 1, f a(1 0) does not exist. Hence and ¥1 ´

h a ¦ 0µ 0
f is not differentiable at x 1. Therefore (B) is true. §2 ¶
Also f a( x) exists for all x (0, 1) and so (D) is true.
Thus (C) is true. For the function given in (D), we have
«3 2 x for x 1
19. Which of the following are true? ®
Q( x) ¬1 for 1 b x b 2
sin x ®2 x 3 for x 2
(A) f ( x) is not defined at x 0, but lim f ( x)
x xm 0
exists
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Therefore Q is continuous at x 1 and 2, but Qa (1 0) y

(2, 6)
2, Q a (1 0) 0. Also Qa (2 0) 0 and Q a(2 0) 2.
Hence Q is not differentiable at x 1, 2. This implies that
(2, 3)
(D) is true.
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) (1, 2)
1
20. Consider the function f ( x) ( x 1)[ x] for 1 b x b 2
where [x] is the integral part of x. Then f is
(A) right continuous at x –1 −1 O 1 2 x
(B) not continuous at x 0

(C) continuous at x 1
(D) not left continuous at x 2 FIGURE 2.10 Multiple correct choice type question 20.
Solution: We have See Fig. 2.10
(i) f ( 1 0) 1 1 0 f ( 1). Therefore f is right
«0 at x 1 continuous at x 1. So (A) is true.
®x 1
®
for 1 x 0 (ii) f (0 0) 1 and f (0 0) 0. Therefore f is not con-
®0 for 0 b x 1 tinuous at x 0 and so (B) is true.
f ( x) ¬
at x 1 (iii) f (1 0) 0, f (1 0) 2. Therefore f is not continu-
®2
®x 1 for 1 x 2 ous at x 1. So (C) is false.
® (iv) f (2 0) 3 x f (2). Hence f is not left continuous at
6 at x 2
x 2 and so (D) is true.

1. Match the items of Column I with those of Column Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Also
II. x
®«3 log 3, 1 b x b 1
f a( x ) ¬
® 1, 1 x 4
Column I Column II
x (p) continuous at Hence
®«3 for 1 b x b 1
(A) f ( x) ¬ is x1 f a (1 0) 3 log 3
®4 x for 1 < x 4
(q) differentiable and f a (1 0) 1
(B) If g(x) Min{x, x3} then at x 1
g a( x) 1 for all x greater than Thus f is not differentiable at x 1.
(r) not differen-
(C) The function tiable at x 1 Answer: (A) m (p), (r), (t)
« x, 0bxb1
h( x) ¬ is (s) 1 (B) See Fig. 2.11(a). We have
2 x, x1
(t) continuous for g( x) Min {x, x 3 }
(D) The function
all x in their
Q( x) Max {x, x 3 } is «x3 for x b 1
respective ®
domains ®x for 1 x b 0
¬
3
Solution: ®x for 0 x b 1
®x for x 1
(A) We have
f (1 0) 31 3 Clearly g a ( x) 1 for x 1.
Answer: (B) m (s)
and f (1 0) 4 1 3
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Now
Q ( 1 0) 1 and Q ( 1 0) 1
x
y=
Q (0 0) 0 and Q (0 0) 0
Q (1 0) 1 and Q (1 0) 1
1 Qa (1 0) 1 and Qa (1 0) 3
y = x3 Answer: (D) m (p), (r), (t)
1 2. Match the items of Column I with those of Column

II.
−1
Column I Column II
(A) If f (x) is a polynomial satisfying the (p) 0
x
y=
relation
f ( x) f (2 x) 5 x 2 18
(a)
then f a(1) equals
(q) 1
(B) Let y x3 – 2 and x 3z2 5. Then
x
y=
the value of dy/dz at z 0 is

y = x3
(r) 2
(C) If f ( x) x 2 4 x, then f x is not
(1, 1)
differentiable at x equals
(D) Suppose that f and g are dif- (s) 4
ferentiable functions such that
−1
f a ( x) g ( x) and g a ( x) f ( x).
Let h ( x) ( f ( x))2 ( g( x))2 . Then
−1 h a(2) equals (t) 3
(−1, −1)
Solution:
x
y = x3
y=
(A) Let f ( x) ax 2 bx c (Why?). By hypothesis,

(b) (ax 2 bx c) (4 ax 2 2 bx c) 5 x 2 18
FIGURE 2.11 Matrix-match type question 1: (a) Graph of
Solving we get
g(x) Min{x, x3}; (b) graph of Q(x) Max{x, x3}.
5a 5 a 1
(C) We have
3b 0 b 0
«x for 0 b x b 1 2c 18 c 9
h( x) ¬
2 x for x1 Therefore
h(1 0) 1 and h(1 0) 2 1 1 f ( x) x 2 9
Therefore h is continuous at x 1. Further ha(1 0) 1 So
whereas h a (1 0) 1. So h is not differentiable at
f a (1) 2
x 1.
Answer: (C) m (p), (r), (t) Answer: (A) m (r)
(D) We have [see Fig. 2.11(b)] (B) We have
«x for x b 1 y x 3 2, x 3z2 5
® 3 Differentiating we get
®x for 1 x b 0
Q( x) ¬
®x for 0 x b 1 dy dx
3x 2 and 6z
® x3 for x1 dx dz

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So 3. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.

dy dy dx
3 x 2 (6z) 3(3z2 5) 2 6z
dz dx dz Column I Column II
Therefore (A) The function sin(P [x]) (p) continuous every-
¥ dy ´ where [x] is the integer where
¦§ µ¶ 0 part of x is
dz z 0
(B) x x is (q) differentiable
Answer: (B) m (p) everywhere
(C) Figure 2.12(a) is the graph of y f ( x) and Fig. (C) The function (r) not differentiable
2.12(b) is the graph of y f ( x) . Now ®x 2®®x 2® is at exactly one
point
« x 2 4 x for x b 0 (D) The function (s) not differentiable
®
f ( x) x( x 4) ¬4 x x 2 for 0 x b 4 f ( x) Min {1, x 2 , x 3 } exactly at two
® 2 points
x 4 x for x 4
Therefore Solution:
f a (0 0) 4 and f a (0 0) 4 (A) Since [x] is an integer, sin (P [ x]) 0 for all x .
Hence the function is continuous and differentiable
Also
for all real x.
f a (4 0) 4 2(4) 8 Answer: (A) m (p), (q)
and
(B) We have
f a (4 0) 2(4) 4 8
« x for x b 0
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 0, 4. Observe x®x® ®¬
2
that the portion of the graph of y f ( x) below the ® x for x 0
x-axis is reflected through x-axis for y f ( x) .
Hence it is continuous and differentiable for all real
y y x [see Fig. 2.13(a)].
(2, 4) Answer: (B) m (p), (q)
(C) We have
« 2 x for x b 2
®
f ( x) ¬ 4 for 2 x 2
O 2 4 x O 2 4 x ® 2x
for x r 2
Answer: (C) m (p), (s)
(2, −4) y
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2.12 Matrix-match type question 2: (a) Graph of y y = x2

f (x); (b) graph of y f ( x) .
Answer: (C) m (p), (s) O x
(D) We have
y = −x 2
h a ( x) 2 f ( x) f a ( x) 2 g ( x)g a ( x)
2( g a( x))( g( x)) 2 g( x)g a ( x) 0
(a)
Therefore
FIGURE 2.13 Matrix-match type question 3.
h a (2) 0
Answer: (D) m (p)
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Now
y= x3 y= x2 y a 2 sin Q cos Q a 2 Q
y=1 y=1
Therefore
1 (1, 1)
y = x2 dy ¥ a 2 ´ 2
y = x3 cos 2Q µ 2 a
dQ ¦§ 2 ¶
O
y = x3
a 2 (1 cos 2Q )
2a 2 cos2 Q
(b) ¥ x2 ´
2a 2 ¦ 1 µ
FIGURE 2.13 (Continued) § a2 ¶
(D) We have 2(a 2 x 2 )
f ( x) Min {1, x 2 , x 3 } Now

See Fig. 2.13(b). Now dy dy dx 2(a 2 x 2 )
w 2 a2 x 2
dx dQ dQ a2 x 2
3
®« x for x b 1
f ( x) ¬ Answer: (A) m (s)
®1 for x 1
So f is continuous for all x and is differentiable for (B) We have

all x except at x 1.
¥ 4 sin x ´
y Tan 1 ¦
Answer: (D) m (p), (r) § 3 5 cos x µ¶
4. Functions are given in Column I and their derived Put

functions are given in Column II. Match them. 4 sin x
u
3 5 cos x
Column I Column II Therefore
du 4 ; cos x(3 5 cos x) sin x ( 5 sin x)

x x dx (3 5 cos x)2
(A) y x a 2 x 2 a 2 Sin 1 (p) Sin 1 x
a 1 x2 4(3 cos x 5)
(2.25)
1 ¥ 4 sin x ´ x 2 (3 5 cos x)2
(B) y Tan ¦§ 3 5 cos x µ¶ (q)
1 x4 Also
¥ 1 x´
1/4
1 4 y Tan 1 u
(C) y log ¦ Tan 1 x (r)
§ 1 x µ¶ 2 5 3 cos x Differentiating w.r.t. u, we get
(D) y x Sin 1 x (s) 2 a 2 x 2 dy 1

du 1 u2
1
Solution:
16 sin 2 x
(A) We have 1
(3 5 cos x)2
x (3 5 cos x)2
y x a 2 x 2 a 2 Sin 1
a 9 30 cos x 25 cos2 x 16 sin 2 x
Put x a sin Q so that (3 5 cos x)2

9 30 cos x 16 9 cos2 x
2
dx x
a cos Q a 1 2 a 2 x 2 (3 5 cos x)2
dQ a
(5 3 cos x)2
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Therefore from Eqs. (2.24) and (2.25), we get Solution:

dy dy du 4 (A) We have
1 1
dx du dx 5 3cos x y f (u)
u2 u 2 (u 2)(u 1)
Answer: (B) m (r)
Now u 1 and u 2 are points of discontinuity:
(C) We have
1
1/4 u 1 1 x 2
¥ 1 x´ 1 x 1
y log ¦ Tan 1 x
§ 1 x µ¶ 2 1 1
u 2 2 2 x 2 1 x
1 ¥ 1 x´ 1 x 1 2
log ¦ Tan 1 x forr x 1
4 § 1 x µ¶ 2
Originally x 1 is a point of discontinuity for
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get u 1/( x 1). Therefore x 2, 1/2 and 1 are points
of discontinuity for the composite function y f (u)
dy 1 ¥ 1 x ´ ¨ (1 x) (1 x) · 1 ¥ 1 ´ where u 1/( x 1). Now x m 1 u m d and hence
¦ µ ¸ 2 ¦§ µ
dx 4 § 1 x ¶ ©ª (1 x)2 ¹ 1 x2 ¶ lim f (u) 0. By defining
um d
1¥ 1 1 ´
¦ µ « 1 1
2 § 1 x2 1 x2 ¶ ® 2 where u ,xx1
y f (u) ¬ u u 2 x 1
x2 ®0 when x 1

1 x4
we get that y is continuous at x 1.
Answer: (C) m (q)
Answer: (A) m (r)
(D) We have
(B) We have y f ( f ( f ( x))) where
1
y x Sin x
1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get f ( x)
1 x
dy 1 x ¥ ¥ 1 ´´
Sin x f¦f¦ µ
dx 1 x2 § § 1 x ¶ µ¶
Answer: (D) m (p) ¥ 1 ´
f ¦ 1 µ
¦§ 1 µ
5. Match the items of Column I with those of Column 1 x ¶
II.
¥ 1 x´
f¦ when x x 0
§ x µ¶
Column I Column II
1

1 1 x
(A) Let y f (u) where (p) 3 1
2
u u 2 x
1 x
u . Then y has a removable
x 1 (q) 0
discontinuity at x equals x 1 is a discontinuity of f ( x) and x 0 is a point
1 of discontinuity of f ( f ( x)). Hence x 0 and 1 are
(B) If f ( x) , then the number discontinuities of f ( f ( f ( x))). Now by defining
1 x (r) 1
of removable discontinuities of « f ( f ( f ( x))) if x x 0 and 1
y f ( f ( f ( x))) is ®
(s) 4 Q( x) ¬0 if x 0
(C) If x y e x y, then at (1/2, 1/2) ®1
if x 1
the value of dy/dx is
(t) 2 we get that Q( x) is continuous at x 0, 1.
(D) If f ( x y z) f ( x) f ( y) f (z) for all
x, y, and z, f (2) 4, and f a (0) 1, Answer: (B) m (t)
and f (0) 0. Then f a(2) is
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(C) We have (D) We have

x+ y e x y f (0) ( f (0))3
Therefore f (0) 1 [ ∵ f (0) 0]
log( x + y) x y Therefore
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f ( x + 2) f ( x + 2 + 0)
dy
1+ f ( x) f (2) f (0)
dx 1 dy
x+y dx 4 f ( x)
dy dy Now
1+ x + y ( x + y)
dx dx f (2 + h) f (2)
f a(2) lim
dy hm0 h
( x + y + 1) x + y 1
dx f (2) f (h) f (0) f (2)
dy x + y 1 lim
hm0 h
dx x + y + 1 ¥ f ( h) f (0) ´
lim 4 ¦ µ¶ [∵ f (0) 0, f (2) 4]
Therefore hm0 § h
4 f a(0)
¥ dy ´ 4 [∵ f a(0) 1]
¦§ µ¶ 0
dx (1/2, 1/2)
Answer: (D) m (s)
Answer: (C) m (q)
1. Passage: Let f be a real-valued function defined on a (ii) Suppose f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) for all real num-
closed interval [a, b] and c (a, b). Then bers x, y and f (3) 3, f a(0) 11, then f a(3) is
(a) f is continuous at c if and only if lim f (c h) equal to
hm0
h0 (A) 22 (B) 28
and lim f (c h) exist, are equal, and in turn are (C) 44 (D) 33
hm0
h 0 (iii) Suppose f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) and f (x) = x2 g (x)
equal to f (c). where g(x) is continuous, then f a( x) equals
(b) f is differentiable at c if and only if (A) 0 (B) g(x)
f (c h) f (c) f (c h) f (c) (C) g(0) (D) g(x) g(0)
lim and lim exist
hm0 h hm0 h Solution:
h0 h 0
and are equal or (i) By hypothesis
f (c h) f (c) lim f (1 h) lim f (1 h)

hm0 hm0
lim h0 h0
hm0 h
Therefore
ab bac
(h may be positive or negative) exists finitely.
Answer the following questions. c0
Again f is differentiable at x 1. Therefore
«®ax 2 b, b x 0 for x b 1
(i) If f ( x) ¬
2 f (1 h) f (1) f (1 h) f (1)
®bx ax c for x 1 lim lim
hm0 h hm0 h
is continuous and differentiable at x 1, then
(A) c 0, a 2b a(1 h)2 b (a b)
lim
(B) a b, and c is real number hm0 h
(C) a b, c 0 b(1 h)2 a(1 h) (a b)
lim (∵ c 0)
(D) a b and c ≠ 0 h m0 h
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2ah ah2 2bh bh2 ah Answer the following questions.

lim lim (i) The number of points at which g is discontinu-
hm0 h hm0 h
ous is
2a 2b a
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
a 2b (ii) The number of points where g is discontinu-
Therefore a 2b and c 0. ous is
Answer: (A) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
(ii) We have (iii) The number of points at which g is not dif-
x y0 ferentiable is
f (0) ( f (0))2 (A) 2 (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
f (0) 0 or 1 Solution:
If f (0) 0, then We have
f ( x) f ( x 0) g(0 0) 2 and g(0 0) 2
f ( x) f (0) This implies that g is discontinuous at x 0.
f ( x) s 0 Also,
0 x g(1 0) 3 and g(1 0) 1
which cannot be, because f (3) 3. Hence f (0) 1. This implies g is discontinuous at x 1. Thus g is discon-
Now tinuous at two points. Now
f (3 h) f (3)
f a(3) lim «x2 for x 0
hm 0 h ®
g( x) ¬ x 2 2 for 0 b x 1
f (3) f (h) f (3)
lim ®x for x r 1
hm 0 h
¥ f (h) f (0) ´ « x 2 for x 2
3 lim ¦ µ¶ [ ∵ f (3) 3, f (0) 1] ®x 2
hm 0 § h for 2 b x 0
®
3 f a(0) ¬ 2
®x 2 for 0 b x 1
3 s 11 ®x
for x r 1
33
From the graph of y g( x) (Fig. 2.14), one can see that
Answer: (D)
the answers for (ii) and (iii) are (B) and (D), respectively.
(iii) We have
(1, 3)
f ( x h) f ( x) 3
f a( x) lim y = x2 + 2
h
x
hm 0
=
y
f ( x) f (h) f ( x) 2
lim
hm 0 h
+2
f (h)
y=
1
x
lim
=
−x
hm 0 h
−2
h2 g(h) −2 −1 O 1 2 3
lim
hm 0 h
lim hg(h) −1
hm 0
0 s g(0) (∵ g is continous) −2
0
FIGURE 2.14 Comprehension-type question 2.
Answer: (A)
Answer: (i) m (C), (ii) m (B), (iii) m (D)
2. Passage: Consider the function
3. Passage: For x > 0, let
« x 2, x0
® 2 n
g( x) ¬ 2 x , 0 b x 1 log(2 x) x 2 sin x
® x, f ( x) lim n
xr1 nm d 1 x2
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Answer the following questions: Case III: x 1. Then

(i) lim f ( x) is equal to ¨ log(2 x) ·
xm 0 0 sin x ¸
(A) 0 (B) log1 log(2 x) x 2n
sin x © 2 n
lim lim ª
x ¹
n
(C) log2 (D) does not exist nm d 1 x2 nm d 1
n 1
(ii) At x 1, f x2
(A) is continuous ¥ 1 ´
sin x ¦∵ lim 2n 0µ
(B) not continuous § nm d x ¶
(C) both continuous and differentiable Therefore
(D) continuous but not differentiable
«log(2 x) for 0 x 1
(iii) In [0, P /2], the number of points at which f van- ®® 1
ishes is f ( x) ¬ (log 3 sin 1) at x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 ®2
®sin x for x 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
Hence
Solution:
(i) lim log 2
Case I: 0 x 1. In this case xm 0 0
n
(ii) lim f ( x) log 3 and lim f ( x) sin 1
f ( x) log(2 x) (∵ lim x 2 0) xm 1 0 xm 1 0
nm d
f is not continuous at x 1
1 (iii) Clearly f ( x) x 0 for x [0, P /2].
Case II: At x 1, f ( x) (log 3 sin 1)
2
Answers: (i) m (C), (ii) m (B), (iii) m (A)

In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given x2 1 1
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. u2 4
2

Mark the correct answer as: 1 x 1 x 1 x4
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II is x4 1 1
u3
a correct explanation for Statement I. 1 x8 1 x4 1 x8
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is and so on. Therefore
not a correct explanation for Statement I.
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. sn u1 u2 u3 { un
(D) Statement I is false and Statement II is true. 1 1
n
1 x 1 x2
1. Statement I: For
Hence
x x2 x4 x
0 x 1, {d 1 1 x
1 x2 1 x4 1 x8 1 x lim sn
nm d 1 x 1 0 1 x
n 1
x2 1 1 Answer: (A)
Statement II: for
1 x 2n 1 x2n 1 1 x 2n
2 x4
n 1, 2, 3, { 2. Statement I: If f ( x) , x x 0 is to be con-
sin 2 x
Solution: Let tinuous at x 0, then f (0) is to be defined as −1/8.
x 1 1 ¥ sin x ´
u1 Statement II: lim ¦ µ 1
1 x 2
1 x 1 x2 xm 0 § x ¶
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Solution: We have is discontinuous at x 0, because cos(1/x) has no limit as

x m 0. Statement I is true. This example shows that State-
2 x4 ment II is false.
f ( x)
sin 2 x
4 ( x 4) Answer: (C)

sin 2 x(2 x 4 )
QUICK LOOK
x
f a(0) 0 because
sin 2 x(2 x 4 )
1 f (0 h) f (0) ¥ 1´
lim lim ¦ h sin µ 0
¥ sin 2 x ´ 2(2 x 4) hm 0 h hm 0 § h¶
¦§ µ for
2x ¶
1
Therefore h b h sin b h where h 0
h
1 1
lim f ( x) 1
xm 0 1 2(2 0 4) 8 and h b h sin
b h where h 0
h
Answer: (A) so that by squeezing theorem
3. Statement I: The function sin( x )is not differentiable 1

lim h sin 0
at x 0. hm 0 h
Statement II: If f is differentiable at c and g is dif-
ferentiable at f(c), then g f is differentiable at c.
5. Statement I: Let f ( x) cos x and g( x) sin x for
Solution: Statement II is a theorem (see Theorem 2.3) 0 b x b P /2. Then f ( x) g( x) for at least one point in
(0, P /2).
« sin x if x 0
sin x ¬ Statement II: If f and g are continuous on [a, b] and
sin x if x r 0
f (a) r g(a) and f (b) b g(b), then f ( x0 ) g( x0 ) for
Therefore at least one x0 in [a, b].
f a(0 cos(0) 1
Solution: Statement I is true because
and f a(0 ) cos 0 1
¥P´ ¥P´
So at x 0, sin x is not differentiable. f ¦ µ g¦ µ
§ 4¶ § 4¶
Answer: (D)
We prove that Statement II is also true and it is a correct
explanation of Statement I. If either f (a) g(a) or
4. Statement I: The function
f (b) g(b) we are through. Suppose f (a) g(a) and
2
®« x sin(1/x) if x x 0 f (b) g(b). Define
f ( x) ¬
®0 if x 0 Q( x) f ( x) g( x) for x [a, b]
is differentiable at x 0, but the derivative is not con- Since f and g are continuous, Q(x) is also continuous on
tinuous at x 0. [a, b]. Also
Statement II: If a function f (x) is differentiable at Q(a)Q(b) [ f (a) g(a)][ f (b) g(b)] 0
x a, its derivative is continuous at x a.
Therefore Q(x) must vanish at some point x0 (a, b)
(see Corollary 1.10). So
Solution: We have
«® x 2 sin(1/x) if x x 0 f ( x0 ) g( x0 ) of some x0 (a, b)
f ( x) ¬
®0 if x 0 Now, Statement I is true if we take f ( x) cos x, g( x)
sin x and [a, b] [0, P /2].
Now Answer: (A)
« 1 1
®2 x sin cos if x x 0
f a( x ) ¬ x x
®0 if x 0
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1. If f ( x) Sin 1 (3 x 4 x 3 ), then f a(0) equals ¥ g( x) f (a) g(a) f ( x) ´

lim ¦ µ¶ =
___________. xm a§ x a
Solution: Put x sin Q so that Solution: We have
dx g( x) f (a) g(a) f ( x) ( g( x) g(a)) f (a) g(a)( f ( x) f (a))
cos Q 1 x 2
dQ x a x a
Therefore Therefore
f ( x) Sin 1 (sin 3Q ) 3Q ¥ g ( x ) f ( a ) g (a ) f ( x ) ´
lim ¦
§ µ¶ g a(a) f (a) g(a) f a(a)
Differentiating we get xm a x a
2(2) ( 1)(1) 5
dQ 3
f a( x ) 3
dx 1 x2 Answer: 5
So 5. Suppose f is twice differentiable function satisfy-

f a(0) 3 ing f aa( x) f ( x). Define two functions g(x) and
h(x) by g( x) f a( x) and h( x) ( f ( x))2 ( g( x))2 . If
Answer: 3 h(5) 5, then h(10) is equal to _________.
2. Let f : [0, 1] m [0, 1] be continuous function. Then Solution: We have

the number of fixed points of f is at least _________. h a( x ) 2 f ( x ) f a( x ) 2 g ( x ) g a( x )
Solution: If f (0) 0 or f (1) 1, the purpose is served. 2 f aa( x) f a( x) 2 f a( x) f aa( x) 0 x
Assume that f (0) x 0 and f (1) x 1. Let
Therefore h(x) is a constant function. Hence
h( x) f ( x) x for x [0, 1] h(5) 5 h(10) 5
Therefore Answer: 5
h(0) f (0) 0
6. If f : m is a function satisfying f ( x) f ( x)
and h(1) f (1) 1 0
for all real x and is differentiable at x 0, then f a(0)
So equals _________.
h(0)h(1) f (0)( f (1) 1) 0 Solution: We have
Therefore h( x) 0 for at least one x (0, 1). Thus f (0 h) f (0)
f a(0) lim
f (x) x for at least one x (0, 1). hm 0 h
Answer: 1
f ( h) f (0)
lim (∵ f (h) f ( h))
3. f (x) is a real-valued function defined on such that hm 0 h
1 ¥ f ( h) f (0) ´
f ( x) f ( y) x y l im ¦ µ¶
3 hm 0 § h
for all x, y. Then the number of fixed points of f is f a(0 0) f a(0)

_________. Therefore f a(0) 0.
Solution: See Integer Answer Type Question 1 (Chap- Answer: 0
ter 1, Worked-Out Problems) and take A 1/3.
Answer: 1 7. The only integer at which f ( x) [ x 2 ] [ x]2 where []
denotes the integer part is continuous is _________.
4. Let f , g : m be differentiable functions. If Solution: Let n be a positive integer. For small positive
f (a) 2, f a(a) 1, g(a) 1 and g a(a) 2, then values of h,
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[n h]2 (n 1)2 ; n2 1 (n h)2 n2 Then, the minimum value of p for which f is differentia-
ble at x 0, where p is a positive integer, is _________.
[(n h)2 ] n2 1
Solution: If p 1, then f ( x) x cos(1/x) is continuous
Therefore
at x 0, because
f (n 0) lim ([(n h)2 ] [n h]2 ) 1
hm 0 h b h cos b h when h 0
h 0 h
n2 1 (n 1)2 1
2n 2
and h b h cos b h when h 0
h
Again for small positive values of h, so that
2 2 2 2
n (n h) [(n h) ] n 1
h b h cosh b h
Now h
f (n 0) lim ([(n h)2 ] [n h]2 ) and hence
hm 0
h 0
¥ 1´
lim ¦ h cos µ 0 f (0)
n2 n2 0 hm 0 § h¶
f (n 0) f (n 0)
Therefore f is continuous at x 0. Now
2n 2 0
f (0 h) f (0)
n1 f a(0) lim
hm 0 h
Therefore the only integer at which f is continuous is 1. ¥ 1 ´
lim ¦ cos µ does not exist
Answer: 1 hm 0 § h¶
« x 3
(4 1) This implies that f is not differentiable at x 0 when p 1.
® 2´
, xx0 Now, let p 2. Therefore
® x ¥ x
8. Let f ( x) ¬ sin log ¦ 1 µ
® 4 § 3¶ 1
®L , h2 cos
x0 f (0 h) f (0) h
lim lim
hm 0 h hm 0 h
If f is to be continuous at x 0, then L 12(log a)b
where a b is equal to _________. ¥ 1´
lim ¦ h cos µ 0
hm 0 § h¶
Solution: We have
So f a(0) exists when p 2. Hence minimum value of p
3
¥ 4 x 1´ is 2.
(4 x 1)3 ¦§ µ
x ¶ Answer: 2
2´
2´
s 12
x ¥ x ¥ x ´ ¥ x
sin log ¦ 1 µ sin log ¦ 1 µ
4 § 3¶ ¦ 4µ § 3¶ 10. Let
¦ x µ x 2
¦§ µ « P
4 ¶ 3 ®®cos 4 (1 x [ x]) if x r 0 and [x] is even
f ( x) ¬
Therefore ®sin P ( x [ x]) if x r 0 and [x] is odd
® 4
(log 4)3 s 12 where [] denotes the integral part of x. In the inter-
lim f ( x)
xm 0 1s 1 val (0, 5), if m is the number of points of discontinu-
ity of f and n is the number of points where f is
This gives a 4 and b 3, so that a b 7. differentiable, then m n equals _________.
Answer: 7
p
®« x cos(1/x), x x 0
9. Let f ( x) ¬
®0, x0
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Solution: We have Therefore
« P f ( x) f (a)
lim pd
®cos 4 (1 x) if 0 b x 1
xm a x a
®
®sin P ( x 1) if 1 b x < 2
® 4 When a 0
®® P f ( x) f (a) f ( x) 0
f ( x) ¬cos (3 x) if 2 b x < 3 lim lim
® 4 xm a x a xm 0 x 0
® P lim 0 or lim x
®siin 4 ( x 3) if 3 b x 4 xm 0 xm 0
®
®cos P (5 x) 4bx5 In any case
® 4
f ( x) f (0)
Clearly f is discontinuous at x 1 and 3 and f is continu- lim 0
xm 0 x 0
ous at x 2, 4. Also
P P P Therefore f a(0) exists and is equal to 0.
f a(2 0) cos (2 1)
4 4 4 2 Answer: 1
¥ P´ P P Note : The result is same if

and f a(2 0) ¦ µ sin (3 2)
§ 4¶ 4 4 2 2
®« x if x is rational
Therefore f is differentiable at x 2. Similarly f is differ- f ( x) ¬
®0 if x is irrational
entiable at x 4. Hence m 2 and n 2.
Answer: 4 12. In the open interval (−2, 2), the number of points
at which f ( x) [ x 2 1] ([] denotes integral part) is
QUICK LOOK _________.
In (0, d), f is continuous and differentiable at even Solution: First observe that 1 b x 2 1 3 for
2
integers and not continuous and not differentiable at 2 x 2 and also x 1 assumes integer values at
odd numbers. x 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 and 3. Now, we write explicit
form of f (x).
«®0 if x is rational «2 if 2 x b 3 because 2 x 2 1 3

11. Let f ( x) ¬ 2 ®
® x if x is irrational ®1 if 3 x b 2 because 1 x 2 1 b 2
®
Then, the number of points at which f is differentia- ®0 if 2 x b 1 because 0 x 2 1 b 1
ble is ________. ® 1 if 1 x b 0 because 1 x 2 1 b 0
®
f ( x) ¬
Solution: Let a x 0. Now ® 1 if 0 x 1 because 1 x 2 1 0
®
« 0 a2 ®0 if 1 b x 2 because 0 x 2 1 1
if x is rational and a is irrational
f ( x) f (a) ®® x a ®1 if 2 b x 3 because 1 b x 2 1 2
¬ ®
x a 2
®x 0 ®2 if 3 b x 2 because 2 b x 2 1 3
® x a if x irrational and a is rational
« a 2 From the above, we can see that f is continuous at x 0

® and at other 6 points f is discontinuous.
®x a
¬
2
® x Advice: The reader can draw the graph and check it.
® x a
Answer: 6
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Summary 211
SUMMARY
2.1 Derivative: Suppose f : [a, b] m IR is a function 2. The converse of Theorem 2.3 is not true; for ex-
ample, take f ( x) | x | at c = 0.
f ( x ) f (c )
and a < c < b. If lim exists, then we say 3. The function f : m defined by
xmc x c
that f is differentiable at “c” and this limit is denoted d
1
by f a(c) derivative or differential coefficient at c. f ( x) ¤2 n
cos(3n x)
If we write y f (x), then f a(c) is also denoted by n 0
(dy/dx) x c. If f is differentiable at each point of (a, is continuous for all real x, but not differentiable
b) then we say that f is differentiable in (a, b) and at any x .
f a(x) or (dy/dx) is called derivative or derived func-
tion of f (x). 2.4 Suppose f and g are differentiable at c, and K and L
be any two real numbers. Then
QUICK LOOK (i) L f M g is differentiable at c and
f ( x ) f (c ) ( L f M g ) a (c ) L f a (c ) M g a (c )
lim exists and is equivalent to
xmc x c (ii) fg is differentiable at c and
f (c h) f (c) ( fg )a (c) f a(c)g(c) g a(c) f (c)
lim
hm0 h
(iii) If g(c) x 0, then f/g is differentiable at c and
2.2 Left and Right Derivatives: f is defined on [a, b] ¥ f á f a( c ) g (c ) g a ( c ) f ( c )

and a < c < b. ¦§ g µ¶ (c)
( g(c))2
f (c h) f (c)
(i) If lim exists, then this limit is
hm0 h 2.5 Differentiation of a Function or Chain Rule: If f is
h0
called the left derivative of f at c and is denoted differentiable at c and g is differentiable at f (c), then
by f a (c 0). g f is differentiable at c and
f (c h) f (c) ( g f )a (c) g a( f (c)) f a(c)

(ii) If lim exists, then this limit is
hm0 h Note: If y g(u) where u f (x), then
h0
called the right derivative of f at c and is denoted ¥ dy ´ ¥ dg ´ ¥ du ´
¦§ µ¶ ¦ µ ¦ µ
by f a(c 0). dx x c § du ¶ u f (c) § dx ¶ x c
QUICK LOOK 2.6 Carathéodory Theorem: Suppose f : [a, b] m is a

function and c (a, b). Then f is differentiable at c
f (c h) f (c) if and only if
1. lim (without mentioning h > 0, i.e.,
hm0 h (i) f is continuous at c.
h > 0 or h < 0) then this limit is f a(c).
(ii) There exists a function g : [a, b] m such that
2. f a(c) exists f a(c 0) and f a(c 0) exist and are g is continuous at c and f (x) f (c) = (x c)
equal. g( x) for all x [a, b]. In this case f a(c) g(c).
2.3 If f : [a, b] m is differentiable at c (a, b), then f Example

is continuous at c.
If f ( x) x 3 , x and a is a real number then the func-
Note: tion g(x) in the above theorem is g( x) x 2 ax a 2 .
1. f is differentiable at the end points a and b means
f a(a 0) and f a(b 0) exist. 2.7 Differentiability of 1/f: Suppose f : [a, b] m
and f ( x) x 0 x [a, b]. Let c (a, b) and suppose
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f is differentiable at c. Then the function g 1/ f is (i) f is called increasing or monotonically increas-

differentiable at c and ing if f ( x) b f ( y) whenever x < y and x, y A.
If f (x) < f (y) whenever x < y, then f is called
f a( c )
g a(c ) strictly increasing
( f (c))2 (ii) f is called decreasing or monotonically de-
creasing if f ( x) r f ( y) whenever x < y. If
2.8 Suppose f : [a, b] m [c, d] is a bijection and g f 1 . f ( x) f ( y) whenever x < y, then f is called
If f is differentiable at x 0 (a, b) and f a( x 0 ) x 0, strictly decreasing.
and g is continuous at f (x0), then g is differentiable
at f (x0) and 2.10 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continues and strictly
1 increasing. Write A f (a) and B f (b) so that
g a( f ( x 0 ))
f a( x 0 ) f 1 exists, is continuous and strictly increasing
on [A , B ]. If a < c < b, f is differentiable at c and
Note: If y f (x) is a bijection and is differentiable,
f a(c) x 0, then f 1 is differentiable at f (c) and
then x f 1 ( y) is differentiable and
1
( f 1 )a (c)
1 f a (c )
( f 1 )a ( y)
dy/dx
Note:
which we denote by dx/dy so that
(i) The above result is valid if f is continuous and
dy dx strictly decreasing.
f a( x)( f 1 )a ( y) 1
dx dy (ii) The above result is not valid if f a(c) 0. For
example, take f ( x) x 3 and c 0, so that
It is in this context that we write dx/dy for 1/(dy/dx). f 1 ( x) 3 x , In this case f is not differen-
tiable at c 0.
2.9 Increasing and Decreasing Functions: Let A be a
subset of and f : A m be a function. Then
2.11 List of derivatives of some standard functions:
S. No. Function Derivative
1. xA ( x 0 and A is real) A xA 1
2. 1
log x ( x x 0)
x
3. a x (a 0, x is real) a x log e a
4. ex ex
5. sin x cos x
6. cos x sin x
¥ P ´
7. tan x ¦ x x (2 n 1) , n µ sec2 x
§ 2 ¶
8. cot x ( x x nP , n ) cosec2 x
¥ P ´
9. sec x ¦ x x (2 n 1) , n µ sec x tan x
§ 2 ¶
10. cosec x ( x x nP , n ) cosec x cot x
1
11. Sin 1 x ( 1 x 1)
1 x2
1
12. Cos 1 x ( 1 x 1)
1 x2
13. Tan 1 x ( x ) 1
1 x2
(Continued )
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Summary 213
S. No. Function Derivative
14. Cot 1 x ( x ) 1
1 x2
« 1
® , x 1
®x x2 1
15. Sec 1 x( x 1 or x 1) ®
® 1
¬ , x1
®x x2 1
® 1
® , x 1
® x x2 1
1
16. Cosec 1 x , x 1
x x2 1
¥ x x ´ ¥ x x ´
17. sinhx ¦ e e µ cosh x ¦ e e µ
§ 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
18. cosh x sinh x

19. tanh x sech2 x
20. coth x cosech2 x
21. sech x sech x tanh x
22. cosech x cosech x coth x
1 1
23. Sinh x
1 x2
24. Cos h 1 x 1
2
x 1
25. Tanh 1 x 1
1 x2
26. Coth 1 x 1
1 x2
27. Sech 1 x (0 x 1) 1
x 1 x2
28. Cosech 1 x 1
x 1 x2
Special Methods of Differentiation

2.12 Substitution Method or Chain Rule or Com- That is, y g( f ( x)) g(u) where u f (x). This implies
posite Function: If y is a function of u and u is
function of x, then dy dy du
g a(u)u a( x) .
dx du dx
dy dy du
.
dx du dx
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2.13 Logarithmic Differentiation so that

dy
(i) If h( x) ( f ( x)) g ( x ) where f (x) is a positive g a( f 1 ( x))( f 1 )a x
function then dx
dy dx
log h( x) g( x) log f ( x) w
dt dt
Hence differentiating w.r.t. x, we have g a(t )

1 g( x) f a(t )
h a( x) g a( x) log f ( x) f a( x )
h( x) f ( x) 2.15 Implicit Function: Suppose y is a function of x
so that we can obtain ha(x). which is not explicitly in terms of x, but x and y are
(ii) If h( x) f1 ( x) f2 ( x){ fn ( x) where f j ( x) 0 , connected through a relation F(x, y) 0. Then by
then take logarithms on both sides and differ- differentiating the equation F(x, y) 0 w.r.t. x, we
entiate both sides w.r.t. x. can find dy/dx.
2.14 Parametric Differentiation: Suppose x and y are 2.16 Differentiation of a Function w.r.t. Another Func-
functions of a parameter t, say x f (t) and y g(t) in tion: Suppose u f (x) and v g(x). Then
any interval. Further assume that f is invertible and
f, g, f 1 are differentiable in their relevant intervals. du du dv f a( x)
w
Then to find dy/dx, we proceed as follows: dv dx dx g a( x)
y g(t ) g( f 1 ( x)) ( g f 1 )( x)
EXERCISES

1. In the interval [0, 3], the number of points at which ¥ 1 x 2 x2 ´ ¥ x 2 ´
the function [x2] sin O x ( [] is the usual integral part) 5. If y log 2 Tan 1 ¦ , then at
¦§ 2µ
1 x 2 x ¶ § 1 x 2 µ¶
is discontinuous are
x 0, dy/dx
(A) 4 (B) 5 (A) 4 (B) 4 2
(C) 6 (D) 8 (C) 2 2 (D) 2
ex 1 6. If cos( xy) x, then dy/dx

2. If f ( x) , then f a(0) equals
ex 1 ¥ 1 y sin( xy) ´ 1 y sin( xy)
(A) ¦ (B)
(A) 1 (B) 2 § x sin( xy) µ¶ x sin xy
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2 ¥ 1 y sin( xy) ´ ¥ 1 sin( xy) ´
(C) ¦ (D) ¦
¥ 4 sin x ´ § sin( xy) µ¶ § x sin( xy) µ¶
3. If f ( x) Tan 1 ¦ , then f a(P /2) is
§ 3 5 cos x µ¶
7. If x a cos3 t, y b sin 3 t, then at the point
(A) 4/5 (B) 2/5 ¥ a a ´
(C) 3/5 (D) 1 ¦§ , µ , dy/dx
2 2 2 2¶
(A) b/a (B) b/a
4. If y cos( x y), then dy/dx
(C) a/b (D) a/b
sin( x y) sin( x y)
(A) (B)
1 sin( x y) 1 sin( x y) 8. If a function f (x) is continuous, f (1) > 0 and satisfies
the relation f (x) < f (y) whenever x < y for all positive
cos( x y) cos( x y) x and y, then f (x) has
(C) (D)
1 cos( x y) 1 cos( x y) (A) exactly one root (B) exactly two roots
(C) more than two roots (D) no roots
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Exercises 215
9. Let f ( x) Max{x 3 , x 4 } for 1 < x < 1. Then f (x) (A) 1 (B) 4

(A) is differentiable at x 0 (C) 2 (D) 0
(B) is not differentiable at x 0 2x ´
1 ¥ ¥ dy ´
18. If y Tan ¦§ , then ¦ µ is
(C) has exactly one point of discontinuity x 1 µ
¶ § dx ¶ x 0
1 2
(D) has exactly two points of non-differentiability (A) 1 (B) 2
1
10. Consider the following two statements: (C) log 2 (D) log 2
P: If f (x) is differential at x a and g(x) is not differ- 10
entiable at x a, then f (x) g(x) is differentiable at d2 y
19. If x 4t and y 2t 2 , then at x 1/2 is
x a. dx 2
Q: If f (x) and g(x) are not differentiable at x a, then
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
f (x) g(x) is not differentiable at x a.
(C) 2 (D) 4
(A) both P at Q are true
(B) both P at Q are false 1 t dy
20. If x Cos 1 and y Sin 1 , then
2 2 dx
(C) P is true and Q is false 1 t 1 t
(D) P is false and Q is true is equal to
(A) 1 (B) Tan 1t
2
11. If y 2 xy, then y aaa is (C) 0 (D) O /2
x y
(A) 0 (B) ¥ x x ´
x y ¥ dy ´
21. If y Tan 1 ¦ µ , then ¦ µ is
§ 1 x ¶
3 / 2 § dx ¶ x 1
(C) x/y (D) y/x
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2
12. If x a cos 2t, y b sin 2 t, then at ( a, b), d 2 y/dx 2 is
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
equal to
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 22. If
(C) 0 (D) 1/ 2 1 1
f ( x) Tan 1 2
Tan 1 2
¥ dy ´ x x1 x 3x 3
13. If x 1 y y 1 x 0 (x, y 1), then ¦ µ is
§ dx ¶ x 1 1
Tan 1 ...
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/4 x 5x 7 2
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/2 upto 10 terms, then f a(1) is equal to

(A) 30/61 (B) 30/61
14. If x 2 y2 1, then
(C) 40/61 (D) 40/61
(A) yy aa 2( y a)2 1 0 (B) yy aa ( y a)2 1 0
1 x4 dy dx
(C) yy aa ( y a)2 1 0 (D) yy aa 2( y a)2 1 0 23. If y 4
, then . is equal to
1 x dx dy
15. Let f (x) and g(x) be twice differentiable functions (A) 1 (B) xy
such that f a( x)g a( x) c . If h( x) f ( x)g( x), then h aa/h x y
is equal to (C) does not exist (D)
xy
f aa g aa 2c f aa g aa
(A) (B) 2c
f g fg f g 24. The number of points at which the function
f aa g aa c f ( x) = Min{ x , x 2 , 2 x 1 } is not differential is
f aa g aa
(C) (D) c (A) 2 (B) 3
f g fg f g
(C) 4 (D) 5
16. If f ( x) log x 2 (log x), then f a(e) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 ¥ x 2 y ´ f ( x) 2 f ( y)
25. If f ¦
§ µ for all x, y and
(C) 1/e (D) 1/2e 3 ¶ 3
f a(0) 1, then f a(1) is equal to
17. Let y e x (a cos x b sin x), then y aa my a ny 0 (A) 1 (B) 0
where m n value is (C) 2 (D) 1
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1. Which of the following are correct? ¥P ´
(C) f (1) 1 tan ¦ 1µ (D) f a(1) 1 cosec 2 1
dy §2 ¶
(A) If x m yn ( x y)m n , then x y
dx
dy x sin x 5. Which of the following are not true?
(B) If y x tan( x/2), then
dx 1 cos x (A) Every continuous function defined on an open
1/x
« 5e 2 interval is bounded.
® , xx0 (B) If the function is differentiable at a point then
(C) If f ( x) ¬ 3 e1/x
®0, x0 its derivative is continuous at that point.

(C) The function f ( x) 3 x 2 is continuous for all
then f (x) is differential at x 0 real x and is not differentiable at x 0.
(D) If (D) If a function is differentiable at infinite number
« 2, 3 b x b 0 of points, then it should not have infinite num-
f ( x) ¬
x 2, 0 x b 3 ber of points of discontinuity.
and g( x) f x f ( x) 2x ´
1 ¥ dy
then the number of points at which g is not 6. Let y Sin ¦§ µ . Then is equal to
1 x2 ¶ dx
differential for 3 < x < 3 is two.
2
(A) for all x
2. Which of the following functions are continuous at 1 x2
the specified points? 2
(B) for x 1
« 2 1 1 x2
® x sin , x x 0
(A) f ( x) ¬ x at x 0 (C) does not exist at x p1
®0, xx0
2
log(2 x) x 2 n sin x (D) for 1 < x< 1
(B) f ( x) lim at x 1 1 x2
nmd 1 x2n
« e 1/ x 1 7. If f ( x) x 3 x 2 f a(1) xf aa(2) f aaa(3) for all real x,
® , xx0 then
(C) f ( x) ¬ e1/ x 1 at x 0
®1, xx0 (A) f a(1) 5 (B) f aa(2) 2

¥ cos P x x 2 n sin( x 1) ´ (C) f aaa(3) 6 (D) f (0) 6
(D) If f ( x) lim ¦ µ¶ then f is
n md § 1 x2n 1 x2n
«[tan 2 x] 1 P
continuous at x 1 ®® if x x nP p
2
8. Let f ( x) ¬ tan x 1
4
3. Which of the following are true? ®0 P
if x nP p
du sec 2 (Sin 1 x) ® 4
(A) If u tan(Sin 1 x) , then is Then
dx 1 x2 P
1 (A) f (x) is discontinuous at x
(B) The derivative of x Cos x w.r.t. x is 4
1
1 ¨ Cos x log x · P
x Cos x © ¸ where 0 < x b 1 (B) f (x) is continuous at x
©ª x 1 x 2 ¸¹ 4
dy 1 P
(C) If y Tan 1 1 x , then at x 0 is (C) f is not differentiable at x
dx 4 4
(D) The function [ x] x [ x] where [x] is the P
integral part of x is continuous at all integers (D) f is discontinuous at x (2 n 1) , n
2
which are positive.
9. Let f : m be a function satisfying the following
1 x 1 x 1 x
4. Let f ( x) tan 2 tan 2 3 tan 3 { d. relations:
2 2 2 2 2 2
Then (i) f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) x, y
(ii) f(x) 1 xg(x) where lim g( x) 1
1 xm0
(A) f ( x) cot x (B) f ( x) x tan x
x
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Exercises 217
Then ¥ x y z ´ f ( x) f ( y) f (z)
(A) f (x) is continuous for all real x
(i) f ¦
§ µ¶ for all
3 3
(B) f (x) is differentiable for all real x x, y, z
(C) lim f ( x) 1 (ii) f (0) 3 and f a(0) 3
xm0
Then
(D) lim f ( x) 0
xm d (A) the graph of y f (x) is a straight line
[Hint: If Qa( x) Q( x) , then Q(x) Kex.] (B) the graph of y f (x) is represented by the equa-
tion x 2 y2 9
10. Let f : m be a function satisfying the following
(C) f (x) is unbounded
conditions:
(D) f (x) is differentiable for all x in

In each of the following questions, statements are given 2. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
in two columns, which have to be matched. The state-
ments in column I are labeled as (A), (B), (C) and (D), Column I Column II
while those in column II are labeled as (p), (q), (r), (s)
and (t). Any given statement in column I can have cor- (A) f (x) [x] where [] is the (p) 1
rect matching with one or more statements in column II. integral part and
The appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers
« 0 if x is an integer
to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in g( x) ¬ 2
the following example. x if x is not an integer
Example: If the correct matches are (A) m (p), (s) , (B) m then ( f g )( x) is continuous at x
(q), (s), (t), (C) m (r), (D) m (r), (t), that is if the matches « 2 1
are (A) m (p) and (s) ; (B) m (q), (s) and (t); (C) m (r); (B) f ( x) ®¬ x sin x if x x 0 (q) 1/2
and (D) m (r), then the correct darkening of bubbles
® 0 if x 0
will look as follows:
p q r s t Then f is continuous and
A
differentiable at x
B (C) The function (r) 3/2

C [1x] [2 x] [3 x] { [nx]
f ( x) lim
n md
D n2
(where [] has the usual meaning) is
differentiable at x
1. In Column I, functions are given and in Column II their
corresponding derivatives are given. Match them. «®2 x if 1 b x b 1
(D) f ( x) ¬ . (s) 3
®3 x if 1 x b 2
Column I Column II Then f is continuous and (t) 0
differentiable at x
¥ P x´ 2
(A) log tan ¦ µ (p) sin log( x 4 )
§ 4 2¶ x
3. Let « x2
® , 0bx1
2y ®2
(B) sin 2 (log x 2 ) (q)
x2 1 ® 3
f ( x) ¬ 2 x 2 3 x , 1 b x b 2
1/2 ® 2
¨ 1 x2 x ·
(C) log © ¸ (r) sec x ®3 x, 2xb3
©ª 1 x 2 x ¸¹ ®

1 In the interval (0, 3), match the items of Column I

(D) ( x x 2 1)2 (s) with those in Column II.
1 x2
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Column I Column II Column I Column II

(A) f is discontinuous at x (p) 1 (A) x x (p) Continuous in ( 1, 1)
(B) f is differentiable at x (q) 1/2 (q) Differentiable in ( 1, 1)
(B) x
(C) f a is continuous at x (r) 3/2
(C) x [ x] (r) Derivative is positive in ( 1, 1)
(D) f a does not exist at x (s) 2
(D) x 1 x 1 (s) Not differentiable at least at
one point in ( 1, 1)
4. Match the functions in Column I with the properties
given in Column II.
1. Passage: Let f be a function defined in a neighbour- then f ( x)g( x) is continuous at x 0.
hood of a . Then
(D) If a function is differentiable for all real x
(a) f is continuous at a if and only if left limit at a and f (0) f a(0) 0, then f (x) need not
[denoted by f (a 0)] Right limit at a [denoted be zero for all real x.
by f (a 0) f (a)]
(iii) Let f ( x) [ x] x [ x] where [x] denotes the
(b) f is differentiable at a if and only if integer part of x. Then
Left derivative f a(a 0) Right derivative f a(a 0) (A) f is continuous at all integers
Answer the following questions (B) f is discontinues at all integers
P
(i) If f ( x) cos ¥¦ [ x] x 3 ´µ for 1 < x < 2 where [x] (C) f is a discontinues at x 0
§2 ¶
(D) f is a bounded function
is the integral part of x, then
¥ 1/3 ´ 2. Passage: Let f (x) be a function defined in a neigh-
(A) f a ¦ ¥¦ P ´µ µ¶ exists and is equal to 0 bourhood of a . Then
§§ 2¶
(a) f is continuous at a if and only if
¥ ¥ P ´ 1/ 3 ´
(B) f a ¦ ¦ µ µ exists and is equal to 1 lim f (a h) f (a) lim f (a h)
hm0 hm0
§§ 2¶ ¶ h0 h 0
¥ ¥ P ´ 1/ 3 ´ (b) f is differentiable at a if and only if

(C) f a ¦ ¦ µ µ does not exist
§§ 2¶ ¶ f (a h) f (a) f (a h) f (a)
lim lim
¥P´
1/ 3 hm 0 h hm0 h
h0 h 0
(D) at ¦ µ , the left derivative exists, but the
§ 2¶ f (a h) f (a)
right derivative does not exist or lim exists finitely.
hm0 h
(ii) Which of the following is not true?
(A) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable at x a,
then their sum f(x) g(x) is differentiable (i) If a function is differentiable at a point x a, then
at x a. its derivative is continuous at x a. An example
of a function contradicting this statement is
(B) If f(x) and g(x) are not differential at x a,
then their sum is not differentiable at (A) f ( x) x 3 x
x a. « 2 1
® x sin , x x 0
« sin x (B) f ( x) ¬ x
®® x , xx0 ®0, x0
(C) If f ( x) ¬
®1, x0 «® x 2 if x b 0
® 2 (C) f ( x) ¬
2
® x if x 0
« sin x
® , xx0 ®«1 x
2
if 0 b x b 1
and g( x) ¬ x (D) f ( x) ¬
®2, x0 ®2 x if 1< x b 2
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Exercises 219
(ii) Let f (x) > 0 be a function defined for all x > 0 2

e P 2 P
and differentiable for x > 0. Suppose (C) (D) e 2
n 2 4 4
¥ f ( x (1/n)) ´
g( x) lim ¦ P
¥ ´
n md § f ( x) µ¶ (ii) f a ¦ µ is
§ 3¶
Then g(x)
(A) has infinitely many points of discontinuities 3/2 3 ¥ P 2P ´
(A) 2e ( 3) ¦§ log tan µ¶
(B) is discontinuous at x 0 3 3
(C) is not differentiable at x 1
1 3 /2 3 ¨ 4P ·
(D) is continuous and differentiable for all x > 0 (B)
2
e ( 3) © log 3 3 3 ¸
[Hint: Show that g( x) e f a( x )/ f ( x ). ] ª ¹
(iii) Let (C)
1 3/2 3 ¥ 2P ´
e ( 3) ¦§ log 3 µ
« 2( x x 3 ) x x 3 2 3 3¶
® if x x 0, 1
® 2( x x 3 ) x x 3 1 3/2 3 ¨ 4P ·
® (D) e ( 3) © log 3 3 3 ¸
f ( x) ¬ 2 ª ¹
1
® if x 0 ¥P´
®3 (iii) f a ¦ µ equals
§ 6¶
®3 if x 1
Then the number of points at which f is discon- 1/ 3
tinuous is 3 ¥ 1 ´ ¨ P ·
(A) e ¦ © log 3 2 3 ¸
(A) 0 (B) 1 2 § 3 µ¶ ª ¹
(C) 2 (D) infinitely many 3
3 1/2 ¥ 1 ´ ¨ P ·
(B) e ¦ © log 3 3 ¸
2 § 3 µ¶ ª ¹
3. Let f ( x) e sin x (tan x)x . Answer the following
questions. 1/3
(C)
2 1/2 ¥ 1 ´ ¨ P·
e ¦ ©ª log 3 3 ¹̧
P
(i) f a ¥¦ ´µ is equal to 3 § 3 µ¶
§ 4¶
1/ 3
(D)
3 3/2 ¥ 1 ´ ¨1 P·
1/ 2 e ¦ ©ª 2 log 3 3 ¹̧
(A)
e

P
(B) e1/ 2
2
P 2 § 3 µ¶
2 2 2

In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given 2. Statement I: f ( x) x 2 is a differentiable function for
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. all x .
Mark the correct answer as:
Statement II: Every continuous function defined on a
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II closed interval is differentiable.
is a correct explanation for Statement I.
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is «1 x, 1b x b 2
not a correct explanation for Statement I. 3. Statement I: f ( x) ¬ is not differ-
3 x, 2xb3
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. entiable at x 2.
Statement II: If a function is discontinuous at point,
1. Statement I: The function then the function is not differentiable at that point.
« a / sin x P
« 1 ®(1 sin x ) , x0
6
® x sin , x x 0 ®
f ( x) ¬ x 4. Statement I: f ( x) ¬b, x0
®0, x0 ® P
®e tan 2 x /tan 3 x , 0x
is differentiable at x 0. 6
Statement II: cos x is differentiable for all x.
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If f (x) is to be continuous at x 0, then a 2/3 and 5. Statement I: If both functions f(x) and g(x) are not
b e2/3. differentiable at x a, then the function f(x) g(x)
may be differentiable at x a.
Statement II: A function is continuous at a point if
and only if the left and right limits at that point exist Statement II: f(x) = [x] (integral part of x) and g(x) =
and are equal as well as are equal to functional value x – [x] are not differentiable at any integer, but f(x) +
at that point. g(x) is differentiable at all real x.

The answer to each of the questions in this section is a «ax 2 ax b, x 1
non-negative integer. The appropriate bubbles below the ®
respective question numbers have to be darkened. For 4. Let f ( x) ¬ x 1, 1b x b 3
example, as shown in the figure, if the correct answer to ® 2
cx dx 2, x 3
the question number Y is 246, then the bubbles under Y
labeled as 2, 4, 6 are to be darkened. be continuous for all x, then b (d/ c) is equal to
_______.
X Y Z W
«x2 for x b 0
0 0 0 0 ®
®1 for 0 x b 1
1 1 1 1 5. Let f ( x) ¬
®1
2 2 2 ® x for x 1
3 3 3 3
The number of points at which f is not differentiable
4 4 4
is _______.
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 « x, xb0
® 2
7 7 7 7 6. Let f ( x) ¬ x , 0bxb1
® 3
8 8 8 8 x x 1, x 1
9 9 9 9 The number of points at which f is continuous but not
differentiable is _______.
1. Consider the function y f(x) defined parametrically
by x 2t t , y t 2 t t , t . Then in the interval
7. In the interval (0, O), the number of points at
1 b x b 1, the number of points at which f(x) is not
which the function integral part of sin x cos x is
differentiable is _______.
not continuous is _______.
3
2. The function x is not differentiable at x _______.
8. Let m be the value of the left derivative at x 2 of the
function f (x) [x]sin(O x) ( [ ] is the usual symbol),
3. The function then [m] is equal to _______.
« p ¥ 1´
® x cos ¦§ µ¶ , x x 0 [12 x] [2 2 x] { [n2 x]
f ( x) ¬ x 9. Let f ( x) lim where []
®0,
x0 n md n3
denotes integer part, then 3( f (1) f a(1)) is _______.
is twice differentiable, but second derivative is not
continuous if p equals _______. 10. If f ( x) (e x e x )cos x 2 x, then f (0) f a(0) is
_______.
ANSWERS
1. (C) 3. (A)
2. (D) 4. (B)
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Answers 221
5. (B) Matrix-Match Type Questions

6. (A)
7. (B) 1. (A) m (r); (B) m (p); (C) m (s); (D) m (q)
8. (D) 2. (A) m (t); (B) m (t); (C) m (p),(q), (r), (s), (t);
9. (A) (D) m (p), (q), (r), (t)
10. (B) 3. (A) m (s); (B) m (p), (q), (r); (C) m (p), (q), (r);
11. (A) (D) m (s)
12. (C) 4. (A) m (p), (q); (B) m (p), (s); (C) m (r), (s);
13. (B) (D) m (p), (q)
14. (B)
15. (A) Comprehension Type Questions
16. (D) 1. (i) (A); (ii) (B); (iii) (A)
17. (D) 2. (i) (B); (ii) (D); (iii) (C)
18. (D) 3. (i) (A); (ii) (B); (iii) (A)
19. (B)
20. (A) Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions
21. (C)
22. (B) 1. (B)
23. (A) 2. (C)
24. (D) 3. (A)
25. (A) 4. (A)
5. (A)
1. (A), (B), (D)
2. (A), (D) 1. 0
3. (A), (B), (C), (D) 2. 0
4. (A), (B), (D) 3. 3
5. (A), (b), (D) 4. 3
6. (B), (C), (D) 5. 2
7. (A), (B), (C), (D) 6. 1
8. (A), (C), (D) 7. 3
9. (A), (B), (D) 8. 3
10. (A), (C), (D) 9. 2
10. 0
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Applications of
Differentiation 3
Contents
Applications of Differentiation
3.1 Tangents and Normals

3.2 Rate Measure
3.3 Mean Value Theorems
3.4 Maxima–Minima
3.5 Convexity, Concavity
and Points of Inflection
3.6 Cauchy’s Mean Value
Theorem and
L’Hospital’s
p Rule
Worked-Out Problems
Summary
Exercises
Answers
Differentiation is all about

finding rates of change of
(f (c ), g (c ))
(f (a), g (a))
one quantity compared to
another. We need differenti-
ation when the rate of change
is not constant.
(f (b ), g (b ))
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224 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation
The concept of a line tangent to a circle was introduced by ancient Greeks who used the same to some special curves.
Greeks’ concept of a tangent to a circle is as follows: A line having just one point lying on a circle and all its other points
outside the circle is considered to be a tangent. This concept worked well in deriving many properties of tangent lines
to a circle. However, it faced rough weather when extending it for more general curves where a tangent line to a curve
at a point may intersect the curve at some more points. At this juncture people used the derivative to describe tangent
and felt that this is far more satisfactory.
In this chapter we will discuss the geometric meaning of the derivative and study tangents and normals to curves.
Further we will study the Mean Value Theorems, Maxima Minima, Increasing and Decreasing functions, and
L’Hospital’s Rule which determine the limits of indeterminate forms.
3.1 Tangents and Normals

In this section, we describe a tangent to a curve represented by a differentiable function y f (x) and obtain the equa-
tions of tangents and normal. First, we begin with the following definition.
DEFINITION 3.1 Tangent to a Curve Let P be a fixed point on a curve and Q be a neighbouring point to P on
the curve. As Q approaches point P along the curve, suppose the chord QP P approaches a fixed
line and finally coincides with the fixed line when Q coincides with P. Then this fixed line is
called the tangent to the curve at the point P. (See Fig. 3.1.)
P
FIGURE 3.1 Definition 3.1.
3.1.1 Geometric Meaning of the Derivative

Suppose y f (x) is a differentiable function. Consider Fig. 3.2. On the curve y f (x), let P(a, f (a)) and Q(a h,
f (a h)) be two points. Draw PMM and QN N perpendicular to x-axis. Also draw PR perpendicular to QN. Suppose the
tangent at P and the line QP P make angles P and E,
E respectively, with the positive direction of the x-axis. Since PR is
parallel to x-axis, we have that RPQ is equal to E
E. Hence Q m P along the curve, the chord QP P approaches the tan-
gent PT T at P so that E m P as Q m P.
Q (a + h, f (a + h))
y
P R
q f
T O S M a N a+h x
FIGURE 3.2 Geometric meaning of the derivative.
Assume that chord QP

P is not vertical. Now from the right-angled triangle PQR,
QR f ( ) f( )
tan F
PR h
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3.1 Tangents and Normals 225
Q m P along the curve implies that h m 0. Therefore

tan P lim tan F
Qm P
f( ) f( )
lim
hm0 h
f a( )
Thus f a(
a a) is the slope of the tangent at P(a, f (a)).
N
Note:
1. f a(
a a) 0 The tangent at (a, f (a)) is horizontal.
2. f aa(a) d The tangent at (a, f (a)) is vertical.
3. The equation of the tangent at P(a, f (a)) is
y f (a) f a(a)( x a)
4. The equation of the tangent to the curve y f (x) at a point (x1, y1) is
y y1 f a( x1 )( x x1 )
¥ dy ´
or y y1 (x x1 )
§ddx ¶ x x1
DEFINITION 3.2 Normal Let P be a point on a curve y f (x), where f (x) is differentiable. The line perpen-
dicular to the tangent at P and passing through P is called normal to the curve at P.
N
Note:
1. The slope of the normal at P(x1, y1) is
1 1 ¥ dx ´
¦ µ
f a( x1 ) ¥ dy ´ § dy ¶ x x
1
§ dx ¶ x x
1
2. Equation to the normal at P(x1, y1) is

1
y y1 ( x x1 )
f a( x1 )
DEFINITION 3.3 Angle of Intersection of Curves Let C1 and C2 be two curves and P be their point of intersec-
tion. Then the angle between the tangents drawn to the curves at P is called angle of intersec-
tion of C1 and C2. If the angle of intersection is a right angle, then the two curves are said to cut
each other orthogonally at P.
Note: Let y f (x) and y g (x) be two differentiable functions. Let C1 and C2 be the corresponding curves. Let P(x1, y1)
N
be a common point of C1 and C2 and m1 f a(x1), m2 g a(x1). If P is the angle of intersection of C1 and C2 at P, then
m m2
1. tanP 1
1 m1m2
2. C1 and C2 cut orthogonally at ( 1 , y1 ) m1 m2 1
3. C1 and C2 touch each other at P m1 m2
DEFINITION 3.4 Let P be a point on C represented by a differentiable function y f (x) (Fig. 3.3). Let the
tangent and normal to the curve at P meet the x-axis in T and N, respectively. Draw PG
perpendicular to the x-axis. Then PT, PN, TG, and GN N are, respectively, called the lengths
of tangent, the normal, the sub-tangent and the sub-normal at P.
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q
O T G N x
FIGURE 3.3 Definition 3.4.
T H E O R E M 3.1 Suppose y f (x) is a differentiable curve and P(x1, y1) be a point on the curve in the xy-plane. Sup-
pose the tangent and normal at P meet the x-axis in T and N, respectively. Draw PG perpendicular
to x-axis. Let P be the angle made by PT T with the positive direction of the x-axis (see Fig. 3.3).
Then
(i) Length of the tangent PT

T is given by
2
1 ¥ dx ´
| ( x1 ) | 1 2
| y1 | 1 ¦ µ
( ( x1 )) § dy ¶ (
1 , y1 )
(ii) Length of the normal PN

N is given by
2
¥ dy ´
( x1 ))2
| ( x1 ) | 1 ( (x | y1 | 1
§ dx ¶ (
1 , y1 )
(iii) Length of the sub-tangent TG is given by

f ( x1 ) ¥ dx ´
y1 ¦ µ
f a( x1 ) § dy ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
(iv) Length of the sub-normal GN

N is given by
¥ dy ´
( x1 ) y1
f ( x1 ) f a(x
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
PROOF See Fig. 3.3.

(i) From $PGT,
T
PG
PT
sin P
| y1 | 1 cot 2 P
1
| y1 | 1
tan 2 P
1
| y1 | 1 2
¥ dy ´
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
2
¥ dx ´
|| y1 | 1 ¦ µ
§ dy ¶ (
1 , y1 )
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3.1 Tangents and Normals 227
(ii) From $PGN,

PG
PN
cosP
| y1 | (secP )
| y1 | 1 tan 2 P
2
¥ dy ´
| y1 | 1
§ dx ¶ (
1 , y1 )
(iii) From $PGT,

T
¥ dx ´
TG | PG cotP | y1 ¦ µ
§ dy ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
(iv) Again from $PGN,
¥ dy ´
GN | PG tan P | y1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
Note: From (iii) and (iv) we have (sub-tangent) (sub-normal) is equal to y12 . That is, sub-tangent,
ordinate and sub-normal are in GP.
Example 3.1
Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve Therefore, the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
y2 4ax at the point (x1, y1) and at (att2, 2at).
yy1 2a( x x1 )
2
Solution: The given curve is y 4ax. In this equation, put x1 att2, y1 2att so that the equation
Equation of the tangent of the tangent at (att2, 2at) is
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ty x at 2
dy 2a This equation is called parametric form of the tangent. If

y1 0, then the tangent at (0, 0) is the y-axis.
dx y
Equation of the normal
Therefore
Now, equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is
¥ dy ´ 2a
, provided y1 x 0 y1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1
1 1 y y1 ( x x1 )
2a
So the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
Substituting x1 at 2 y1 2at in the above equation, we
2a get that the equation of the normal at (at 2, 2at) is
y y1 ( x x1 )
y1
tx y 2at at 3
yy1 y12 2aaxx 2ax1 This form is called the parametric form of the normal to
Now (x1, y1) lies on the curve. This implies that y12 4ax1 . y2 4ax at ( 2 , 2at ).
Note: The parametric forms of the tangent and normal to y2 4ax at (att2, 2at) will be more useful in the chapter on
“Parabola” (Vol. 4, Geometry).
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Example 3.2
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve [since (x1, y1) lies on the curve]. Therefore, the equation
of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
x2 y2
1 xx1 yy1
a2 b2 2
1
a b2
P b sinP ).
at the point (x1, y1) and at the point (a cosP,
In the above equation, put x1 a cosP y1 b sin i P . Then
Solution: P b sinP
the equation of the tangent at (a cosP, P ) is
Equation of the tangent x y
cosP i P 1
ssiin
Differentiating both sides of the given equation w.r.t. x a b
we get This equation is called parametric equation of the tan-
x y dy
y P b sinP
gent to the given curve at (a cosP, P ).
0
a 2 2
b dx Equation of the normal
and hence Now, equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is
dy b2 x a 2 y1
2 y y1 ( x x1 )
dx a y b2 x1
Therefore That is,
¥ dy ´ b2 x a 2 ( x x1 ) b2 ( y y1 )
2 1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) a y1 x1 y1
1 1
So the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is In this equation if we put x1 a cosP
P and y1 b sinP,
P the
equation of the normal is
b2 x1 ax by
y y1 ( x x1 ) a2 b2
a 2 y1 cosP sin
i P
b2 1 a 2 y1 y b2 x12 a 2 y12 This equation is called parametric form of the normal.
Dividing by a2 b2, we have
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Note: The equations of the tangent and normal at (x1, y1) and at (a cosP,
P b sinP ) will be utilized in the chapter on
“Ellipse” (Vol. 4, Geometry).
Example 3.3
Show that the curves x 3 x 2 2 and 3 x 2 y y3
xy 2 cut at (x1, y1). Differentiating C1 w.r.t. x, we get
cut orthogonally.
dy
3x 2 3 y2 6 xy 0
Solution: Suppose the curves dx
Therefore
C1 x 3 3xy
3 xyy2 2
and C2 x 2 y y3 0 ¥ dy ´ y12 x12
m1 (say)
§ dx ¶ x y1 2 x1 y1
1
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3.2 Rate Measure 229
Similarly, differentiating C2 w.r.t. x, we have Now
¥ dy ´ 2 x1 y1 ¥ x 2 y12 ´ ¥ 2 x1 y1 ´
m2 (say) m1 m2 ¦ 1
§ dx ¶ x 2 1
x12 y12 § 2 x1 y1 µ¶ ¦§ x1 y1 µ¶
2
1 y1
By part (2) of the note under Definition 3.3, C1 and C2

cut orthogonally at (x1, y1).
Example 3.4
Find the length of the tangent, normal, sub-tangent and Now

sub-normal to the curve x a (P sin P ), y a(1 cosP )
1. Length of the tangent is
at the point P O /2 [i.e., at the point ( (P / ), )]
where a 0. 2
¥ dx ´
| y1 | 1 a 1 12 a 2
Solution: Differentiating the two equations (given) §ddy ¶ x
1 , y1
we get
2. Length of the normal is
dx
a( cosP ) 2
dP ¥ dy ´
| y1 | 1 a 1 1 a 2
dy § dx ¶ (
1 , y1 )
a sin P
dP 3. Length of the sub-tangent is
Therefore
¥ dx ´
y1 ¦ µ | a 1| a
dy dyy dx § dy ¶ x
w 1 y1
dx dP dP
a sin P 4. Length of the sub-normal is

a( cosP ) ¥ dy ´
y1 | a 1| a
P § dx ¶ x y1
1
cot
2
So
¥ dy ´ P
cot 1
§ dx ¶ Q P 4
2
3.2 Rate Measure

In Section 3.1, we have seen how the derivative of a function is useful in studying the properties of tangents. In this
section we will discuss how the derivative of a function is also useful in the velocity problems or, more generally, the
rate of change of a function. We begin with the following definition.
DEFINITION 3.5 Let f be a function defined on an open interval (a, b) and let c (a, b). Then the difference
f (c h) f (c)
h
where h may take positive values or negative values is called average change or change of f in
the interval (c, c h). If
f( ) f( )
lim
hm0 h
exists and is a finite number, which we denote by f a( a c) is called the rate of change
a c), then f a(
of f at c.
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T H E O R E M 3.2 Suppose a participle moving on a straight line covers a distance s(t) in time t. Then the velocity
of the particle at time t is ds/dt.
PROOF Since the velocity of a particle is the rate of change in distance, we have, the velocity v at time t is
s(t ) s( )
lim
hm0 h
a t ) or ds/dt.
which is nothing but sa(
Note: The velocity v is also a function of t.
DEFINITION 3.6 Acceleration The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. If v ds/dt, then the
acceleration is given by
dv d 2 s
or s aa(t )
dt dt 2
DEFINITION 3.7 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration If a particle P is a moving on a plane curve, the
angle made by OP P (O being the origin) with the x-axis at time t is denoted by P (t). The rate at
which the angle P (t) is changing at time t is called the angular velocity of the particle at time t
and is given by
dP
or P a(t )
dt
The rate at which the angular velocity is changing at time t is called angular acceleration and is
given by
d 2P
or P q(t )
dt 2
Example 3.5
Consider a particle moving on a straight line. Let s(t) be and hence

the distance traveled by it in time t from a fixed point.
da d
Then s(t) @ sin(A t), where @ and A are constants. If v(t) [ 2 s(t )]
is the velocity and a(t) is the acceleration of the particle dt dt
at time t, find ds
B 2
1. v2 a s dt
2. da/ds B 2 v(t )
da 1. We have
3. s
dt
v2 a s [v(t )]2 a(t )s(t )
Solution: We first find the velocity and the accelera- A B cos2 (B t ) [ B 2 s(t ) s(t )]
2 2
tion. Now velocity is given by

A 2 B 2 cos2 (B ) 2 2
i 2( )
ssin
ds A 2B 2
v(t ) AB cos(B t )
dt
2. We have
The acceleration is given by da da ds B 2 v(t )
w B 2
dv ds dt dt v(t )
a(t )
dt 3. We have
d2 s
da
dt 2 s s(t )[ 2 v(t )]
dt
AB 2 sin(B t )
v(t )[ 2 s(t )]
B 2 s(t ) v(t )a(t )
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3.3 Mean Value Theorems 231
Example 3.6
Consider Fig. 3.4. OAB is a right-angled triangle, right Differentiating both sides of the equation a r(t)cos(P (t)),
angled at A. Suppose P is a moving point on AB with w.r.t. t we have
uniform velocity v. Find the angular velocity of P with
dr dP
respect to O. 0 cos(P (t )))) r(t )( sin(P (t ))
dt dt
vt P B dr a ¥ vt ´ dP
A r (t ) ¦
dt r(t ) § r(t ) µ¶ dt
r (t ) dr a dP
a f (vt )
dt r(t ) dt
a v2 t dP
O (vt ) [from Eq. (3.2)]
r (t ) r (t ) dt
Therefore
Solution: Since the point P is moving with uniform dP a ¥ v2 t ´
velocity v we have AP vt (since ds vdtt and v is con-
dt [r(t )]2 ¦§ vt µ¶
stant, s vt). Let P (t) be the angle made by OP with OA
at time t. Let OA a, OP rtt and AO P P (t ). Then av

a r (t ) ( (t )) (r(t ))2
av
and [ (t )]2 OP 2 OA2 AP 2 a 2 v2 t 2 (3.1)
(OP )2
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (3.1) with respect to t,
we get Thus the angular velocity of P w.r.t. O is av/(OP)2.
dr
2 r (t ) 2v 2 t (3.2)
dt
3.3 Mean Value Theorems

Mean value theorem in differential calculus connects the values of a function to values of its derivative. It is one of the
most useful tools in real analysis. Especially, a special case of mean value theorem, viz. Rolle’s Theorem established in
1690 by Michel Rolle (1652 1719) a French mathematician, is useful for finding points on a curve where the tangents
are horizontal. This theorem gives the position of roots of derivatives of polynomial functions. Mean value theorem is
also useful in deciding the intervals of monotonicity of functions and finally, in proving the most famous L’Hospital’s
Rule. First we begin with Rolle’s theorem.
3.3.1 Rolle’s Theorem

T H E O R E M 3.3 Suppose a b, f [a, b] m is continuous such that f (a) f (b). Further assume that f is differ-
entiable in the open interval (a, b). Then, there exists c (a, b) such that f a(c) 0.
PROOF If f is a constant function, then f a(c) 0 for any c (a, b). Hence, we may assume that f is a non-
constant function so that f is bounded (see Theorem 1.31). Let
m g f ( x) f ( x)
x[ a, b] x[ a, b]
so that m < M. Then either f (a) x m or f (a) x M. Suppose f (a) x M. Then

f (b) x M [ f (a) f (b)]
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Hence, by Theorem 1.33, there exists c (a, b) such that f (c) M, so that
f (c) M r f ( x) x [a, b]
Now, for x (a, c),
f ( x ) f (c )
r0
x c
so that
f ( x ) f (c )
f a(c) lim r0
xmc x c
Also, for x (c, b),
f ( x ) f (c )
b0
x c
so that
f ( x ) f (c )
f a(c) lim b0
xmc x c
Hence, f a(c) 0.
Example
Let f ( x) x 2 for x [ , 1]. Then f is continuous on Also f is differentiable in ( 1, 1) and
[ 1, 1] and
f a( x) 2 x x (
( , 1)
2 2
f( ) ( ) f( ) Further f a(0) 0 and 0 ( 1, 1).
Example
Consider the function f (x) sin x for x [0, O ]. Obvi- and f (0) f (O ) 0. Hence f a(c) 0 for some c (0, O ).
ously f is continuous on [0, O ], differentiable in (0, O ) That is cos c 0 for some c (0, O ). Clearly c O /2.
Geometric Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem

See Fig. 3.5.
1. Let y f (x) be a function satisfying the conditions of Rolle’s theorem on a closed interval [a, b]. Then f a(c) 0
for at least one c (a, b). But f a(c) is the slope of the tangent to the curve y f (x). That is, at the point (c, f (c)) the
tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
y y
(c, f (c )) f (c ) 0
(b, f (b ))
(a, f (a ))
O a b x O a b x
f (c ) 0
(a) (b)
FIGURE 3.5 Geometric meaning of Rolle’s theorem.
2. According to Rolle’s theorem, there exists a c (a, b) such that f a(c) 0. But there may be more than one c at which
f a(c) 0. For example, consider f ( x) x 2 ( x )2 on the interval [ 1, 2] so that f ( 1) 4 f (2).
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Now
f a( x) 0 2 x( x ))(( x ) 0
1
0, , 1
2
In this case c 0, 1/2, 1 (more than one value).
The following theorem which may be called Rolle’s theorem for polynomial functions gives the position of roots
of the derivative polynomial of a given polynomial.
T H E O R E M 3.4 Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n (r2). Then between any two real roots of P(x) 0, there
exists a root of P a(x) 0.
PROOF Let a, b be two roots of P(x) 0. We may assume that a < b. Then, clearly P(a) 0 P(b). Also
P(x) is continuous for all x in [a, b] and differentiable for all x in (a, b). Hence by Rolle’s theorem,
P a(c) 0 for some c (a, b). Thus P a(x) 0 has a root c (a, b).
Note: In general, if f (x) is continuous and differentiable and @,

@ A are real roots of the equation f (x) 0, then f a(x) 0
has a root in between @ and A. A
IMPORTANT NOTE
1. A function need not satisfy any one condition of Then f satisfies none of the conditions of Rolle’s
the Rolle’s theorem on an interval, but the deriva- theorem, but f a(x) 0 for all x x 1/2 in [0, 1] and f is
tive may vanish at many points of the interval. For discontinuous at 1/2.
example consider the function 2. In Theorem 3.4, if @ repeats t times as a root for
P(x) 0, then @ repeats t 1 times as a root for
« 1
@ t is a factor of P(x).
P a(x) 0 because (x @)
®®1 for 0 b x < 2
f ( x) ¬
®2 for 1 b x b 1
® 2
3.3.2 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

T H E O R E M 3.5 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continuous. Further, suppose f is differentiable in the open interval
(L A G R A N G E ’ S (a, b). Then, there exists c(a, b) such that
MEAN VALUE
f (b) f (a)
THEOREM) f a (c )
b a
PROOF Write
b x
g( x) f ( x) [ f (b) f (a)]
b a
Then g (x) is
1. Continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
2. Differentiable in the open interval (a, b)
3. g (a) g (b) ( f (b))
Hence by Rolle’s theorem, there exists c (a, b) such that ga(c) 0. But it is given that
f (b) f (a)
gaa( x) f a( x)
b a
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Therefore
f (b) f (a)
gaa(c) 0 f a(c)
b a
Note:
1. If f (a) f (b), then Rolle’s theorem follows from Lagrange’s mean value theorem. But, we use Rolle’s theorem in
proving Lagrange’s mean value theorem. Hence, Rolle’s theorem cannot be considered as a corollary of Lagrange’s
mean value theorem.
2. Lagrange’s mean value theorem says that the mean or average value
f (b) f (a)
b a
of f in [a, b] is equal to the derivative f a(c) for some point c in (a, b).
Geometric Interpretation of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

y
(b, f (b)) T
Tangent at c
B
(c, f (c))
c
(a, f (a))
A
O x
FIGURE 3.6 Geometric meaning of Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
See Fig. 3.6. Clearly,

f (b) f (a)
b a
is the gradient (slope) of the line joining the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) which lie on the curve of y f (x). Lagrange’s
mean value theorem says that, for some c (a, b), the tangent at the point (c, f (c)) to the curve y f (x) is parallel to
the line joining the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)).
As immediate consequences of Lagrange’s mean value theorem we have the following results stated as corollaries.
C O R O L L A R Y 3.1 Iff f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], differentiable in the open interval (a, b) and
f a( x) 0 x (a, b), then f is a constant on [a, b].
PROOF Suppose a A b. Then f is continuous on [a, @ @] and differentiable in (a, @
@). Hence by Lagrange’s
mean value theorem, there exists c (a, @
@) such that
f( ) f( )
0 f a (c )
A a
so that f (a) f ( ). Thus
f( ) f (a) A [a, b]
Hence f is a constant in [a, b].
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C O R O L L A R Y 3.2 Suppose f is differentiable in the open interval (a, b) with derivative f a( x) 0 x (a, b). Then
f is a constant in (a, b).
PROOF Suppose a A B b. Then, by hypothesis, f is continuous on [@, @ A ], differentiable in (@,
@ A ) and
f a( x) 0 x ( , B )). Hence by Corollary 3.1, f is a constant in [@,@ A ]. In particular, f ( ) f ( )).
This being true for all @, @ A (a, b), it follows that f is a constant over (a, b).
! Caution: Corollary 3.2 fails if the domain of definition of f is not an interval.
Example
«0, if x (0, 1) Then f is differentiable in ( , 1) (2, ) with f a (x) 0

Define f ( x) = ¬ x ( , 1) (2,, ), but f is not a constant over
1, if x (2, 3) ( ) ( ).
Another nice and important corollary of Lagrange’s mean value theorem is the following.
C O R O L L A R Y 3.3 Suppose f and g are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). Further suppose that
f a(x) g a(x) for all x (a, b). Then there exists k such that f (x) g (x) k for all x [a, b].
PROOF Write
h( x) f ( x) g( x) x [a, b]
Then, by hypothesis, h is continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b) and
haa( x) f a( x) gaa( x) 0 x (a, b)
Hence by Corollary 3.1, h (x) is a constant say k x [a, b]. Hence,
f ( x) g( x) h( x) k x [a, b] .
Before going to some more consequences of Lagrange’s mean value theorem, we consider some examples on Lagrange’s
mean value theorem.
Example 3.7
Consider f (x) x (x – 1) (x – 2) on the interval [0, 1/2]. But

Show that it satisfies Lagrange’s mean value theorem
1 ¥ 3´
and find the value of c. f ¥ ´ f( )
§ 2¶ § 8¶ 3
f a(c )
1 ¥ 1´ 4
Solution: The function f (x) being a polynomial func- 0
tion, is continuous and differentiable for all real values 2 § 2¶
of x and hence in [0, 1/2]. Also Therefore
1 3 3
f( ) f¥ ´ 3c 2 6c 2
6c
§ 2¶ 8 4
Now, 12c 2 24c 5 0
f ( x) x 3 3x 2 2 x 21
c 1p
6
f a(c) 3c 2 6c 2
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But Thus the value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value theo-

rem is 1 ( 21 / 6).
21 ¥ 1 ´
c 1 0,
6 § 2¶
Example 3.8
Consider the function f ( x) Ax 2 Bx C . Show that it This means

satisfies the Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
( Ax22 Bx2 C ) ( Ax12 Bx1 C )
2 Ax0 B
Solution: It is known that from the school stage that x2 x1
y Ax 2 Bx C represents a parabola. Let P(x1, y1) and A( x22 x12 ) B( x2 x1 )
Q( x2 , y2 ) be two points on the curve y Ax 2 Bx C .
x2 x1
Now consider
A( x2 x1 ) B
2
f ( x) Ax Bx C Therefore
for x [ x1 , x2 ]. Since f is continuous on [x1, x2] and dif- x1 x2
ferentiable in (x1, x2), by Lagrange’s mean value theorem, x0
2
there exists x0 ( x1 , x2 ) such that
Thus the abscissa of the point on the parabola where the
f ( x2 ) f (x
( x1 )
f a( x0 ) tangent is parallel to the chord PQ is the abscissa of the
x2 x1 midpoint of the chord joining P and Q.
The following theorem relates to the monotonic nature (i.e., increasing or decreasing nature) of a function which is also
a consequence of Lagrange’s mean value theorem. We recall that (Definition 2.3, Chapter 2) a function f defined on a
subset A of is said to be increasing if f ( x1 ) b f (x
( x2 ) whenever x1, x2 are in A and x1 < x2.
T H E O R E M 3.6 Let f : [a, b] m be a function differentiable in (a, b). Then

(i) f is increasingg on [a, b] if and only if f a(x) r 0 for all x (a, b).
(ii) f is decreasingg on [a, b] if and only if f a(x) b 0 for all x (a, b).
PROOF (i) Suppose f a( x) r 0 x [a, b]. Let x1, x2 belong to (a, b) and x1 < x2. Applying Lagrange’s
mean value theorem for f on the interval [x1, x2] we have
f ( x2 ) f (x
( x1 )
f a (c )
x2 x1
for some c (x1, x2). But f a(c) r 0 (by hypothesis). Since f a(c) r 0 and x2 x1 0, it follows
that
f x2 ) f x1 ) r 0
f x2 ) r f x1 )
This being true for any arbitrary x1 and x2 (x1 < x2), it follows that f is increasing on [a, b].
Conversely, suppose f is increasing on [a, b] and differentiable. Let c (a, b). If x (a, b)
and x x c, then either x c or x < c which implies that either f (x) r f (c) or f (x) b f (c) because
f is increasing. In any case
f ( x ) f (c )
r0
x c
Hence
f ( x ) f (c )
f a(c) lim r0
xmc x c
That is f a(c) r 0.
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3.4 Maxima–Minima 237
(ii) We observe that

f is decreasing f is increasing
( a)( ) r 0 x (
( , b)
f a( x) r 0 x (a, b)
f a( x) b 0 x (a, b)
IMPORTANT NOTE
The argument given along the same lines of the proof This implies the following:
of Theorem 3.6 can be used to prove that a function
1. For a strictly increasing function which is differ-
having positive derivative on an interval is strictly
entiable, the derivative need not be positive, but it
increasing and that having a negative derivative is
may be non-negative.
strictly decreasing. However the converse parts are
2. For a strictly decreasing function, the derivative
not true. For example, consider the functions f ( x) x 3
need not be negative, but it may be non-positive.
and g( x) x 3 for x . The function f (x) is strictly
increasing with f a( ) 0 and the function g(x) is
strictly decreasing in ( 1, 1) with ga(0) 0.
The following concept is related to the nature of the function which is strictly increasing (strictly decreasing) at a point
of its domain; however, this is different from the concept of strictly increasing (decreasing) in a neighbourhood of the
point.
DEFINITION 3.8 Strictly Locally Increasing or Decreasing Let f be a function defined in a neighbourhood of
a point c. If there exists C 0 such that
1. c x c D f ( x) f (c )
2. c D x c f ( x) f (c )
then we say that f is strictly locally increasing at c. Similarly, strictly locally decreasing at c can
be defined.
IMPORTANT NOTE
Strictly locally increasing at c need not imply that the « 1

function is increasing in a neighbourhood of c. For ® x sin , x x 0
2. g( x) ¬ x
example, consider
®0, x0

« 2 1
® x 2 x sin
i , xx0 Here g is locally increasing (strictly) at 0, but not
1. f ( x) ¬ x
®0, increasing in any neighbourhood of 0.
x0
It is strictly locally increasing at 0 but in any neigh-
bourhood of 0, the function is not increasing.
3.4 Maxima–Minima
DEFINITION 3.9 Let f : [a, b] m be a function and a < c < b.
1. Suppose there exists C 0 such that (c – C,
C c C ) [a, b] and
f ( x) b f (c) x (c
(c , c D)
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Then we say that f has local maximum at c. The point c is called point of local maximum and
f (c) is called the local maximum value.
2. Suppose there exists C 0 such that (c – C, C c C ) [a, b] and f (x) r f (c) x c D
cD . Then we say that f has local minimum at c. The point c is called point of local mini-
mum and f (c) is called the local minimum value.
3. If f has either a local maximum or a local minimum at c, then we say that f has local extre-
mum at c. In this case, c is called point of local extremum and f (c) is called the local extre-
mum value.
T H E O R E M 3.7 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function and c (a, b). If f is differentiable at c and c is a point of local
(N E C E S S A R Y extremum, then f a(c) 0.
CONDITION FOR
EXTREMUM)
PROOF Case I: Suppose f has local maximum at c. Let f a(c) 0. Then
f ( x ) f (c )
0 f a(c) lim
xmc x c
Let E ( /2) a(c). Since
f( ) f( )
lim f a( )
xmc x c
there exists C 0 such that c D x c D , which implies
f ( x ) f (c ) 1
f a (c ) f a (c )
x c 2
Therefore
1 f ( x ) f (c ) 1
f a (c ) f a( c ) f a( c )
2 x c 2
Taking the left-hand side inequality we get
f ( x ) f (c ) 1 1
f a (c ) f a (c ) f a (c ) 0
x c 2 2
So in the neighbourhood (c C,
C c C ),
f ( x ) f (c )
0
x c
f ( x) f (c) 0 x (c, c D ) ( x c 0)
f ( x) r f (c) x (c, c D )
a c) 0. Similarly f a(
This contradicts the local maximum nature of c. Therefore f a( a c) / 0. Hence
f a(c) 0.
Case II: Suppose f has local minimum at c. Then
f has local maximum at c
f
( )a ( ) 0 ( )
f a(
a c) 0
f a(
a c) 0
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IMPORTANT NOTE
From Theorem 3.7, we conclude that if a function is 2. A function whose derivative is zero at a point need
differentiable at c of local extrema, then f a(c) 0. The not have local extremum at that point.
following examples show that
1. A function having a local extremum at a point need
not be differentiable at that point.
Examples
1. Let f ( x) x for x [ 1, 1]. Then f has local mini- 2. Let f (x) x3 for x [ 1, 1]. Then f a(0) 0, but zero is
mum at x 0, but f is not differentiable at 0. not a point of extremum of ff, because f (x) < 0 for x < 0
and f (x) 0 for x 0.
The following two theorems are on sufficient condition for a function to have a local extrema at an interior point of an
interval.
T H E O R E M 3.8 Suppose f : [a, b] m is continuous, a < c < b and f is differentiable in (a, c) and (c, b). Let C 0
(F I R S T be such that ( , c D ) (a,, ). Then
DERIVATIVE
(i) f has local maximum at c if f a( x) r 0 x (c c) and f a( x) b 0 x (c, c C ).
TEST)
(ii) f has local minimum at c if f a( x) b 0 x (c c) and f a( x) r 0 x (c, c C ).
PROOF (i) Let c D x0 c. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f (x) on the interval [x0, c], there
exists cx0 ( x0 , c) such that
f (c) f ( x0 ) (c
(c x0 ) f a(cx0 )
Since f a(cx0 ) r 0, we have f ( x0 ) b f (c). Similarly, if c y0 c D , then again we have
c y0 (c, y0 ) such that
f ( y0 ) f (c) (y
( y0 c) f a(c y0 )
Now f a(c y0 ) b 0 implies that f (c) r f ( y0 ). Therefore
f ( x) b f (c) x (c
(c , c D)
so that f has local maximum at c.
(ii) Proof is similar to (i).
QUICK LOOK 1
1. f has local maximum at c if f a changes sign from posi- 3. Iff f a keeps the same sign at c, then c is not a point of
tive to negative at c. extremum.
2. f has local minimum at c if f a changes sign from nega-
tive to positive.
The information in the following sub-section permits to formulate a rule in testing a differentiable function y f (x)
(may not be differentiable at a point or f a is discontinuous) for a local extremum. Before, that we give the following
definition.
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DEFINITION 3.10 Critical Point A point x0 in the domain of a function f is called a critical pointt off f if either
f a(x0) exists and is equal to zero or f a(x0) does not exist [but f a(x) exists at nearby points, so
that at this point x0, f a is discontinuous].
3.4.1 Testing a Differentiable Function for a Local Extremum with First Derivative
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Find the first derivative. That is f a(x).
Step 2:
(a) Equate f a(x) to zero and find the values of x.
(b) Find the values of x at which f a(x) is discontinuous.
The values of x obtained by Steps 2(a) and 2(b) are the critical points.
Step 3: Now investigate the change of sign of the derivative f a at a critical point.
From Quick Look 2, we can draw a table which gives point of extremum. Keep it in the mind so that not every critical
point is a point of extremum.
Signs of derivative when passing critical point x x0

x < x0 x x0 x x0 Character of critical point
f a(x0) 0 or f a is discontinuous at x0 Local maximum point
f a(x0) 0 or f a is discontinuous at x0 Local minimum point
Neither maximum nor minimum (actually
f a(x0) 0 or f a(x) is discontinuous at x0
function increases)
Neither maximum nor minimum (function
f a(x0) 0 or f a is discontinuous at x0
decreases)
Example 3.9
Let f ( x) x 3 9 x 2 15 x 3 . Find its critical points and 1. For x < 1 we have fa ( ) 0 and for x 1 we have fa
f (x f (x
( ) < 0.
mention its character at those points. That is at x 1, fa ( ) changes sign from to . Hence,
f (x
at x 1, f has local maximum value and the maximum
Solution: We have value of f is f(1) 10.
a x) 3 x 2 18 x 15 3( x ))(( x )
f a( 2. For x < 5, f a(x) () ( ) < 0
For x 5, f a(x) () () 0
Now
Therefore at x 5, f has local minimum and the local
a x) 0 x 1, 5
f a( minimum value is f (5) 22.
Since f a(x) is continuous for all real x, the only critical
points of f are 1, 5 only.
Example 3.10
( x ) x 2/3 . Find its critical points and men-

Let f ( x) (x Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
tion its character at those points.
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2
f a( x) x 2// ( x ) x 1/3 For x 5 f a( x) sign 0.
3
5x 2

3x 1/3 Therefore f is minimum at x 2/5 and the minimum
value of f is
Now 1/3
¥ 2 ´ 3 ¥ 4 ´
2 f
f a( x ) 0 x § 5¶ 5 § 25 ¶
5
2. For x , f a( x ) 0.
Also f a(0) does not exist, but f is continuous at x 0.
Therefore, the critical points of f are 2/5 and 0. We now For x , f a( x ) 0.

investigate the character of these points. Therefore f is maximum at x 0 and the maximum
value of f is f (0) 0.
1. For x 5 f a( x) sign 0.

Note: The maximum value at a point may be less than the minimum value at another point (see Fig. 3.7).
y
O x
FIGURE 3.7
T H E O R E M 3.9 Let f : [a, b] m be a differentiable function and a x0 b. Suppose that f a(

a x0 ) 0, f aa(
aa x0 )
(S E C O N D aa x0 ) x 0. Then
exists and f aa(
DERIVATIVE
(i) f has local maximum at x0 if f aa(
aa x0 ) 0.
TEST)
(ii) f has local minimum at x0 if f aa(
aa x0 ) 0
[Assuming that f aa(
aa x0 ) is continuous in some small neighbourhood of x0.]
PROOF (i) Suppose f q(x0) < 0. Since f q(x) is continuous in some small neighbourhood of x0, we can
choose a small closed interval containing x0 and that is also contained in the small neigh-
bourhood of x0 in which f q(x) < 0 at all points of this closed interval.
So, f a(x) decreases in this closed interval (Theorem 3.6). But f a(x0) 0. Therefore, f a(x) 0
for x < x0 and f a(x) < 0 for x x0. Thus, the derivative f a(x) changes sign for plus to minus at
x0. Hence by the first derivative test, f is maximum at x0.
(ii) Similarly, we can prove that f has minimum at x0 if f q(x0) 0.
QUICK LOOK 2
1. f aa( x0 ) 0 f has local maximum at x0. 3. If f q(x0) 0, then nothing can be said about the char-
acter of x0.
2. f aa( x0 ) 0 f has local minimum at x0.
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Example 3.11
x3 Now
Let f ( x) 2 x 2 3 x 1. Find its points of maximum
3 a x) 0 x 1, 3.
f a(
and minimum.
Again
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
f q(x) 2x 4
f a( x) x 2 4 x 3 ( x ))(( x ) Therefore
1. f aa( ) f has maximum at x 1.
2. f aa( ) f has minimum at x 3.
Example 3.12
Find the points of maximum and minimum for f (x) 1 ¥ 1´

f aa( x) f aa e0
x log x. x § e¶
Solution: Note that f is defined for all x 0. Differen- Therefore, f has minimum at x 1/e and the minimum
tiating we get value off f is
f a(x) log x 1 ¥ 1´ 1 ¥ 1´ 1
f log
§ e¶ e § e¶ e
Now
1
f a( x ) 0 x
e
Example 3.13
Consider the function lim f ( ) 20 1 2 x f ( )

xm0 0
«2 x 1 if 1 b x 0
®® Now, for 1 b x < 0, we have f a( x) 2 x llog 2 0 so that f
f ( x) ¬ 2 x if x 0 is strictly increasing in ( 1, 0). For 0 1,
® x
®2 1 if 0 x b 1 f a( x) 2 x llog 2 0
Show that f has neither maximum nor minimum. so that f is also strictly increasing in ( 1, 0). Hence f has
no extremum value in ( 1, 1).
Solution: Note that f is discontinuous at x 0, because
Example 3.14
Suppose A 1 A 2 , {, A n are real numbers. Let f (x) n
n
f a( x ) ¤ 2(x i)
¤( i)
2
for all x . i1
i1 so that
Show that the only point of extremum of f is A1 2 { An
f a( x ) 0 x
A1 A 2 { A n n
A
n Let
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get A1 A 2 { A n
A
n
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It is easy to see that This shows that f decreases in ( d, 0) and increases in

(0, d). Thus f is minimum at x @.
@
1. x f a( x ) 0
2. x f a( x ) 0
3. f a( ) 0
DEFINITION 3.11 Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum

1. If a function f has a point @ in its domain such that f (x) b f (@ ) x in the domain, then f (@ )
is called the absolute maximum value or greatest value off f.
2. If f has a point A in its domain such that f (x) r f (A ) x in the domain, then f (A ) is called
the absolute minimum value or the least value off f.
T H E O R E M 3.10 If f is differentiable on closed interval [a, b], then f a assumes every value between f aa and f ab
(D A R B O U X Here we consider right derivative f aa 0 at a and left derivative f ab 0 at b.
THEOREM OR
INTERMEDIATE
VALUE
THEOREM FOR
THE
DERIVATIVE)
PROOF We may suppose that f aa f ab Let f aa K f ab Define g(x) Kx
K f (x) for all x [a, b].
Since g is continuous on [a, b], by Theorem 1.33, g assumes its maximum value at some c [a, b].
Further,
g a(x) K f a(x)
so that
g (a) K f a(a) 0
and g a(b) K f a(b) < 0
Since
g ( x ) g ( a)
0 gaa(a) lim
xma x a
there exists C 0 such that ( , a D ) (a,, ) and
g ( x ) g (a)
(a, a D )
x (a 0
x a
g ( x ) g (a)
Similarly, ( , b) (a,, ) such that x (b b) g( x) g(b). Hence neither a nor b is a
point of maximum for g. Therefore, there exists c (a, b) at which g is maximum. Therefore
g a(c) 0 K f
a(c) 0 or K f a(c)
Note: Darboux theorem can be used to find functions which are not derivatives of any functions. For this consider the
following example.
Example
Define We show that there exists no function f on [0, 1] such that

f a(x) g (x) for all x [0, 1]. For this, suppose f is a func-
«0 if 0 b x 1/2 tion defined on [0, 1] such that f a g. Since 0 11/4 1, by
g( x) ¬
1 i 1//2 b x b 1 Darboux theorem
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1 But
f a( x ) for some x ( , 1)
4 f a( x ) g ( x ) 0 1
which is a contradiction.
C O R O L L A R Y 3.4 If f is differentiable on a closed interval [a, b] and its derivative f a changes sign in [a, b], then
f a(x) 0 for some x [a, b].
PROOF Suppose @,
@ A [a, b] and f a(
a ) f a( ) 0. Since zero lies between f a( ) and f a( ),
) by Darboux
theorem, there exists x between @ and A such that f a(x) 0.
Note: In an interval [a, b], the derivative of a function may not vanish at any point and hence the derivative keeps the
same sign throughout the interval. Thus the function is either increasing or decreasing in the interval, so that maximum
and minimum values occur at the end points of the interval [a, b].
Keeping the above note in mind the preceding information about the extremum values of a function, in the follow-
ing subsection we formulate, how to find the greatest and least values of a function on a given interval.
3.4.2 Deriving the Greatest and Least Values of a Function on a Given Interval
PROCEDURE
Suppose a function f (x) is defined and continuous on a closed interval [a, b] where a and b are finite real numbers. To
find the greatest and least values of the function, it is necessary to find all local maxima (local minima) of the function
f (x) in the open interval (a, b). Let x1, x2, x3, …, xn be all the critical points in (a, b) at which f (x) has extremum value.
To this list add a and b. Now let
S { f (a), f ( x1 )), f ( x2 ), , f ( xn ), f (b)}
Then the greatest element of S is precisely the greatest value of f (x) on [a, b] and the least elementt of S is precisely the
least value of f (x) on [a, b].
Example 3.15
3 x 4 4 x 3 1, x [ 2, ]. Find its greatest and

Let f ( x) 3x Now at x , f a( x) 12xx 2 ( x 1) keeps the same sign .
least values. Hence x 0 is not a point of extremum.
Again at x , f a( x) x 2 ( x 1) changes sign from
Solution: Since f is continuous and differentiable for minus to plus. Hence f is minimum at x 1 and f ( 1) 0.
all real x, it is continuous and differentiable on [ 2, 1]. Also f ( 2) 17 and f (1) 8. Now
Therefore, the only critical points of f are the roots of
f a(x) 0. So S { f ( 2)) , f( ) , f (1) }
Therefore, the greatest value of f is 17 and the least value
f a( x) 0 12xx 3 12 x 2 0 is zero on [ 2, 1].
0, 1
Example 3.16
Let f ( x) 4xx 3 x x 2 , x [0,, ]. Find the points of «® 4xx 3 x(

x( x) 4xx 3 x 2 2 x for 0 b x 2
maxima and minima as well as the maximum and mini- f ( x) ¬
3
x( x ) 4xx 3 x 2 2 x forr 2
® 4xx x(x 3
mum values.
So, x 2 is a point of continuity of ff. Now
Solution: We can write the given function as «®12 x 2 2 x 2 for 0 b x 2
f a( x ) ¬
2
®12 x 2 x 2 for 2 b x b 3
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Note that at x 2, f is not differentiable but in every 4 3 18

neighbourhood of 2, contained in [0, 3], f is differentiable.
27
Thus, 2 is a critical point of ff. Also for 0 b x < 2,
11

1 1 27
f a( x ) 0 x ,
2 3
Also for x f a( x) 0 which means f increasing
But 1/ 2 [0, 3]. Therefore x 1/ 3 is a critical point and from 1/3 to 3. Now
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ « ¥ 1´ 11 º
f aa 24 2 10 0 S ¬ f ( ) 0, f § ¶ f ( ) 105»
§ 3¶ § 3¶ 3 27 ¼
Hence f is minimum at x 1/3 and Therefore f is minimum at x 1/3 and the minimum value
4 1 2 is 11/27 and f is maximum at x 3 and the maximum
¥ 1´
f value is 105.
§ 3 ¶ 27 9 3
Note: Suppose F( F x) g(f

(f(x)) where f (x) and g(y) are continuous functions on [a, b] and [c, d], respectively. Let
c f ( x), d Max f ( x), then
x[ a, b] x [ c, d ]
x
Mi F(( ) Min g(( )

x [[ , b]] [ c,, ]
and Max F(( ) Max g(( )

x [[ , b]] [ c,, ]
That is we can put substitution f (x) y. See the following example.
Example 3.17
sin 2 x ¨ P· f (x) t sin x cos x

Let F ( x) for x ©0, . Find the maxi-
sin[( /4) x] ª 2 ¹¹̧
(t 2
2(t )
mum and minimum values. and g (t )
t
Now
Solution: We have
¥ 1´
gaa(t ) 2 1 2 0
2 sin x cos x § t ¶
F ( x)
1
(sin x cos x) so that g is increasing for t [ , 2 ]. Hence
2
Max F(( ) Max g(( )
Now put t sin x cos x, so that ¨ P· t [ , 2 ]
x ©0, ¸
ª 2¹
2 sin x cos x t 2 1
g( )
Here f (x) sin x cos x so that 2(( )

¨ P· 2
x 0, t [1, 2 ]
ª 2¹ 1
Therefore and Mi ( ) Min g(( )
P
x¨©0, · t [ , 2 ]
(t 2
2(t ) ª 2 ¹¹̧
F ( x) g( )
t
2(( )
where t sin x cos x f (x). Hence F(
F x) is of the form
1
g(f
( (x)) where
0
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Example 3.18
Let f (x) tan x cot x, x [ / 6, / 3]. Find its least and P P

and f a(x) 0 for x
greatest values. 4 3
Therefore f is locally minimum at x O /4 and f ( /4) .
Solution: The given function can be written as Also
1
f ( x) 2 cosec 2 x ¥P´ 1 4 ¥P´
sin x cos x f f
§ 6¶ 3 3 § 3¶
Now,
Therefore f is maximum at x O /6 and O /3 and maximum
f a(x) 4 cosec 2x cot 2x 0 of f ( x) 4// .
at x O /4. Also Hence on the interval [ /6, /3], the least value off f (x)
P P is 2 and the greatest value of f (x) is 4/ 3 .
f a(x) < 0 for x
6 4
Note: Sometimes, if the functional values are positive, the minimum value of a sum can be determined by using
AM GM inequality. In the above case, since both tan x and cot x are positive in [ /6, /3], we have
tan x cot x r 2 tan x cot x 2
and the equality occurs when tan x cot x, which implies that x O /4.
3.5 Convexity, Concavity and Points of Inflection

The following concepts and theorems will be useful in drawing the curves of continuous and differentiable functions.
The validity of the theorems is to be assumed.
DEFINITION 3.12 Convex Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on an interval [a, b]. If the graph of f (x)
lies below the line segment joining the points (x, f (x)) and (y, f (y)) for all a b x < y b b, then f is
said to be convex function on the interval [a, b] and the curve said to be convex. See Fig. 3.8.
DEFINITION 3.13 Concave If the curve always lies above the line segment joining (x, f (x)) and (y, f (y)), then f is
said to be a concave function on the interval [a, b] and curve is said to be concave. See Fig. 3.9.
y y
f (y )
f (y )
f (x ) f (x )
a x y b x a x y b x
FIGURE 3.8 Convex function and curve. FIGURE 3.9 Concave function and curve.
T H E O R E M 3.11 Suppose f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). If f a is increasing on (a, b), then f is
(DERIVATIVE TEST convex on [a, b]. In particular, f q exists and is positive (possibly at some points f q may be zero)
FOR C O N V E X I T Y ) in (a, b).
T H E O R E M 3.12 Suppose f is continuous on [a, b] and is differentiable in (a, b). If f a is decreasing in (a, b), then f is
concave in (a, b). In particular, f q is negative (possibly at some points f q may be zero) in (a, b).
Note: If f is convex, then f

f is concave.
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3.5 Convexity, Concavity and Points of Inflection 247
DEFINITION 3.14 Point of Inflection If f q(a) 0 or f q (a) does not exist and the second derivative f q(x)
changes sign at x a, then a is called a point of inflection of ff. Geometrically, point of inflec-
tion means, the point which separates convex and concave parts of the curve (see Fig. 3.10).
O O
(a) (b)
O O
(c) (d)
FIGURE 3.10 Various graphs to show points of inflection.
Example 3.19
Find out whether the following curves are convex or con- 3. The given function is f (x) cos x. The second
cave or both. derivative is
1. f ( x) 3 x 2
P P
2. f ( x) x 3 f aa( x) cos 0 fo x
3. f ( x) cos x 2 2
4.. f (x) x4 Therefore f (x) is concave in [ /2, /2] . Now
Solution: P 3P
f aa( x) cos x 0 f x
2 2
1. The given function is f ( x) 3 x 2 . The second de
rivative is This implies f is convex in [ /2, /2].
f q(x) 2 < 0 4. The given function is f (x) x4. (See Fig. 3.12.) The
Therefore, f is concave everywhere. second derivative is
2. The given function is f ( x) x 3 . The second derivative f aa( x) 12 x 2 0 x 0

is
Hence the curve is convex on any interval. Further
f aa( x) 6 x f q(x) 0, but f q(x) does not change its sign at x 0.
This implies Hence x 0 is not a point of inflection.
aa x) 0 f
f aa( x0 y
f q(x) 0 for x 0 y = x4
Thus f is concave for x < 0 and convex for x 0. See

Fig. 3.11. Here, observe that f q(0) 0 and f q(x)
O x
changes sign at x 0 and hence x 0 is a point of
inflection also.
y FIGURE 3.12 Part (4), Example 3.19.
y = x3
O x
FIGURE 3.11 Part (2), Example 3.19.

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3.6 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem and L’Hospital’s Rule

In this section we prove Cauchy’s mean value theorem which is an extension of Lagrange’s mean value theorem for
two functions and prove the most famous theorem L’Hospital’s rule.
3.6.1 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem
T H E O R E M 3.13 Suppose f and g are two functions such that

(C A U C H Y ’ S
(i) both are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b)
MEAN VALUE
(ii) g (a) x g (b)
THEOREM)
(iii) f a( x) gaa( x) x x (a, b)
Then, there exists c (a, b) such that
f a(c) f (b) f (a)

gaa(c) g(b) g(a)
PROOF Let
f (b) f (a)
h( x) f ( x) ( g(b) g( x))
g(b) g(a)
Then h is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). Also h(a) f (b) h(b). Hence, by
Rolle’s theorem, there exists c (a, b) such that ha(c) 0. Therefore
¥ f (b) f (a) ´
f a (c ) ¦ [ gaa(c)]
§ g(b) g(a) µ¶
f (b) f (a)
ga(
a c)
g(b) g(a)
If g a(c) 0, then f a(c) 0 which contradicts hypotheses (iii). Therefore ga(
a c) x 0. Hence
f a(c) f (b) f (a)

gaa(c) g(b) g(a)
Note: Lagrange’s mean value theorem is a special case of Cauchy’s mean value theorem, if we take g (x) x x [a, b].
3.6.2 L’Hospital’s Rule

Suppose functions f and g are defined in a neighbourhood of “c”. If lim f ( ) and lim g(( ) are both either 0 or p d,
xmc xmc
then lim f ( )// ( x) is called an indeterminate form. This limit of the ratio may exist or may not exist.
xmc
DEFINITION 3.15 Suppose we write A lim f ( ) and B lim g(( ).

xmc xmc
f( )
1. If @ 0 A or @ pd and A pd, then we say that lim is the indeterminate form
x m c g(
( )
0 pd
or .
0 pd
2. If @ A pd, then we say that lim ( ( x) ( x)) is the indeterminate d d.
xmc
In the following theorem, we prove the most primitive form of L’Hospital’s rule which will be frequently used to find
0
the limit of the indeterminate .
0
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3.6 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem and L’Hospital’s Rule 249
T H E O R E M 3.14 Suppose lim f ( ) 0 lim g(( ), f a(a) and g a(a) exist and g a(a) x 0. Then lim f ( )// ( x) exists
xma xma xma
and is equal to f a(a)/gaa(a).
PROOF Since f a(a) and g a(a) exist, f (x) and g (x) are continuous at a. Hence, by hypothesis
f (a) g (a) 0
Also
f ( x ) f (a)
f a(a) lim
xma x a
g ( x ) g ( a)
and gaa(a) lim
xma x a
Therefore
f ( x) f ( x) x a

g( x) x a g( x)
f ( x ) f (a) x a
[ f (a) g( ) 0]
x a g ( x ) g (a)
This implies
f( ) f( ) f( ) x a
lim lim lim
x m a g(
( ) xma x a ( ) g(( )
x m a g(
f a( )

gaa(a)
One has to observe that
g( x)
gaa(a) lim
xma x a
and g a(a) x 0 implies that g(x) x 0 for all x in a neighbourhood of a.
The following theorem is another form of L’Hospital’s rule which will be also useful in practical problems. In the first
reading, the student may skip the proof and assume its validity.
T H E O R E M 3.15 If f and g are differentiable in a deleted neighbourhood of a, are continuous at a, f (a) g (a) 0
(A N O T H E R f a( ) f( )
FORM OF and lim l, then lim exists and is equal to l.
x m a g a( ) x m a g(
( )
L’H O S P I T A L ’ S
RULE)
PROOF Since f a( x)/gaa( x) m l as x m a 0, there exists a positive number K such that 0 < h < K, both f and
g are differentiable and g a(x) x 0 for all x in (a, a h). If g( x) g(a)( ) for some x in (a, a h),
then by Rolle’s theorem g a(x0) 0 for some x0 in (a, a h) which is a contradiction to the fact that
g a(x) x 0 in any (a, a h). Hence g(x) x g(a) for any x (a, a h). Thus, f and g satisfy the condi-
tions of Cauchy’s mean value theorem on [a, a h] so that there exists c in (a, a h) such that
f a(c) f (a h) f (a) f (a h)
(3.4)
gaa(c) g(a h) g(a) g(a h)
Let D 0. Since
f a( x )
ml m a0
gaa( x)
there exists a positive number C (DD) such that x (a, a D ( ))) and
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f a( x )
l E
gaa( x)
Choose D n(L D E ) . Therefore for any x (a, C ), by Eq. (3.4) we have
f ( x ) f a (c )

g ( x ) g a (c )
for some c in (a, x). Hence
f ( x) f a (c )
l l E
g( x) g a (c )
because 0 < c – a < x – a < C Therefore
f ( x)
ml x m a0
g( x)
Similarly
f ( x)
ml x m a 0
g( x)
Hence
f( )
lim l
x m a g(
( )
Now we state (without proofs) two theorems which comprise all forms of L’Hospital’s rule.
T H E O R E M 3.16 (i) Suppose f and g are differentiable in a right neighbourhood V (c, c C ) of c, g a(x) x 0 in V,
V
(L’H O S P I T A L ’ S
lim f ( ) 0 lim g(( )
R U L E – I) xmc0 xmc0
Then
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
xmc0 g a( ) x m c 0 g(( )
(Here the limit may be real number or d or d.)
Note: The above result is equally valid, if the right neighbourhood is replaced by left
neighbourhood.
(ii) Suppose f and g are defined and differentiable in ( d, b), g a(x) x 0 in ( d, b) and
lim ( x) lim g(( )
x m d x m d
Then
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
x m d g a( ) x m d g(( )
(Here the limit may be a real number or d or d.)
(iii) Suppose f and g are defined and differentiable in (a, d), g a(x) x 0 in (a, d) and
lim f ( ) 0 lim g(( )
xmd xmd
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3.6 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem and L’Hospital’s Rule 251
Then
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
x m d g a( ) x m d g(
( )
T H E O R E M 3.17 (i) Suppose f and g are differentiable in a neighbourhood V (a C,

C a C ) of “a”, gaa( x) x x V
(L’H O S P I T A L ’ S and lim g(( ) pd. Then
R U L E – II) xma
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
xma g a( ) x m a g(( )
(ii) Suppose f and g are defined and differentiable in ( d, b), g a(x) x 0 in ( d, b) and
lim g(( ) pd. Then
xmd
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
x m d g a( ) x m d g(
( )
(iii) Suppose f and g are defined and differentiable in (a, d), g a(x) x 0 in (a, d) and
lim g(( ) pd. Then
xmd
f a( ) f( )
lim lim
xmd g a( ) x m d g(( )
0 pd
Note: The indeterminate forms of types 1d , 00 , d 0 , etc. can be reduced to the form or by using logarithms,
exponentials, etc. 0 pd
The following are few examples of the above results.
Example 3.20
Let f ( x) e x 1 and g(x

( ) x in [0, d]. Find lim ( x)//g( ). f( ) f a( ) ¥ x´
x m 0 lim lim lim ¦ e µ 1
( ) x m 0 g a( ) x m 0 § 1 ¶
x m 0 g(
Solution: We have by L’Hospital’s rule I, part (i), ex 1 0

Note that lim is in the indeterminate form .
xm0 x 0
Example 3.21
Let f (x) log x and g (x) x – 1 in (0, d). Find ¥ log x ´ ¥ 0 ´ f a( )

lim f ( )// ( x). lim form lim
xm1 x m 1§ x 1¶ § 0 ¶ x m 1 g a( )
1/ x
lim 1
Solution: By L’Hospital’s rule I we have xm1 1
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Example 3.22
Let f (x) log x and g (x) x for x (1, d). Find f( ) f a( )

lim f ( ) / ( x). lim lim
xmd xmd g(( ) x m d g a( )
1//x
lim 0
Solution: By L’Hospital’s rule II, we have xmd 1
Example 3.23
Let f ( x) x 2 and g( x) e x . Find lim f ( )// ( x). lim

f a(
a( )
xmd
xmd a( )
ga(
Solution: By L’Hospital’s rule II, we have 2x
lim
xmd ex
¥ x2 ´ f( ) 2
lim ¦ µ lim lim (By L’Hospital’s rule)
e
x md § e x ¶ x m d g(
( ) xmd ex
0
Example 3.24
Find lim ( log x) f( )

xm00 lim ( log x) lim
xm00 xm00 g(( )
Solution: This limit is of the form 0 s ( d). Take f a( )
lim
f (x) log x and g(x) 1/x
/ so that x m 0 0 g a( )
1/x
f ( x) lim
x log x x m 0 0 1/x 2
g( x)
0
Then,
Example 3.25
x
Find lim ( ). exp{ lim ( log x)}
xm00 xm00
0
e ( .24)
Solution: This of the form 0 0. We have
1
x
lim ( ) lim e x log x
xm00 xm00 Thus lim x x 1.
xm00
Example 3.26
¥1 1 ´ ¥ P´ (cos x 1) ¥ 0 ´
Find lim for x 0, . lim
§
xm00 x sin x ¶ § 4¶ x m 0 0 sin cos x § 0 ¶
¥ sin x ´
Solution: This limit is of the form d d. Now lim
x m 0 0 2 cos sin x ¶
§
¥1 1 ´ sin x x ¥ 0 ´ 0
lim lim 0
§
xm00 x sin x ¶ x m 0 0 x sin x § 0 ¶ 2
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Example 3.27
sin x lim (2 x cos )
Show that lim 0. xm0 0
xm00 x
0
Solution: Write f (x) sin x and g( x) x,
x , x (0, ). Note
By L’Hospital’s rule II,
sin x
sin x f( ) lim 1
lim lim xm0 x
xm00 x x m 0 0 g(( )
while
cos x
lim sin x
x m 0 0 1/2 x lim 0
xm00 x
Example 3.28
2
Show that lim (cos x))1/ 1/2
. ¥ log(cos ) ´ ¥ 0 ´
xm0
exp lim
§xm0 x2 ¶ § 0¶
Solution: We have
¥ ¥ tan x ´ ´ ¥ 0´
exp ¦ lim
lim ( ) 1//x 2
( ) § x m 0 § 2 x ¶ µ¶ § 0¶
xm0
¥ ¥ tan x ´ ´
exp{lim( /x 2 ) log(cos x)} exp ( /2) lim µ
xm0 § xm0§ x ¶¶
e 1/2
Example 3.29
¥ 1 1´ 1 ¥ 1 ex ´ ¥ 0´
Show that lim ( ) lim ¦ µ
x m 0 § ex 1 x¶ 2 x m 0 § e x xe x 1 ¶ § 0 ¶
Solution: We have ¥ e x ´
lim ¦ µ
¥ x e x 1´ ¥ 0 ´ x m 0 § 2 e x xe x ¶
¥ 1 1´
lim lim
x m 0 § ex 1 x ¶ x m 0 ¦§ xe x x µ¶ § 0 ¶ 1

2
x x
Note that 2 x 0 for x 2.
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
Tangents and Normals
1. If the line lx my 1 is normal to the curve y2 4ax, lx1 my1 1 º
then l3 a 2alm2 is equal to 2 » (3.5)
y1 4ax1 ¼
(A) m2 (B) m
Differentiating y2 4ax, we get
(C) 2m (D) m2
dy 2a
Solution: Suppose the line lx my 1 is normal to the
dx y
curve at (x1, y1). Then
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Therefore 3. The sum of the intercepts made by a tangent to the

curve x y 2 on the axes of coordinates is
¥ dy ´ 2a

§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1 (A) 2 (B) 4
1 1
(C) 1 (D) 2 2
Equation of normal at (x1, y1) to y2 4ax is
Solution: Observe that both x and y are positive. Dif-
y ferentiating the given equation w.r.t. x, we have
y y1 1 ( x x1 )
2a
dy y
that is
dx x
xy1 2ay (2ay1 x1y1) 0 Therefore
is normal at (x1, y1). But lx my 1 is normal at (x1, y1). ¥ dy ´ y
Therefore 1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) x1
1 1
y1 2a ay1 x1 y1
Now equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
l m 1
y1
Solving we get y y1 ( x x1 )
x1
2al 1 1 2al
y1 and x1 2a x y
m l l 2
x1 y1
From Eq. (3.5) we have y12 4ax1 . Therefore
Therefore the sum of the intercepts is
2 2
4a l (1 2al ) 2 x1 2 y1 2( x1 1) 2s2 4
2
4a
m l Answer: (B)
l3a m2 2alm2
4. The number of points on the curve y2 x3 at which
l3a 2alm2 m2 the normal makes intercepts on coordinates whose
Answer: (A) lengths are numerically equal, is
(A) 4 (B) 6
2. The distance of any normal to the curve represented (C) 3 (D) 2
parametrically by the equations x a (cos P P sin P),
P
y a (sin P P cos P ), a 0 from the origin is Solution: Suppose (x1, y1) is a point on the curve at
a which the normal makes intercepts on the axes that are
(A) (B) a2 numerically equal. Differentiating y2 x3 w.r.t. x we get
2 a2
(C) a (D) dy 3 x 2
2
dx 2y
Solution: Differentiating the given equations we get
so that
dx
a( sin P i P P P) aP c P ¥ dy ´ 3x 2
dP 1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) 2 y1
1 1
dy
a(cosP P P
P i P) aP si P Therefore
dP
2 y1
We can suppose that cos P x 0 so that Slope of the normal at ( 1 , y1 )
3 x12
¥ dy ´ dyy dx
w tan P Since the intercepts of the normal are numerically equal,
§ dx ¶ P dP dP
we have slope p 1. Therefore
Therefore the equation of the normal P is
2 y1
y a(sin P P cosP ) cot P [ x a(cosP P sin P )] p1
3 x12
On simplification, we have x cos P y sin P a whose
distance from (0, 0) is a. 2 y1 p 3 x12
Answer: (C)
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2 3/22
p 3 x12 (A) 1 (B) 2
1
(C) infinite (D) 0
4
1 Solution: We have
9
This gives 1 1

1 x 1 x2
8
y1 p 2 x0
27
0, 1
Since the curve is symmetric about x-axis, the points are
¥4 8 ´ ¥ 4 8 ´ Therefore the common points are (0, 1) and (1, 1/2). Now
, or , .
§ 9 27 ¶ § 9 27 ¶ 1 dyy 1
y
Answer: (D) 1 x dx (1 x)2
5. Let P be a point on the curve y x2 x 1 and Q Therefore

be a point on the curve y 2x 1. Suppose x3 x2 ¥ dy ´
the tangent at P to curve y x2 x 1 is parallel to 1
§ dx ¶ ( , 1)
the tangent at Q to the curve y x3 x2 2x 1.
Then, the number of such ordered pair of points Again
(P, Q) is
1 ¥ dy ´
(A) 2 (B) 4 y 0
1 x2 § dx ¶ (0, 1)
(C) 3 (D) infinite
Therefore, at (0, 1) the tangent to the second curve is
Solution: Differentiating y x2 − x 1 w.r.t. x, we get horizontal.
dy Answer: (A)
2x 1
dx
7. The length of the normal to the curve x a (P sin P ),
Therefore y a (1 cos P ) at P O /2 is
¥ dy ´ (A) a (B) a 2
2x
2 x1 1
§ dx ¶ P ( x , y )
1 1 (C) 2a (D) a2
From y x3 x2 2x 1, Solution: Differentiating the given equations we get
¥ dy ´ dx
3 x2 2
3x 2 x2 2 a( cosP )
§ dx ¶ Q( x y2 ) dP
2,
Therefore dy
a sin P
dP
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´

§ dx ¶ P § dx ¶ Q Therefore
2 x1 3x22 2 x2 1 dy dyy dx sin P
w
dx dP dP 1 cosP
2
3 2 2 x2 (1 2 x1 ) 0
So
So, there will be infinitely many values for x1 such that
the above quadratic equation in x2 has real solutions, ¥ dy ´
1
because its discriminant § dx ¶ P P
2
2 and ordinate of the point P O / 2 is a. Therefore, length of
4 12(1 2 1 ) 0f ll 1
3 the normal is
Answer: (D)
2
¥ dy ´
a 1 a 1 1 a 2
1 § dx ¶ P P
6. The number of common points to the curves y 2
1 1 x
and y at which the tangent to the second Answer: (B)
1 x2
curve is horizontal is
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8. The tangent at (x0, y0) to the curve x3 y3 a3 meets

a 3 x03 y03 3
( x13 y13 ) 3 3
a
the curve again at (x1, y1), then
x1 y1 which implies K 1 and hence x0 x1 and y0 y1, a con-
tradiction. Therefore x1y0 x0y1 x 0. Hence from Eq.
x0 y0
(3.7),
(A) 1 (B) 1
(C) a (D) a x0 y0 (x1y0 x0y1)
Solution: The given equation is x3 y3 a3. Differentia- Dividing both sides with x0 y0, we have
ting both sides w.r.t. x, we have
x1 y1
1
dy x 2 x0 y0
2
dx y Answer: (B)
Therefore
9. The distance of the point on the curve 3x2 4y2 72
2
¥ dy ´ x0 nearest to the line 3x 2y
2 1 0 is
(3.6)
§ dx ¶ ( x y0 2
11 9
0 , y0 )
(A) (B)
13 13
Equation of the tangent at (x0, y0) is
13
(C) 13 (D)
x02 11
y y0 ( x x0 )
y02 Solution: We have to find points on the curve at which the
tangents are parallel to the line 3x 2y 1 0. Let (x1, y1) be
x02 y02 y x03 y03 a point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the
given line. Differentiating the curve equation w.r.t. x we get
This passes through (x1, y1). Therefore
dy
6x 8y 0
x02 x1 y02 y1 x03 y03 dx
a3 Therefore
x13 y13 ¥ dy ´ 3x
1
as (x1, y1) lies on the curve. Hence § dx ¶ ( x , y ) 4 y1
1 1
x1 ( x02 x12 ) ( y02

y1 (y y12 ) The tangent is parallel to the line 3x 2y
2 1 0. This
implies
x1 ( x0 x1 ) y0 y1
3 x1 3
y1 ( y0 y1 ) x0 x1
4 y1 2
Slope of the line joining (x0, y0) and
x1 2y
2 1
(x1, y1)
(x1, y1) lies on the curve. This implies
( 0, y0). So from Eq.
which is the slope of the tangent at (x
(3.6) 3 x12 4 y12 72
x1 ( x0 x1 ) x0 2
12 y12 4 y12 72
y1 ( y0 y1 ) y0 2
y1 p3
x1 x0 y02 x12 y02 y1 y0 x02 y12 x02
Therefore the points on the curve are (6, 3) and ( 6, 3)
x0 y0(x1y0 x0 y1) (x1y0 x0 y1) (x1y0 x0 y1) (3.7) whose distances from the line 3x 2y 1 0, respec-
tively, are 13 and 111/ 13 1 . Therefore, the nearest point
Suppose x1y0 x0 y1 0 so that is ( 6, 3) and its distance from the given line is 111/ 13
1 .
x0 y0 Answer: (A)
L (say)
x1 y1
10. If the tangent at (4tt2, 8tt3) to the curve y2 x3 is also nor-
r
Hence, x0 K x1, y0 K y1 so that mal to the curve at some other point, then t is equal to
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2 3 dy ¨ dy y · 2 sin x cos x
(A) (B) ( x) y © log(1 x)
3 2 dx ª dx 1 x ¹¹̧ 1 sin 4 x
2 3
(C) (D) Therefore
3 2
¥ dy ´
Solution: Observe that x t2, y t3, t Z are parametric 1(( ) 0 1
§ dx ¶ ( , 1)
equations of the curve y2 x3. Now
So normal equation at (0, 1) is
dy
2y 3x 2
dx y 1 1 (x 0)
or xy1
¥ dy ´ 3t 4 3
3 t (3.8) Answer: (D)
§ dx ¶ (t 2 , t 3 ) 2t 2
12. The sum of the ordinates of the points on the curve
¥ dy ´ 3(( t 2 )2
and 3t (3.9) 3x2 y2 x 2y
2 0 at which the tangents are perpen-
§ dx ¶ ( 2 3
t , 8t ) 2(( t 3 ) dicular to the line 4x 2y
2 1 0 is
Therefore, equation of the tangent at (4tt2, 8tt3) is (A) 2 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 1
y 8tt3 3tt (x 4tt2)
Solution: Differentiating the curve equation we get
y 3tx 4tt3
Putting this value of y in the curve equation, we have dyy dyy
6 x 22y
y 1 2 0
dx dx
(3tx 4tt3)2 x3
dy ( x )
x3 9tt2x2 24tt4x 16t6 0
dx 2(( y )
for which x 4tt2 is a factor. Therefore
But the tangent is perpendicular to the line 4x 2y
2 1
(x 4tt2) (x2 5tt2x 4tt4) 0 0. Therefore
(x 4tt2) (x 4tt2) (x t2) 0 ( ) 1
y 6x
So, x 4tt2 is a repeated root and x t2 is the other root. 2(( ) 2
Therefore the tangent at P(4tt2, 8tt3) meets the curve again Substituting the value of y 6x in the curve equation,
at (tt2, t3) and (tt2, tt3). Now, we get
2 3x2 36x2 x 12x 0
Slope of the normal at ( 2 , t 3 ) (3.10)
3t
39x2 13x 0
Equations (3.9) and (3.10) imply 3t 2/3tt which is not
true. Therefore the point (tt2, tt3) is the point on the curve 1
0,
at which the normal is the tangent at (4tt2, 8tt3). So 3
2 2 Thus, the points are (0, 0) and ( 1/3, 2). Sum of the ordi-
3t t2 2/9 t nates 0 2 2.
3t 3
Answer: (C) Answer: (B)
13. The angle of intersection of the curves x2 4y2 32

11. The equation of the normal to the curve
and x2 y2 12 at any point of their intersection is
y (1 x)y Sin 1(sin2 x) P P
(A) (B)
at x 0 is 6 4
P P
(A) 2x y 1 (B) 2x y 1 0 (C) (D)
(C) x y 1 0 (D) x y 1 0 3 2
Solution: x 0 y 1 so that the given point on the Solution: The given curves are
curve is P(0, 1). Differentiating the curve equation w.r.t. x2 4y2 32 (3.11)
x, we have
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and x2 y2 12 (3.12) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) (D)
Subtraction Eq. (3.12) from Eq. (3.11), we get a ba b aa a b ba aa
5y2 20 y p2 Solution: Suppose the curves
The points of intersection are (±4, ±2) (four points). ax2 by2 1 (3.13)
Since both curves are symmetric about both axes, the
angle of intersection is same at any of these points. Now and a 2
aax a 2
bay 1 (3.14)
from Eq. (3.11), intersect orthogonally at (x1, y1). Now from Eq. (3.13),
dy x ¥ dy ´ ax1

dx 4 y § dx ¶ ( x , y ) by1
1 1
¥ dy ´ 4 1
and from Eq. (3.14)
§ dx ¶ ( , 2) 8 2
¥ dy ´ aa x1
From Eq. (3.12),
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) ba y1
1 1
dy x ¥ dy ´ 4
2 By hypothesis
dx y § dx ¶ ( , 2) 2
¥ ax1 ´ ¥ aa x1 ´
Therefore product of the slopes of the tangents to the ¦§ by µ¶ ¦§ ba y µ¶ 1
1 1
curves at (4, 2) is 1. Hence the angle of intersection of
the curves is O /2. and hence
Answer: (D)
aaa ¥ x12 ´
1 (3.15)
14. The area of the triangle formed by the coordinate bba ¦§ y12 µ¶
axes and the tangent to the curve y logex at (1, 0) is
(in square unit) Also from Eqs. (3.13) and (3.14)
1
(A) 1 (B) x12 (a a ) y12 (b
(b b ) 0
2
3 so that
(C) 2 (D)
2 x12 (b ba)

y12 a aa
Solution: We have
From Eq. (3.15) we have
y log e x
dyy 1 aaa ¥ b ba ´
1
dx x bba § a aa ¶
¥ dy ´ aaab aaaba abba bbaaa
1
§ dx ¶ ( , 0)
Dividing by aaabba, we get
Therefore equation of the tangent at (1, 0) is 1 1 1 1

yx 1 ba b aa a
or xy1 1 1 1 1

a aa b ba
Area of the given triangle is
Answer: (A)
1 1
(1)(1)
2 2 O /4, 0) to the curve 1
16. The slope of the tangent at (O
16x2y tan(x 2y
2 ) is
Answer: (B)
2 1
(A) (B) 2
15. If the two curves ax2
bx 1 and 1 in- a 2
aax a 2
bay P 4 P 4
tersect orthogonally, then 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (C) (D)
(A) (B) P2 4 P 4
a aa b ba a aa b ba
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Solution: Differentiating the curve equation w.r.t. x 1

we get (A) (B) 1
2
dyy ¥ dy ´ 3
32 xy 16 x 2 sec 2 ( x 2 y) 1 2 (C) 2 (D)
dx § dx ¶ 2
Put x O /4 and y 0 so that Solution: Differentiating the given equation

dy
P 2 ¥ dy ´ ¥P ´¥ ¥ dy ´ ´ (cos y) 3x 2 5x 4
16 sec 2 0 ¦ 1 2 § dx ¶ ¥ P ´ µ dx
16 § dx ¶ ¥ P , 0´ §4 ¶§ ,0
§4 ¶ §4 ¶¶
¥ dy ´
3 5 2
¥ dy ´
2 ¥ dy ´ § dx ¶ (
P 2 4 , 0)
§ dx ¶ ¥ P , 0´ § dx ¶ ¥ P , 0´
§4 ¶ §4 ¶ Equation of the tangent at (1, 0) is
2 ¥ dy ´ y 2(x 1)
( ) 2
§ dx ¶ ¥ P , 0´
§4 ¶ x y
2 x y 2 or 1
1 2
¥ dy ´ 2
So area of the triangle is
§ dx ¶ ¥ P , 0´ P 2 4
§4 ¶
1
(1)(2) 1
Answer: (C) 2
Answer: (B)
17. The angle of intersection of the two curves 4x2 9y2
45 and x2 4 2
4y 5 at any of their common points
19. The number of points on the curve y x sin x at which
is
the line y x is a tangent is
P P
(A) (B) (A) 2 (B) 4
2 4
(C) 0 (D) infinite
P
(C) Tan 1(2) (D)
3 Solution: We know that x sin x x whenever x x
( ) n [. Therefore the line y x meets the
)( / 2),
Solution: Since the two curves are symmetric about curve y x sin x at infinite number of points. Also
both axes, the angle of intersection is same at any of their
common points. We have dy
y
y x i x si x x cos x
dx
4x2 9y2 45 (3.16)
When x ( n ) ( / 2), dx 1 which is also
), we have dy /d
d
x2 4y2 5 (3.17) the slope of the line y x. So y x touches the curve y
Solving Eqs. (3.16) and (3.17), the points of intersection x sin x at infinite number of points.
are (± 3, ± 1). From Eq. (3.16)
Answer: (D)
dy 4 x ¥ dy ´ 4
20. The number of values of x at which the graph of y
dx 9y § dx ¶ ( 3, 1) 3
sec x is horizontal are
From Eq. (3.17),
(A) 2 (B) 0
dy 2 x ¥ dy ´ 3 (C) infinite (D) 4

dx 8 y § ¶
dx ( 3, 1) 4
Solution: We have
Product of the slopes of the tangents at (3, 1) 1. This dyy
implies that the curves cut each other orthogonally. y x sec x tan x
dx
Answer: (A)
Horizontal tangent implies
18. The area of the triangle formed by the tangent to dy
the curve sin y x3 x5 at the point (1, 0) and the 0
dx
coordinate axes is
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Now 3
(A) 1 (B)
sec x 0 tan x 0 x nP n [ 4
4
Therefore y sec x has infinite number of horizontal tan- (C) (D) 1
gents. 3
Answer: (C) Solution: We know that
dy
3 sin 3xx crosses x-axis is
21. The angle at which the curve 3y f a( x )
dx
(A) Tan 1(p2) (B) Tan 1(p1)
¥ dy ´
¥ 1 ´ f a( )
(C) Tan 1 (p 3 ) (D) Tan 1 ¦ p § dx ¶ ( , 4)
§ µ
3¶
By hypothesis the slope of the normal at (3, 4) is
Solution: The curve crosses the x-axis when
1 3P
1 nP tan
sin 3 y 0 , n [ f a(3) 4
3 3
f a(3) 1
Slope of the tangent at line is
Answer: (D)
dy
cos 3 x
dx 24. Which one of the following curves cuts the curve
y2 4ax at right angles?
and at x nO
O /3 is
(A) x2 y2 a2 (B) y e x
/2a
dy (C) y ax 2
(D) x 4ay
cos nP p1
dx
Solution: We have
Therefore the slopes of the tangents at x nO is ± 1. The
tangents at these points make pOO /4 angle with x-axis dy 2a
y2 4ax
a m (suppose)
Answer: (B) dx y
dyy x
22. Let c be the curve y3 3xy 2 0. Let m be the num- x2 y2 a 2 m1 ( )
dx y
ber of points on c at which tangents are horizontal
and n be the number of points on c at which the tan- dy 1 x/2 a
gent is vertical. Then m n equals y e x/
x/ a
e m2 ( )
dx 2a
(A) 1 (B) 2
dy
(C) 3 (D) 4 y ax
a a m3 ( )
dx
Solution: From the curve equation we have dy x
x 2 4ayy m4 ( )
dy dy dx 2a
2
3y 33yy 3 x 0
dx dx Now
dy
( 2 ) y mm4 1
dx
dy y x 2a
2 s 1
dx y x 2a y
y x
But y x 0, otherwise 2 0. Therefore y2 x. This implies
x y0
y3 3y2 2 0
[Since point lies on both the curves y2 4ax and x2 4ay,
so that y 1 and x 1. Therefore m 0 and n 1. Thus, and the points are (0, 0) and (4a, 4a).] Therefore x2 4ay
m n 1. cuts y2 4ax orthogonally at (0, 0).
Answer: (A) We can check that mm1 x 1, mm2 x 1 and mm3 x 1 at
the points where the curves x2 y2 a2, y e x
/2a and y ax
23. If the normal to the curve y f (x) at the point (3, 4) meet.
makes an angle 3O O /4 with the positive direction of Answer: (D)
the x-axis, then f a(3) is equal to
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Note: For the curve y2 4ax, the y-axis is tangent at (0, 0) Now
and for the curve x2 4ay, the x-axis is the tangent at
P 33P
(0, 0). 2P b b2 x ,
2 2
25. The point(s) on the curve y3 3x2 12y
2 where the
tangent(s) is vertical is (are) Therefore, the number of points on the curve at which
the tangent slope equals 1/2 is two.
¥ 4 ´ ¥ 11 ´
(A) ¦ p , 2µ (B) ¦ p , 1µ Answer: (B)
§ 3 ¶ § 3 ¶
¥ 4 ´ 27. A curve in xy-plane is parametrically represented by
(C) (0, 0) (D) ¦ p , 2µ
§ 3 ¶ the equations x t2 t 1, y t2 t 1 where t r 0.
The number of straight lines passing through the point
Solution: Differentiating the given equation we get (1, 1) which are tangent to the curve is
dy dy (A) 0 (B) 1
3 y2 66xx 12
dx dx (C) 2 (D) 3
2 dy Solution: t 0 x 1 and y 1. Therefore (1, 1) is a
( ) 2 x
dx point on the given curve. Also
Now dy dyy dx 2t 1
w
dx dt dt 2t 1
Tangent is vertical y2 4 0
Now
y p2
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´ 1
Therefore 1
§ dx ¶ ( , 1)
§ dx ¶ t 0 1
4
y 2xp Equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
3
y 1 1(x 1)
24 8 16
y 2 x2 0
3 3 xy2
Answer: (B)
¥ 4 ´
Therefore the points are ¦ p , 2µ .
§ 3 ¶ 28. The number of points belonging to the set
Answer: (D) {( x,, ) 10 b x b 10 and
a d } which lie on the
curve y2 x sin x at which the tangent to the curve
26. The number of points on the curve y cos(x y), is horizontal is
2O b x b 2O at which the tangent has slope 1/2 is
(A) 4 (B) 8
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 0
(C) 4 (D) 8
Solution: The given equation is y2 x sin x. Differen-
tiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Solution: Differentiating the given equation, y
cos (x y), we have dy
2y 1 cos x
dy ¥ dy ´ dx
sin( x y) 1
dx § dx ¶ Horizontal tangent implies
dy sin( x y) 1 dy
y
yx0 d 0
dx 1 sin( x y) 2 dx
sin( x y) 1 Therefore, cos x 1, which implies that x (2n 1) O,
O
Now sin(x y) 1 cos (x y) 0. Therefore n [. Now
P 10 10
x y ( n ) 1 1
2 10 b x b 10 P bnb P
2 2
P 92 48
and x y ( n ) , n [ bnb
2 44 44
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Therefore n 2, 1, 0, 1. Now 30. The angle of intersection of the curves y x2, 6y

7 x2 at (1, 1) is
n 2 x cos( 3O)
O 1
P P
but y2 3O 0, which is not true. So n x 2. Similarly (A) (B)
n x 1. This implies n 0, 1. But n 1 implies x 3O 4 2
so that y2 3O y 3. Hence n x 1. Therefore, the P
(C) (D) Tan 1(7)
points in the set are ( ). 6
Answer: (C) Solution: Differentiating y x2 we get
29. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve

dy
2x
f (x) x2 bx b at the point (1, 1) and the coordi- dx
nate axes, lies in the first quadrant. If its area is 2, ¥ dy ´
then the value of b is 2 m1 ( )
§ dx ¶ ( , 1)
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 3 (D) 1 Differentiating 6y 7 x2 we get
Solution: The triangle lies in the first quadrant implies dy x

the tangent at (1, 1) makes obtuse angle with the positive dx 3
direction of the x-axis. The slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is
¥ dy ´ 1
negative. From the curve equation, m2 ( )
§ dx ¶ ( , 1) 3
f a(x) 2x b
Suppose the acute angle of intersection is P.
P Therefore
Therefore
1
f a(1) 2 b 2
m1 m2 3 7
tan P
Now f a(1) slope of the tangent at (1, 1) 0. This 1 m1 m2 2
1
implies 3
b20 (3.18) P Tan 1 ( )
Answer: (D)
Equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is
y 1 (b 2) (x 1) Note: In the above problem, if the second curve is 6y
7 x3, then P O /2.
Now
31. If P is the angle of intersection of the curves x2 2xy
1 1 b
y 0 x 1 y2 2ax 0 and 3y3 2a2 x 4a2y a3 0 at the
b 2 2b point (a, a), then tanP
P is equal to
x 0 y (b 1) 9 8
(A) (B)
Therefore 8 9
2 Area of the triangle 3 4
(C) (D)
1 b1 8 9
| 1|
2 b 2 Solution: Differentiating the first equation, we get
1 ( 1)2 y 2x
2 x 22y
dy
22yy
dyy
2 0
[ q. (3.18)]
2 b 2 dx dx
Solving we get dy
( x y) ( x y a)
dx
4(b 2) (b 1)2
Therefore
b2 6b 9 0
¥ dy ´ a 1
(b 3)2 0 m1 (say)
§ dx ¶ (a, a) 2a 2
b 3
Answer: (C) Again, differentiating the second equation we get
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dy dy a a
9 y2 22aa 2 4a 2 0 x1 2 1 and y1 2 1
dx dx 2 2
dy we have
( y 2 a 2 ) 2a 2
dx
Therefore ¥ 2´
2¦ a µ 2 1
§ 2¶
tan P 1
¥ dy ´ 2a 22 | 2
|
2 m2 (say)
§ dx ¶ (a, a) 5a 5
Therefore P O /4. This angle is same, because the curves
are symmetric about the axes.
Now
Answer: (C)
m1 m2
tanP
1 m1 m2 33. The angle of intersection of the curves y sin x and
1 2 y cos x in the first quadrant is
¥ 1 ´
2 5 (A) Tan 1 2 (B) Tan 1 ¦

1 2 § 2 µ¶
1 ¥ s ´ ¥ 3 ´
§ 2 5¶ (C) Tan 1 ¦ (D) Tan 1
§ 2 µ¶
9 5 9
s
10 4 8 Solution: The given curves intersect at ( /4,, / 2 ) in
the first quadrant. Now
Answer: (A)
dyy
y i x cos x
32. The acute angle of intersection of curves x2 y2 a2 dx
and x 2 y2 a 2 2 is ¥ dy ´ 1

P P § dx ¶ ¥ P , 1 ´ 2
¦ µ
(A) (B) §4 2¶
2 3
P P dyy
(C) (D) y x sin x
4 6 dx
¥ dy ´ 1
Solution: Suppose the two curves intersect in (x1, y1)
§ dx ¶ ¥ P , 1 ´ 2
¦ µ
and let P be their acute angle of intersection. Differen- §4 2¶
tiating x2 − y2 a2, we get
Therefore if P is the acute angle of intersection of the
¥ dy ´ x curves, then
1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1
1 1 1 1

Differentiating x 2 y2 a 2 2 , we get tan P 2 2 4 2 2
1 2
x 1
¥ dy ´ 2
1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1
1 1 P Tan 1 2 2
Answer: (D)
Therefore
x1 x1 34. The sub-normal at any point of the curve x2y2

y1 y1 2| 1 y1 |
a2(x2 a2) varies inversely as
tan P
x12 | 2
y1 2
1 | (A) cube of the abscissa of the point
1
y12
(B) square of the abscissa
Solving the given equations, we have 3
(C) th power of abscissa
2
a a
x1 p 2 1 d y1 p 2 1 2
2 2 (D) rd power of abscissa
3
Therefore, at the point Solution: Differentiating the given equation we get
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dyy 36. The acute angle of intersection of the curves

2 xy2 2x
2x2 y 2a 2 x y | x 2 | and y | x 2 | in the first quadrant is
dx
¥ ´ ¥ ´
dy a 2 y2 (A) Tan 1 ¦ 2 2 µ (B) Tan 1 ¦ 2 µ
§ 7 ¶ § 7 ¶
dx xy
¥3 2´ ¥ ´
Now the sub-normal is given by (C) Tan 1 ¦ (D) Tan 1 ¦ 4 2 µ
§ 7 µ¶ § 7 ¶
dy 2 2
y a y Solution: We have
dx x
a2 (x 2 a2 ) « x 2 1 iif x b 1
2
a ®
x2 y | x 2 | ¬1 x 2 if
i 1 x 1
x ® 2
x 1 if i xr1
a4
« x 2 3 if x b 3
| x3 |
®
Answer: (A) y | x 2 | ¬3 x 2 if 3x 3
® 2
x 3 if x r 3
35. The tangent at any point on the curve x3 y3 2a3
cuts off lengths p and q on the coordinate axes. Then Therefore, the two curves intersect at ( , 1) in the first
p 3/2 q 3/2 quadrant. Now x r 1 implies
(A) 2 1/1 2 a 3/2 (B) 2 1/1 2 a 1/2 ¥ dy ´

y x2 1 2 2
1/2 1/2 1/2 3/2
§ dx ¶ x 2
(C) 2 a (D) 2 a
¥ dy ´
Solution: Differentiating the curve equation, we get and y 3 x2 2 2
§ dx ¶ x 2
dy 3 x 2 x 2
2 Now, if P is the acute angle of intersection of the curves
dx 3 y2 y at ( , 1), then
Therefore
2 22 2 4 2
tan P
¥ dy ´ x12 1 ( )
)( ) 7

§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y12 ¥ ´
1 1
P Tan 1 ¦ 4 2 µ
§ 7 ¶
Equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
Answer: (D)
x12
y y1 ( x x1 ) Note: The two curves also intersect at ( , 1) .
y12
37. The acute angle of intersection of the curves x2 y2
Since (x1, y1) lies on the curve we have 5 and y [| in x | | cos x |] where [ ] is the greatest
integer function is
x12 x y12 y x13 y13 2a 3
(A) Tan 1 (B) Tan 12
Therefore
2a 3 2a 3 ¥ 1 ´
(C) Tan 1 2 (D) Tan 1 ¦
p and q § 2 µ¶
x12 y12
Solution: Since 0 | i | 1 and 0 | | 1,
So
¥ 1 1 ´ sin x 0 cos x p1
p 3/2 q 3/2 2 3/2 a 9/2 ¦ 3 3 µ
x
§ 1 y1 ¶ and vice versa. Also
3/2 9/2
2 a ( x13 y13 ) P P 1
3// /2 3
sin cos
2 a ( ) 4 4 2
11//2 /2
2 a We have
Answer: (A)
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1 | si x | | coss | 2 So,
2 2
¥ 2 x1 ´ ¥ 2 y1 ´
Therefore cos2 P sin 2 P
§ a ¶ § a ¶
y [| in x | | cos x |] 1
So, the points of intersection of the two curves are (2, 1) a2
x12 y12
and ( 2, 1). Differentiating x2 y2 4 we have 4
dy x Therefore the locus of (x1, y1) is

dx y
a2

¥ dy ´
2 x2 y2
§ dx ¶ ( 4
, 1)
Answer: (C)
The angle made by the tangent at (2, 1) to the circle
with the line y 1 is Tan 12. Also 39. If the algebraic sum of the intercepts on the axes cut
¥ dy ´ off by tangent to the curve x1/3 y1/3 a1/3 at (a/8,
2 a/8) is 2, then the value of a is
§ dx ¶ ( , 1)
(A) 8 (B) 4
This implies that the acute angle between the tangent to
the circle with the line y 1 is Tan 12. (C) 2 (D) 4 2
Answer: (B) Solution: Differentiating the curve equation, we get
38. The tangent at any point of the curve x a cos3 P,
P y 1 22/3 1 2/3 dyy
x y 0
a sin3 P meets coordinate axes in A and B. Then, the 3 3 dx
locus of the mid-point of the segment AB is 2/3
dy ¥ y´
a2
(A) x2 y2 a2 (B) x 2 y2 dx § x¶
2
Therefore
2 2 a2
(C) x y (D) x2 y2 2a2 ¥ dy ´
4 1
§ dx ¶ (a/8,a/8)
Solution: Differentiating both the equations we get
Equation of the tangent at (a/8, a/8) is
dx
3a cos2 P i P a ¥ a´
dP y 1 x
8 § 8¶
dy
and 3a sin 2 P P a
dP x y
4
Therefore
The intercepts of the tangent on the axes are a/4 and a/4.
dy dyy dx By hypothesis,
w tan P
dx dP dP a a
2a 4
Equation of the tangent at (a cos3 P a
P, sin3 P ) is 4 4
Answer: (B)
y a sin 3 P x a cos3 )
x y 40. If tangents are drawn from the origin to the curve
a(cos2 P sin
in 2 ) a y sin x, then their point of contact lies on the
cosP sin
i P
curve whose equation is
Therefore A (a cos P P, 0) and B (0, a sin P ). Let (A) x2 y2 1 (B) x2 y2 1
(x1, y1) be the mid-point of AB. Then
1 1
a cosP i P
a sin (C) 2
1 (D) x2 y2 x2 y2
x1 and
d y1 x y2
2 2
Solution: Let the tangent at (x1, y1) to the curve pass
through (0, 0). Therefore the tangent at (x1, y1) is
y y1 cos x1(x x
1)
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This passes through (0, 0) which implies 1/3

1 y11/3 y x14/3 y14/3 0
x1 cos x1 y1 0
1/3
y 1 y11/3 y ( x12/3 y12/3 ) ( x12/3 y12/3 ) 0
2
1 cos x1 1 si x1 1 y12
x1 1/3
1 y11/3 y a 2/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 ) 0
y12
1 y12 (squaring both sides) Therefore
x12
1 1 a 2/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 )
1 p2 a1/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 )
x12 y12 x12 /3 y12 /3
1 1
1 p22 a 2/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 )2 (3.21)
x12 y12
Therefore (x1, y1) lies on the curve
1 1 4 p12 p22 a 2/3 [4 x12/3 y12/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 )2 ]
1
x2 y2 a 2/3 ( x12/3 y12/3 )2
Answer: (C) a 2/3 a 4/3 a 2
41. If p1 and p2 are the lengths of the perpendiculars
Answer: (A)
drawn from origin onto the tangent and normal,
respectively, to the curve x2/3 y2/3 a2/3, then Advice: The curve is parametrically represented by the
equations x a cos3 P,
P y a sin3 P so that dy/dx tan P.
P
4 p12 p22 is equal to
Now proceed.
(A) a2 (B) 2a2
(C) a (D) 2a 42. A tangent to the curve x2/3 y2/3 a2/3 meets x-axis
in A and y-axis is B. Then the point which divides the
Solution: Differentiating x2/3 y2/3 a2/3 we get
segment AB internally in the ratio 2:1 lies on the
dy
1/3 curve whose equation is
¥ y´

dx § x¶ y2 a 2 x 2 y2 a 2
(A) x 2 (B)
Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the curve. Then 4 9 4 1 9
x 2 y2 a 2
x12/3 y12/3 a2/3 (3.19) (C) (D) x2 y2 36a2
4 1 9
Therefore the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is Solution: The parametric equations of the curve are
1/3
x a cos3 P,
P y a sin3 P so that dy/dx at any P is −tan P.
P
¥y ´ Therefore the equation of the tangent is
y y1 ¦ 1 µ ( x x1 )
§ x1 ¶
y a sin3 P tan P (x a sin3 P )
x y
x12/3 y12/3
2/3
a 2/3 [By Eq. (3.19)] x y 2
x11/3 y111/3
/3
a(si P cos2 P ) a
cosP sin
i P
So Therefore
a 2/3 A (a cos P
P, 0) and B (0, a sin P )
a 2/3
p1 1 1 x11/3 y11/3 x11/3 y11/3 a 1/3
Suppose P(x1, y1) divides AB in the ratio 2:1. then
a1/3
x12/3 y12/3
a cosP i P
2a sin
x1 y1
3 3
4 p12 4 x12/3 y12/3 a 2/3 (3.20)
So,
Equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is
2
9 1 9 y12
¥x ´
1/3
2
1
y y1 ¦ 1 µ ( x x1 ) a 4a 2
§ y1 ¶
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y2 a 2
Therefore P(x1, y1) lies on the curve x 2 From Eqs. (3.22) and (3.23) it follows that the product of
4 9 slopes of the tangents to the curves at (x1, y1) is 1. Hence
Answer: (A) the two curves intersect orthogonally.
Answer: (A)
43. Tangent to the curve xy a2 at point P meets the
x-axis in A and y-axis in B. Then the ratio AP:PB is 45. The curve y be x/a crosses the y-axis at P. The
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 equation of the tangent at P is
(C) 1:1 (D) 2:3 x y x y
(A) 2 (B) 2
a b a b
Solution: xy a2 is represented parametrically. So,
x y x y
a (C) 1 (D) 1
x at d y , 0 x t Z a b a b
t
Solution: x 0 y b. Therefore P (0, b). Now
Now,
dy b x/aa
dy 1 e
2 dx a
dx t
¥ dy ´ b

Therefore, the tangent at (at, a/t) is § dx ¶ ( , b) a
a 1 Equation of the tangent at P(0, b) is
y 2 ( x at )
t t
b
x t2y 2at y b (x )
a
so that
x y
1
¥ 2a ´ a b
A a , 0) a d B 0,
( at
§ t ¶ Answer: (C)
¥ a´
Mid-point of AB at, P 46. The curves y2 4ax and ay2 4x3 where a 0 inter-
§ t¶
sect at a point P (not the origin). If the normals to
Therefore, the ratio AP:PB is 1:1. the curves at P meet the x-axis in A and B, then the
Answer: (C) distance AB is
(A) 2a (B) 3a
44. Angle of intersection of the curves x3 3xy2 2 and
(C) 4a (D) 5a
3x2y y3 2 is
P P Solution: It can be easily seen that the two curves
(A) (B)
2 6 intersect in the points (0, 0), (a, 2a) and (a, − 2a). Take
P P P (a, 2a). Then
(C) (D)
3 4 dy 2a
y2 4aax
Solution: Suppose the two curves intersect in (x1, y1). dx y
Differentiating the first curve equation, we get ¥ dy ´ 2a
1
¥ dy ´ § dx ¶ P 2a
3 x 2 3 y2 6 xy 0
§ dx ¶
dy 12 x 2
ay2 4 x 3
x 2 y12 dx 2ay
¥ dy ´
1 (3.22)
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) 2 x1 y1 ¥ dy ´ 12a 2
1 1 3
§ dx ¶ P 4a 2
Differentiating the second equation, we get
Therefore, the equations of the normals to the curves at
dyy
2 dy
6 y 3x 3 y2 0 P are, respectively,
dx dx
y 2a 1(x a)
¥ dy ´ 2 x y
2 1 12 (3.23) 1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) x1 y1 and y 2a ( x a)
1 1
3
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Therefore, A (3a, 0) and B (7a, 0). So 2

¥ dx ´ y 4 a 2 x 2 ( x 2 a 2 )2
AB 7a 3a 4a y 1 ¦ µ
§ dy ¶ 2ax
Answer: (C)
y( x 2 a 2 )

Note: At Q(a, 2a) also, you can see that A ( a, 0) and 2ax
B ( 5a, 0) so that AB 4a. Sub-tangent is
47. For the curve x 3 cosP 3 sinP cos3P,
P y sin3P
P, the ¥ dx ´ y( x 2 a 2 )
equation of the normal at P O
O/4 is y¦ µ
§ dy ¶ 2ax
(A) x y 0 (B) 2x y 0
Therefore the sum of tangent and sub-tangent is
(C) x 2y
2 0 (D) x y 0
Solution: Differentiating both the given equations y( x 2 ) xy

w.r.t. P,
P we get 2ax a
dy 2 Answer: (A)
3 P 3 i P cosP
dP
dx 49. For the curve yn an 1 x, the sub-normal at any point
2
3 P i P 3 sin P is constant. Then the value of n equals
dP
(A) 0 (B) 1
Therefore
(C) 2 (D) 1
dy 3 i 2 P cosP
P 3 sin cos3 P Solution: Differentiating the given equation we get
2

dx 3 P i P 3 sin P sin 3 P dyy
nyn 1
an 1
¥ dy ´ dx
1
§ dx ¶ P P
4 Therefore
Now P O
O/4 implies ¥ dy ´ an 1
y n 2 Constant if n 2 0
3 1 5 5 § dx ¶ ny
x and y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 So, n 2.
¥ 5 5 ´ Answer: (C)
Therefore the equation of the normal at ¦ , is
§ 2 2 2 2 µ¶
50. Let f (x) x x3 for 2 b x b 2. If the line y mx b
¥ 5 5 ´ is a tangent to the curve y x x3 at the point ( 1,
y 1¦ x µ
2 2 § 2 2¶ 0), then (m, b) is
x y0 (A) (2, 2) (B) ( 2, 2)
Answer: (D) (C) ( 2, 2) (D) (2, 2)
48. For the curve y a log(x2 a2) where a is positive, Solution: Let y x − x3. Differentiating we get
the algebraic sum of the tangent and sub-tangent at
dy
any point on the curve is 1 3x 2
dx
xy 2xy
(A) (B) ¥ dy ´
a a 1 3 2
§ dx ¶ ( 1,0)
xy x y
(C) (D) So, m 2. The point ( 1, 0) lies on the line. Now
2a a
Solution: y is defined for | | a. Differentiating the y mx b 0 ( 2)( 1) b
given equation we get b 2
dy 2ax Therefore, (m, b) ( 2, 2)

dx x 2 a 2 Answer: (B)
The tangent at (x, y) is
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Rate Measure
51. Each edge of a cube is expanding at the rate of 1 rate of change of its abscissa, then the sum of the ordi-
cm/sec. Then, the rate of change of its volume, when nates of the points is
each edge is length 5 cm, is (A) 2 (B) 3
(A) 75 cm3/sec (B) 125 cm3/sec (C) 0 (D) 4
(C) 25 cm3/sec (D) 175 cm3/sec
Solution: By hypothesis
Solution: Let x be the edge of the cube. It is given that
dy dx
dx/dt 1 where t is the time. Let V be the volume of the 2 (3.26)
cube. Then dt dt
dV dx Differentiating the curve equation, we have

V x3 3x 2
dt dt dy dx
3 6x2 (3.27)
When x 5 and dx/dt 1, then dt dt
dV Substituing the value obtained in Eq. (3.26) in Eq. (3.27)

3(5)2 (1) 75 gives
dt
Answer: (A) dx dx
6 6x2
dt dt
52. A particle moves along the curve 6y x3 2. The
x2 1 or x p1
number of points on the curve at which the y-coor-
dinate is changing eight times the x-coordinate is Now
(A) 4 (B) 3 5
(C) 2 (D) 1 x 1 y
3
Solution: Differentiating the given equation we have 1

x 1 y
3
dy 3 2 dx
x (3.24) Therefore the sum of the ordinates is
dt 6 dt
But by hypothesis 5 1
2
3 3
dy dx
8 (3.25) Answer: (A)
dt dt
From Eqs. (3.24) and (3.25) we have 54. The length and width of a rectangle are respectively
decreasing 5 cm/sec and increasing 4 cm/sec. When
dx 1 2 dx the length is 8 cm and width is 6 cm, the rate of
8 x
dt 2 dt change of the area is
2
16 (A) 4 cm2/sec (B) 8 cm2/sec
p4 (C) 2 cm2/sec (D) 1 cm2/sec
Now Solution: Let x and y be the length and width of the
rectangle and A its area. By hypothesis
x 4 y 11
31 dx
and x 4 y 5 cm/se
/ c
3 dt
Therefore the points on the curve are (4, 11) and ( 4, dy

and 4 cm/ssec
31/3). dt
Answer: (C) Now A xy implies
53. A particle moves along the curve 3y 2x3 3. If the dA dx dy

y x
rate of change of the ordinate of a point is twice the dt dt dt
When x 8 and y 6,
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dA 4 3
6( 5) 8(4) 2 V Pr
dt 3
Therefore Differentiating this we get
dA dV dr
2 cm 2 /sec 4P r 2
dt dt dt
Answer: (C) V dt 900 and r 15. Substituting these in the
Now dV/
above equation, we get
55. A spherical ball of napthlene loosing its volume at
time t is proportional to its surface area. (The con- dr
900 4P (225)
stant of proportionality is k 0.) Then the radius of dt
the ball decreases at the rate of dr 1
cm/sec
k k dt P
(A) (B)
2 3 Answer: (D)
2k
(C) (D) k
3 57. A small stone is dropped into a quiet lake and the
waves move in a circle at a rate of 3.5 cm/sec. At the
Solution: Let r be the radious of the ball, V the volume instant when the radius of circular wave is 7.5 cm/sec,
and S the surface area. Then the rate of change of the area of the nearest circle is
4 3 ¥ 105 ´
S Pr2 d V
and Pr (A) P cm 2 /ssec (B) (50)O cm2/sec
3 § 2 ¶
(C) (51)O cm2/sec (D) (52)O cm2/sec
It is given that
Solution: Let r be the radius of the circle and A its area.
dV
kS 4kP r 2 Then
dt
A O r2
But
Differentiating we get
dV dr
4P r 2
dt dt dA ¥ dr ´
2P r
dt § dt ¶
Therefore
When r 15/2 we have
2 dV 2dr
4 kP r 4P r
dt dt dA ¥ 15 ´ ¥ 7 ´ ¥ dr ´
2P & 35
dr dt § 2 ¶ § 2 ¶ § dt ¶
k
dt ¥ 105 ´
P
Since k is negative, the radius of the ball is decreasing § 2 ¶
constantly at the rate of k. Answer: (A)
Answer: (D)
58. A ladder of 5 m length is leaning against a wall. The
56. A balloon which is always spherical is being inflated bottom of the ladder is moving on the ground away
by pumping in gas at the rate of 900 cm3/sec. When from the edge of the wall at a rate of 2 cm/sec. When
the radius of the balloon is 15 cm, the rate of change the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall, the
of the radius is height of the top of the ladder on the wall decreases
4 3 at the rate of
(A) cm/ssec (B) cm/ssec
P P 4
(A) cm/ssec (B) 2 cm/sec
2 1 3
(C) cm/ssec (D) cm/ssec
P P 8
(C) cm/ssec (D) 3 cm/sec
3
Solution: Let r be the radius and V be the volume.
Then Solution: PQ 5 (ladder), Q being the foot of the
ladder. Let OQ x and OP y (see Fig. 3.13).
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60. A water tank is in the shape of a right circular cone

P with vertex down. The radius of the base is 15 feet and
height is 10 feet. Water is poured into the tank at a
Wall Ladder (5) constant rate of c cubic feet per second. Water leakes
y out from the bottom at a constant rate of one cubic
foot per second. The value of c for which the water
O x Q Floor
level is rising at the rate of 4 feet per second at the
time when the water level is 2 feet deep, is given by
(A) c 1 9O (B) c 1 4O
Now by Pythagoras theorem, (C) c 1 18O (D) c 1 36O
x2 y2 52 Solution: See. Fig. 3.15. At time t, let r be the radius
Differentiating we get of the water surface and h be the depth of the water
level. Let V be the volume of the water at time t. By the
dy x dx hypothesis

dt y dt
dV
c
Now x 4 y 3 and dx/dtt is given to be 2 cm/sec. dt
Therefore
But
dy 4 8
(2) cm/sec P 2
dt 3 3 V r h (3.28)
3
Hence y decreases at the rate of (8/3) cm/sec.
From the similar triangles property
Answer: (C)
15 10 3
59. A man of height 2 m walks at a uniform speed of 5
r h
r h 2
km/hour away from a lamp post of 6 m height. His
shadow length increases at the rate of Substituting this value of r in Eq. (3.28), we get
(A) 2.5 km/hour (B) 2 km/hour P ¥ 9´ 3
V h
(C) 3 km/hour (D) 3.5 km/hour 3 § 4¶
Therefore
Solution: In Fig. 3.14, AB 6 (lamp post), PQ 2 (man),
BP x (distance from the lamp post) and PS y (length dV 9P 2 dh
h
of the shadow). From the similar triangles property, we dt 4 dt
have When h 2, dh /d
dt 4 and dv /dt
d d 1, we get
6 y x x 1 36O
y
2 y 2 Therefore
Differentiating we have c 1 36O
dy 1 dx 5 ¥ dx ´ c 1 36O
∵ 5
dt 2 dt 2 § dt ¶
15
10 r
Lamp post (6)
Q h
Man (2) FIGURE 3.15 Single correct choice type question 60.
B x P y S Answer: (D)
61. A particle moves along the curve y 2x3 3x2 4. If
Answer: (A) x-coordinate is increasing at the rate of 0.5/sec, the
rate of charge of the y-coordinate when x 2 is
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(A) 4/sec (B) 6/sec 63. Water is pouring into a conical vessel with vertex up-
(C) 8/sec (D) 2/sec wards at the rate of 3 cubicmeters per minute. The
radius of the base is 5 m and the height is 10 m. When
Solution: Differentiating the given equation we get the water level is 7 m from the base, the rate at which
dy dx water level increases is
( x2 x) 18 9P
dt dt (A) (B)
7P 7
When x 2 and dx/dt 0.5, we get
4 9
(C) (D)
dy 1 3P 7P
( ) 6
dt 2
Answer: (B)
62. A plane is flying parallel to the ground at a height

10
of 4 km/hour over a radar station. A short time later, r h
the radar station staff announces that the distance h
between the plane and the station is 5 km. They also 5
announced that the distance between the plane and 5
the station is increasing at a rate of 300 km/hour. At
that moment, the rate at which the plane is moving
parallel to the ground is Solution: Let r be the radious of the water surface and
(A) 300 km/hour (B) 400 km/hour h its height from the base at time t (Fig. 3.17). Let V1 be
the volume whole cone. Then
(C) 500 km/hour (D) 600 km/hour
1 P
Solution: See Fig. 3.16. Let S be the radar station. At a V1 = P (5)2 (10) 250
time t, P is the position of the plane. Let x be the distance 3 3
horizontal to the ground and y be the distance SP. Then Let V2 be the volume of the cone above the water sur-
face at time t. Then
y2 42 x2
1 2
Therefore V2 P r (10 h)
3
dy dx
y x Also we have
dt dt
10 5
When y 5, then x 52 4 2 3.
10 h r
dy 2r 10 h
When y 5 and 300, we get
dt
Therefore
dx
5 s 300 3 s P ¥ 10 h ´ 2 P
dt V2 (10 h) ( h)3
3§ 2 ¶ 12
dx
500 Let V be the volume of the water at time t. Then
dt
V V1 V2
x P (plane)
250P P
(10 h)3
3 12
4 y dV 3P dh
(10 h)2
dt 12 dt
When h 7, we have
S (radar station) dV
3
FIGURE 3.16 Single correct choice type question 62. dt
Answer: (C) P dh
(10 7)2
4 dt
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P dh 1
s9s (C) radian
n/ssec (D) 1 radian/sec
4 dt 8
This implies B
dh 4
Ladder (26)
dt 3P Wall
Answer: (C)
q
64. Consider Fig. 3.18. ABCD is a square. A runner C A
starts at C and is running towards D at a rate of 20 FIGURE 3.19 Single correct choice type question 65.
ft/sec. The rate of change of the distance of the run-
ner from the point A when he is at a distance of 60 ft Solution: See Fig. 3.19. AB 26 (ladder), BC C is wall,
from the point C is CA x is the distance of the bottom of the ladder at time
t from the base of the wall. Now,
(A) 2 10 ft
ft/ssec (B) 10 ft/ssec
x
1 3 cosP
(C) 10 ft/ssec (D) 10 ft/ssec 26
2 2
x R
D C
dP 1 dx
( sin
sinP )
dt 26 dt
90 y 90
BC 24 12 dx
When x 10, sinP and 3 we
get AC 26 13 dt
A 90 B

dP 26 1 1
s s3
Solution: In Fig. 3.18 x is the distance of the runner dt 24 26 8
from D and y is the distance between A and the runner
Answer: (C)
at a time t. Using Pythagoras theorem for triangle ADR
we get
y2 x2 902 Mean Value Theorems

Differentiating we have 66. The value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the function
dy x dx f (x) x2/3 2x1/3 for x [0, 8] is
(3.29)
dt y dt 1
(A) (B) 1
2
When x 90 60 30, then y 90 2 30 2 30 10 .
From Eq. (3.29) we have 3
(C) 2 (D)
2
dy 30
( 20) ( x ) Solution: Clearly f is continuous on [0, 8] and
dt 30 10
2 10 2 1/3 2 /3
f a( x ) x x
Answer: (A) 3 3
exists for x 0. Therefore, f is differentiable in (0, 8).
65. A ladder of 26 ft length is leaning against a wall. The Also
bottom foot of the ladder is moving away from the
base of the wall at a rate of 3 feet per second. When f (0) 0 and f (8) 4 2(2) 0
the bottom of the ladder is 10 ft away from the wall, Thus, f (0) f (8). Hence by Rolle’s theorem, f a(
a c) 0
then the angle P made by the ladder with the ground for some c (0, 8). So
decreases at the rate of
1 1
(A) radian
n/ssec (B) radian
n/ssec
4 6
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2 1/3 2 /3 f( )( )3 3(( )2 ( ) 1

f a( c ) 0 c c 0
3 3
( ) 3( )1
1/3 c /3 0
2//
2 1
c1/3 0
(7 9 2) 6 2 6 2
c1/3 (c1/3 1) 0
0
1 ( 0)
Thus, f ( ) f( ). Hence by Rolle’s theorem,
Answer: (B)
a c) 0 for some c ( , 1 2 ). That is
f a(
67. Let
3c 2 6c 1
6c 0
«x 3 2
2 x 5x 6 6 24 1
® for x x 1 d x [ , 3] c 1 6
f ( x) ¬ x 1 6 3
® 6 x1
Now
Then, value of c in the Rolle’s theorem for the func- 1
1 6 1 2
tion f (x) on [ 2, 3] is 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 1
1 6
1 1 3
(C) (D)
2 2 Answer: (A)
Solution: We have
69. Let
«x2 x 6 xx1 d x [ , 3]
f ( x) ¬ «x2 if 0 b x b 1
6 x1 f ( x) ¬
2 x if 1 x b 2
Clearly lim ( x) ( ) f is continuous at x 1
x m1 Then the value of c in Rolle’s theorem for f (x) in
and hence f is continuous on [ 2, 3]. f is also differentia- (0, 2) is
ble in ( 2, 3). Further,
1
(A) 1 (B)
f ( 2) 4 2 6 0 2
3
and f (3) 9 3 6 0 (C) (D) does not exist
2
Thus f ( 2) 0 f (3). Hence f a(c) 0 for some c ( 2, 3). Solution: Obviously
a c) 0 implies
Therefore f a(
f( )1 and f (1 0) 2 1 1
1
2c 1 0 or c ( 2, 3) This implies f is continuous at x 1 and hence continuous
2
on [0, 2]. Therefore
Answer: (D)
«2 x, 0 b x b 1
f a( x ) ¬
68. Let f ( x) x 3 3 x 2 x 1, x [1,, ]. The value 1, 1 x b 2
of c in the Rolle’s theorem for f (x) is which implies f a(1) does not exists. Hence, Rolle’s theo-
1 1 rem cannot be applied.
(A) 1 6 (B) 1 6
3 4 Answer: (D)
2 3
(C) 1 6 (D) 70. Let
5 2
¥ x 2 ab ´
Solution: Since f (x) is a polynomial, it is differentiable f ( x) log ¦
for all x and in particular on [ ]. Also f (1) 0 § (a b) x µ¶
and
where 0 a b. Then value of c in Rolle’s theorem
for f (x) on [a, b] is
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a b 73. In [0, 1], Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not ap-

(A) (B) ab plied to
2
a b 1 ¥ 1 1´ «1 1
(C) (D) ®® 2 x if x
2
ab 2 § a b¶ (A) f ( x) ¬ 2
®¥ 1 x ´ 1
Solution: Since f (x) is a log function, it is continuous if x r
®§ 2 ¶ 2
and differentiable for all x > 0 and in particular continuous
in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). Also « sin x
® , xx0
(B) f ( x) ¬ x
¥ a(a b) ´ ®1,
f (a) log ¦ log f (b) x0
§ a(a b) µ¶
(C) f ( x) x | x |
Therefore, Rolle’s theorem is applicable. Now (D) f ( x) | x |
2x 1 Solution:
f a( x ) 2

x ab x
(A) Clearly f is continuous on [0, 1]. Now
2
x ab « 1
2 ®® 1 fo x
x( x ab) 2
f a( x ) ¬
® 2 ¥ 1 x´ 1
a x) 0 for some x (a, b) x
Therefore, f a( ab. for x r
® § 2 ¶ 2
Hence c ab and a ab b.
Clearly
Answer: (B)
¥1 ´ ¥1 ´
71. If Rolle’s theorem is applied for f (x) (x 2) log x
fa fa 0 0
§2 ¶ §2 ¶
on the interval [1, 2], then one of the following equa-
tions has solution in (1, 2). That is, f is not differentiable at 1/2 (0, 1). There-
fore Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not appli-
(A) (x 2) log x 2 (B) (x 2) log x x
cable to f (x) on [0, 1]. Hence (A) is correct.
(C) (x 2) log x 2 x (D) x log x 2 x
(B) We have
Solution: Since f is continuous on [1, 2] and differen-
sin x
tiable in (1, 2) and f (1) 0 f (2), by Rolle’s theorem f a(1) lim 1 f( )
xm0 x
0 for some x (1, 2). That is
This implies f is continuous on [0, 1]. Also (sin x)/x
/
x 2
log x 0 is differentiable for all x x 0 and hence Lagrange’s
x mean value theorem is applicable.
Hence x log x 2 x has a solution in (1, 2). (C) We have f ( x) x 2 ( x ) is continuous on [0, 1]
Answer: (D) and differentiable on (0, 1). Hence Lagrange’s mean
value theorem is applicable.
72. The number of values of c in Rolle’s theorem for
(D) We have f ( x) | x | x ( x ) and hence
f (x) (x 1) (x 2)2, 1 b x b 2 is Lagrange’s mean value is applicable.
Answer: (A)
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) not applicable 74. Let f : [0, 4] m Z be a differentiable function. Then
Solution: Clearly f is continuous on [1, 2] and differ- there exist real numbers a, b belonging to (0, 4) such
entiable in (1, 2). Further f (1) 0 f (2). Therefore, by that
Rolle’s theorem, [ ( )]2 [ (0)]2 kf a( ) f ( )
a x) ( x )2 2( x ))(( x ) 0
f a( where k is
(A) 4 (B) 8
for some x (1, 2). That is
1
(x 2) (3x 4) 0 (C) (D) 2
12
Therefore c 2, 4/3. Since c (1, 2), we have c 4/3. Solution: By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there
Answer: (B) exists a (0, 4) such that
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f( ) f( ) 3 4
f a ( a) (A) (B)
4 0 4 3
Therefore 5 1
(C) (D)
f ( ) f ( ) 4 f a ( a) (3.30) 3 7
Solution: Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f
[ (4) f (0)]/2 lies between f (0) and f (4), by the
Since [f
on [0, 2], there exists x0 (0, 2) such that
Intermediate value property of a continuous functions
(Theorem 1.32, Chapter 1), there exists b (0, 4) such f( ) f( ) 1 0 1
that f a( x0 )
2 0 2 2
f( ) f( ) Now, using Rolle’s theorem for f on [1, 2], there exists
f (b)
2 y0 (1, 2) such that f a(
a y0 ) 0. Observe that,
(4) f (0) 2f
f 2 (b) (3.31)
1 1
From Eqs. (3.30) and (3.31), we have f a( y0 ) 0 f a(x
( x0 )
7 2
[ ( )]2 [ (0)]2 8 f a( ) f ( ) Hence, by Intermediate value theorem for derivative
So, the value of k is 8. (Darboux theorem, Theorem 3.10), there exists x1 lying
between x0 and y0 and hence in (0, 2) such that
Answer: (B)
1
75. Let a, b, c be real numbers and a b c. f is continu- a x1 )
f a(
7
ous on [a, c] and differentiale in (a, c). If f a( a x) is
strictly increasing, then (c b) f (a) (b a) f (c) is Answer: (D)
(A) greater than (c a) f (b)
77. f is twice differentiable function on [a, b] such that
(B) less than (c a) f (b)
f (a) f (b) 0 and f (x) 0 for all x (a, b). Then
(C) equal to (c a) f (b)
(D) greater than 2(c a) f (b) (A) f aa( x) 0 x (a, b)
Solution: Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f (B) f aa( x) 0 x (a, b)
on [a, b] and [b, c], we have
aa x0 ) 0 for some x0 (a, b)
(C) f aa(
f (b) f (a)
f a(u) aa x0 ) 0 for some x0 (a, b)
(D) f aa(
b a
Solution: Using Rolle’s theorem for f on [a, b], there
f (c) f (b) exists c (a, b) such that f a(
a c) 0. Now, using Lagrange’s
and f a(v)
c b mean value theorem for f on the intervals [a, c] and [c, b],
for some u (a, b) and v (b, c). Since a u b v c there exists c1 (a, c) and c2 (c, b) such that
and f a(
a x) is strictly increasing, we have that
f (c ) f (a)
f (b) f (a) f a(c1 )
f a(u) c a
b a
f (b) f (c)
f a(v) and f a(c2 )
b c
f (c) f (b)
Now, use Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f a on the
c b
interval [c1, c2] so that there exists x0 (c1, c2) such that
Therefore ( )
f a(c2 ) f a(c
(c1 )
(c b)[f
[ (b) f (a)] (b a)[f
[ (c) f (b)] f aa( x0 )
c2 c1
(c b) f(a) (b a) f(c) (c b b a) f(b) (c a) f(b)
f a(c2 ) f a(c
(c1 )
Answer: (A) f aa( x0 )
c2 c1
76. Let f be continuous on [0, 2], differentiable in (0, 1 ¨ f (c ) f (c ) ·
[ f (a) f (b) 0]
2) and f (0) 0, f (1) 1 and f (2) 1. Then for c2 c1 ©ª b c c a ¹¹̧
some x (0, 2), f a(
a x) is equal to 0 [ f (c) 0]
Answer: (C)
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78. Consider the following two statements: Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there is c (a, b) such that
P: Suppose f : m is a differentiable function F a(
a ) 0. Hence
such that f a( x) f ( x) x and f (x0) 0 for
f a(c)[ g(b) g(a)] gaa(c)[ f (b) f (a)] 0
some x0 . Then f (x) 0 for all x x0.
Q: If f is continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b) Thus P1 is true.
a x) x 0 for all x in (a, b), then for at most one
and f a( P2 is true. Define F( ) e L x f ( ) so that E (x) satisfies all
value of x, f (x) is zero. the conditions of Rolle’s theorem. Hence, there exists c
Then, (a, b) such that F a( ) 0. That is
(A) both P and Q are true e L c [ f (c) L f (c)] 0
(B) both P and Q are not true
Hence
(C) P is true whereas Q is not true
(D) Q is true, but P is not true f a (c ) L f (c ) 0 ( e Lc x )
Solution: Statement P is true. Define h(x) e x
f (x) for
Thus, the equation f a( x) L f ( x) 0 has a solution in
x . Clearly h is differentiable and (a, b).
haa( x) e x [ f a( x) f ( x)] 0 x Answer: (C)
Therefore h is increasing in (see Theorem 3.6). So, 80. If f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b)
x x0 implies (ab 0), then there exists c (a, b) such that
h( x) h( x0 ) e x
( x0 ) 0 (given)
f (x f (b) f (a)

( / b) ( / a)
x h( ) h( x) 0 f x x0
f (x) 0 for x x0 (A) c 2 f a(c) (B) cf a(c)
Thus P is true. (C) cf a(c) (D) c 2 f a(c)

Statement Q is true: Suppose f has two different zeros
Solution: We have ab 0 0 (a, b). Define
say a @ A b. Hence by using Rolle’s theorem for f on
@ A ], there exists some x0 in (@,
[@, @ A ) such that f a(
a x0 ) 0.
¥ 1´ ¨ 1 1·
But by hypothesis f a( x) x x (a, b). Hence f cannot F ( x) f x © ,
§ x¶ ª b a ¹¹̧
have more than one zero (if it has). Thus Q is also true.
Answer: (A) Obviously F is continuous on [1/b, 1/a] and differentiable
in (1/b, 1/a). Hence, by Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
79. Consider the following two statements: there d (1/b, 1/a) such that
P1: Let f and g be continuous on [a, b] and differen- /aa) F ( /b)
F ( /a)
tiable in (a, b). There exists c (a, b) such that F a (d )
/a ( /b)
( /a)
f a(c)[ g(b) g(a)] gaa(c)[ f (b) f (a)] But
P2: If f is continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b) F a(d) f a
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 ´
and f (a) f (b) 0, then for any real K, the equation § d ¶ § d2 ¶
f a( x) L f ( x) 0 has at least one solution in (a, b). ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´
Then, f a
§ d ¶ § d2 ¶
(A) both P1 and P2 are false
Therefore
(B) P1 is true, but P2 is false
(C) both P1 and P2 are true F ( /a)
/aa) F ( /b) ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´
F a (d ) f a
/a ( /b)
( /a) § d ¶ § d2 ¶
(D) P1 is false whereas P2 is true
f (a) f ( ) ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´
Solution: P1 is true. Define f a
( /a) ( / ) § d ¶ § d2 ¶
E( ) f ( )[ (b)) (a)] g( )[ (b)) (a)] Now, put 1/d c. Therefore
Clearly E is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in
f (b) f (a)
(a, b). Further c 2 f a (c )
( / b) ( / a)
E( ) f ( )[ (b)) (a)] g( )[ (b)) (a)]
Answer: (D)
f (a)g(b) f (b)g(a) (b)
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ALITER Solution: Define
Define F (x) (a x) (b x) f (x)

¥ 1 1´ 1
F( ) f ( ) [ (b) (a)] for a b x b b. Since both f (x) and (a x) (b x) are con-
§ b a¶ x tinuous and differentiable on [a, b] and (a, b), it follows
for x [a, b] and use Rolle’s theorem for F (x) on [a, b]. that F (x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable in (a,
b). Further F (a) 0 F (b). Hence by Rolle’s theorem,
81. Consider the function f (x) 1 x4/5 for x [ 1, 1]. there exists P (a, b) such that F a( ) 0. Now
Then, the number of conditions of Rolle’s theorem F a( x) (b x) f ( x) (a x) f ( x) (a x)(b x) f a( x)
that are nott satisfied by f (x) is
So, F a( ) 0 implies
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 0 ( )( ) f a( ) ( )f ( ) ( )f ( )
Solution: Clearly f ( 1) 0 f (1) and f is continuous f a( ) 1 1

on [ 1, 1]. But f ( ) a P b P
Answer: (B)
4
f a( x) x 1/5
5 84. f is continuous on [0, 5] and differentiable in (0, 5).
implies that f is not differentiable at x 0 and 0 ( 1, 1). Further f (0) 4 and f (5) 1. If
That is, f is not differentiable in ( 1, 1). Thus, only one f ( x)
condition is not satisfied. g( x)
x1
Answer: (A)
for 0 b x b 5, then there exists c (0, 5) such that
82. A(1, 0) and B(e, 1) are points on the curve y loge a c) is equal to
ga(
x. If P is a point on the curve at which the tangent 4 4
(A) (B)
to the curve is parallel to the chord AB, then the ab- 6 6
scissa of P is
5 5
e 1 (C) (D)
(A) (B) e 1 6 6
2
e1 e 1 Solution: We have 0 b x b 5 x 1 x 0. Obviously g
(C) (D) is continuous on [0, 5] and differentiable in (0, 5). Hence,
2 2 by Lagrange’s mean value theorem there exists c (0, 5)
Solution: Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for such that
f (x) loge x on the interval [1, e], there exists x0 (1, e) g( ) g( )
gaa(c)
such that 5 0
f (e ) f ( )
f a( x0 ) Now,
e 1
1 1 0 f ( ) 1
g( )
x0 e 1 6 6
x0 e 1 f( ) 4
g( )
6 6
Answer: (B)
Therefore
83. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
( /6) 4 5
in (a, b). If f a( x) x x [a, b], then there exists a c)
ga(
P (a, b) such that 5 6
f a( ) Answer: (D)

f( )
85. Let f be continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b)
1 1 1 1 and f (a) f (b) 0. Further, suppose g is continuous
(A) (B)
a P b P a P b P on [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). Then for the
function
a b a b
(C) (D)
2P P
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H ( x ) f a( x ) f ( x ) g a( x ) y
one of the following statements is definitely true.

(A) H(x) 0 for infinitely many x in (a, b) y = tan x
(B) H (x) 0 for infinitely many x in (a, b)

p p p x
(C) H aa( x) 0 for infinitely many x in (a, b) y=x 0 3
2 2
(D) H(x) 0 for atleast one x in (a, b)
Solution: Let F (x) eg(x))f (x) for x [a, b]. Since F (x) FIGURE 3.20 Single correct choice type question 87.
satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem, there exists
¥ P´
c [a, b] such that F a(
a c) 0. Therefore f a( x) sec 2 x 1 0 in 0,
§ 2¶
e g(c ) [ g (c) f (c) f (c)] 0
Hence f is strictly increasing in (0, O /2). In (O /2, O ), tan x is
gg( c ) negative so that f (x) tan x x 0.
f a(c) f (c)gaa(c) 0 ( x )
We consider the interval (O , 3O O /2). Now
Thus H(x) 0 has a solution in (a, b).
lim ( x) lim
li f ( )
Answer: (D) x mP 0 hm0
h 0
86. On the interval [ , 2 ] one of the values of c in li [tan(P h)) (P h)]

hm0
Rolle’s theorem for f (x) 2x3 x2 4x 2 is h 0
lim(tan h P h)
3 4 hm0
(A) (B)
5 5 O 0
2 2 Also,
(C) (D)
3 3 ¥ 3P ´
lim ( x) lim f h
3P hm0 § 2 ¶
Solution: f (x) being a polynomial function, is continu- x m 0
2 h0
ous and differentiable for all real x. Also ¨ ¥ 3P ´ ¥ 3P ´·
lim ©tan h h ¸
f (x) y (x2 2) (2x 1) hm 0 ª § 2 ¶ § 2 ¶¹
¥ 3P ´
and f( ) f( ) lim cot h h
hm0 § 2¶
Hence by Rolle’s theorem for at least one x ( , d
2)
Therefore, between O and 3O
O /2, f changes sign. So f must
2
f a( x ) 6 x 2 x 4 0 vanish in between the two values. Therefore f (x) 0 has
O 3O /2).
solution in (O,
3x2 x 2 0 Answer: (C)
(3x 2) (x 1) 0
2 88. If a b c 0 where a, b, c are real, then the equa-
, 1
3 tion 3ax2 2bx c 0 has
Note that 2/3 1 [ 2 , 2 ]. (A) at least one root in [0, 1]
Answer: (C) (B) one root in [2, 3] and another root in [ 2, 1]
(C) imaginary roots
87. The smallest positive root of the equation tan x x (D) one root in [1, 2] and another root in ( 1, 0)
0 lies in
Solution: Let f (x) y ax3 bx2 cx. So that f is continu-
¥ P´ ¥P ´
(A) 0, (B) ,P ous in [0, 1] and differentiable in (0, 1). Also f (0) 0 and
§ 2¶ §2 ¶
f (1) a b c 0 by hypothesis. Hence, by Rolle’s theo-
¥ 3P ´ ¥ 3P ´ a x) 0 for some x (0, 1). But
rem, f a(
(C) P, (D) , 2P
§ 2¶ § 2 ¶
f a( x) 3ax 2 2bx c
Solution: See Fig. 3.20. Let f (x) tan x x. Clearly f (x)
Thus, 3ax2 2bx c 0 has a root in (0, 1).
is continuous at x x odd multiple of OO/2. Therefore
Answer: (A)
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89. The function f (x) x3 bx2 ax 5 satisfies all the Solution: Let f (x) x3 3x k and suppose 0 @ A
conditions of Rolle’s theorem. Further it is given 1 are two distinct real roots of f (x) 0. Using Rolle’s
a c) 0 is 2 (1/ 3 ).
that the value of c such that f a( @ A ], there exists c (@,
theorem for f (x) on the interval [@, @
Then, A ) such that f a(
a c) 0. That is,
(A) a 5, b 11 (B) a 11, b 6 3c2 3 0
(C) a 11, b 6 (D) a 11, b 6 c p1 (@,
@ A)
Solution: We have f (1) f (3). This implies Therefore, for no real k, f (x) 0 has two distinct real
roots in (0, 1). If at all f (x) 0 has real root in (0, 1), it can
b a 6 9b 3a 32
have only one real root.
a 4b 13 (3.32)
Answer: (A)
a c) 0 implies
Now c 2 (1/ 3 ) and f a(
92. If f (x) (1 x)5/2 satisfies the relation
2b((2 3 1) 3a 12 13 3 (3.33)
Solving Eqs. (3.32) and (3.33), we have a 11, b 6. x2
f ( x) f ( ) xf
x a( ) f aa( x)
Answer: (B) 2
then as x m 1, the value of P is
¥ cos(P / ) x ´ 4 25 25 9
90. lim ¦
x m 1 § log(1// ) ¶
µ (A) (B) (C) (D)
25 4 9 25
P P
(A) 0 (B) d (C) (D) Solution: We have
2 4
Solution: We use Cauchy’s mean value theorem. Take 5
f a( x) ( x)3/2
2
P 15
f ( x) cos x g( x) log x f aa( x) ( x)1/2
2 4
with a x 0 and b 1. That is the interval is [x, 1]. By Also
Cauchy’s mean value theorem, there exists P (x, 1) such
that 5
f( ) , f (0)
2
f ( ) f ( x ) f a( )

g ( ) g ( x ) g a( ) 15
and aa x)
f aa( ( x)1/2
P 4
P P ¥P ´
cos cos x sin § P ¶
2 2 2 2 Therefore
(3.34)
log log x 1
5 x2 15
P ( )5/2 1 x ( )1/2 s
2 2 4
Since x P 1; x m 1 P m 1. Taking limits x m 1, on
both sides of Eq. (3.34), we have Taking limit x m 1 on both sides, we get
P ´ ¥ P P ´
¥
cos x sin ¥ P ´ 5 15
¦ 2 µ lim ¦ 2 § 2 ¶µ P 0 (1 )1/2
1
lim ¦ µ ¦ µ 2 8
xm1 1 P m1 ¥ 1´ 2
¦§ llog µ ¦ µ 4
x ¶ § §P ¶ ¶ ( )1/2
5
¥ cos(P / ) x ´ P 16 9
lim ¦ µ 2 P 1
x m 1 § log(1// ) ¶ 25 25
Answer: (C) Answer: (D)
91. The number of real values of k such that the equa- 93. Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f (x) x3
x3
tion 3x k 0 has two distinct real roots in the mx2 nx on the interval [1, 2] and the value of c is
interval (0, 1) is 4/3. Then
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (A) m 8, n 5 (B) m 5, n 8
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(C) m 5, n 8 (D) m 5, n 8 Therefore

Solution: We have H(0) H(1)
f( ) f ( ) 1 m n 8 4m 2n Hence by Rolle’s theorem, there exists c (0, 1) such

that
3m n 7 (3.35)
H a(a c ) 0.
2
¥ 4´ ¥ 4´ ¥ 4´ f a(c) 2 ga(c) 0
fa m n0
§ 3¶ § 3¶ § 3¶
f a(c) 2 gaa(c)
8m 3n 16 (3.36)
Thus k 2.
Solving Eqs. (3.35) and (3.36), we obtain m 5, n 8. Answer: (A)
Answer: (B)
96. Suppose f (x) is twice differentiable for all real x.
94. Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to one of the fol- Further suppose f ( x) b 1 and f aa(
aa x) b 1 for all real
lowing functions: x. Then f a(
a x) is
(A) f (x) x2 on [ 1, 1] (A) less than or equal to 1
x2
(B) f (x) 3x 2 on [1, 2] (B) greater than 2
(C) f (x) tan x on [0, O ] (C) less than or equal to 3/2
(D) f (x) sin x on [0, O ] (D) greater than 3/2
Solution: where
(A) f (x) x2 is continuous and differentiable for all f a( x) f a(X)
f (x ) f ( x)
real x. Further f ( 1) 1 f (1). Hence, Rolle’s 1 2
theorem is applicable.
f a( x) f q(( )
(B) We have and f (x ) f ( x)
1 2
f ( x) y x 2 3x 2 ( x (x
))(x )
for some W and G.
f (1) 0 f (2)
Solution: By hypothesis
Therefore, Rolle’s theorem is applicable.
1
(C) tan x is not defined at x P /2 and hence Rolle’s f (x ) f (x ) 2 f a( x) [ f (X) f (G )]
theorem is not applicable. 2
(D) sin x is continuous on [0, O ], differentiable in Therefore
(0, O ) and sin 0 0 sin O . Hence, Rolle’s theorem
is applicable. 1
2 f a( x) f ( x 1) f ( x 1) ( f (G ) f (W ))
Answer: (C) 2
1
95. Suppose f and g are differentiable functions on [0, 1]
b f ( x ) f ( x ) f aa(G ) f aa(W )
2
and f (0) 2, g (0) 0, f (1) 6, g(1) 2. Then, there 1
exists c (0, 1) such that f a(c) kg a(c) where the b f ( x ) f ( x ) ¨ª̈ f aa(G ) f aa(W ) ·¹
2
value of k is
1 1
(A) 2 (B) b 1 1 (1 1) 3
2 2
1
(C) (D) 3 a x) b 3// .
Therefore f a(
3
Solution: Consider H(x) f (x) 2g(x) x [0, 1]. Answer: (C)
Clearly H(x) is differentiable in [0, 1]. Also
97. Let f be a twice differentiable function for all real x,
H(0) f (0) 2g(0) 2 0 2 f (1) 1, f (2) 4 and f (3) 9. Then which one of the
H(1) f (1) 2g(1) 6 2(2) 2 following statements is definitely true?
(A) f aa( x) f a( x) 5 for some x (1, 3).
aa x) 2 for all x (1, 3).
(B) f aa(
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aa x) 3 for all x (1, 3).

(C) f aa( theorem, there exists c (1/2, 2) such that
aa x) attains the value 2 for some x (1, 3).
(D) f aa( f ( ) f ( /2)
f a (c )
2 ( /2)
Solution: Consider the function
1 2 (5/2)
(5/2)
g(x) f (x) x2 for x [1, 3] 1 0
c2 3/22
so that g(1) g(2) g(3) 0. Therefore, by Rolle’s theo-
Therefore c p1. But 1 (1/2, 2). Therefore c 1.
rem, ga( ) 0 for some @ (1, 2) and g a( ) 0 for
some A (2, 3). That is f a( ) 2A and f a( ) B where Answer: (C)
1 @ 2 A 3. Now, using Rolle’s theorem for
h( x) f a( x) 2 x on the interval [@,@ A ], there exists 100. Let f (x) 3x4 4x2 5. Then a value of c in
x0 (@,
@ A ) such that ha(a x0 ) 0. That is Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f (x) on the in-
terval [ 1, 1] is
aa x0 ) 2
f aa(
1 1
Answer: (D) (A) (B)
2 2
98. Suppose f is differentiable on , (0) 0 and 2 2
1 f a(
a x) 2 for all x . Then (C) (D)
3 3
(A) x b f (x) b 2x for all x r 0 Solution: We have f a(c) 12c 3 8c. Now since the
(B) 2x f (x) b 3x for all x r 0 function satisfies Langrange’s mean value theorem, we
(C) 3x f (x) b 4x for all x 0 have
(D) 4x f (x) b 5x for all x 0 f (1) f ( 1)
12c 3 8c 0
Solution: Let x 0. Using Lagrange’s mean value theo- 1 ( 1)
rem on [0, x], there exists x0 (0, x) such that ( 2
)0
f ( x) f ( ) 2
f a( x0 ) 0, p
x 0 3
f ( x) xf a( x0 ) (3.37)
So, c = 2/3 is one of the values.
So
Answer: (C)
1 f a( x) 2 b xf a( x0 ) b 2 x
x b f (x) b 2x [By Eq. (3.37)]
Monotoncity; Maxima and Minima
This is true for all x 0. When x 0, we have f (x) 0. 2
Thus, the equatity holds. Hence x b f (x) b 2x x r 0. 101. The function f ( x) 2 x log x is
Answer: (A) ¥1 ´
(A) decreasing in ,d
§2 ¶
99. Value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for
¥ 1´
the function (B) decreasing in ¦ 0, µ
§ ¶ 2
1 ¨1 ·
f ( x) x on © , 2 ¥ 1´
x ª 2 ¹¹̧ (C) increasing in ¦ 0, µ
§ ¶ 2
is ¥ 1´
3 3 (D) increasing in d,
(A) (B) § 2¶
4 2
5 Solution: The function f ( x) 2 x 2 log x is defined
(C) 1 (D)
8 for all x ≠ 0. Differentiating we get
Solution: f (x) x (1/x / ) is continuous and differen-
tiable for all real x x 0. Hence by Lagrange’s mean value
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1 Therefore
f a( x ) 4 x
x sin x x cos x
f a( x ) 0
4x2 1 sin 2 x

x
for 0 x b 1. So f is increasing in (0, 1]. Now
( x )( x ) x
x
x2 g( x)
tan x
Now
tan x x sec 2 x
g a( x )
f a( x) 0 either
1
x0 x
1 tan 2 x
2 2 Let H(x) tanx
n x sec2x. Then
¥ 1 ´ ¥1 ´
Therefore, f increases in , 0 , d . H a( x) sec 2 x sec 2 x 2 x sec 2 x tan x
§ 2 ¶ §2 ¶
Again 2 x sec 2 x tan x 0
1 1 for 0 x b 1. Therefore H(x) is decreasing in (0, 1]. Now
f a( x) 0 either x or 0 x
2 2 0 x H (0) H (x)
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 0 tan x x sec2x
Therefore, f is decreasing in d, 0, .
§ 2¶ § 2¶ Hence, ga(x) 0 in (0, 1] so that g is decreasing. So, (C) is
correct.
Thus, (B) is correct.
Answer: (C)
Answer: (B)
103. Let f (x) cos x 1 (x22). Then
102. If (A) f is increasing on Z
x x (B) f is decreasing on Z
f ( x) and g( x)
sin x tan x (C) f increases in ( d, 0] and decreases in [0, d)
where 0 x b 1, then in this interval (D) f decreases in ( d, 0] and increases in [0, d)
(A) both f (x) and g (x) are increasing functions Solution: We have
(B) both f (x) and g (x) are decreasing functions f a(x) sinx
n x
(C) f (x) is an increasing function
and f q(x) 1 cosx r 0
(D) g (x) is an increasing function
for all real x. Therefore f a(x) is increasing for all real x. So,
Solution: We have
x 0 f a(x) f a(0) 0
x
f ( x) ,0 xb1 So, for x 0, f a(x) 0 f is decreasing for x 0. Also
sin x
Differentiating we get x 0 f a(x) f a(0) 0
sin x x cos x Therefore, for x 0, fa
f (x) 0 f is increasing for x 0.
f a( x ) 2
sin x Answer: (D)
Since sin2 x 0, we have to determine the sign of sin x
104. Suppose f (x) is a real-valued differentiable func-
x cos x. Now, let
tion such that f (x) f a(x) 0 for all real x. Then
F (x) sinx
n x cos x (A) f (x) is an increasing function
so that (B) f xx) is an increasing function
F a( x) cos x cos x x in x x sin x 0 (C) f (x) is a decreasing function
(D) f x) x is a decreasing function
for 0 x b1. Therefore F (x) is increasing so that
Solution: Let g(x) (f ( (x))2 so that ga(x) 2 f (x) f a(x)
0 x F (0) F (x)
0 for all real x. Hence, g(x) is decreasing so that f x) x
0 sinx
n x cos x
is decreasing.
Answer: (D)
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105. Consider the following two statements. Note: f a(x) 2x 1 0 for x 12 and greater than zero
I: If f (x) and g (x) are continuous and monotonic for x 12. Thus, f is decreasing in ( d, 12) and
functions on the real line , then f (x) g (x) is increasing in ( 12, d). Similarly, ga(x) 1 2x g is
also a monotonic function. decreasing for x 1/2 and increasing for x 1/2.
II: If f (x) is a continuous decreasing function for all Answer: (A)
x 0 and f (1) is positive, then f (x) 0 exactly at
one value of x. 107. Consider the following two propositions P1 and P2.
Then P1: If f and g are increasing functions on [a, b], then
(A) both I and II are true f g is also increasing on ;a, b=.
P2: If f (x) x and g (x) 1 x are defined on ;0, 1=,
(B) both I and II are false
then the product fg g is increasing on ;0, 1=.
(C) I is true and II is false Then
(D) I is false and II is true (A) both P1 and P2 are true
Solution: (B) P1 is true, but P2 is false
I: Consider f (x) x sinx
n and g(x) x.
Since (C) P1 is false whereas P2 is true
f a(x) 1 cos x r 0 (D) both P1 and P2 are false
and ga(x) 1 0 Solution: P1 is true: Let x1, x2 ;a, b= and x1 x2. Now
we have that f is increasing and g is strictly decreasing. ( )( 1 ) f ( 1 ) g( 1 )
But f (x) g (x) sin x is neither increasing nor decreas-
b f ( 2 ) g(( 2 ) ( f g are increasing))
ing for x 0. Observe that the monotonicity nature of
sin x can be decided on an interval only. Thus (I) is ( )( 2)
false.
Therefore, f g is increasing.
II: Consider the function
P2 is false: We have
1
f( ) , x 0 ( )(x) f (x)g(x) x x2
(fg
x
so that
1 «1 2 x 0 x 1//2
f( ) f a( x ) 0 ( )a ( ) ¬
x2 1 2 x 0 x 1//2
Hence f is continuous and decreasing for x 0. But Thus, fg decreases for x 12 and increases for x 12.
f (x) x 0 for all x x 0. Thus (II) is false. That is, in [0, 1/2], fg
g is increasing and in [1/2, 1], fgg is
decreasing. Thus P2 is not true.
Answer: (B)
Answer: (B)
106. Consider the following two statements.
108. The function f (x) xe 3x
P: If f is differentiable and strictly increasing on ,
f (x) 0 for all x .
then fa (A) increases on
Q: If f (x) and g(x) are not monotonic functions on (B) decreases on
, then f (x) g(x) is also not monotonic on . (C) increases in ( d, 1/3)
Then
(D) decreases in ( d, 1/3)
(A) both P and Q are false
(B) P is false and Q is true Solution: Differentiating the given function we have
(C) P is true whereas Q is false f (x) e 3x x( 3)e 3x e 3x(1 3x)
fa
(D) both P and Q are true
We know that e 3x 0 for all real x. Therefore
3
Solution: P is false: Consider f ( x) x , x . Then
f a(x) 0 1 3x 0
f (x) 3x 0
fa 2
for xx0 1

Thus f is strictly increasing on and fa
f (0) 0. 3
Q is also false: Let f (x) x2 x and g(x) x x2 so that f f (x) 0 for all x 13 and hence f increases in
So fa
and g are not monotonic on . But the sum f (x) ( d, 13) and decreases in (1/3, d).
g(x) 2x is monotonic on .
Answer: (C)
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109. In [0, 1], f is twice differentiable and f q(x) 0. Let m 3 or m 0

E (x) f (x) f (1 x
) So, m ( d, 3) (0, d).
for x [0, 1]. Then Answer: (A)
(A) E is increasing on [0, 1]
111. Let f be differentiable on Z and
(B) E is decreasing on [0, 1]
h(x) f (x) [f
[ (x)]2 [f
[ (x)]3
(C) E increases on [1/2, 1]
(D) E decreases on [1/2, 1] Then
(A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing
Solution: Differentiating the given function we have
(B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
F a(
a ) f a( ) f a ( )
(C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing or
ffq(x) 0 for x [0, 1] fa
f (x) is decreasing in [0, 1]. There- increasing
fore (D) h is decreasing whenever f is increasing
1 Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
x1 xx
2
haa( x) f a( x) 2 f ( x) f a( x) 3 f 2 ( x) f a( x)
so that for 0 b x b 12, we have f a( x )[ f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) ]
F a(
a ) f a( ) f a ( ) 0 f a( x ) ¨ ¥ 2
1´ 2·
©§ f ( x ) ¸
Therefore E is increasing in [0, 1/2]. Again 3 ª 3¶ 9¹
x 1 x x 12 Therefore
Therefore (& f a is decreasing) haa( x) r 0 f a( x) r 0
1 So h is increasing whenever f is increasing.
f a( x) f a( x) 0 for bxb1
2 Answer: (A)
So F a(
a ) 0 in [1/2, 1]. E is decreasing in [1/2, 1].
112. The function f (x) sin4 x cos4 x increases if
Answer: (D)
P P 3P
(A) 0 x (B) x
110. If f (x) (m 2)x 3mx 9mx 1 decreases on Z,
3 2 8 4 8
then m belongs to 3P 5P 5P 3P
(C) x (D) x
(A) ( d, 3) (0, d) (B) ( d, 3] 8 8 8 4
(C) ( d, 0] (0, 3] (D) [ 1, 0] (0, 1] Solution: We have
si 4 x cos
f ( x) sin c 4x
f a( x) 3((m ) x 2 6 mx 9 m (sin 2 x cos
c 2 x )2 sin 2 x cos2 x
3[(m 2) x 2 mx m] 1
1 sin 2 2 x
Since f is decreasing on Z, we have f a( x) b 0 x Z. 2
Therefore Differentiating we get
( ) 2 2 mx 3m b 0 x Z
)x 1
f a( x) ( si sin 2 x)(cos 2 xx)(
)(2)
2
So,
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
4m2 12m(m 2) b 0 and m20 sin 4 x
m2 3m(m2) b 0 and m 2
2m(m3) b 0 and m 2 Now sin 4x 0, if sin 4x 0. But sin 4x 0, if O 4x
m(m3) r 0 and m 2 O 2 or 3O
3O O 2 4x 2O.
O Therefore
m b 3 or m 0 and m 2 P 3P 3P P
mb 3 or mr0 sin 4 00,, if x or x
4 8 8 2
But, when m 3 or m 0, f (x) is not decreasing for all
x Z (check this point). Therefore So (B) is the correct answer.
Answer: (B)
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113. If f is a real-valued function defined on such 0 x 1 li l ge d

xm0 0
that
f a( x) e x ( x ))(( x ) so that
then f decreases in the interval lim 4 ( x) d
xm0 0
(A) ( d, 2) (B) ( 2, 1)
So f4(x) 0 in (0, 1). This implies log e x x in (0, 1).
(C) (1, 2) (D) (2, d)
Hence (D) is not the correct answer.
Solution: We have to determine the values of x for
Answer: (B)
a x) 0. Observe that e x 0 . Therefore
which f a(
a x) 0 (x
f a( ( )( x ) 0 115. If f (x) x ex(1 x), then f (x) is
1 x 2 (A) increasing in [−1/2, 1]
Hence, (C) is the correct answer. (B) decreasing in [−1/2, 1]
Answer: (C) (C) increasing in
(D) decreasing in
114. For all x (0, 1)
(A) ex 1 x (B) loge(1 x) x x) x)
f a( x ) e x ( x e x( ( x)
(C) sin x x (D) loge x x
x( x ) 2
e [ x x ]
Solution:
x( x )
e [ x 2 x 1]
(A) Let f1(x) ex 1 x. Then
e x(1 x ) (2 x 1)( x 1)
f1a ( x) e x 1 0 f x0
Now
So f1(x) increases in (0, 1). Therefore
a x) r 0 ( x ))(( x ) b 0
f a(
0 x f1(0) f1(x)
¨ 1 ·
0 f1(x) ex (1 x) © , 1
ª 2 ¹¹̧
ex 1 x
So f increases in [ 1/2, 1] and decreases in ( d, 12)
So (A) is not the correct answer. (1, d). Thus (A) is correct.
(B) Let f2(x) loge(1 x) x. Then Note: If f (x) xex(x 1), then f a( x) e x( x ) ( x 2 x
1 x ) 0 x and hence f (x) increases in .
f2 a ( x ) 1 0 f x 0 Answer: (A)
1 x 1 x
So f2(x) is decreasing for x 0. Therefore 116. If f (x) is a function whose derivative is
2
)2 x4
0 x f2(0) f2(x) e (x ( x) e ( x)
0 f2 (x) loge (1 x) x then f (x) increases in
loge (1 x) x for x 0 (A) (1, 2) (B) no value of x
So (B) is the correct answer. (C) (0, d) (D) ( d, 0)
(C) Let f3 (x) sin x x. Then
Solution: Given that
f3a ( x) cos x 1 0 f x0 4
x2 1
f a( x) ( x)e x (e )
So f3 (x) is decreasing for x 0. Therefore ( x)e ( x
2
) 2
( e2 x
2
1
)
x 0 f3 (x) f3 (0) 0 2
sin x x Since ex 1, for x 0, we have 1 2 1 0 for all x.

Therefore f a(x) 0, only when x 0. So f (x) increases in
Hence (C) is not the correct answer ( d, 0).
(D) Let f4(x) loge x x. Then Answer: (D)
1 1 x
f4 a ( x ) 1 0 ( 0 x 1) 117. The function f (x) 2 log(x 2) x2 4x 1
x x
Therefore f4(x) is increasing in (0, 1). So,
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(A) increases in (2, 3) Hence a ( d, 2 5 ) ( 5 , d).

(B) decreases in (2, 3) Answer: (A)
(C) increases in (3, d)
(D) cannot be determined 119. Consider the function
Solution: Note that f (x) is defined for x > 2. Now ®« x e

ax
for x b 0
f ( x) ¬
2 3
2 ® x ax x for x 0
f a( x ) 2x 4
x 2 where a 0 is constant. Then f a x) is
2
2(( x ) ¥ 2 a ´
x 2 (A) increasing in ,
§ a 3¶
2[1 ( x 2)2 ]
¥a ´
x 2 (B) increasing in ,d
§3 ¶
2(1 2)(1 2)

x 2 ¥ 2 a ´
(C) decreasing in ,
2 § a 3¶
( 1)( 2)( 3)
( 2) 2 ¥ 2 ´
(D) increasing in d,
Therefore, f a(x) 0 for x 1 or 2 x 3. But § a¶
x 2 fa
f (x) 0 for x (2, 3) Solution: Differentiating the given function we have
So f increases in (2, 3). Thus, (A) is the correct answer. «®e ax (ax ) for x b 0
f a( x ) ¬
Answer: (A) 2
®1 2ax 3 x f x0
for
118. The set of all values of the parameter a for each of «2ae ax a 2 x e ax f xb0
f aa( x) ¬
which the function
2a 6 x fo x 0
f (x) sin 2x 8(a 1) sin x (4a2 8a 14)x We determine the values of x for which f q x) r 0.
increases for all x Z and has no critical points is 2
(i) f q( x) 0 at x when x b 0
(A) ( , 2 5) ( 5, ) a
(B) ( , 5)) ( 5, ) a
(ii) f q( x) 0 at x when x 0
3
(C) ( , 0) (0, )
Also, when x b 0,
(D) ( , 5) ( d, )
2
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get f q( x) ae ax ( ax) 0 if x
a
f a( x) 2 cos x (a 1)cos x 4a 2 8a 14 When x 0,
2 2
4 coss x (a 1)))cos x 4a 8a 16 a
f q( x) 2a 6 x 0 if x
4 [(cos x (a 1)2 5] 0 3
ith s (a 1) 5
f (x) 0 if 2a x a3. Hence fa
Therefore fq f (x) increases
or cos ((aa 1)) 5 in ( 2a, a3).
for all x Z . That is Answer: (A)
cos x a 1 5 for all real x 120. The function f (x) 3cos4 x 10cos3 x 6cos2 x 3,
or cos ((aa 1)) 5 for all x 0 b x b O is
¥ P´
But 1 b cos x b 1 for all real x. Therefore, (A) increasing in 0,
§ 2¶
either 1 a 1 5 1 a1 5
¥ P 2P ´
(B) increasing in ,
So §2 3 ¶
P 2P
5 2 5 a (C) decreasing in ¥ , ´
§2 3 ¶
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(D) neither increasing nor decreasing in [0, O ] (−2, 2) y (2, 2)
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get 1
f a( x) 12 cos3 x( sin x) −2 2 x
30 cos2 x( sin x) 12 cos x( sin x)
3sin 2x (2cos2 x 5 cos x 2)
3sin 2x (2cos x 1)(cos x 2) FIGURE 3.21 Single correct choice type question 121.
Observe that cos [0, ]. Therefore See Fig. 3.21. Clearly f is discontinuous at x 0. But this
cannot disturb the local extremity of the function. Clearly
f a( x) 0 sin
in x(2 coss x ) 0 f 0b xbP
in a neighbourhood of zero,
(i) When 0 b x b O,
O
f ( x) x f( )
P
sin 2 x 0 x P Hence f has local maximum at x 0.
2 Note: This question is purely based on the concept.
1 Answer: (A)
and 2 cos 1 0 cos x
2
2P l g | x | bx 2 x has its extremum val-
122. If f ( x) a log
x
3 ues at x 1 and x 2, then
1 1
(ii) We have (A) a ,b (B) a ,b2
2 2
P
sin 2 x 0 0 x 1 1
2 (C) a ,b (D) a ,b
2 2
1 2P
and cos x x Solution: f (x) is defined for all x ≠ 0. Now
2 3
a
From (i) and (ii) we have sin (2 cos ) 0 for x f a( x ) 2bx 1
x
¥ P 2P ´
, . Since x 1 and x 2 are critical points, we have
§2 3 ¶
f a( ) a 2 b 1 0 (3.38)
¥ P 2P ´
Therefore f a( x) 0 fo x , .
§2 3 ¶ a
and f a( ) 0 4b 1 0 (3.39)
2
¥ P 2P ´
This implies f is increasing in , .
§2 3 ¶ Solving Eqs. (3.38) and (3.39), we get
Answer: (B) 1
a ,b
«x for 0 x b 2 2
121. Let f ( x) ¬
for x 0 Answer: (C)
1
Then at x 0, f has
123. Let P( x) y a0 a1 x 2 a2 x 4 an x 2 n be a polyno-
(A) a local maximum mial in real variable x with 0 a0 a1 a2 an.
(B) no local maximum The function P(x) has
(C) a local minimum (A) neither maximum nor minimum
(D) no extremum (B) only one maximum
(C) only one minimum
Solution: We have
(D) only one maximum and only one minimum
« xx for 2 b x 0
® Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
f ( x) ¬1 for x 0
®x for 0 x b 2 Paa( x) 2a1 x 4a2 x 3 ( n)an x 2 n 1

Since all the powers of x are odd and coefficients are posi-
tive, P a(x) x 0 for all real x x 0 and P a(0) 0. Thus x 0 is
the only critical point. Further,
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P q 0 2a1 0 and equality holds when x 2, y 3. Therefore, the min-

imum value of Z is 3.
Hence P(x) has only one minimum at x 0.
Answer: (D)
Answer: (C)
127. The value of “a” such that the sum of the squares of
124. On the interval [0, 1], the function x25 (1 x) 75 takes the roots of the equation
its maximum value at the point
x2 (a 2) x a 1 0
(A) 0 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/3
assumes least value is
Solution: Let f (x) = x25 (1 x) 75. Differentiating we get
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
f a( x) 25 x 24 ( x)75 75x 25 ( x)74
Solution: Let @,
@ A be the roots. Therefore
x 24 ( x)74 [ (1 x) x]
@ A a 2, @ A (a1)
x 244 (1 )7744 (25
(25 100 )
Let
Also 0 x 1 and f a(x) 0 x 14.
Z A 2 B2
Now
(A B )2 2AB
1
x f a( x ) 0 (a 2)2 2(a 1)
4
a2 2a 6
1
and x f a( x ) 0
4 Then
That is f a(x) changes sign from positive to negative (see dZ

0 2a 2 0a1
the testing procedure given in Sec. 3.4.1). Therefore, f (x) da
has maximum at x 14. Also
Note that f q(0) f q (1) 0.
d2Z
Answer: (B) 2 0
da 2
125. The minimum value of Thus Z is minimum at a 1.
f (x) x x x 2x x 2x 9
8 6 4 3 2 Answer: (C)
on the real number set Z is 128. f (x) 2 (x 1)23 is maximum at
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 0 (D) 3 (A) x 1 (B) x 1
Solution: The given function can be written as (C) x 0 (D) x 2 2
(x4
f ( x) (x )2 (x
(x3 )2 (x
(x2 )2 (x
(x )2 5 r 5 Solution: The given function is continuous real x.
Now,
for all real x and equality holds if and only if x 1. There-
fore, the minimum value of f is 5 and it attains its mini- 2
a x) ( x ) 1/3
f a(
mum value at x 1. 3
Answer: (B) so that f a(1) does not exist. Also f a(x) x 0 for any value of
x x 1. Hence x 1 is the only critical point for f (x). Also
126. The minimum value of
x 1 f a(x) 0
Z 2x2 2xy y2 2x 2y
2 2
is and x 1 f a(x) 0
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3 Thus, f a(x) changes sign from positive to negative at
x = 1. Hence, f is maximum at x 1.
Solution: The given function can be written as
Answer: (B)
Z ( x y )2 (x
( x )2 3 r 3 x y
129. f (x) is a function satisfying the following condi-
tions.
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(i) f (0) 2, f (1) 1

5 (A) 2 65 (B) 3 65
(ii) f has minimum value at x and
2 (C) 4 65 (D) 5 65
2ax 2ax 1 2ax b 1
Solution: Since P(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, let
(iii) f a( x) b b1 1
P(x) ax3 bx2 cx d
2((ax b) ax b 1 2ax b
Therefore
for all x where a and b are constants.
Then P( 1) 10 a b c d 10 (3.42)
1 5 1 5 P(1) 6 a b c d 6 (3.43)
(A) a ,b (B) a ,b
4 4 4 4 New
1 5 1 5
(C) a ,b (D) a ,b Pa(x) 3ax2 2bx c
4 4 4 4
Pa(x) has local minimum at x 1 Pq(1) 0. That is
Solution: On f a(x) perform the following elementary
row operation. That is, applying R3 R1 2R2 we get 6a 2b 0
3a b 0 (3.44)
2ax 2ax 1 2ax b 1
Now P(x) has maximum at x 1 Pa( 1) 0. This
f a( x ) b b1 1
means
0 0 1
3a 2b c 0 (3.45)
Therefore
Solving Eqs. (3.42) (3.45), we obtain that a 1, b 3,
f a( x) 2ax(b
(b ) b( ax ) c 9, d 5. Therefore
2ax b P(x) x3 3x2 9x 5
f has local minimum at x 5/2. This implies Differentiating we get
¥ 5´
fa 0 Paa( x) 3 x 2 6 x 9
§ 2¶
¥ 5´ ( 2 x )
3(x
2a b 0
§ 2¶ 3(x
( )( x )
5a b 0 (3.40) So P a(x) 0 x 3, 1. Also
Now, Pq(x) 6x 6
f a( x) 2ax b This implies
Pq(3) 12 0
f ( x) ax 2 bx c
and Pq( 1) 12 0
where c is constant. Again
( ) is maximum at x 1 and minimum at x 3.
Therefore, P(x
f (0) 2 c 2 Let A and B be the points on the curve y P(x) at
and f (1) 1 a b 2 1 which P(x) is maximum and minimum, respectively.
Therefore A ( , 10) and B (3, 22). So
This gives
a b 1 (3.41) Distance AB ( )2 ( )2
Solving Eqs. (3.40) and (3.41), we get 16 1024
1 5 1040
a b
4 4 16 s 65
Answer: (A) 4 65
Answer: (C)
130. If p(x) is a polynomial of degree 3 satisfying P( 1)
10, P(1) 6, Pa(x) has local minima at x 1 and « 2 x a 2 9a 9 f x 2
P(x) has maximum at x 1, then the distance 131. Let f ( x) ¬
between local maxima and local minima of the 2 x 3 f xr2
curve is where a is a positive constant. If f (x) has local min-
imum at x 2, then a lies in the interval
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(A) (0, 1= (B) ;10, d) Now r 1 r 1 3.

(C) ;1, 10= (D) ;2, 10) Answer: (B)
Solution: Since f has local minimum at x 2, we have
f (x) f (2) for all x 2. Therefore 133. The values of the perameter “a” for which the val-
ues of the function
lim f ( ) r f ( ) 1
xm2 0 f (x) x3 6x2 9x a
So at the point x 2 and at the points of extremum,
a2 9a 9 r taken in a certain order, form a geometric progres-
which implies that sion are
8 4 8 4
( )( )r0 (A) , (B) ,
3 3 3 3
ab 1 a r 10 8 4 8 4
(C) , (D) ,
But a is positive. Hence a r 10. That is a [10, d). Note 3 3 3 3
that when a 10,
Solution: We have
«3 x f x2
f ( x) ¬ f (x) x3 6x2 9x a
2 x 3 f xr2
Now
so that f is continuous at 2, f a(2) does not exist and
f a( x) x x Z. Therefore, x 2 is a critical point and f (2) a 2 (3.46)
f a(x) changes sign from negative to positive at x 2. 2
f a( x) 0 3 x 12 x 9 0
Answer: (B)
3(( 2 x ) 0
132. The sum of an infinitely decreasing geometric pro- 3(( )( x ) 0
gression is equal to the least value of the function 1, 3
25 Now,
f ( x) 3 x 2 x
12
f (1) a 4 (3.47)
and the first term of the progression is equal to the and f (3) a (3.48)
square of its common ratio. Then, the common ratio is
(A) 2 1 (B) 3 1 By hypothesis f (2) a 2, f (1) a 4 and f (3) a form
a geometric progression taken in a certain order. We can
2 2 easily show that a, a 2, a 4 cannot be in GP. So
(C) 2 3 (D)
3
a, a 4, a 2 are in GP (a 4)2 a (a 2)
Solution: Differentiating the given function we have 6a 16
8
1
f a( x ) 6 x 1 0 x 3
6
Again
f q(x) 6 f is minimum at x 16 and the least value of
f is a 2, a, a 4 are in GP ( ))(( ) a 2
6 8 0
¥ 1´ 3 1 25
f 2 4
§ 6 ¶ 36 6 12
3
Let r be the common ratio ( ) so that the progres-
sion is r 2 , r 3 , r 4 { . By hypothesis, Therefore a 83, 43.
Answer: (D)
r2
2
1 r 134. The number of minima of the polynomial
2
2r 2 0 f (x) 10x6 24x5 15x4 40x2 108
2 p 4 8 is
1 p 3
2 (A) 5 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
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Solution: Differentiating the given function we have 136. Let f (x) 5 4 (x 2)23. Then at x 2, f (x)
(A) attains minimum value
f a( x) 60 x 5 120 x 4 60 x 3 80 x
(B) attains maximum value
20x[3x4 6x3 3x2 4] (C) is neither maximum nor minimum value
20x[3x2 (x 1)2 4] (D) is not defined
Therefore Solution: Differentiating we get
f a(x) 0 x 0 8
a x) ( x ) 1/ 3
f a(
3
So x 0 is the only critical point. Also f a(x) changes sign
from negative to positive at x 0. Hence, f is minimum at a x) x x x 2 and f a(2) is not defined. Hence, x 2 is
f a(
x 0 and the minimum value of f is 108. the only critical point. Also
Answer: (B) f a(x) 0 for x 2
1 x2 and f a(x) 0 for x 2

135. For x r 0, the least value of the expression is
1 x Thus, f is maximum at x 2.
(A) 2 (B) 1
Answer: (B)
(C) 2( 2 1) (D) 2( 2 1)
Solution: Let 137. As x varies over all real numbers, the range of the
function
1 x2
f ( x) , xr0 x2 3x 4
1 x f ( x) 2
x 3x 4
is
x( x) 1(( x 2 )
2x(
f a( x ) ¨ 1 ·
( x )2 (A) [ 7, 7] (B) © , 7
ª 7 ¹¹̧
x2 2x 1
1 1
(1 x)2 (C) ¨© , 7 · (D) ¥ d, ´ ( , d)
ª 7 ¹¹̧ § 7¶
2
1 Solution: The given function can be written as
(1 x)2
6x
Now f ( x) 1
x 2 3x 4
a x ) 0 ( x )2 2
f a(
Observe that
(p ) 1
2
¥ 3´ 7
Now x r 0 x 2 1 is the only critical point. Also x 2 3x
3x 4 x 0
§ 2¶ 4
4
f q( x) for all real x. Now
( x )3
6[[ ( x 2 3 x 4) x(2 x 3)]
4 f a( x )
and f q( ) 0 ( x 2 x )2
2 2
6(( x 2 )
f is least at x 2 1 and the least value is
( x x )2
2
1 ( )2 2
f( ) 6( 4)
1 2 1
( 2 3 4) 2
4 2 2 6( 2)( 2)

2 ( 2
3 4) 2
2 2 2
Now f a(x) 0 x 2, 2. That is 2, 2 are the only critical
2( 2 1) points. Also
Answer: (D)
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f a(x) 0 when x 2 Differentiating we get

and f a(x) 0 when x 2 [ b( b2 ) b2 ( b)]
maa(b)
Hence f is maximum at x 2. Similary, we can see that ( b 2 )2
f is minimum at x 2. Therefore 2b

4 64 1 ( b 2 )2
Minimum value of f f( )
464 7
So ma(b) 0 b 0. Now,
464 b 0 ma(b) 0
Maximum value of f f ( ) 7
4 64
and b 0 ma(b) 0
So
¨1 · Hence m(b) is maximum at b 0 and the maximum value
Range of f © , 7 of m(b) m(0) 1 [by Eq. (3.49)]. Also
ª 7 ¹¹̧
Answer: (C) b2 1
m(b) 1 2
0
1 b b2
Try it out Try the above problem by using qua- That is m(b) 0 and m(b) b 1 and m(b) 1 when b 0.
dratic equation. So
Range of m(b) (0, 1=
138. Let f (x) (1b2)x2 2bx 1. Let m(b) be the mini-
Answer: (D)
mum value of f (x) (that is least value). As b varies,
the range of m(b) is
139. The maximum value of f ( x) cos x sin x on the
(A) [0, 1] (B) (0, 12] interval [0, O 2] is
(C) [12, 1] (D) (0, 1] (A) 21 2 3 3/ 4
(B) 21 2 33 / 4
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get (C) 2 3 / 4 31/ 2 (D) 2 3 / 4 3 1/ 2
f a(x) 2(1b2)x2b Solution: We have f ( x) cos sin x . So,

Now ¥P´
f( ) f 0
b § 2¶
f a( x ) 0 x
1 b2 P
and f ( x) 0 f 0x
2
So
b
x f a( x ) 0 ¥ 1 ´
1 b2 f a( x) sin x sin x cos x ¦ cos x
§ 2 sin x µ¶
b cos2 x
and x 2
f a( x ) 0 (sin )3 / 2
1 b 2 sin x
2
So f is minimum at x b(1b ) and the minimum value
2
2 si x cos2 x
of f (x) is
2 sin x
¥ b ´ ¥ b ´ 2
2b 2 1 3 sin 2 x
f (1 b2 ) ¦ 1
§ 1 b ¶
2 µ 2 sin x
§ (1 b ) ¶ 1 b2
2 2
b2 2b2 b2 Now ( ) we have

2
2
1 1 2
1 b 1 b 1 b 1
f a( x) 0 sin x
Therefore 3
Also f a(x) 0 when sin 1/ 3 and f a(x) 0 when
b2
m(b) 1 (3.49) sin 1/ 3 . Therefore, f is maximum when sin 1/ 3
1 b2 and the maximum value of f is
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1 ´ 1 1 Now f a(x) 0 x 25. Also f (x) is defined and continu-

¥
f ¦ Sin 1 µ 1 21 2 3 3/4 ous at x 0, f is not differentiable at x 0. Thus, zero is a
§ 3¶ 3 3 critical point. Therefore, 0 and 2/5 are critical points of
Answer: (A) f (x).
(i) x 0 f a(x) 0 and x 0 f a(x) 0. Therefore at
140. The greatest value of the function x 0, f is maximum and the maximum value
x f (0) 0.
f ( x) 2
ax b (ii) x /5 f a( x) 0 x 2/5 f a( x) 0. Thus f is
is minimum at x 25 and the minimum value
2 1
(A) (B) ¥ 2´ 3¥ 4´
1/3
ab 2 ab f
§ 5¶ 5 § 25 ¶
(C) 2 ab (d) 2ab
Answer: (C)
142. Consider the function f (x) x3 3x3 on the inter-
(ax 2 b) x( ax) val [ 3, 3/2]. Let M Max f (x) and m Min f (x) on
f a( x )
(ax 2 b)2 [ 3, 3/2]. Then
b ax 2 (A) M 15, m 5 (B) M 5, m 15

(ax 2 b)2 (C) M 15, m 5 (D) M 5, m 15
So Solution: Differentiating the given function we have
b f a(x) 3x2 3 3 (x2 1)
f a( x ) 0 x p
a
Therefore f a(x) 0 x p1. That is 1, 1 are the only
Now critical points. Now
b f q(x) 6x f q (1) 0 and f q( 1) 0.
x b ax 2 0
a Therefore, f is maximum at x 1 and minimum at
b x 1. Let
and x b ax 2 0
a « ¥ 3´ º
S ¬ f ( )),, f ( ), f ( ), f
§ 2 ¶ »¼
Therefore, f a(x) changes sign from positive to negative
at x b/a . Hence, f is maximum at x
maximum value is
b/aa and the
[
]
¥ b´ b/a 1 According to the procedure given in Sec. 3.4.2, the maxi-
f¦ µ mum of f (x) 5 M and m minimum of f (x) 15 on
§ a ¶ a(b / a) b 2 ab
the interval [ 3, 3/2].
Answer: (B) Answer: (B)
141. The number of values of x at which the function 143. Let f (x) sin x cos2x, x [0, O
O]. Let m be the number
f (x) (x 1) x23 has extremum values is of values of x at which f (x) is minimum and n be the
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1 number of values of x at which f (x) is maximum.
Then
(A) m 2, n 2 (B) m 2, n 1
2 (C) m 3, n 2 (D) m 1, n 2
f a( x) x 2// ( x ) x 1/ 3
3 Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
3x 2( x )

3 x 1/ 3 f a( x) cos x cos2 x 2 sin 2 x cos x
5x 2
cos x[cos2 x sin 2 x]
3 x 1/ 3
cos x[3 cos2 x 22]
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Now f a x) 0 implies (A) one maximum and one minimum

(B) only one maximum
2
cos 0 cos x p (C) only one minimum
3
P ¥ 2´ (D) neither maximum nor minimum
1 ¥ 2´
or x Cos 11 ¦ µ , Cos ¦§ µ¶
2 § 3 ¶ 3 Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
Again differentiating we get f a(x) 1 sec2 x 0
f q( x) sin x(3coss2 x ) cos x( 6 cos x sin x) So f is strictly increasing. Therefore, f has neither maxi-
mum nor minimum.
Now
Answer: (D)
¥P´
fq 1( 2) 2 0 146. The range of the function f (x) x (log x)2 is
§ 2¶
¥ (A) ;1, e2= (B) ;0, 4e 2=
2´ ¥ 2´
f q ¦ Cos 1 µ¶ 0 6 § 3 ¶ ( ) 0 (C) ;0, e2= (D) ;0, e=
§ 3
Similary, f qCos 1 2 / 3 is also negative. Therefore Solution: f (x) x (log x)2 is defined for all x 0. Now
m 1, n 2. 2(log x) x
f a( x) (log x)2
Answer: (D) x
x log x(l g x )
144. The range of the function f ( x) , x Z is
1 x2 Therefore
¨ 1 1·
(A) © , (B) [ 1, 0] f a( x) 0 x 1 or x e 2
ª 2 2 ¹¹̧
Now,
¨ 1 ·
(C) [ 2, 1] (D) © , 0 2 logg x 2
ª 2 ¹¹̧ f q( x )
x x
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get f q( ) 2 0
1(( x 2 ) x( x) and f q(e 2) 4e2 2e2 0
f a( x ) 2 2
( x )
Hence, f is minimum at x 1 and maximum at x e 2.

1 x Now

( x 2 )2 f (1) 0
( x )( x )
and f (e 2) e 2(log e 2)2 4e 2
( x 2 )2
Therefore
Therefore
Range of f ;0, 4e 2=
f a(x) 0 x p1
Answer: (B)
(i) x 1 f a(x) 0 and x 1 f a(x) 0.
Therefore, f is minimum at x 1 and the minimum
147. The number of critical points for the function
value f ( 1) 12.
(ii) x 1 f a(x) 0 and x 1 f a(x) 0. 1 3 P 2
Therefore, f is maximum at x 1 and the maximum f ( x) sin P x (sin )tan x
)t
3 8 P
value f (1) 12. where O P 2OO is
So
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
¨ 1 1·
Range of f © , ¸
ª 2 2¹ Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
Answer: (A) 1
f a( x ) sin (3 tan 2 x s 2 x) (sin
( in )sec 2 x
(s
3
145. The function f (x) x tan x has
sin P ta 2 x 2
x (sin ) sec 2 x
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Now 2(2 1)( 2)

i P tan 2 x sii P 1 0
a x) 0 sin
f a( (1 2 )2
2 1 sin P Since 1 t < 1, t 1/2 is the only critical point. Also

t 0 ( )
sin P
1
F a(
a )0 f t
which is absurd. Therefore, f (x) has no critical points. 2
Answer: (D) 1
and F a(
a )0 f t
2
x2 1
148. Let f ( x) , x Z. Then the minimum value Hence E is minimum at t 12. Now
x2 1 Least value of f (x) on (0, O)
O Least value of E on ( 1, 1)
of f
2
(A) does not exist because f is unbounded ¥ 1´
2
(B) is not attained even though f is bounded § 2 ¶
3
1
(C) is equal to 1 1
4
(D) is equal to 1
(See Note after Example 3.16.)
Solution: We have for x Z
Answer: (B)
2
x 1 2
f ( x) 150. Let f x) x 5 x 6 , x [0, 2.4]. Then, the sum
x2 1 of the maximum and minimum values of f on [0,
x2 1 2 2.4] is

x2 1 (A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 6.5 (D) 5.5
2
1 2 Solution: The given function can be written as
x 1
f ( x) (x
(x (x
))(x )
Now
«® x 2 5 x 6, 0bxb2
2(
( x) 4x ¬
f a( x ) 2
( x 2 )2 ( x 2 )2 ® (x
(x x )),, 2 x b 2.4
Therefore f a(x) 0 x 0. Also at x 0, f a(x) changes Now differentiating we get

sign from negative to positive. Hence, f is minimum at « 2 x 5, 0 b x b 2
x 0 and the minimum value f (0) 1. a x) ¬
f a(
2 x 5, 2 x b 2.4
Answer: (D)
Now
2
¥ 2 cos x ´ 2
149. For x (0, O ), the least value of f ( x) f a( x ) 0 x [ , 2. ]
§ sin x ¶ 5
is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 3 Also f a( ) does not exist. Therefore x 2 is the only
Solution: We have critical point. f a(
a x) changes sign from negative to posi-
tive. So f is minimum at x 2 and the minimum value
( cos x)2 f (2) 0.
f ( x) Also f (0) 6 and f (2.4) 0.24. Therefore, on the inter-
sin 2 x
val [0, 2.4],
Put t cos x so that 1 t 1. Let
Minimum value of f Maximum value of f 0 6 6
( )2 Answer: (A)
F( ) , 1 t 1
1 t2
151. A closed circular cylinder of volume k cubic units
Differentiating we get is to be formed with minimum amount of material.
The ratio of its height to the radius of the base is
2(( ))(( 2 ) (( )( )2
F a(
a ) (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 3/2
( 2 )2
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Solution: Let h be the height and r the radius of its Solution: Let R be the radius of the sphere. Then
base. By hypothesis,
2
¥ h´
O r2h k (constant) (3.50) r 2 R2 (3.52)
§ 2¶
Let S be the total surface area of the cylinder. Therefore
Let V is the volume of the cylinder, so that
S 2O r2 2O rh
V O r2 h
¥ k ´
2P 2 2P r [from Eq. (3.50)] ¥ 2´
§ Pr2 ¶ P h ¦ R 2 h µ [from Eq. (3.52)]
§ 4¶
2 2k
2P Differentiating we get
r
where 2O r sum of the areas of the base and the top and dV 3P h2
2O rh is the lateral surface area. Therefore differentiating P R2
dh 4
we get
Now
dS 2k
4P r 2 dV 4R2
dr r 0 h2
dh 3
Now 2
h R
dS k 3
0 r3
dr 2P
1/3
Also since h 0
¥ k´ (3.51)
r
§ 2P ¶ d 2V 3P
2
h0
Since r 0, k 0, we have dh 2
So, V is greatest, when h R 3 . In such a case
2R/
d2S 4k
4 0
dr 2 r3 h2 4R2 R2
r2 R2 R2
So, S is minimum when r (k 2O)
O 13. Hence 4 3 4 3
Therefore
h k/P r 2

r r 2
r R
k 1 3
3
P r
k 2P 2R ¥ 2 ´
[from Eq. (3.51)] and h 2¦ R 2r
P k 3 § 3 µ¶
2
Answer: (D)
Answer: (C)
153. From a rectangular cardboard of size 3 s 8, equal
152. If h is the height and r is the radius of the base square pieces are removed from the four cor-
of a circular cylinder of greatest volume that can be ners, and an open rectangular box is formed from
inscribed in a given sphere, then h is equal to (Fig. the remaining. The maximum volume of the
3.22) box is
(A) 2r (B) 3r 250 250
(A) cubic units (B) cubic units
(C) 3 r (D) 2 r 6 3
200
(C) 125 cubic units cubic units
(D)
27
Solution: See Fig. 3.23. Let x be the side of the square
h
piece removed. Therefore the dimensions of the box are
R 3 − 2x, 8 − 2x and x.
r

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8 8 s 26 ¥ 13 ´
x x 4 0,
52 § 2¶
3 3
Also
x x
8 d2S
20 32 0
FIGURE 3.23 Single correct choice type question 153. dx 2
Let V be the volume of the box so that Therefore S is least at x 4.
V x(3 2x) (8 2x) Answer: (B)
Now, 155. If h is the height of a circular cone of greatest vol-

dV ume of given slant height l, then h is equal to
( x )( x) x( x)( ) x( x)(
( ) l l
dx (A) (B) (C) 3 l (D) 2 l
(24 22x 4x2) (4x2 16x) (4x2 6x) 3 2
12x2 44x 24
4(3x2 11x 6)
4(3x 2)(x 3)
Therefore the critical points are x 23 and x 3. Now x 3 h l
is impossible. Hence x 23 is the only critical point. So
d 2V r
24 x 44
dx 2
¥ d 2V ´ ¥ 2´
¦ 24 44 28 0
§ dx 2 µ¶ x 2 § 3¶ Solution: See Fig. 3.24. Let r be the radious of the base
3
circle. Therefore
Hence, V is maximum at x 23 and the maximum
h2 r 2 l 2 (ll is constant)
volume is
The volume of the cone is
2¥ 4´ ¥ 4 ´ 2 ¥ 5 ´ ¥ 20 ´ 200
3 8 cubic unitss 1 2 P 2
3§ 3¶ § 3 ¶ 3 § 3¶ § 3 ¶ 27 V Pr h (l h 2 )h
3 3
Answer: (D)
154. Let x, y, z be positive numbers such that
dV P 2
(l h2 )
x y z 26 and y 3x dh 3
If x2 y2 z2 is to be least, then the value of x is Now
(A) 3 (B) 4
dV l
(C) 3.5 (D) 4.5 0h
dh 3
Solution: Let Also
S x2 y2 z2 ¥ d 2V ´ l
x2 9x2 (26 4x)2 ¦§ 2 µ¶ 2P h 0, h
dh 3
( ,z 26 x y). Now l
So V is maximum when h .
13 3
0 z 26 4 x x
2 Answer: (A)
Therefore, S is a function of x on the interval (0, 13/2). Now
156. The least distance of the point Q (0, 2) from the
dS 16
0 2 x 18 x 8(26 4 x) 0 point P(x, y) where y 2 and x 0 is
dx 3x 3
52x 8 s 26
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(A) 4/3 (B) 4 3 (C) 4/ 3 (D) 3 3 P r(1 r 2 )

P (r r 3 )
Solution: We have
Now
D distance PQ x 2 ( y 2)2
dV
Therefore 0 P (1 3rr 2 ) 0
dr
2 1
2 ¥ 16 ´
2 256
D x ¦ x2
§ 3 x 3 µ¶ 3 x6
3
Now Also
dD 6 s 256 7 d 2V 1
( ) 2x
2x x 6P r 0 when r
dx 3 dr 2 3
So So V is maximum if r 1/ 3 and the greatest volume is
dD 3
0 x 8 256 ¥ 1
P¦ ¥ 1 ´ ´ ¥ 1
P¦
1 ´
dx
§ 3 § 3 ¶ µ¶ § 3 3 3 µ¶
2 ( x 0) P ¥ 2´

Also when x 2 3 § 3¶
2P
d2D
(2D) 2 (2 256) x 8 0 3 3
dx 2
Answer: (A)
So D is minimum if x 2 and the minimum value of D is
158. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB and CD are
2
¥ 16 1 ´ 4 4 non-parallel sides with BC C and AD of lengths
4¦ s 4
§ 3 8 µ¶ 3 3 of 6 and 10 units, respectively. Further it is given
that AB is perpendicular to the parallel sides BC
Answer: (C)
and AD. Thus, the greatest area of the rectangle
inscribed in the trapezium so that one of its sides
157. The greatest volume of a circular cylinder whose
lies on the larger side of the trapezium, given that
O is
total surface area is 2O,
AB is of length 8 units is
2P 2P 2P 4P
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 46 square units (B) 48 square units
3 3 3 3 3 3
(C) 36 square units (D) 72 square units
Solution: Let r be the radius of the base circle and h is
the height of the cylinder (Fig. 3.25). By hypothesis B 6 C
2O 2O r2 2O rh 8
x
P M
2 y
rh 1 (3.53) x
D
A N
The volume of the cylinder is given by
V Pr2h
(1 r 2 ) Solution: Let APMN N (see Fig. 3.26) be a rectangle
Pr2 [from Eq. (3.53)] inscribed in the trapezium with ANN on the larger side
r AD. Let AN x and AP y so that 6 b x 10 and 0 b y
1
b 8. Now, Area of trapezium ABCD 8 (6 10) 64
2
Also,
h
Area of ABCD Area of PBCM Area of APMN
Area of $MND
r

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1 1 Then
64 (8 ) (6 (6 ) xy (10 ) y
2 2
A y(2a x)
128 (48 8 6 ) 2 xy (10 )
4ay 2 xy
8 x 4 y 48
¥ y2 ´
Therefore 4ay 2 ¦ µ y
§ 2 p¶
2x y 20 (3.54)
y3
Let S be the area of the rectangle APMN, so that, using 4ay (3.55)
p
Eq. (3.54),
Now
S xy x(20 2x)
where 6 b x < 10. Now dA 3 y2
0 4a 0
dy p
dS
20 4 x ap
dx y p2
3
so that
For this value of y
dS
0 x 5 [6, 10) d2 A 6y
dx 0
2
dy p
Further dS/dx 0 for x r 6. Therefore S is decreasing for
x r 6 and hence S is maximum at x 6. The greatest value Therefore, A is maximum, when y p 2 ap
a /3 and the
of S is greatest area is
6 × 8 48 y3
Greatest area 4ay [from Eq. (3.55)]
because, from Eq. (3.54), x 6 implies y 8. p
Answer: (B) ¥ y2 ´
y ¦ 4a µ
§ p¶
159. The area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the
segment of the curve y2 2px
2 cut off by the line where y 2 ap
a /3 , so that the greatest area equals
x 2a is
¥ ap ´ ¥ 4ap ´ 16a 3/2 p
16a 3/2
3
p 8a 3/2
3
p 2¦ 4 a
(A) (B) § 3 µ¶ ¦§ 3 p µ¶ 3 3
3 3 3 3
Answer: (B)
4a 3/2
3
p 3/2 p
(C) (D) 4a
3 3 160. A person wishes to lay a straight fence across a
triangular field ABC with A B C so as to di-
Solution: See. Fig. 3.27. First, observe that the curve
vide into two equal areas. The length of the fence
y2 2px
2 passes through (0, 0) and is symmetric about
with minimum expense is
the x-axis. That is, if P(x, y) is a point on the curve, then
Q(x, y
) is also a point on the curve. Draw PN and QM A B
(A) 2 $ tan (B) 2 $ cot
perpendicular to the line x 2a. Therefore, PQMN is a 2 2
rectangle inscribed in the segment. Let its area be A.
C A B C
y (C) 2 $ tan (D) tan tan tan
3 2 2 2
P (x,
x y)
N A
y
O (2a, 0) x x Q
M
x −y)
Q (x, y P
FIGURE 3.27 Single correct choice type question 159. C

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Solution: Let PQ be the fence opposite to the vertex Similarly, if ZB and ZC are the lengths of fences opposite
A (see Fig. 3.28). Let AP x, AQ y and PQ ZA. By to the vertices B and C, respectively, then
hypothesis
B C
1 ZB 2 $ d ZC 2 $ tan .
xy sin A ea of APQ
A 2 2
2
1
(Area of AABC ) Since A B C , Z A tan( A/2) is the length of the
2 fence with minimum expense.
1 1
¥ bc sin A´ Answer: (A)
2§2 ¶
Therefore
L’Hospital’s Rule
1
xy bc (3.56)
2 161. The integer n 0 for which
x
Now, (cos x 1) (cos )
lim n
2
xm0 x
ZA ( PQ)2
is a finite non-zero number is
x2 y2 2 xy cos A
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 b2 c 2
x bc cos A [from Eq. (3.56)] Solution: We have
4x2
¥ x´
Therefore x 2 sin 2 (cos x e x )
(cos x 1) (cos ) § 2 ¶
lim lim
¥ dZ A ´ b2 c 2 xm 0 xn xm0 xn
2 A 22xx
§ dx ¶ 2x3 If n 1 or 2, the limit is zero and hence n r 3. There-
Now fore, the above limit is equal to
¥ ¥ 2 ´
dZ A b2 c 2 x´
0 x4 ¦ ¦ sin 2 µ x
1 µ (cos x e )
dx 4 lim ¦ 2 ¦ s µ
µ xn 2
xm0
¦ ¦ x µ 4µ
bc § § 2 ¶ ¶

2
1 ¥ cos x e x ´ ¥ 0 ´
lim ¦
It can be easily seen that 2 x m 0 § x n 2 µ¶ § 0 ¶
d 2 ZA 1 ( sin x e x )
0 lim
dx 2 2 x m 0 (n 2)x n 3
Therefore, ZA is minimum if x bc/2 and minimum If n 3, then this limit does not exist and hence n 3.
value of ZA is Answer: (C)
bc bc ¥ 0´
bc cos A bc(1 s A) Note: Here afterwards, if a certain limit is of form,
2 2 § 0¶
A it means that L’Hospital’s rule is going to be applied.
2bc sin 2
2
162. If f a( ) 6 and f a( ) 4, then
2$ A
2 sin 2 2
sin A 2 f( ) f( )
lim 2
A h m0 f( ) f( )
2 $ tan
2
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3 (A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 1

(A) does not exist (B) is equal to
2 x sin 2 x ¥ 0 ´
3 Solution: lim is form. It equals
(C) is equal to (D) is equal to 3 xm0 x sin 2 x § 0 ¶
2
1 2 cos 2 x 1 2( )
Solution: Since f is differentiable at x 1 and 2, f is lim 3
xm0 1 2 cos 2 x 1 2( )
continuous at 1 and 2. Therefore
Answer: (B)
2
f( ) f( )¥ 0´
lim is cos 2 x cos x
hm0 f( 2
) f( ) § 0¶ 166. lim is
x m0 sin 2 x
2
( ) f a( )
lim 2 1 1 3 3
hm0 ( ) f a( ) (A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
2 f aa(( ) 2 s 6
3
a( ) 1 s 4
1 f a( 0
Solution: The given limit is form. Hence
Answer: (D) 0
cos 2 cos x 2 sin 2 sin x
log x lim li
lim
163. lim is equal to xm0 sin x 2 xm0 2 sin x cos x
x m1 tan P x
2 si
s n 2 x sin x
1 lim
(A) 1 (B) (C) O (D) d xm0 sin 2 x
P
0 0
Solution: The given limit is form. Therefore which is again form. So the limit becomes
0 0
log x 1//x 1 4 cos 2 cos x 4 1 3
lim lim lim
x m 1 tan P x xm1 P sec 2 P x P xm0 2 cos 2 x 2 2
Answer: (B) Answer: (D)
e3x 1 167. lim(cosec x cot ) is

164. lim is x m0
x m 0 tan x
1 (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 1 (D) does not exist
3
(C) 3 (D) does not exist 1 cos x 0
Solution: lim ( cot x) lim i
is form.
0 xm0 xm0 sin x 0
Solution: The given limit is form. Therefore Therefore, it equals
0
¥ sin x ´ 0
e3x 1 3e 3 x 31 lim 0
lim li
lim 3 x m 0 § cos x ¶ 1
x m 0 tan x 2
x m 0 sec x 3
Answer: (A)
Answer: (C) x
1 x e
168. lim is
Note : Without using L’Hospital’s rule, xm0 x2
¥ e 3 x 1´ 1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 1
e3x 1 ¦§ µ 3 1 3 2 2
3x ¶
lim lim
x m 0 tan x xm0 ¥ tan x ´ 1 0
§ x ¶ Solution: The given limit is form. So
0
¥ ex 1 tan x ´
¦§& m1 x m 0 and lim 1.µ 1 x ex 1 ex
x xm0 x ¶ lim li
lim
xm0 x2 xm0 2x
x sin 2 x ¥ 0´
165. lim is equal to which is again form. Hence we have
x m 0 x sin 2 x § 0¶
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¥ x ´ e0 1 ¥ 0´
lim ¦ e µ Solution: The given limit is of the form
§ 0¶
. Therefore
xm0 § 2 ¶ 2 2
Answer: (B) ¥ x2 x2
lim ¦ e cos x ´ lim 2 xe sin x
xm0 § 2 µ¶ x m 0 2x
169. lim (sin )tan x is x
xm0 0
¥ 2 sin x ´
lim e x
(A) 1 (B) d (C) 0 (D) 1 xm0 § 2x ¶
Solution: The given limit is of the form 0 0. As x m 0 1 3
1
0, both sinx and tanx are positive and hence (sinx)tanx is 2 2
defined. Let y (sin x)tanx. Then Answer: (A)
log e (sin )
log e t x log e sin x
tan ( )1///xx e
cot x 172. lim is
xm0 x
Now, let
e e e2 e 2
log e (sin x) (A) (B) (C) (D)
l g e y lim 2 2 2 2
xm0 0 xm0 0 cot x
d Solution: We know that lim ( )1/ x e so that
which is of the form. Therefore the limit is xm0
d 0
the given limit is of the form . First, we calculate the
cot x 0
lim lim (cos x sin ) 0 ) w.r.t. x. Let
derivative of (1x 1x
xm0 0 cosec 2 x xm0 0
Therefore l e0 1. y (1x
)1x
Answer: (A) 1
l ge og e ( )
llog
x
¥ 2x ´
170. lim ¦ µ is equal to
xmd § x 10 ¶ Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get
x
(log e 2)10 1 dy 1 x
log e (1 x)
(A) (B) (log e 2)10
10 ! y dx x2
log 2 x (1 x) log e (1 x)
(C) (D) d
10 ! x2 x3
d So
Solution: The given limit is form. Therefore
d dy y[ x (1 x) log e ( x)]
x

¥2 ´ x
(log e 2) 2 ¥ d ´ dx x2 x3
lim ¦ µ lim
xmd § x ¶
10 xmd 10 x 9 § d ¶ Now
Applying L’Hospital’s rule 9 more times the given limit
( )1/ x e y[[ (1 x)) log e ( )]
becomes lim lim 2 3
xm0 x xm0 x x
10 x
(log e 2) 2 e[[ (1 x)) log e ( )]
lim d lim (& lim y e)
xmd 10 ! xm0 x2 x3 m0
Answer: (D)
e[[ llog(( ) 1] ¥ 0 ´
lim form
x2 xm0 2 x 3x 2 §0 ¶
e cos x
171. lim 2
is equal to
x m0 x
3 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2 2
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¥ 1 ´ 0
Solution: The given limit is form. So
§ 1 x¶ 0
e lim
xm0 2 6 x
xa ax ax a 1
a x log a
¥ 1´ lim lim
e xma x x
a a x ma x ( x
log x)
§ 2¶
a a
e a a log a
a
2 a (1 log )
Answer: (B) 1 log a

1 log a
173. Let f be differentiable on some interval (a, d) and Answer: (A)
suppose
lim [ f ( x) f a ( x)] l 176. lim ( x n log e ) is
xmd xm0 0
(A) d
Then lim f ( x) is equal to
xmd (B) d
l (C) 0
(A) 0 (B) ll (C) l (D)
2 (D) does not exists either finitely or infinitely
Solution: We have Solution: lim ( x n log e ) is of the form of 0 × (−∞).
xm0 0
Therefore it equals
f ( x)e x
f ( x)
ex ¥ log x ´
lim ¦ en µ
x xm0 0 § x ¶
f ( x)e ¥ d ´
lim
li f ( x) lim
x md x md ex § d ¶ d
which is of the form . So it can be written as
e x [ f ( ) f a( )] d
lim
x md ex 1//x ¥ n´ 0
lim
li [ ( x) ( x)] l lim lim ¦ x µ 0
li
x md x m 0 0 nx (( ) xm0 0 § n¶ n
Answer: (C) Answer: (C)
x sin sin x
174. lim is 177. lim ( x x ) is
xma x a xm x 0
(A) sin a (B) sin a a (A) d (B) 1

(C) a sin a (D) sin a a cos a (C) 0 (D) does not exist finitely
0 Solution: lim ( x x ) is of the form 0 0. Let y xx. Then

xm0 0
Solution: The given limit is form. So
0
loge y xloge x
x sin a a sin x ¥ sin cos x ´
lim lim ¥ log e x ´
x ma x a x m a § 1 ¶ li log e y lim ¦ µ
xm0 0 x m 0 0 § 1//x ¶
sin cos a
Answer: (D) d
which is of the form . It equals
d
xa ax 1//x
175. lim equals lim lim ( ) 0
xma x x aa xm0 0 1//x 2 xm0 0
1 log a 1 log a
(A) (B) Therefore
1 log a 1 log a
(C) 1 (D) does not exist lim y e0 1
xm0
Answer: (B)
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1/ x
178. lim x(( ) is equal to (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
x md
0
(A) d (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 1 Solution: The given limit is form. So
0
Solution: The given limit is of the form d s 0. There-
fore f( 2) f( ) 2 xf a(( 2 ) f a( )
lim lim
xm0 f ( ) f ( ) xm0 f a( )
1//x ¥ e1//x 1´ ¥ 0 ´
lim x(( ) lim ¦ ) f a( )
0[[ (0)]
x md x md § 1//x µ ¶ § 0¶ 1
f a( )
e1//x ( 1/ 2
) Answer: (C)
lim 2
x md 1/x
ax 1 x log a
lim e1/1 e0 1 181. lim is
x md x m0 x2
Answer: (C) 1 1
(A) log a (B) (log a)2
1/ x 2 2
179. lim (cos x sin ) equals
xm0 (C) (log a)2 (D) 1
(A) e (B) e (C) 1 (D) 1 0

Solution: The given limit is of the form . So
0
Solution: lim (cos x sin )1/ x is of the form 1d. Let
xm0
ax 1 x log a ¥ x log a ´
y ( x sin x) 1///xx lim 2
lim ¦ a log µ¶
xm0 x xm0 § 2x
Therefore (a x 1) 1
lim log a s
xm0 x 2
1
log e llog e (cos x sin ) 1
x log (log )
log e (cos x sin x) 2
1
x (log a)2
2
Now Answer: (B)
log e (cos x sin x) ¥ 0 ´
g e y) lim
lim ((log log(1 x 3 )
xm0 xm0 x § 0¶
182. lim is
xm0 sin 3 x
¥ cos x sin
sin x ´
§ cos x sin x ¶ (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1
lim
xm0 1 Solution: The given limit
1 0
1
1 0 log(1 x 3 ) 4 log(1 x 3 )
lim li
lim
xm0 sin 3 x xm0 3 sin
si si 3 x
sin
So lim ( ) e1 e.
xm0
0
Answer: (A) is form. Therefore, it equals
0
¥ 3x 2 ´
180. If f (x) is differentiable and f a( ) x 0, then the ¦§ µ
value of 1 x3 ¶ x2
4 lim 4 lim 3
xm0 3 s 33ccos 3 x x m 0 (1 ))((2 sin 2 x sin x)
f( 2) f( )
lim is
xm0 f ( ) f ( )
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¨ 1 · So
lim © 3 ¥ sin 2 sin x ´ ¸
x m 0 ©( ) ¸ ¥ log e cos x ´ 0
§ 2x g e y) lim ¦
lim ((log µ is form
ª x ¶¹ xm0 x m 0 § tan 2 x ¶ 0
1 tan x
1 lim
( )( ) x m 0 2 tan x sec 2 x
Answer: (D) 1

2
¥ P P ´ Therefore
183. lim ¦ equals
xm0 § 4x 2 x(( Px
) µ¶
1
P P2 P2 lim y e 1/2
(A) (B) (C) O 2
(D) xm0 e
8 4 8 Answer: (D)
Solution: The limit is of the form (∞ − ∞). The given ¥ 1 ´
limit equals 185. lim cosec 2 x is equal to
xm0 § x 2 ¶
P eP x 1
lim 1 1 1 1
4 x m 0 x(( P x 1) (A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 3 3
¥ 0´ Solution: The given limit is

which is form. Hence
§ 0¶
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´
lim cosec 2 ) li
lim
P Px
1 P P eP x xm0 § x2 ¶ x m 0 § x 2 sin 2 x ¶
lim P
lim P Px
4 x m00 x(( x
11)) 4 m 0 e 1 P x( 1) [(d d) form]
P P P 2 2(sin 2 ¥ 0´
2
)
s lim form
4 2 8 xm0 2
cos 2 x) § 0 ¶
x ( cos
(sin 2 x 2 x) ¥ 0´
2 lim
xm0 x(
2x( 2 x)
ccos 2x) x 2 sin 2 x § 0¶
ALITER
( cos 2 x 2) ¥ 0´
lim
P e 1 Px xm0 si 2 x) (1 cos
x( sin ) 2 x sin
i 2 2 2
os 2 x § 0 ¶
ccos
Given limit lim
4 x(( P x 1) cos 2 x 1 ¥ 0´
2 lim
xm0 i 2 x 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
4 x sin § 0¶
P ¥ Px ´ P
lim ¦ e 1µ P x 2 si 2 x
4 x m 0 § Px ¶ e 1 2 lim
xm0 4 sin 2 8 2 x 4 x cos 2 4 2 si 2 x 2 sii 2 x
2
P P P sin 2 x
(1) ¥ 0´
4 2 8 4 lim
x m 0 6 n 2 12 cos 2 x 4 x 2 sin 2 x § 0 ¶
Answer: (D) 2 cos 2 x
4 lim
2 x m 0 12 cos 2 x 12 cos 2 x 24 x sin 2 x 8 x sin 2 x 8 x 2 cos 2 x
x
184. lim(cos x)cot is
x m0 4(( ) 8 1

1 12 12 0 0 0 24 3
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D)
e Answer: (C)
2
x
Solution: lim (cos x)cot is of the form 1d. Let 186. Let f : Z m Z be such that f (1) 3 and f a( ) 6.
x m0
Then
cot 2 x
y (cos x) . Then
1/ x
¥ f( )´
2 lim ¦
log e c
cot x log e cos x xm0 § f ( ) µ¶
log e cos x

tan 2 x
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(A) e2 (B) e3 (C) e4 (D) e So

Solution: The given limit is (1d) form. Let n2 1 1
a n
1/ x n n
¥ f ( x) ´
y¦
§ f ( ) µ¶ Answer: (D)
Therefore 188. If f ( ) , f (9)) , then

log e ( x) log
l e f( ) f( ) 3
log e y lim
x xm9 x 3
So (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) 2
log e ( x) log
log e f ( ) ¥ 0 ´ ¥ 0´
( g e y) lim
lim(log Solution: The given limit is form. Hence
xm0 xm0 x § 0¶ § 0¶
a( )
f a( ¥ f a( ) ´
lim
xm0 f( ) f( ) 3 ¦ 2 f( ) µ
lim lim ¦ µ
f a( ) 6 xm9 x 3 xm9 ¦ ¥ 1 ´ µ
2 ¦§ ¦§ 2 x µ¶ µ¶
f( ) 3
So lim y e2 . x f a( )
x m0 lim
xm9 f( )
Answer: (A)
9(( )
4
187. If 9
[(a n) tan x]sin nx Answer: (B)
lim 0
xm0 x2
¥1 ´
189. lim cot x is equal to
then a is equal to xm0 § x ¶
n1 1 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) d

(A) 0 (B) (C) n (D) n
n n Solution: The given limit is of the form (∞ − ∞). So
Solution: Given that ¥1 ´ sin

i cos x ¥ 0 ´
lim cot x li
lim
xm0 § x ¶ x m 0 x sin x § 0¶
[(a n) tan x]sin nx
lim 0 cos x cos x x sin x
xm0 x2 lim
xm0 sin x x cos x
0 x sin x ¥ 0´
Left-hand side limit is of the form . Therefore lim
0 x m0 sin cos x § 0 ¶
sin cos x
[(a n)sec 2 x]sin nx n[(a n)) tan x]cos nx lim
lim 0 x m 0 cos x cos x x sin x
xm0 2x
00
¨ sin nx ¥ tan x ´ · 0
lim [(a n)n sec x] (n) n (a n)n cos nx ¸ 0 2 0
xm0 ©
ª nx § x ¶ ¹
Answer: (A)
[(a n) ]n n[(a n)) ] 0
P
(a n)n 1 0 190. lim sec log x equals
x m1 2x
an n2 1
1 2 P
(A) (B) O (C) (D)
P P 2
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Solution: We have ex e x 2 cos x

193. lim is equal to
P log x ¥ 0´ hm0 2 x sin x
lim sec logg lim
x m1 2x xm1 P § 0¶
cos 1
2x (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) 1
¥ 1´ 2
§ x¶
lim
x m1 P ¥ P ´ ¥ 0´
sin Solution: Given limit is of the form . Therefore
2x § 2x2 ¶ § 0¶
1 2
ex e x 2 cos x e x e x 2 sin x ¥ 0´
¥ P´ P lim lim
( ) xm0 2 x sin
i x x m 0 2 sin 2 cos x § 0¶
§ 2¶
e x e x 2 cos x
Answer: (C) lim
x m 0 2 cos x 2 c
cos x 2 x sin x
2 sin x sin
i 2x 4
191. lim is equal to 1
x m0 tan 3 x 40
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1 Answer: (B)
¥ 0´
Solution: The given limit is form. So sec 2 x 2 tan x
§ 0¶ 194. lim is
xm
P 1 cos 4 x
3 4
si x sin
2 sin si 2 x 2 sin (1 cos )cos x
lim 3
lim
xm0 tan x xm0 sin 3 x 1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) 2
3 2 4
(1 cos x)cos
)cos x
2 lim 2
xm0 sin x
¥ 0´
Solution: Given limit is of the form . Therefore
cos3 x § 0¶
2 lim
x m 0 1 cos x
sec 2 x 2 tan x 2 sec 2 x tan x 2 sec 2 x ¥ 0 ´
1 lim lim
2s 1 xm
P 1 cos 4 x xm
P 4 sin 4 x § 0¶
2 4 4
Answer: (B) sec x tan x sec 2 x ¥ 0 ´
2
lim
xm
P 2 si 4 x § 0¶
4
Try it out In the above problem, use of L’Hospital’s
rule is a lengthy process. Direct method is easy. Try it. 2 sec 2 x tan 2 x sec 4 x sec 2 x tan x
lim
xm
P 8 cos 4 x
4
log e (1 2 h)) l ge (
log ) 44 4 1
192. lim 2
is
hm0 h 8(
( ) 2
1 Answer: (A)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D)
2 195. lim (cosec x)x is
xm0 0
¥ 0´
Solution: Given limit is of the form . Therefore 1
§ 0¶ (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D) 2
2
log e (1 2 h)) l ge (
log ) ¥ 2 2 ´

lim lim ¦ 1 2 h hµ
hm0 h 2 hm0 ¦ µ¶ Solution: We have y ( xx)) x , x 0 . Now
§ 2h
h log e log e ( )
lim
i 1
h m 0 h(( )( ) x log e (sin )
Answer: (C)
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log e (sin ) f a( x a) f a( x a) f a( x a)

1//x F a( x ) f (a) f ( a) f ( a)
Therefore f a(a) f a( a) f a(3a)
log e (sin ) ¥ d ´
lim log e y lim and F a ( ) 0 (& Two rows are identical)
xm0 0 xm0 0 1/ x § d¶
cot x F(( ) ¥ 0 ´
lim Now lim is form. Therefore
x m 0 0 1/x 2 xm0 x § 0¶
x 2 cos x ¥ 0´ F(( ) F a( )
lim lim lim F a( ) 0
x m 0 0 sin x § 0¶ xm0 x xm0 1
¥ 2 ´ Answer: (D)
lim ¦ 2 x cos x x sin x µ
xm0 0 § cos x ¶
x 1´
0 log e ¥
0 § x ¶
1 198. lim is
x 1´
log e ¥
x md
Therefore lim y e0 1 . § x ¶
xm0 0
Answer: (A) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) d

Solution: We have
196. lim log sin x (sin ) is equal to
xm0 0
x 1´ 1´
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) d log e ¥ log e ¥ 1
§ x ¶ § x¶ ¥ 0´
lim lim
x 1 1´ § 0¶
Solution: log e ¥ ´ log e ¥ 1
We have x md x md
§ x ¶ § x¶
log e sin 2 x ¥ d ´
lim log sin x (sin ) lim ¥ 1 ¥ 1 ´´
x m 0 0 log e sin x § d ¶
¦ 1 (1/xx) § x 2 ¶ µ
xm0 0
¥ 2 cos 2 x ´ lim ¦ µ
x md ¦ 1 ¥ 1´ µ
§ sin 2 x ¶ ¦§ 1 (1/xx) ¦§ x 2 ¶ µ¶
lim
x m 0 0 ¥ cos x ´
§ sin x ¶ ¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 ´
lim ¦ µ w¦ µ
x md § 1 ( /x) ¶ § (1/ ) ¶
¥ sin cos 2 x ´
2 lim ¦
x m 0 0 § cos x sin 2 x µ
¶ 1
¥ sin x ´ ¥ 2 x ´ ¥ cos 2 x ´ Answer: (C)

lim
x m 0 0 § x ¶ § sin 2 x ¶ § cos x ¶
1s1s11 ex
199. lim is
Answer: (B) x md x3
(A) 6 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) d

197. f is a real-valued differentiable and “a” is a real con-
stant. Further f a is continuous. If ¥ d´
Solution: The given limit is of form. Therefore
f ( x a) f (x
( x a) f ( x a) § d¶
F ( x) f (a) f ( a) f ( a)
ex ex ¥ d ´
f a((a) f a( a) f a( a) lim lim
x md x3 md 3 x 2 § d ¶
xm
then lim F(( )//x is ex ¥ d ´

xm0 lim
x md 6 x § d ¶
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
ex
Solution: Since f (x) is differentiable, F (x) is also dif- lim d
x md 6
fernentiable. Hence
Answer: (D)
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1. If the line ax by c 0 is a normal to the curve So
xy 1, then x23 x13 3 x12 ( x2 x1 )
(A) a 0, b 0 (B) a 0, b 0
As x2 x x1 , we have
(C) a 0, b 0 (D) a 0, b 0
x22 x2 x1 x12 3 x12
Solution: Suppose ax by c 0 is normal to the curve
xy 1 at (x1, y1). Differentiating xy 1 with respect x, we 22 x2 x1 2 x12 0
have ( 2 1 ))(( 2 1 ) 0
¥ dy ´ 1 So

§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) x12 x1 x x2 x2 2 x1
1 1
(∵ x1 y1 1 x1 x 0 and y1 x 0). Therefore equation of Similarly, if the tangent P2 ( x2 , x23 ) meets the curve in
the normal at (x1, y1) is P3 ( x3 , x33 ), then
y y1 x12 ( x x1 ) x3 2 x2 2( 2x
2xx1 ) 4 x1
2
1 y y1 x13 0 Continuing this process, the abscissae of P1 P2 , {, Pn are
respectively
But ax by c 0 is the normal at (x1, y1). Therefore
x1 2 x1 , 4 x1 8 x 16 x1 , {
a b c
which are in GP with the common ratio 2. Hence (B) is
x1 1 y1 x13
2
correct.
a Area of $P1P2P3 is the absolute value of the determi-
x12 0
b nant
So a and b must have opposite signs. This means x1 x13 1

1
a 0, b 0 or a 0, b 0 x x23 1
2 2
Therefore, both (B) and (C) are correct. x3 x33 1
Answers: (B), (C) Now
2. The tangent at a point P1 (other than origin) on the x1 x13 1 x1 x13 1

curve y x meets the curve again at P2. The tangent
3
x2 x23 1 2x
2 x1 8 x13 1
at P2 meets the curve again at P3 and so on. Then
x3 x33 1 4 x1 64 x13 1
(A) The abscissae of P1 P2 , … , Pn are in AP
1 1 1
(B) The absscissae of P1 P2 , … , Pn are in GP
x14 2 8 1 (3.57)
(C) (Area of $P1P2P3):(Area of P2P3P4) 1:8
4 64 1
(D) (Area of $P1P2P3):(Area of P2P3P4) 1:16
Again area of $P2P3P4 is the absolute value of
Solution: Let P1 be ( 1 , x13 ). Now
x2 x23 1
dy 1
y x3 3x 2 x x33 1
dx 2 3
¥ dy ´ x4 x43 1
3 x12
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1 Now
So the equation of the tangent at P1 ( x1 , x13 ) is x2 x23 1 2x

2 x1 8 x13 1
x3 x33 1 4 x1 64 x13 1
y x13 3 x12 ( x x1 )
x4 x43 1 8 x1 512 x13 1
Suppose this meets the curve at P2 ( x2 , x23 ). 1 1 1
( 2)( 8) x14 22 8 1 (3.58)
4 64 1
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From Eqs. (3.57) and (3.58), we get 4x3 188 x 2 26 10 2

3
Area of $P1 P2 P3 1 2 99x 2 13 x 6 0

Area of $P2 P3 P4 16 Clearly x 1 is a root. So
Thus (D) is correct.
( )( 2 )0
Answers: (B), (D)
( ))(( )( )0
3. The abscissae of the points on the curve y3 3x2 12y
2 Therefore x 1, x 2, x 3/2. So the points are (1, 3),
where the tangent is vertical are (2, 5), (3/2, 15/6) at which the tangents are parallel to the
line y 2x and the tangents at (1, 3) and (2, 5) are same
4 11
(A) (B) and the common tangent is y 2x 1. Therefore, (A) and
3 3 (B) are correct.
11 4 Answers: (A), (B)
(C) (D)
3 3
5. The slopes of the tangents drawn to the curve y2 2x
2 3
Solution: Differentiating the curve equation w.r.t. x we 4y
4 8 0 from the point (1, 2) are
get
(A) 2 3 (B) 4 3
dy dy
3 y2 66xx 12 (C) 2 3 (D) 4 3
dx dx
dy 2 Solution: Differentiating the given equation with re-
(y ) 2x
dx spect to x we get
Therefore dy dy
2y 66xx 2 4 0
dy 2 x dx dx
2
dx y 4 dy 3 x 2

dx y 2
Now
¥ dy ´ 3h2
Tangent is vertical y2 4
§ dx ¶ ( h, k ) k 2
yp2
So Now equation of the tangent at (h, k) is
y p 2 (p 8) 3 x 2 12(p 2) 3h 2
y k ( x h)
k 2
Therefore
This tangent passes through the point (1, 2). This implies
24 8 16
x2 ( y 2 x 2 0)
3 3 3h2
4 2 k (1 h)
p k 2
3 3h3 3h2 2k 4 k 2 2k 0 (3.59)
Hence (A) and (D) are correct. Also (h, k) lies on the curve. This implies
Answers: (A), (D)
k2 h3 4k 8 0 (3.60)
4. The number of points on the curve y x 6x 13x 4 3 2
Adding Eqs. (3.59) and (3.60), we have
10x at which the tangents are parallel to the line
y 2x and the number of points having the same tan- h3 3h2 4 0
gent that is parallel to the line y 2x is (h 1)(h 2)2 0
h 1, 2
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 4 Now h 1 k is imaginary. So
h2 and k 2p2 3
Solution: Differentiating y x4 6x3 13x2 10x
0 we get
Hence the slopes are p 2 3.
dy
4xx 3 8 x 2 26 x 10
18x Answers: (A), (C)
dx
Since, the slope of the line y 2x is 2, we have
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6. The line y x is a tangent to the curve y ax2 bx ¥ 2 1´ ¥ 2 1´

c at the point x 1. If the curve passes through the Therefore the points are , and , .
§ 5 5¶ § 5 5¶
point ( 1, 0), then
Answers: (B), (D)
(A) a 1/2 (B) b 1/2
(C) c 1/4 (D) a c b 0 8. For the curve x 2cos t cos 2t, y 2sin t sin 2tt at any
point t
Solution: Differentiating the given curve we have
t t t
dy (A) the tangent equation is x sin y cos sin
2ax b 2 2 2
dx
t t 3t
Since the line y x touches the curve, at the point (B) normal equation is x cos y sin 3 cos
2 2 2
x 1, we have
t
(C) sub-tangent length y cot
dy 2
1 2a b
dx
t
2a b 1 (3.61) (D) sub-normal length y tan
2
Also (1, 1) lies on the curve implies
Solution: Differentiating both the equations we get
abc1 (3.62)
dx
Again, the curve passes through the point ( 1, 0) implies 2 si t 2 si 2t
dt
a bc1 (3.63)
dy
Solving Eqs. (3.61) (3.63), we get 2 cos t 2 c 2t
dt
1 1 1 Therefore
a ,b ,c
4 2 4
dy dyy dx
Hence (B), (C) and (D) are correct. w
dx dt dt
Answers: (B), (C), (D) cos t c 2t

(sin t si 2t )
7. The points on the curve 4x2 9y2 1, at which the
tangents are parallel to the line 8x 9y are cos 2t cos
cos t

sin 2t si
sin t
¥ 2 ´ ¥ 2 1´
(A) , (B) , 3t t
§ 5 5¶ § 5 5¶ 2 sin sin i
2 2
¥ 2 1´ ¥ 2 1´ 3t t
(C) , (D) , 2 sin cos
§ 5 5¶ § 5 5¶ 2 2
Solution: Differentiating the curve equation w.r.t. x, t
tan
we have 2
dy The tangent equation is

8 x 18 y 0
dx t
sin
dy 8x 4x 8 y ( sii t sin t ) 2 (x c t cos t )
t
dx 18 y 9y 9 cos
2
so that x 2y
2 . Since the point lies on the curve, we
have That is
t t ¥ t´ ¥ t´
4( 2 )2 9 y2 1 x sin y cos 2 sin t sin 2t
2 2 § 2¶ § 2¶
1
yp 3t
5 sin
Now 2
1 2 Thus, (A) is correct. Now the equation of the normal is

y p x∓
5 5
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t Thus, the points on the curve at which the tangents make

cos
2 angles of O /4 with the positive direction of x-axis are (0, 0),
y ( sii t sin t ) (x c t cos t )
t ( , 3/ ) and ( , 3/ ).
sin
2
(i) Normal at (0, 0): y 0 1(x 0). That is x y 0.
That is Hence (A) is true.
t t ¨ ¥ t´ ¥ t ´· (ii) Normal at ( , 3/ ) is
x cos y sin 2 cos t cos 2t ¸
2 2 ©ª § 2¶ § 2¶ ¹
3
3t y 1( x 3 )
3 cos 2
2
That is
Hence (B) is true. By definition,
3 3
dx x y 3
Sub-tangent y 2 2
dy
So (B) is true
¥ t´
y cot
§ 2¶ (iii) Normal at ( , 3 / ) is
¥ t´ 3
y cot y 1( x 3 )
§ 2¶ 2
So (C) is correct. Finally, the That is
dy t 3 3
Sub-normal y y tan x y 3
dx 2 2 2
Hence (D) is correct. So (D) is true.
Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D) Answers: (A), (B), (D)
x x
9. The equations of the normals to the curve y 10. For the curve y , let m be the number of
1 x2 1 x2
at the points where the tangents make angles of O /4 points on the curve at which the tangent is parallel
with the positive direction of x-axis are to x-axis and n be the number of points at which the
3 tangent is vertical. Then
(A) x y 0 (B) x y
2 (A) m 0 (B) n 0
3 (C) m 1, n 1 (D) m 0, n 2
(C) x y 2 2 (D) x y
2 Solution: The given curve is defined for x x p1. Now
Solution: Since the slopes of the tangents is 1, we have dy 1 x2

1 x2 dy dx (1 x 2 )2
1
(1 x ) 2 2
dx m0 and n 0
x4 3x2 0 Answers: (A), (B)
0, p 3
11. Consider the following two statements:
Now,
I: For the curve x m yn a m n , the sub-tangent at
x 0 y0 any point varies at the abscissa of point.
II: The equation of the common tangent to the
3
x 3y curves
2
y x 3 3x 2 8x 4
3
x 3y and y 3x2 7x 4
2
at their point of contact is x y 1 0.
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Then Again, from Eq. (3.64),

(A) I is true (B) II is true ¥ dy ´
1
(C) I is false (D) II is false § dx ¶ ( a, a )
Solution: and from Eq. (3.65),
I: We have x m yn a m n . Therefore
¥ dy ´ a 1
m 1 n m n 1 dyy
mx y x (ny ) 0 § dx ¶ ( a, a ) 4a 4
dx
dy my Therefore if P is the acute angle of intersection of the

dx nx curves at (2a, a), then
The sub-tangent is 1 ( /4) 3
tan P
dx ¥ nx ´ n 1 1( /4) 5
y y¦ x
dy § my µ¶ m Therefore
Therefore the sub-tangent varies as the abscissa of
¥ 3´
the point. Thus I is true. P Tan 1
§ 5¶
II: At a common point,
Hence (D) is true.
x3 3x 2 8x 4 3 x 2 7x
7x 4 Answers: (A), (D)
3 2
x 6x 15 x 8 0
15x
2 13. Tangent to the curve x2 y2 2x 3 0 is parallel to
( ))(( ) 0
the x-axis at the points:
( ))(( )( ) 0
(A) (p3, 0) (B) (p1, 2)
So x 1 is a repeated root. Therefore at the point (C) (1, 2) (D) (1, 2)
( 1, 0), the two curves must touch each other. Also the
value of dy/dx at ( 1, 0) for the two curves is same (is Solution: Differentiating the given equation with re-
equal to 1). Therefore the common tangent at ( 1, 0) is spect to x we get
y 0 1(x 1) dyy
x y 1 0
x y10 dx
Thus (B) is also true. Now

Answers: (A), (B) dy 1 x
0 0
dx y
12. The angles of intersection of the curves x2 4ay and x1
22y2 ax
So
P ¥ 2´
(A) (B) Tan 1
2 § 5¶ x 1 y2 4
P 3 Therefore the points are (1, 2) and (1, 2).
(C) (D) Tan 1 ¥ ´
4 § 5¶ Answers: (C), (D)
Solution: Solving the equations x 4ay and 2y 2
2 ax, 2
we have x 0, 2a. Therefore the points of intersection are 14. If the normals to the curve y2 4ax at the points
(0, 0) and (2a, a). Now P(att22 , 2at2 ) and Q(at32 , 2at3 ) intersect on the curve
dy x at R(at12 , 2at1 ), then
x 2 4ayy (3.64)
dx 2a
2
(A) t1 t2
dy a t2
2 y2 ax
a (3.65)
dx 4 y
2
(B) t1 t3
From Eqs. (3.64) and (3.65), it is easy to see that the angle t3
of intersection of the two curves at (0, 0) is O /2. Thus (A) (C) t2t3 2
is true.
(D) product of the ordinates of P and Q is 8a2
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Solution: We have P 4 P
(D) Length of the sub-tangent at P is
dy 2a 4 4 2
y2 4ax
a
dx y Solution: From the given equations, we have
So dx
P P
¥ dy ´ 2a 1 dP

§ dx ¶ P 2at2 t2
dy
and P i P
The normal at P is dP
Therefore
y 2at2 t2 ( x at22 ) dy dyy dx sin P
w
t2 y 2at2 at23 dx dP dP cosP
Equation of the normal at P is
This passes through the point R(at12 , 2at1 ). Therefore,
cosP
y (sin P P cosP ) ( x cosP P sin )
t2 (at12 ) 2aatt1 2at2 at23 sin P
t2 (t12 t22 ) 2(t2 t1 ) That is,
Since t2 x t1, we have x cosP i P sin 2 P P sin
y sin si P cosP cos2 P P sin P cosP
sinP
t2(t1 t2) 2 x cosP y sinP 1
2
t1 t2 Therefore the distance of the normal from the origin 1.
t2 Thus (A) is correct. Equation of the tangent at P is
Thus (A) is true. Similarly sin P
y (sin P P cosP ) ( x cosP P sin )
2 2 cosP
t1 t3 t1 t3
t3 t3 That is,
x sin P y cosP sin P cosP P i 2P
P sin sin P cosP P cos2 P
Thus (B) is also true. Now
x sinP y cosP P
2 2
t2 t1 t3 Hence (B) is not correct. Now
t2 t3
2 2 2(t3 t2 ) P 1 P 4 P
t3 t2 P y
t2 t3 t2 t3 4 2 4 2 4 2
t2 t3 2 ¥ dy ´
and 1
Hence (C) is also true. Now, the product of the ordinates § dx ¶ P P
4
of P and Q is
Therefore sub-normal at P O /4 is
( 2 )( 3) 4 a 2 t2 3 4a 2 ( ) 8a 2
4 P 4 P
Thus (D) is true. s1
4 2 4 2
and sub-tangent at P O /4 is
15. Consider the curve x cosP P sin P,
P y sinP 4 P 4 P
P cos P.
P (1)
4 2 4 2
(A) The distance of the normal at P from the origin
is 1 So (C) and (D) are correct.
(B) Equation of the tangent at P is x sinP y cosP 1 Answers: (A), (C), (D)
P 4 P
(C) Length of the sub-normal at P is 16. f (x) is a cubic polynomial with f (2) 18 and f (1)
4 4 2
1. Also f (x) has local maxima at x 1 and f a(
a x)
has local minimum at x 0. Then
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(A) the distance between ( 1, 2) and (a, f (a)), where 1

x a is the point of local minima, is 2 5 f ( x)
( x3 x )
4
(B) f (x) is increasing for x [ , 2 5 ] 1
f a( x ) ( x2 )
(C) f (x) has local minima at x 1 4
(D) the value of f (0) 15 Now
Solution: Let a x) 0 x p1.
f a(
3 2
f ( x) ax bx cx d Therefore, the critical points of f are p1. Now
Then
57 2 57
f a( x ) (x ) ( x ))(( x )
f (1) 1 a b c d 1 (3.66) 4 4
f (2) 18 8a 4b 2c d 18 (3.67) a x) 0 for x
so that f a( , f a( x) 0 for 1 x 1 and
f (x) has local minima at x 1 implies a x) 0 for x 1. That is f increases in ( d, 1), decreases
f a(
in ( 1, 1) and again increases in (1, d). So f (x) has local
f a( ) 0 maxima at x 1 and local minima at x 1. Also, f (x)
3a 2b c 0 (3.68) increases in (1, d) f is increasing in [ , 2 5 ]. Thus (B)
is correct. f (x) has local minima at x 1 so that (C) is
a x) has local minima at x 0 implies
f a( true. Now
f q( ) b0 (3.69) 34
f( ) x 15
From Eqs. (3.66), (3.67) and (3.69), we get 4
a c d 1 (3.70) Hence (D) is not true.

and 8a 2c d 18 (3.71) Answers: (B), (C)
From Eqs. (3.70) and (3.71), 1

17. For the function f ( x) x cos , x r 1,
7a c 19 (3.72) x
Again from Eqs. (3.68) and (3.69), (A) for at least one x in [ , ),
) f( ) f( ) 2
(B) lim f a( ) 1
3a c 0 (3.73) xmd
(C) for all x in the interval [ , ),
) f( ) f( ) 2
From Eqs. (3.72) and (3.73), we get
a x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, d)
(D) f a(
19 57
a ,c Solution: For x x 0,
4 4
1 ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´
Substituting the values of a and c in Eq. (3.70) we get f a( x) cos x sin
x § x ¶ § x2 ¶
19 57 37 1 1 1
d a c 1 cos sin
4 4 4 x x x
Therefore Since lim ( /x) , we have
xmd
19 57 34
a , b 0, c ,d lim f a( ) cos 0 0 1
4 4 4 xmd
1 because as x m d, 1/x
/ m 0 and sin(1/x
/ ) is a bounded func-
or f ( x) ( x3 x )
4 tion. So,
Now a 1 is a point of local minima so that 1 1
lim sin
i 0
( , f ( )) ( , ) [ (1)) ] xmd x x
Therefore distance between ( 1, 2) and (1, 1) is Thus, (B) is correct. Now, for x r 1,
1 1 1 1 1 ¥ 1´
22 32 13 f q( x) sin
i sin
i cos
x 2
x x 2
x x3 § x¶
So (A) is not correct. Again
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1 1 x2 4ax a2 0
cos 0 (x 2a)2 5a2 0
x3 x
2a p 5a a( 2 p 5 )
a x) is strictly decreasing in [1, d). So (D) is
Therefore, f a(
correct. As y2 r 0, x cannot be a( ). Therefore x =
Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f (x) on the a( ) which implies
interval [x, x 2] (x r 1), there exists c (x, x 2) such
that y p2a(
a 2 5 )
f (x ) f ( x) At the points ( ( 2 5 ), p 2a 2 5 ), we can see
f a (c )
(x ) x the two curves cannot intersect orthogonally. There-
f (x ) f ( x ) 2 f a (c ) (3.74) fore (A) is not true.
(B) We have
Now lim ( x) 1 [(B) is correct] and f a(
a x) is strictly
xmd dyy 1 y
decreasing for x r 1 [(D) is correct]. We have that y e x/ e x/2 a
a

dx 2a 2a
a c) 1. Hence from Eq. (3.74),
f a(
dy 2a
y2 4ax
a
f (x ) f ( x) 2 dx y
for all x r 1. Therefore (C) is true. Therefore
¥ y ´ ¥ 2a ´
1
§ 2a ¶ ¦§ y µ¶
18. Let f (x) be a differentiable function and for every
real x, implies that the two curves y e x /2a
and y2 4ax
intersect orthogonally. So (B) is correct.
h( x) f ( x) ( f ( x))2 ( f ( x))3
(C) We have
Then
(A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing dy
y ax
a a
(B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing dx
(C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing dy 2a
and y2 4aax
(D) h is decreasing whenever f is increasing dx y
Solution: Since f is differentiable, h is also differen- Further a(2a/y/ ) x 1, because the points of intersec-
tiable. Also tion are (0, 0) and (4/a, 4). Hence (C) is not true.
haa( x) f a( x)[ f ( x) ( f ( x))2 ] (D) We have
¨ 2
1· dy 2a
3 f a( x ) © ¥ f ( x ) 1 ´ ¸ y2 4aax
§ 3 ¶ 9¹ dx y
ª
dy x
Now and x 2 4ayy
dx 2a
ha( x) r 0, f ( x) r 0 Further, y 0 (i.e., x-axis) is a tangent to x2 4ay at
and a x) b 0,
ha( a x) b 0
if f a( (0, 0) and x 0 (i.e., y-axis) is tangent to y2 4ax at,
(0, 0). Hence, at (0, 0), the two curves y2 4ax and
So h is increasing or decreasing according as f is increas- x2 4ay intersect orthogonally. Therefore (D) is cor-
ing or decreasing. rect.
Answers: (A), (C) Answers: (B), (D)
19. Which of the following curves cut the curve y2 4ax 20. If f is a function, whose derivative is
orthogonally?
(A) x2 y2 a2 (B) y e x/2 a f a( x) x(e x ))(x
( x )( x )3 (x
( x )5
(C) y ax (D) x2 4ay then f has minimum value at x is equal to
Solution: (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) Put y2 4ax in x2 y2 a2 so that, we have (C) 2 (D) 3
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(A) (B)
a x) 0 x 0, 1, 2 and 3
f a( 2 3
First, observe ex r 1 for x r 0 and ex is strictly increasing 3

(C) (D) 2
on . 2
Solution: We have
(i) At x 0: x 0 the sign of f a(a x) is ( )( )( )( )( )
0. 3 1
x 0 the sign of f a(
a x) is ()()( )( )( ) 0. lim ( x) 1
xm1 0 2
Therefore, f has no extremum value at x 0. Thus,
(A) is not correct. 1
and lim ( x) 1
(ii) At x 1: x < 1 sign of f a( a x) is ()()(−)(−)(−) xm1 0 1
< 0. Therefore f is continuous at x 1. Using Lagrange’s mean
x 1 sign of f a(
a x) is ()()()( )( ) 0. value theorem for f (x) on [0, 1], there exists c (0, 1) such
Therefore, f has minimum value at x 1. Thus, (B) is that
true.
For a continuous function, minimum and maximum f( ) f( ) 2c

values occur alternately. So f has maximum at x 2 1 0 2
and minimum at x 3. Therefore, (C) is not true 3
1 c
whereas (D) is correct. 2
Answers: (B), (D) 1
c
2
21. Let f ( x) 2 (x
(x )2/3 and g(x) x2/3. Then
Therefore (A) is correct.
(A) Rolle’s theorem is applicable for f (x) on [0, 2] Again, using Lagrange’s mean value theorem for f (x)
and Lagrange’s mean value theorem is appli- on [1, 2], there exists c (1, 2) such that
cable for g(x) on [ 1, 1]
f( ) f( ) 1
(B) Rolle’s theorem is not applicable for f(x
( ) on [0, 2] 2
2 1 c
(C) Lagrange’s mean value theorem is applicable to
g(x) on [ 1, 1] 1 1
1 2
(D) Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to f(x) on [0, 2] 2 c
2
and Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not appli- 2
cable to g(x) on [ 1, 1]
2
Solution: The function f(x
( ) is continuous x [0, 2] and Therefore (D) is correct.
2 Answers: (A), (D)
a x) ( x ) 1/3
f a(
3
22. Suppose f is differentiable for all real values of x.
is not defined at x 1. Thus f is not differentiable at Then by the Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there
x 1 (0, 2). Therefore (B) is correct. Now exists P ( , 1) such that
2 1/3 f ( x h) h a( x
f ( x) hf h)
gaa( x) x
3
This statement can be considered as Lagrange’s
is not defined at x 0 ( 1, 1). Thus g is not differentiable Mean Value Theorem. Then
at x 0. Hence (D) is true. (A) the value of P in Lagrange’s mean value theo-
Answers: (B), (D) rem for f (x) x2 is 1/2
« 3 x2 (B) the value of P for f (x) x2 ax b is 1/2
®® for 0 b x b 1 (C) the value of P for g(x) x3 is 1/3
22. Let f ( x) ¬ 2
(D) the value of P for g(x) x3 bx2 cx d is 1/3
® 1 for 1 b x b 2
® x Solution: We consider f (x) ax2 bx c. Therefore
Then, the value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value f ( x h) f ( x ) f a( x h) ( )
theorem over [0, 2] is
We have
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a( x h)2 b( x h) c ax 2
((ax bx c) [ a( x P h) b]h The least and greatest value of f on [ 1, 3] are 8 and 72,
respectively. Therefore, the image of [ 1, 3] under f is
2 h ah2 bh 2axh 2aP h2 bh [ 8, 72]. So(C) is correct.
h2 2aP h2 Answers: (A), (B), (C)
1
2 1 P 24. On the interval [0, 3], the function f ( x) 4xx 3 x x 2
2
(A) has local minimum at x 1/3
Thus (A) and (B) are correct. Consider g(x) x3. There-
fore (B) has greatest value at x 3
(C) f is increasing in [1, 2]
g( x h) g( x) hg a( x h)
(D) f is decreasing in [0, 1/4]
3 3 2
(x
( x h) x h[ ( x P h) ]
Solution: We have
3 x h 3 xh h3 3xx 2 h 6 xP h2 P 2 h3
2 2
«®4xx 3 x(x
x( x ) for 0 b x b 2
3x
3x h 6 xP P 2 h f ( x) ¬
3
so that P x 1/3. Hence (C) and (D) are not correct. ®4xx x(xx( x ) for 2 x b 3
Answers: (A), (B) Now,
2
Try it out If ®«12 x 2 x 2 for 0 b x b 2
f a( x ) ¬
2
®12 x 2 x 2 for 2 x b 3
h h2
f ( x h) f ( x) f a( x ) f aa( x h)
1 2 So
where 0 P 1, then for f a( ) 48 4 2 50
3 2
f ( x) ax bx cx d and f a( ) 48 4 2 46
and a x 0, the value of P is 1/3. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x 2. Hence 2 is a
critical point. Now 0 b x b 2 and f a(
a x) 0 implies
23. Consider the function f ( x) 4 x 3 12 xx,, x [ 1, ]. 6 2 1 0

Then (3 1)(2 x 1) 0
(A) f has local maximum at x 1 1/ 3, 1
(B) f has local minimum at x 1
So x 1/3 is a critical point. Now 2 b x b 3 and f a(
a x) 0
(C) the image of the interval [ 1, 3] under the func-
implies
tion is [ 8, 72]
(D) f has no extremum value in [ 1, 3] 6x2 x 1 0
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get But 6x2 x 1 0 has no real roots. Thus, the only critical
points are 1/3, 2.
f a( x) 12 x 2 12 (i) Also, x 1/3 the sign of f a( a x) is ( )() 0 and
Now x / f a( x) 0. Hence f has local minimum at x
1/3.
a x) 0 x 1, 1
f a( (ii) f is decreasing for x 1/3 and increasing for x 1/3.
So the critical points of f are p1. Since f q( x) 24 x, we Further,
have f q( ) 0 and f q( ) 0. Hence f has local maxi- ¥ 1´ 4 1 5 4 15 11
mum at x 1 and local minimum at x 1. Thus (A) and f( ) f s
§ 3 ¶ 27 3 3 27 27
(B) are correct. Also,
f ( ) 108 3 105
f( ) 4 12 8
On [0, 3], the least value of f is 11/27 and greatest value
f( ) 4 12 8 is 105. From (ii), we have f is decreasing in [0, 1/4] and
increasing in [1, 2]. Hence all options are correct.
and f ( ) 108 36 72
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P b sinP ) is a point on the curve

25. P(a cosP, 26. Consider the function
x2 y2 1 x
1 f ( x)
a2 b2 1 x
on the interval [ 2, 0]. Then
where a 0, b 0 and b2 a2. Then
(A) f is decreasing in the interval [ 2, 1]
(A) equation of the tangent P is
(B) f is increasing in [ 1, 0]
x y
cosP i P 1
ssiin (C) the minimum value of f is 0
a b
(B) minimum area of the triangle formed by the (D) the maximum value of f is 1
tangent at P and the two coordinate axes is ab Solution: We have
(C) minimum area of the triangle in part (B) is 2ab
«x 1
(D) equation of the normal at P is ax sec P by ®® x 1 if 2 b x b 1
cosec P a2 b2 f ( x) ¬
® x 1 if 1 x b 0
Solution: Differentiating the curve equation with ® 1 x
respect to x we get
f is continuous at x 1. Now
x y dyy
2
2 0 « 2
a b dx
® ( x )2 for 2 b x b 1
dyy b2 x ®
f a( x ) ¬
2
dx a y ® 2 for 1 x b 0
® ( x )2
2
¥ dy ´ b (a cosP ) b
2 cot P
§ dx ¶ P a (b sin P ) a Also,
So equation of the tangent at P is 1

f a( )
2
b cosP
y b sin P ( x a cosP ) 1
a sin P and f a( )
2 2
b P ayy sin
i P ab(si P cos2 P ) ab
so that f a is not differentiable at x 1 and hence x 1
Dividing by ab we get a x) x 0 for x [ 2, 0].
is the only critical point and f a(
x y a x) 0 for 2 b x b 1 and f a(
Since f a( a x) 0 for 1 b
cosP i P 1
ssiin x b 0, follows that f is decreasing in [ 2, 1] and increas-
a b
ing in [ 1, 0], hence f is minimum at x 1 and the mini-
Thus (A) is true. Again, equation of the normal at P is mum value is f ( 1) which is 0. Now
a sin P 1
bsin P
y b ( x a cosP ) f( ) , f ( 1)) f (0) 1
b cosP 3
x y a b a 2 b2 This implies that the minimum value is 0 and maximum

b cosP a sin i P b a ab value is 1. Hence all options are correct.
ax by Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
a 2 b2
cosP sin i P
Thus (D) is correct. 27. The sum of the third and ninth terms of an AP is
If the intercepts made by the tangent (x/a)cosP equal to the least value of the quadratic expression
(y/b)sinP 1 on the coordinate axes are a secP P and b 2x2 4x 10. Then
4 a
P respectively, then the area of the triangle thus
cosecP, (A) the common difference of the AP is
where “a” is the first term of the AP. 5
formed is
(B) if the first term a is 1, then the common differ-
1 ence is 1
( ssec P )(b cosecc ) ab cosec 2P r ab
2 (C) the common difference d cannot be determined
unless the first term is given
because cosec 2P 1. Thus the minimum area of the
triangle thus formed is ab. Hence (B) is correct. (D) sum of the first eleven terms is 44
Answers: (A), (B), (D) Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
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Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common 1

difference of the A.P. Let f a( x) 0 fo x0
2
f ( x) 2x2 4 x 10 f a( x ) 0 f 0x
1
2
Therefore
and finally
f a( x ) 4 x 4 0 x 1
and f q( x) 4 0 1
f a( x) 0 fo x
2
Therefore f has least value at x 1 and the least value is
Therefore f is decreasing in ( d, 1/2) (0, 1/2) and
f( ) 2( ) 4 10 8 increasing in ( 1/2, 0) (1/2, d). Thus (A) and (B) are
By the hypothesis, correct.
Now f q( / ) f is minimum at x p1/2 and the
( )( )8 minimum value is
a 5d 4 (3.75)
¥ 1´ 2 1 1
From Eq. (3.75), f p log e log e 2
§ 2¶ 4 2 2
4 a
d Therefore (C) is correct. Because at both x p1/2, f is
5
Thus (A) is correct and also (B) and (C) are correct. minimum, there is no maximum value for ff. Hence (D) is
Now, the sum of the first eleven terms is [by Eq. correct.
(3.75)] Note: In the above problem, f has two consecutive
11 minima which, in general, is not true. But, here f is not
[ (a 10d)]
(a )] 11(
11( 5 ) defined at x 0 ( 1/2, 1/2). Thus, f is minimum at two
2
11 s 4 44 consecutive points.
Thus (D) is correct.
29. The points on the curve y x2 5x 6 at which the
28. Let f ( x) 2 x 2 log e x for x x 0. Then tangents drawn intersect in (1, 1) are
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ (A) (2, 0) (B) (1, 2)
(A) f is decreasing in the set d, 0,
§ 2¶ § 2¶ (C) (0, 6) (D) ( 1, 12)
¥ 1 ´ ¥1 ´ Solution: Differentiating the given function we get
(B) f is increasing in , 0 , d
§ 2 ¶ §2 ¶
dy
1 2x 5
(C) minimum value of f log e 2 dx
2
(D) maximum value for f does not exist Suppose (x1, y1) is a point on the curve. Therefore
Solution: Differentiating the given function we get ¥ dy ´

2 x1 5
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 4 x 2 1 ( x ))(( x ) 1 1
f a( x ) 4 x (3.76)
x x x Equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
Now y y1 (2 x1 5)( x x1 )
1
f a( x ) 0 x p This tangent passes through the point (1, 1). Therefore
2
1 1 y1 (2 x1 5)(1 x1 )
f q( x) 4 0 xx0 2
x2 2 1 7 x1 5 (3.77)
Therefore, f is minimum at x p1/2. Also, from Eq. Since (x1, y1) lies on the curve, we have
(3.76),
y1 x12 5 x1 6 (3.78)
1
f a( x) 0 fo x From Eqs. (3.77) and (3.78),
2
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1 2
5 x1 6 2 2
7 x1 5 Putting y 0 in Eq. (3.80) we get
1 1
x12 22xx1 0 x03 3 x02 7 x0 6

x x0
x1 0, 2 3 x02 6 x0 7
Now 2 x03 3 x02 6

3 x02 6 x0 7
x1 0 y1 6
So
2
and x1 2 y1 0 2 0 3 x02 6
x-intercept 0 (By hypothesis)
2
Therefore the points on the curve are (0, 6) and (2, 0). 3 6 x0 7 0
Hence (A) and (C) are correct. Put x 0 in Eq. (3.80). Therefore (by hypothesis)
2
Answers: (A), (C) y-intercept 2 0 3 x02 6 0 (3.81)
By hypothesis, y intercept 2 x-intercept
x i te cept . Therefore
30. P is a point on the curve y x3 3x2 7x 6 at which
3
the intercept made by the tangent on the positive 3
¥2 3 x02 6 ´
x-axis is half of the intercept made by it on the nega- 2 0 3 x02 6 2¦ 0
2 µ
§3 0 6 x0 7 ¶
tive y-axis. Then
3 ¨ 2 ·
(A) P (0, 6) (2 3 x02 6) ©1 2 0
0
ª 3 x0 6 0 7 ¸¹
(B) P (3, 15)
3 2 2
(C) P (1, 3) ( 0 0 )[ 0 0 ] 0
(D) length of the intercept on positive x-axis is ( 2
)( )( )0
0 0 0 0
21/2
Since 2 03 3 x0 6 is positive [see Eq. (3.81)], x0 1 or
Solution: Let P be (x0, y0). Therefore
x0 3. Now
y0 x03 3 x02 7 x0 6 (3.79) x0 1 x-intercept 0
Differentiating the given equation with respect to x, we get Therefore, x0 3 which implies y0 15. Thus (B) is cor-
rect and length of the intercept on positive x-axis is
dy
3x 2 6x 7 3
dx 2 0 3 x02 6 54 27 6 21
2

The equation of the tangent at (x0, y0) is 3 0 6 x0 7 27 18 7 2
Hence (D) is correct.

y y0 (3 x02 6 x0 7)( x x0 )
Answers: (B), (D)
y x03 3 x02 7 x0 6 (3 x02 6 x0 7)( x x0 ) (3.80)

Column I Column II
(C) The tangent of the curve (s) x y 0
Column I Column II
y 14e x at the point
(A) The equations to the curve y (p) 14x y 10 (0, 14) is
x3 2x 6 which are per- (D) Equation of the normal to 4 y 22 0
(t) 14x
pendicular to the line x 14y the curve x3 y3 6xy at
+ 4 0 is (are) (q) 14x y 14 (3, 3) is
(B) The equation of the tangent
to the curve y 3e x /2
at the Solution:
point where it crosses the (r) 3x 22y 6
(A) Differentiating the given function we have
y-axis is
(Continued)
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dy
3x 2 2 dy 2 y x 2

dx dx y2 2 x
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the line x ¥ dy ´ 6 9
1
14y 4 0, we have § dx ¶ ( 3, 3) 9 6
dy Hence normal at (3, 3) is
14
dx
y 3 1(x 3)
3x2 2 14
x y0
x p2
Hence the required points on the curve are (2, 18) Answer: (D) m (s)
and ( 2, 6).
Equation of the tangent at (2, 18) is 2. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
y 18 14(x 2)
Column I Column II
14x y 10
(A) Equation of the tangent (p) x 3y 8 0
Equation of the tangent at ( 2, 6) is
to the curve y2 8x, that
y 6 14(x 2) is parallel to the line 4x
14x y 22 0 y 3 0 is (q) x y 2
(B) A normal line to the
Answer: (A) m (p), (t) curve 3x2 y2 8 having
(B) Consider the curve y be x /a
. It meets y-axis in slope 1/3 is (r) 8x 2y
2 10
(0, b). Differentiating we get (C) Equation of the tangent
to the curve x sin 3t
dy b (s) y 1
e x /a and y cos 3tt at t O /4
dx a is
dy
¥ ´ b (D) Equation of the tangent
(t) x 3y 8 0
§ dx ¶ ( , b) a of the curve y cot2 x
2cot x 2 at x O /4 is
So the equation of the tangent to y be x
/a
at (0, b) is
Solution:
b
y b (x )
a (A) Differentiating y2 8x we get
bx ay ab
dy 4

If b 3, a 2, then the equation of the tangent at dx y
(0, 3) is
¥ dy ´ 4

3x 2y
2 6 § dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1
1 1
Answer: (B) m (r) Since the tangent at (x1, y1) is parallel to the line
(C) If b 14 and a 1, then the equation of the tangent 4x y 3 0, we have
at (0, 14) is 4 ¥ dy ´
4
14x y 14 y1 § dx ¶ ( x1 , y1 )
y1 1
Answer: (C) m (q)
(D) Differentiating the given equation with respect to x Since y12 8 x1 and y1 1, we have x1 1/8. There-
we get fore
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´
3x 2 3 y2 6 y x ( 1 , y1 )
¥1 ´
,1
§ dx ¶ § dx ¶ §8 ¶
dyy 2
(y 2 x) 2 y x2
2y
dx
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Equation of the tangent at this point is 1 ¥ 1 ´

y 1¦ x µ
2 § 2¶
¥ 1´
y 1 4 x x y 2
§ 8¶
2y
2 2 8x 1 Answer: (C) m (q)
8x 2y
2 10
O /4, 1). Differentiating the given
(D) The given point is (O
Answer: (A) m (r)
curve we get
(B) Differentiating 3x2 y2 8 we get
dy 2
dy 2 cot x c x 2 cosec 2 x
6x 2y 0 dx
dx ¥ dy ´
dyy 3 x 2(2) 2(2) 0
§ dx ¶ ¥ P , 1´
§4 ¶
dx y
dy
¥ ´ 3x O /4, 1) is
Therefore equation of the tangent at (O
1
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) y1
1 1 ¥ P´
y 1 0 x
§ 4¶
Hence slope of the normal at (x1, y1) is
y1
y1 1
( ) Answer: (D) m (s)
3 x1 3
y1 x1 (3.82)
But
Column I Column II
3 x12 y12 8 (3.83)
(A) Tangent of the curve x acos P, P 3
(p) 1
From Eqs. (3.82) and (3.83) we get x1 p2 and y asin3P meets the axes in P and
y1 p2, either both are “” signs or both are “ ” signs. Q. Then, the mid-point of PQ lies
This implies that the points are (2, 2) and ( 2, 2). on the circle
Now the equation of the normal at (2, 2) is
a2 (q) 4
1 x2 y2
y 2 ( x 2) k 2
3
x 3y 8 0 2
where k is equal to
Similarly, equation of the normal at ( 2, 2) is (B) Tangent at (a, b) to the curve x3
y3 c3 meets the curve again in (r) 2
1 (a1, b1). Then
y2 ( x 2)
3
x 3y 8 0 a1 b1

a b
Answer: (B) m (p), (t)
(C) If the sum of the squares of the (s) 1
(C) The point given on the curve . intercepts on the axes cut off by a tan-
Now gent to the curve x 1 3 y1/ 3 a1/ 3
(a 0) at the point (a/8, a/8) is 2,
dx
x i 3t 3 cos 3t then the value of a is
dt (t) 2
(D) Tangents are drawn to the curve
dyy y sin x from the origin. Then the
y 3t 3 sin 3t
dt points of contact lie on the curve
Therefore 1 1
2
p
dy ¥ dy ´ 3P y x2
tan 3t tan ( ) 1
dx § ¶
dx t P 4 where the value of p is
4

So equation of the tangent at 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 is
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Solution: b1 b a2
2 (3.84)
(A) Differentiating x acos3P,
P y asin3P we get a1 a b
dx Also a3 b3 c3 and a13 b13 c 3 implies
3a cos2 P i P
dP
a3 a13 b13 b3
dy
and 3a sin 2 P P ( 2
2
( )( 2
2
dP 1 )( 1 1) 1 1 1 )
Therefore b1 b (a aa1 a12 )
2
2 (3.85)
dy dyy dx a1 a b bb1 b12
w tan P
dx dP dP
So, tangent at P,
P
a2 a 2 aa1 a12
3
y a sin P tan
tan P ( x a cos P ) 3
b2 b2 bb1 b12
i P y cosP a sin P cosP
On cross-multiplication and simplification we get
x y
1 ( )( 0
a cosP a sin
i P 1 1 1 1)
Hence P (a cosP,
P 0) and Q (0, a sinP ). If (x1, y1) is Now (a, b) x (a1, b1) implies
the mid-point of PQ, then ab a1b ab1 0
2x1 a cosP and 2 1 a sinP
2y a b
1 1 1 0
a b
Therefore
a b
4( 2 2
a2 1 1 1
1 1) a b
Answer: (B) m (s)
a2
or x12 y12 (C) Differentiating the given curve we get
4
1 22 / 3 1 2 / 3 dyy
So, (x1, y1) lies on x y 0
3 3 dx
2/3
a2 dy ¥ y´
x2 y2
4 dx § x¶
Answer: (A) m (q) At (a/8, a/8), the value of dy/dx 1. Therefore
(B) Differentiating the given curve we get equation of the tangent at (a/8, a/8) is
dyy a ¥ a´
3x 2 33yy2 0 y
1 x
dx 8 § 8¶
dy x2 a a a
2 x y
dx y 8 8 4
¥ dy ´ a2 Now the sum of the squares of the intercepts is
2
§ dx ¶ (a, b) b 2 2
¥ a´ ¥ a´ 2a 2
So, equation of the tangent at (a, b) is 2 ( )
§ 4¶ § 4¶ 16
a2 Therefore a2 16 or a 4 ( ).
y b 2
( x a)
b Answer: (C) m (q)
The tangent at (a, b) meets the curve again in (a1, b1). (D) Differentiating y sin x we get
This implies that
dy
cos x
a 2 dx
b1 b ((aa1 a)
b2 At the point (x1, y1), the value of dy/dx cos x1.
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Therefore equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is The curves cut each other orthogonally means
[using Eqs. (3.88) and (3.89)]
y y1 (cos x1)(x x1)
This tangent passes through (0,0) implies ¥ a ´ ¥ 2´
1
y1 x
1cos x1 § x 2 ¶ ¦§ y µ¶
y x2 y 2a
1 cos x1 (3.86) ¥ a´
x1 x2 2a (∵ xxy a)
§ x¶
But (x1, y1) lies on the curve implies x2 (3.90)
y1 sin x1 (3.87) Since ( , y) lies on y2 4 x and x 2 we have
From Eqs. (3.86) and (3.87), we get yp2 2
y12 Substituting the values of x and y in Eq. (3.90), we get
y21 1
x12
( )(( ) 2a
y12 x12 y12 x12 p4 2
x12 y12 x12 y12 4 2 ( a 0)
1 1 a
1 2
y12 x12 2 2
So(x1, y1) lies on the curve Answer: (A) m (s)
(B) We have
1 1
1
y2 x2 ex e x
2x ¥ 0 ´ ex e x 2 ¥ 0´
lim lim
Hence p 1. xm 0 i x § 0 ¶ xm
x sin m 0 1 cos x § 0 ¶
Answer: (D) m (p) ex e x ¥ 0 ´

lim
x m 0 sin x § 0 ¶
ex e x 1 1
lim 2
x m 0 cos x 1
Column I Column II
(A) If the curves xy a(a 0) and y 2 Answer: (B) m (s)
(p) 1
4x cut orthogonally, then the value 2 (C) We have
of a/2 2 is
ex e x
2x (q) 2 2 tan x x ¥ 0 ´ sec 2 x 1
(B) lim is lim lim
xm0 x sin x
x m 0 x sini x § 0 ¶ x m 0 1 cos x
(r) 1 1 cos2 x
tan x x lim
(C) lim is xm0 cos2 x(1 cos x)
x m 0 x sin x
(D) If the curves y2 2x and xy a/2 (a (s) 2 1 cos x

lim 2
0) cut at right angles, then a// 2 x m 0 cos 2 x
equals (t) 1 Answer: (C) m (s)

(D) We have
Solution:
dy 1
(A) We have y2 2 x
dx y
dy a
xy a 2 (3.88) a dy
d a
dx x and xy 2
2 dx 2x
dy 2
y2 4 x (3.89)
dx y
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By hypothesis, product of the slopes of the curves at 2c 2 3 0

a common point 1. Therefore
2 c 4 2 2
1¥ a ´ 2
1 (c 2 4)
y § 2x2 ¶
a 2 2 12
2y
2 6 (2, 4)
¥ a ´ a¥ a´
x2 ∵y Answer: (A) m (t)
§ 2x ¶ 2 § 2x ¶ 2
1 (3.91) (B) We have f ( x) x 2 x 4, x [1, 5]. Therefore
f (1) 3, f (5) 19.
Now By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, for some c
y2 2 x and x 1 y p 2 (1, 5)
Substituting the values of x 1 and y p 2 in Eq. f( ) f( )

f a(c) 2c
2c 2
(3.91), we get 5 1
4 2c 2
a c3
(1)( 2)
2
a Answer: (B) m (q)
2 ( )
2 (C) We have
a f ( ) f ( ) 13 5
2 f a (c ) 4
2 4 2 2
Answer: (D) m (s) where c (2, 4).
Answer: (C) m (p)
(D) We have f ( x) e x sin x. f is continuous on [0, O ]
Column I Column II and differentiable in (0, O ). Further
(A) Value of c in the Lagrange’s mean (p) 4 f (0) 0 f (O )
value theorem for f ( x) x 2 4 Therefore by Rolle’s theorem, there exists c (0, O )
on the interval [2, 4] is such that f a(c) 0. So
(B) Value of c in the Lagrange’s mean (q) 3 e c (cos c sin c) 0, 0 c P
value theorem for f (x) x2 2x
4 on [1, 5] is cos c sin c 0 (∵e c x 0)
(C) f is continuous on [2, 4] and is dif- (r) 1 tan c 1
ferentiable in (2, 4). It is given that Answer: (D) m (r)
f (2) 5 and f (4) 13. Then there
exists c (2, 4) such that f a( a c) is 6. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
equal to
(D) If c is a value in Rolle’s theorem for (s) 2 Column I Column II
f (x) e x

sin x on the interval [0, O ],
then tan c is equal to x sin x (p) 3
(A) lim is
(t) xmd x
6
tan x (q) 2
(B) lim is
Solution: xm
P tan 3 x
2
(A) Clearly f is continuous on [2, 4] and differentiable lim ( x x ) is (r) 1

(C) x m 0
in (2, 4). Hence by Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
there exists c (2, 4) such that x sin x (s) 1/2
(D) lim x 2
is
f( ) f( ) xm0 e 1 x ( /2)
f a (c )
4 2
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Solution: (C) Let l m ( x x ). Therefore

x m 0
(A) We have
x sin x ¥ sin x ´ log e llim x log e x
lim lim 1 1 0 x m 0
xmd x xmd§ x ¶
¥ log e x ´ ¥ d ´
lim ¦ µ¦ µ
because as x m d, 1/x
/ m 0 and sin x is bounded. x m 0 § 1 / x ¶ § d ¶
Answer: (A) m (r) 1//x

lim lim ( ) 0
(B) We have x m 0 1//x 2 x m 0
So, l e 0 1.
tan x ¥ d ´ sec 2 x
lim lim Answer: (C) m (r)
§ d ¶ x m P 3 sec 2 3 x
x m tan 3 x d
P
2 2
(D) We have
1 ¥ cos2 3 x ´ ¥ 0 ´
lim ¦
3 x m P § cos2 x µ¶ § 0 ¶ x sin x ¥ 0´ 1 cos x ¥ 0 ´
2 lim lim
xm0 ex 1 x ( 2
/2) § 0 ¶ x m 0 e x 1 x § 0 ¶
1 ¥ 2 s 3 ( sin 3 )(3) ´
lim ¦
3 x m § 2 cos ( sin ) µ¶
P lim
sin x ¥ 0 ´
2 x m 0 ex 1 § 0 ¶
¥ sin 6 x ´ ¥ 0 ´ cos cos 0
lim 0 lim 0 1
P § sin 2 x ¶ § 0 ¶
xm
2
xm0 ex e
¥ 6 cos 6 x ´ Answer: (D) m (r)
lim
xm
P § 2 cos 2 x ¶
2 Try it out In the above problem L’Hospital’s
3 3P 3( 1) rule cannot be applied. Why?
3
cos P ( 1)
Answer: (B) m (p)
1. Passage: If f is continuous on closed [a, b], differ- (A) ( d, 1) (B) ( 1, 0)
entiable on (a, b) and f (a) f (b), then there exists (C) (0, 1) (D) (1, d)
c (a, b) such that f a(
a c) 0. Answer the following (iii) The number of values of c in Rolle’s theorem for
three questions. f (x) 2x3 x2 4x 2 in the interval [ , 2]
(i) If in the passage, f (a) f (b) 0, then the equa- is
tion f a( x) K f ( x) 0 has (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) solutions for all real K (C) 2 (D) 3
(B) no solution for any real K Solution:
(C) exactly one solution for all real K (i) Let E ( ) e Kx f ( ) so that
(D) solution only for K 1
(a) E is continuous on [a, b],
(ii) If
(b) differentiable in (a, b),
a0 a a an 1
1 2 an 0 (c) E (a) E (b) ( (a) b)
((b )
n1 n n 1 2
Therefore by Rolle’s theorem F a(
a ) 0 for some
where a0 a1 , a2 , , an are reals, then the equa- c (a, b). Then
tion
e Kcc [ f (c) f (c)] 0
n n 1 n 2
a0 x a1 x a2 x an 0 f a (c ) L f (c ) 0
has a root in
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That is, for each K, there corresponds c (a, b) such (A) 0 (B) 1
that (B) 2 (D) 3
f a (c ) K f (c ) 0 (ii) The minimum area of the triangle formed by
any tangent to the curve
That is, f a( x) K f ( x) 0 is solvable whatever real
K may be. Hence (A) is correct. x2 y2
1
Answer: (A) a2 b2
(ii) Let with the coordinate axes is
1 1
a x n 1 a1 x n a2 x n 1 a x2 (A) ( )2 (B) ( 2 2
)
F ( x) 0 n 1 an x 2 2
n1 n n 1 2
1
Obviously F (x) continuous and differentiable for (C) ( )2 (D) ab
2
all real x. Also (by hypothesis) F (0) 0 and F (1) =
(iii) The tangent at (1, 7) to the curve y x2 6
0. Therefore by Rolle’s theorem (using on [0, 1]),
touches the curve x 2 y2 16 x 12 y c 0 at
a c) 0 for some c (0, 1). That is
F a(
(A) (6, 7) (B) ( 6, 7)
a0 c n a1c n 1 a2 c n 2 an 0, 0 c 1
(C) (6, 7) (D) ( 6, 7)
That is a0 x n a1 x n 1 { an 0 has a root in (0, 1). Solution:
So (C) is correct.
(i) Clearly f is continuous at x 1, because
Answer: (C)
(iii) We have f ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 2. Clearly lim f( ) ( )3 1
xm( )) 0
f( ) f( )
and lim f( ) ( )2/3 1
Using Rolle’s theorem on [ xm( )) 0
, 2 ], we get
a c) 0 for some c ( , 2 ). Therefore
f a( Now,
6c2 2c 4 0 «3(( x )2 f 3 x b 1
®
3c2 c 2 0 f a( x) ¬ 2 1/ 3
(3c 2) (c 1) 0 ® x for 1 x 2
3
So c 1, 2/3 and both values belong to ( , 2 ). So,
Hence (C) is correct.
Answer: (C) ( )2 3
f a( ) 3(
2 2
2. Passage: Let f be a function continuous in a neigh- and f a( ) ( )
3 3
bourhood of a critical point x0 and differentiable at all imply that f is not differentiable at x 1 and f a( )
points in that neighbourhood (except possibly at x0). does not exists. Hence 1 and 0 are critical points.
Then Further f a( ) 0 gives that 2 is also a critical
(a) f has local minima at x0, if f a changes sign from point. Hence all the critical points of f are 2, 1, 0.
minus to plus as x takes values from left of x0 to At x 2: f a(
a x) keeps the same sign so that f has
right of x0. no local extremum value at x 2.
(b) f has local maximum to x0, if f a changes sign At x 1:
from plus to minus.
x f a( x ) 0
Answer the following three questions:
2 1 3
(i) The total number of local maxima and local and x x f a( x )
0
minima of the function 3
Therefore f has local maximum at x 1.
«®( x )3 3 x b 1 At x 0:
f ( x) ¬
2/3 2 1 3
® x 1 x 2
x f a( x ) x 0
3
is
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and x a x) 0
f a( P is an odd multiple of O /2.
It equals to ab when 2P
Hence (D) is correct.
Hence f has local minimum at x 0
Answer: (D)
Therefore, f has one local maximum and one local
minimum. Hence (C) is correct. (iii) Differentiating y x2 6 we get
Answer: (C) dy
(ii) Now 2x
dx
x2 y2 At (1, 7), we have
2
2
1
a a
dy
2(1) 2
Differentiating with respect to x we get dx
dy b2 x Therefore the equation of the tangent at (1, 7) is

2
dx a y y 7 2(x 1)
We can see that x a cosP,
P y b sinP
P are the para-
2x y 5 0 (3.92)
metric equations of the curve
From Eq. (3.92), we have y 2x 5. Substituting this
x2 y2 value of y in the second curve equation we get
1
a2 b2
x2 (2 x 5)2 16 x 12(2 x 5) c 0
Therefore
5x2 60x 85 c 0
b2 (a cosP ) b c
¥ dy ´ 2 12 x 17 0 (3.93)
2 cot P 5
§ dx ¶ P a (b sin P ) a
P b sinP ) is
The equation of the tangent at (a cosP, The line given by Eq. (3.92) touches the second
curve if and only if the quadratic equation [Eq.
b cosP (3.93)] has equal roots. This means
y b sin P ( x a cosP )
a sin P Quadratic equation has equal roots
(b cosP )x (a sinP ) y ab ¥ c´
144 4 17 0
§ 5¶
x y
P i P 1
sin c 95
a b
Therefore the second curve equation is
Therefore area of the triangle formed by the tan-
gent and the axes is x2 y2 16 x 12 y 95 0
1 ¥ a ´¥ b ´ Now, it can be verified that ( 6, 7) is the only
ab cosec 2P r ab
2 § cosP ¶ § sin
i P¶ common point for the line given by Eq. (3.92) and
the second curve. Hence (D) is correct.
Answer: (D)

In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given 1. Statement I: If a1 a2 , {, an are positive reals, then
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it.
Mark the correct answer as: a1 a2 { an
r (a1a2 { an )1/ n
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II n
is a correct explanation for Statement I where the equality holds if and only if a1 a2 , {, an
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II is are equal.
not a correct explanation for Statement I
Statement II: ex r 1 x for all real x.
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false
Solution: Let f (x) ex 1 x. Differentiating this we
(D) Statement I is false and Statement II is true
get
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f a( x ) e x 1 Hence (45)1/100 is a root of f (x) 0. Again
This implies that 1 45

f( ) ( )102 23( )101 ( )2 1035( )
2 2
a x) 0 x 0
f a( 1 45 s 46 s 46
( )( )101 23
2 (46)101 23 s 45 s 46
f a( ) 0 2 2
and a x) 0 x 0
f a( 23(46)101 23(46)101 23 455 46 23 s 45 s 46
Therefore f has absolute minimum (that is only one min- 0
imum) at x 0. Hence f (x) r 0 for all real x. That is Hence 46 is a root of f (x) 0. Now using Rolle’s theo-
x
e r1x for all real x (3.94) rem for f (x) on the interval [451/100, 46], we have P(c) =
f a(c) = 0 for at least one c (451/100, 46).
In Eq. (3.94) replace x with x 1 so that we have
Answer: (A)
ex 1 r x for all real x (3.95)
Let 3. Statement I: The function f ( x) x 3 bx 2 cx
c d
where 0 b c is strictly increasing in ( d,d).
2
a a { an
a 1 2 Statement II: If f is continuous on [a, b], differentia-
n
ble in (a, b) and f a( x) 0 x (a, b), then f is strictly

In Eq. (3.95), replace x with a1 /aa a2 / a, {, an / a and mul- increasing in (a, b).
tiply all the inequalities so obtained. Then we have
Solution: Statement II is a consequence of Lagrange’s
¥ a1 a2 { an
n
´
(a1 a2 { an) mean value theorem (see Theorem 3.6 and the Note un-
§a a a ¶
e r der it). Now
(a ) n
(a1 a2 an ) f ( x) x 3 bx 2 cx
c d
( n n)
r
(a ) n Differentiating this, we get
n
( ) r a1a2 an
f a( x) 3xx 2 bx c
1/ n
r (a1 a2 an ) 2b c·
¨
3 x2 x ¸
Hence both statements are true and Statement II is a ª 3 3¹
correct explanation of Statement I. ¨ 2
c b2 ·
Answer: (A) 3 ©¥ x b ´ ¸
ª§ 3¶ 3 9¹
2. Statement I: If
2
¨ 3c b2 ·
P( x) 51x 101 2323 x 100 45 x 1035 3 ©¥ x b ´ ¸
ª§ 3¶ 9 ¹
then P(x) 0 has a root in the open interval (451/100, 2
¨ 2c c b2 ·
46). 3 ©¥ x b ´ ¸0 ( 0 b 2 c)
ª§ 3¶ 9 9 ¹
Statement II: If f : [a, b] m is continuous and f is
differentiable in (a, b) such that f (a) f (b), then Hence f is strictly increasing for all real x.
a c) 0 for at least one c (a, b).
f a( Answer: (A)
Solution: Statement II is the Rolle’s theorem. Now let 4. Statement I: The function
51 102 2323 101 45 2 log e (P x)

f ( x) x x x 1035x f ( x)
102 101 2 log e (e x)
1 102 101 45 2 is decreasing on (0, d).
x 23 x x 1035x
2 2
Statement II: If f a(a x) 0 for all x (a, b), then f is
Therefore strictly decreasing in (a, b).
1 102 101 2 1
100 )
1 45 Solution: Statement II is true according to Theorem
f( ( ) 100 23( ) 100 ( ) 100 1035( ) 100
0
2 2 3.6 and the note under it. Now, let
102 101 102 101
1 1 log e (P x)
(45) 100 23(45) 100 (45) 100 23(45) 100 f ( x)
2 2 log e (e x)
0
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Therefore is
(e x) log e (e x) ( x) l e ( x)
x) log x y
f a( x ) 2
(3.96) cosP i P 1
ssiin
(e x)( x)[log e (e x)] a b
It is known that, if g (x) x log x, then gaa( x) log e x 1 (see, Problem 25 of the section “Multiple Correct Choice
0 for x 1/e. That is x loge x increases for x 1/e. Type Questions”). Therefore the equation of the tangent
Therefore if x 0, then to the curve
1 x 2 y2
ex P x 1
e 27 1
so that

at 3 3 cosP , sin
i P is
( (e x) ( x)) log
) log e (e l ge ( )
x
a x) 0. Hence f (x) decreases
Hence from Eq. (3.95), f a( cosP i P 1
y sin
3 3
on (0, d).
Answer: (A) Hence the intercepts of the tangent on the axes are
P Let
3 3 secP and cosecP.
5. Statement I: Tangent is drawn to the curve f( ) 3 3 sec P cosec P
x2 Differentiating we get
y2 1
27 f a( ) 3 3 sec P tan P cosec P cot P

i P where 0 P O /2. Then the value
at 3 3 cosP , sin

3 3 sin P

cosP
of P for which the sum of the intercepts on the coordi- cos P 2
sin 2 P
nate axes made by this tangent is minimum is O /3. 3 3 sin 3 P co
c s3 P

Statement II: At a critical point x0 a function is mini- cos2 P sin
i 2P
mum if f a( a x) changes sign from negative to positive
a x0 ) 0 and f q( x0 ) 0. Then f is minimum at
or if f a( Therefore
x0. 1
f a( ) 0 tan P
Solution: Statement II is true according Sec. 3.4.1. It is 3
P b sinP )
known that the equation of the tangent at (a cosP, P
P
to the curve 6
x2 y2 Hence, Statement I is not correct.

1
a 2
b 2 Answer: (D)

1. The number of values of x, where the function Therefore at x 0 only, f (x) is maximum.
f ( x) cos x cos 2 x attains its maximum is Answer: 1
_________.
Solution: Clearly f (x) ≤ 2 and f (x) 2, if cos x 1 and «x if 2 b x b 2 and x x 0
2. Let f ( x) ¬
cos 2 x 1. This happens when x 0. Also 1 if x 0
cos x 1 x 2mO Then, the number of local maxima of f is ______.
and cos 2 x 1 2 x 2 nP Solution: If 0 < C < 1, then
nP x ( C , C ) f ( x) b f (0) 1
2 mP x
2 Hence f is locally maximum at x 0.
mn0 Answer: 1
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3. Let ¥ P(( ) ´
lim 1 2 2
a x) 2010( x
f a( )( x 2
) (x 3
) (x ) 4 xm0 § x ¶
P(( )
for all x in Z. If g : (0, ) is a function such lim
li 1
x m 0 x2
that f (x) loge(g(x)), the number of values of x in
Z at which g has local maxima is _________.
a0 x 4 a1 x 3 a2 x 2 a3 x a4
(IIT-JEE 2010) lim 1 (3.98)
xm0 x2
Solution: We have
By Corollary 1.3, it follows that
f ( x) log e ( g( x))
a4 0 (3.99)
g a( x )
f a( x )
g( x) Therefore [by Eqs. (3.98) and (3.99)]
and g(x) 0 x. a0 x 3 a1 x 2 a2 x a3
lim 1
(i) Now xm0 x
gaa( x) 0 f a( x) 0 Again, by the same Corollary 1.3, we have
x 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 a3 0 (3.100)
a x) 0 for x 2009 and ga(

Now, ga( a x) 0 for x So from Eqs. (3.98) (3.100),
a x) changes sign from positive to
2009. That is, ga(
3
negative. Hence g has local maximum at x 2009. lim ( 0 1 2) 1
xm0
(ii) ga(
a x) 0 for x 2010 and x 2010. Hence g(x) has
This implies
no local extremum at x 2010.
a2 1 (3.101)
(iii) ga(
a x) 0 for x < 2011 and ga(
a x) 0 for x > 2011.
Hence g has local minimum at x 2011. Substituting the values a4 0, a3 0 and a2 1 in Eqs.
(iv) ga(
a x) 0 for x 2011. Therefore g has only one (3.96) and (3.97) we get
local maximum. 4a0 3a1 2 (3.102)
Answer: 1
32a0 12a1 4 (3.103)
4. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extre-
Solving Eqs. (3.102) and (3.103), we obtain a0 1/4 and
mum at x 1, 2 and
a1 1. Therefore
¥ P(( ) ´
lim 1 2 2 1
xm0§ x ¶ a0 a1 11, a2 1 a3 0, a4 0
4
Then the value of P(2) is ____________.
Hence
Solution: Let
1 4 16
P ( x) x x 3 x 2 P( ) 84 0
P( x) a0 x 4 a1 x 3 a2 x 2 a3 x a4 4 4
Answer: 0
Therefore
Paa( x) 4a0 x 3 3a1 x 2 2a2 x a3 5. If P is an angle of intersection of the curves
y 3x−1 loge x and y xx − 1, then 2 cosP
P is equal to
Now P a( ) 0 and P a( ) 0 implies _________.
4 0 3a1 2 2 3 0 (3.96) Solution: (1, 0) is a point of intersection of the curves.
Now
and 32a0 12a1 4 2 3 0 (3.97)
y 3x 1 log e x
Now
dyy 1
3x x 1
g e 3 log e x 3x
x 1
s
dx x
dy
¥ ´
01 1
§ dx ¶ (1, 0)
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Again So,
dyy h2 r 2 hr 2
y xx 1 x x (1 log e x) R2
dx h2 hr h r
¥ dy ´
1 Now, V volume of the cone is given by
§ dx ¶ (1, 0)
1
Therefore the slopes of the two curves at (1, 0) are equal. V P R2 h
Hence, they touch each other at (1, 0). This implies that 3
cosP 1 or 2 cosP 2. P h ¥ hr 2 ´

Answer: 2 3 ¦§ h r µ¶
Pr2 ¥ h2 ´
6. The number of points on the curve y3 3x2 12y
2 ¦§ µ
3 h r¶
where the tangent is horizontal is ________.
Solution: Differentiating the given curve we get
dy dy dV P r 2 [ h(h r) h2 ]
3 y2 66xx 12
dx dx dh 3 (h r )2
dy P r 2 (h2 4hr )
(4 y2 ) 2x
dx 3 ( h r )2
dy
0 Therefore
dx
0 dV
3 0h 4r
y 12 y dh
y 0, p 2 3 V dh changes sign from negative to positive at h
Also dV/
4r. Hence V is least or absolute minimum at h 4r 4
Therefore the points are (0, 0) and ( , 2 3 ). (radius of the sphere). Therefore k 4.
Answer: 3 V
7. The height of a right circular cone of minimum

volume that can be circumscribed about a sphere of
radius r is kr. Then the value of k is ___________. 90° E
O r
Solution: See Fig. 3.29. Here r 90°
OO1 OE r (radius of the sphere) A
O1 R
h VO1 (height of the cone)
FIGURE 3.29 Integer answer type question 7.
Therefore
Answer: 4
VO h r
$VAO1 and $VOE E are similar (see Fig. 3.29). Let 8. Let x, y be positive numbers such that their sum is
R O1A be the radius of the base of the cone. Therefore 5. If the product of square of one number and cube
of the other is maximum, then the greater of the
R h numbers is ____________.

r VE
Solution: We have x y 5. Let
h
P x2y3 x2 (5 x)3
VO2 OE 2
h

dP
( h r )2 r 2 2xx(5 x)3 3xx 2 (5 x)2
dx
h

2
x(5 x)2 [2(5 x) 3 x]
h hr
x(5 x)2 (10 5 x)
( 5 x )2
5 (2 x)(5
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Summary 335
Now on the interval [1, 4], then x1 x2 is equal to

___________.
dP
0 x 0, 2, 5
dx Solution: Differentiating we get
x, y are positive x x 0, 5. Therefore x 2. x 1

f a( x )
Also, at x 2, dP/dx changes sign from positive to neg- 8 x2
ative. Hence P is maximum at x 2 and y 3 and the
maximum value of P 2233 108. Hence greater of the so that
numbers is 3. a x) 0 x 2
f a(
Answer: 3 Also,
9. An object moves on the curve x2 3y. When x 3, 1 2 3
f q( ) 0
the x-coordinate of the object is increasing at the 8 8 8
rate of 1 cm/s. At that moment, the rate of increase
in y-coordinate is _________ cm/sec. Therefore, f is minimum at x 2 and
Solution: Differentiating x2 3y we get 4 1 3

f( )
16 2 4
dy 2 x dx d
Also
dt 3 dt
¥ dy ´ 2(3) 1 17
(1) 2 f( ) 1
§ dt ¶ x 3 3 16 16
Answer: 2 1 5
and f ( ) 1
4 4
10. If the function
Hence f (2) is least and f (4) is greatest. Therefore
x2 1 x1 x2 2 4 6
f ( x)
16 x
Answer: 6
attains its least value at x1 and greatest value at x2
SUMMARY
1. Geometrical meaning of dy/dx: Suppose f (x) is a infinity with usual meaning. That is, the angle made
differentiable function and P(x1, y1) a point on the by the tangent with x-axis is a right angle.
graph of y f (x). Then f a(
a x1 ) or ( / dx)( 1 , y1 ) is
the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point. 4. Angle of intersection: Angel of intersection of two
Hence the equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is curves at their point of intersection is defined to be
the angle between the tangents drawn to the curves
y y1 f a( x1 )( x x1 )
at their common point.
a x1 ) x 0, then
2. If f a( 5. Orthogonal curves: Two curves are said to be
1 1 orthogonal curves if their angle of intersection is a
right angle.
f a( x1 ) (dy / dx)( x1 , y1 )
is the slope of the normal to the curve at P (x1, y1). 6. Angle of intersection (formula): Let C1 and C2 be
The equation of the normal is two curves represented by the functions y f (x) and
y g(x), respectively. Suppose P is a common point
1 for C1 and C2. Let
y y1 ( x x1 )
f a( x1 )
¥ df ´ ¥ dg ´
m1 and m2
3. Tangent at (x, y) is parallel to x axis dy/dx 0 §ddx ¶ p § dx ¶ p
and tangent at (x, y) is vertical f a(
a x) or dy/dx is
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If P the acute angle of intersection of C1 and C2 at P, Then the velocity v of the particle is ds/dtt and its
then acceleration is
m1 m2 dv d 2 s
tanP
1 m1 m2 dt dt 2
7. (i) The two curves touch each other at P m1 m2. 11. Angular velocity and angular acceleration: Sup-
(ii) The two curves cut orthogonally at P m1m2 1. pose a particle is moving on a plane curve. Let P be
the angle made by OP P (“O” is the origin) with the
8. Lengths of tangent, normal, sub-tangent and sub- x-axis at time t. Then dP /dtt is called angular velocity
normal: Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the curve y f (x) and d2P /dtt2 is called angular acceleration.
and f is differentiable. Suppose the tangent and nor-
mal meet the x-axis in T and N, respectively. Draw
PG perpendicular to x-axis. Then PT, PN, TG and Mean Value Theorems
GNN are called lengths of the tangent, normal, sub- 12. Rolle’s theorem: If a function f is continuous on
tangent and sub-normal, respectively, at P. closed interval [a, b], differentiable in (a, b) and f (a)
1 f (b) then there exists c (a, b) such that f a(
a c) 0.
PT y1 1 Geometrically, the tangent at the point (c, f (c)) is
[ f a( x1 )]2 parallel to the x-axis.
PN y1 [ f a( x1 )]2 13. Rolle’s theorem for polynomials: In between any

two zeros of a polynomial, there lies a zero of its
1 derivative polynomial. If a polynomial has n zeros,
TG y1 then its derivative has (n 1) zeros.
f a( x1 )
GN y1 f a( x1 )
14. Lagrange’s mean value theorem (LMVT): If f is
y continuous on closed [a, b] and differentiable in (a,
b), then there exists c (a, b) such that
P
f (b) f (a)
q f a (c )
b a
q 90°−q Geometrically, the tangent at (c, f (c)) is parallel to

O T G the chord joining the points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)).
15. Other forms of LMVT:

FIGURE 3.30 (i) In the above statement, if b is replaced by a h,
then there exists P (0, 1) such that
Note: (Sub-Tangent)(Sub-normal) y12
f (a h) f (a)
f a (a h)
9. Rate measure: Let f be a function defined on an h
interval (a, b) and x0 (a, b). Then the quotient
or f (a h) h a (a
f (a) hf h)
f ( x0 h) f (x
( x0 ) where P (0, 1).
h (ii) In (i), if a is replaced by x, then
where h may take positive and negative values is f ( x h) f ( x ) h f a( x h)
called average change of f in (x0, x0 h). If
where P (0, 1).
f( 0 ) f( 0)
lim
x m x0 h 16. Deductions from LMVT:
exists and is a finite number, which is denoted by (i) If f is continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b)
f a(
a x0 ), that number is called rate of change of f at x0. and f a( a x) 0 for all x (a, b), then f(x) is a con-
stant function on [a, b].
10. Velocity and acceleration: Suppose a particle mov- (ii) Suppose f is differentiable in (a, b) and
ing in a straight line covers a distance s(t) in time t. f a( x) 0 x (a, b). Then f is constant in
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Summary 337
(a, b). This result fails if the domain of f is not (i) f has local maximum at c if f a( x) r 0 x
an interval. For example consider the function
(c , c) and f a( x) b 0 x (c, c D )).
«0, x (0, ) (ii) f has local minimum at c if f a( x) b 0 x (
f ( x) ¬
1, x (2, ) (c , c) and f a( x) r 0 x (c, c D )).
(iii) Suppose f and g are continuous on [a, b] and 20. Critical Point: A point x0 in the domain of a func-
differentiable in (a, b). Further suppose that tion f is said to be a critical point for f if either
f a( x) gaa( x) x (a, b). Then f and g will dif- f a(
a x0 ) exists and is equal to zero or f a(
a x0 ) does
fer by a constant for all x [a, b]. not exists, but f a(
a x) exists in a neighbourhood of x0
(iv) Let f : [a, b] m be a differentiable function (in other words f a is discontinuous at x0).
in (a, b). Then
(a) f is increasing on [a, b] if and only if 21. Testing a differentiable function for a local extre-
a x) r 0 for all x (a, b).
f a( mum with first derivative:
(b) f is decreasing on [a, b] if and only if Procedure:
f a( x) b 0 x (a, b). Step 1: Find f a.
Note that f is strictly increasing f a( a x) Step 2:
0 x (a, b) and strictly decreasing f a(
a x) (i) Equate f a( a x) 0 and obtain values of x.
0 x (a, b). (ii) Find the values of x in the domain of f at which
Note: To prove functional inequality f (x) g(x) on an f a is discontinuous.
interval I, show that f a( x) gaa( x) 0 for x I. The values of x obtained in 2(a) and 2(b) are the
critical points.
Maxima And Minima Step 3: Let x0 be a critical point of ff. Then
17. Let f : [a, b] m be a function and a c b. (i) If f a(a x) changes sign from positive to negative
(i) Suppose, there exists C 0 such that (c C,
C c C)
C when x passes through the values less than x0 to
[a, b] and f ( x) b f (c) x (c (c , c D )). the values greater than x0 (at x0 f ( x0 ) 0 or
Then, we say that f has local maximum m at x c f a(
a x) is discontinuous), then at x0, f has local
and f(c) is called local maximum value of f.f maximum.
(ii) Suppose f ( x) r f (c) x (c
(c , c D )). Then, (ii) If f a(
a x) 0 for x x0 and f a(
a x) 0 for x x0,
we say that f has local minimum at x c and then f has local minimum at x0.
f (c) is called local minimum value of f.
f (iii) If f a(
a x) keeps the same sign for x x0 and x
(iii) If f has either local maximum or local minimum x0 then f has no extremum value at x0.
at x c, then f is said to have local extremum The following table enables the reader about
at c. the character of a critical point.
18. Necessary Condition for an Extremum: Suppose Sign of the derivative when x passes Character of
f : [a, b] m and c (a, b). If f is differentiable at c through the values at a critical the critical
point x0 point x0
and c is a point of local extremum, then f a( a c) 0.
x x0 x x0 x x0
Note:
f a(x0) 0 or f a(x) Local maxi-
(i) A function having local extremum at a point is discontinuous mum at x0
need not be differentiable. For example, at x0
f ( x) x is not differentiable at x 0, but f (0)
is the minimum value. f a(x0) 0 or f a(x) Local mini-
is discontinuous mum at x0
(ii) f (x) x3 is differentiable at x 0, f a( ) 0 but
at x0
x 0 is not a point of extremum.
f a(x0) 0 or f a(x) Neither
is discontinuous maximum nor
19. First Derivative Test: Suppose f : [a, b] m
at x0 minimum at
is continuous, a c b and f is differentiable in
x0 (actually, f
(a, c) and (c, b). Let C 0 be such that (c C,
C c C)
C
increases)
(a, b). Then,
(Continued)
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23. Computing the greatest and least values of a func-

Sign of the derivative when x passes Character of
through the values at a critical the critical tion on can interval [a, b].
point x0 point x0 Step 1: Find all the critical points of f in (a, b).
Step 2: Suppose x1 x2 , … xn are the critical points,
x x0 x x0 x x0 of f in (a, b) at which f is extremum.
f a(x0) 0 or f a(x) Neither Step 3: Consider the set S { f (a), f ( x1 )), f ( x2 ), {,
is discontinuous maximum f ( xn ), f (b)}. The maximum element of S is the
at x0 nor mini- greatest value and the minimum is the least value of
mum at x0; f on the interval [a, b].
the function
decreases
L’Hospital’s Rule
21. Sufficient Conditions for Extremum (Second
d de-
24. Suppose
rivative test): Let f : [a, b] m be a differentiable
function and a x0 b. Suppose f a(x0) exists and is lim f ( ) 0 lim g(( )
xma xma
equal to zero and f q(x0) x 0. Then f has local maxi-
mum at x0 if f q(x0) 0 and has local minimum at x0 if a a) and g a(a) exist and g a(a) x 0. Then
f a(
f q(x0) 0
f( )
Note: If f q(x0) 0 then nothing can be said about f at lim
xma g(( )
x0. Hence, whenever f q(x0) 0, go for the first deriva-
tive test. exists and is equal to f a(a) / gaa(a).
Another form: If f and g are differentiable in a
22. Darbaux Theorem or Intermediate Value Theorem
deleted neighbourhood of a, are continuous at a,
for the Derivative: Let f : [a, b] m be a differen-
f (a) g(a) 0 and lim f a(( )// ( x) , then
tiable function [here f a(a) means f a(a + 0) and f a(b) xma
means f a(b 0)]. Then f a assumes every value be- lim f ( )// ( x) exists and is equal to l.
xma
tween f a(a) and f a(b). For the other indeterminate forms, refer
L’Hospital’s Rule-I and-II.
EXERCISES

1. Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to (A) 0 (B) 1
¨ 2 2· 1
(A) f (x) 9x3 4x on the interval © , (C) (D) 2
ª 3 3 ¹¹̧ 2
(C) f ( x) x 2// x 1/ 3 on [0, 8]
4. The point on the graph of the function y x2 x 3
(B) f ( x) x 3 3 x 2 x 1 on ¨ª̈1, 1 2 ·¹ between x 1 and x 2 where the tangent is parallel
to the chord joining the points (1, 5) and (2, 9) is
« x2 if 0 b x b 1 ¥ 3 27 ´
(D) f ( x) ¬ (A) (1, 7) (B) ,
2 x i 1 x b 2 §2 2 ¶
¥ 3 27 ´ ¥ 27 ´
2. The number of zeros of the function f (x) 5x3 (C) , (D) 1,
§2 4 ¶ § 2¶
2 x 2 3x
3 x 4 belonging to (0, 1) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 5. f is differentiable for all real x and f (2) 3.
(C) 3 (D) cannot be determined Suppose 1 f a(
a x) 2 for 2 x 5. Then
(Hint: Use Intermediate Value Theorem.)
1
(A) 0 f (5) (B) 0 f (5) 1
3. The value of c in the Rolle’s theorem for f (x) x 2 2
2x 3 on the interval [ 1, 3] is (C) 0 f (5) 2 (D) 0 f (5) 3
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Exercises 339
6. Angle of intersection of the curves y x2 and x 1

(5/3) cos t, y (5/4) sintt is (C) 2a (D) a
2
¥ 1´ ¥ 31´
(A) Tan 1 (B) Tan 1
§ 2¶ § 2¶ 13. Equation to the tangent at a point on the curve x2
4a whose abscissa is 2am is
¥ 41´ ¥ 21´
(C) Tan 1 (D) Tan 1 (A) mx y am2 (B) my x am2
§ 2¶ § 2¶
(C) mx y am2 (D) x my am2
7. The length of the sub-tangent at any point for the
curve x a (2 cos t cos 2t), y a (2 sin t sin 2t) is 14. The point of intersection of the tangents to the
3t 1 curve
(A) y cot (B) y t t
2 2 ¥ P´
y sin 2 x
t 3t § 3¶
(C) y tan (D) y tan
2 2 at the points with the abscissa x1 0 and x2 5O/12
O is
¥3 ´
8. The equation of the tangent to the curve x 1 2 (A) ,1
§2 ¶
(B) 1
3 1
P y tanP cotP
loge cotP, P at P O /4 is
(A) x y 1 (B) y 2 ¥ ´ ¥ ´
(C) ¦ 1 3 , 1µ (D) ¦ 1 3 , 1µ
(C) x 1 (D) x y 1 § 2 ¶ § 2 ¶
9. The sum of the intercepts made by a tangent to 15. The point on the curve
the curve x y a on the coordinate axes is 1
equal to y
1 x2
(A) a (B) a/2
at which the tangent is parallel to x-axis is
(C) 2a (D) a
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
(A) 1, (B) 2,
10. The length of the segment of the tangent to the § 2¶ § 5¶
curve ¥ 1´
(C) 1, (D) (0, 1)
¥a a x ´ 2 2 § 2¶
a 2
y log e ¦ µ a x2
2 §a 2 2
a x ¶ 16. The length of the sub-tangent at any point on the
curve y aebx is
at any point contained between the y-axis and the
point of tangency 1 1
(A) (B)
(A) is proportional to abscissa a b
(B) is proportional to ordinate
1
(C) is of constant length (C) (D) ab
ab
(D) is of length a2
17. The tangent at any point of the curve x a cos3P,
P y
11. The x-intercept of the tangent at any point (x, y) of
a sin3P meets the x-axis in P and y-axis in Q. Then
the curve
the mid-point of the segment PQ lies on the curve
a b whose equation is
2
1
x y2 (A) x2 y2 a2/4 (B) x2 y2 2a2
is proportional to (C) x y a
2 2 2
(D) xy a2
(A) x3 (B) x2 18. The maximum value of xy (x 0, y 0) subject to the
(C) y2 (D) y3 condition x y 16 is
(A) 16 (B) 32
12. The normal to the curve x2 y2 a2 at a point P(x0, y0)
(C) 64 (D) 128
meets the x-axis at a point A. These AP
P is equal to
(A) a (B) x02 y02 19. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its
distances s at any time t is given by
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1 4 ax b
s 2t 3
t 2t 4t 2 7 y
4 (x )
( x ))(x
The minimum value of its acceleration attains when has extremum at (2, 1). Then, the maximum value
t is equal to of y is
2 (A) 1 (B) 4
(A) 2 (B) 2
3 (C) −2 (D) −1
2
(C) 2 (D) 3 27. A line drawn through the point (1, 4) meets the
3
positive coordinate axes. Then, the minimum value
of the sum of the intercepts on the axes is
20. The function f (x) 2x3 9ax2 12a2x 1 attains its
maximum at x1 and minimum at x2 such that x12 x2 . (A) 9 (B) 8
Then the value of a is (C) 10 (D) 12
(A) 2 (B) 3
28. The efficiency E of a screw jack is given by
(C) 1 (D) 4
tan P
E
21. The number of maximum and minimum values of tan(P A )
the function
where @ is constant. Then the maximum efficiency
40 of the screw jack is
f ( x)
3 x 4 8 x 3 18 x 2 60 1 sin A 1 sin A
(A) (B)
is 1 cos A 1 sin A
1 cos A 1 cos A
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) (D)
1 sin A 1 cos A
(C) 3 (D) 2
29. An open tank with fixed volume is to be constructed
22. If f (x) x2 b/x
/ has a local minimum at x 2, then b on a square base. If the material to be used is mini-
equals mum, then the edge of the square is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (A) 2 times the depth
(C) 12 (D) 16 (B) 3 times the depths
(C) half of the depth
« 2 x f x 0 (D) 2/3 times the depth
23. f ( x) ¬
2 x 3 f x0
30. The equation of the line through the point (3, 4)
Then, at x 0
which forms a triangle of maximum area with posi-
(A) f has maximum value tive coordinate axes is
(B) f has minimum value (A) 4x 3y 24 0 (B) 2x 3y 18 0
(C) f has no extremum value (C) 3x 4y 25 0 (D) x 3y 15 0
(D) f is decreasing for x ≥ 0
31. The value of a for which the difference of the roots
24. If A 0, B 0 and A B O /3, then the maximum of the equation ax 2 (a 1) x 2 0 (a x 0) is mini-
value of tan A tan B is mum is
(A) 1 (B) 3/4 (A) 5 (B) 1/5
(C) 4/3 (D) 1/3 (C) 4 (D) 1/4
sin x log
logg e ( )
25. If x 0, then the maximum value of loge x/x
/ is 32. lim 2

xm0 x
(A) e (B) 1/e
(A) 1/2 (B) 1
(C) 1 (D) 2/e
(C) 1/2 (D) 1
26. The function
33. The radius of a right circular cylinder is increasing at the
rate of 2 cm/sec whereas its height is decreasing at the
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Exercises 341
2R
rate 3 cm/sec. When the radius is 3 cm and height is 5 (A) H (B) H 2 2R
cm, the volume of the cylinder would change at the rate 3
of 2R R
(C) H (D) H
(A) 87O cubic cm/sec (B) 27O cubic cm/sec 3 3
(C) 33O cubic cm/sec (D) 15O cubic cm/sec
37. Let P(a, 0) be a point on the positive x-axis. Then the
34. Which one of the following statements is true? abscissa of the point on the curve y2 2px
2 which is
closest to P is
(A) f (x) (1 x2/3)3/2 is not differentiable at x 0,
but has maximum at x 0 (A) a p (B) a (p
( /2)
(B) x2/3 is not differentiable at x 0, but has maximum (C) a (p
( /2) (D) a p
at x 0
38. If P(1) 0 and Paa( x) P( x) for all x r 1, then
(C) x3 is differentiable at x 0 and has maximum at
x0 (A) P(x) 0 x 0 (B) P(x) 0 for x (0, 1)
(D) x1/3 is not differentiable at x 0, but has local (C) P(x) 0 for all x 1 (D) P(x) 0 for all x 1
extremum value at x 0 [Hint: Consider h( x) e x P( x) and show that h is
increasing for x r 1.]
35. H is the height of a right circular cylinder of great- (IIT-JEE 2003)
est lateral surface area that can inscribed in a given
sphere of radius of R. Then tan(P x / )
¥ P x´
39. lim tan
(A) H 2R (B) H R 2 xm 1 § 4 ¶
3R (A) e (B) 1
(C) H R 3 (D) H
2 (C) 1/e (D) e
36. H is the height of a right circular cylinder of greatest 40. lim x 2 / x

volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R. xmd
Then (A) 0 (B) 1
2
(C) e (D) e

1. Which of the following are true? (B) f (x) decreases for x 0
(A) In the interval [0, 2O ], the function f (x) 2 sinx
n (C) f (x) is maximum at x 0
cos2x is maximum at x O /6, 5O /6 and mini- (D) The points ( / 2, 1/ 2
) are points of inflexion
mum at x O /2, 3O /2 x2
of the curve y e
( ) x6 has minimum value at x 0
(B) The function f(x
(C) The function f (x) (x 1)3 is neither maximum 4. Let f (x) x4 4x3 6x2 4x 1. Then
nor minimum at x 1
(A) f increases for x r 1
(D) The function f (x) x3 3x 3 has greatest value
(B) f decreases for x b 1
at x 3
(C) f has minimum at x 1
2. h and r are the height and the radius of the base of (D) f has maximum at x 1
right circular cylinder of constant volume V with
minimum total surface area. Then 5. Let f (x) sin x ax b. Then
(A) r V / 2P (B) r 3 V / 2O (A) f has critical points if 1 b a b 1
(C) h 2r (D) h 3r (B) f is increasing for a r 1
2 (C) f is decreasing if a 1
3. Let f ( x) e x (this curve is called Gaussian curve).
Then (D) f is neither increasing nor decreasing for any
value of a
(A) f (x) increases for x 0
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6. Let f (x) (4a 3)(x log 5) (a 7) sinx

n . Then f (x) 11. Which of the following are true?
has (A) The function f (x) x5 2x3 x increases every-
(A) critical points, if 4/3 b a b 2 where
(B) no critical points iff a 4/3 ( ) x3 2x2 5 increases in ( d,d)
(B) The function g(x
(C) critical points if a 2 (C) The function h(x) 2x/log x decreases in (0,1)
(D) f x) has critical points and a 4/3, then
If f( (1, e) and increases in (e, d)
cos x 1 (D) The function E (x) x3 ax increases on the
entire line if a b 0
7. The function
12. The function f (x) x(x 1)3 (x 3)2 has
x 1
f ( x) ,xx0 (A) no extremum value at x 1
x2
1
is monotonically decreasing in (B) local minimum at x
4
(A) (0, 1) (B) (1, d) 1
(C) local maximum at x
(C) (0, 2) (D) (2, d) 4
(D) local minimum at x 3
8. If the curves y x2 ax b and y cx x2 touch each
other at the point (1, 0), then 13. Which of the following are true?
(A) a b 2 (B) a c 2 (A) The function
(C) a b c 0 (D) b c 1 « P
® x sin , x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
9. The abscissa of a point on the curve (a x)2 xy, the ®0, x0
normal at which cuts of numerically equal intercepts
on the axes of the coordinates is vanishes at infinite number of values of x in (0, 1)
(A) 2a (B) 2a A, then Tan 1 A Tan 1 @ A @
(B) If @ A
(C) The value of c in the Cauchy’s mean value
(C) a / 2 (D) a / 2
theorem for the quotient
10. Which of the following inequalities are true? x2 2x 3
2x
x 3
¥ P´ x3 7x2 20 x 5
(A) tan x x if x 0,
3 § 2¶ on the interval [1, 4] is 2
(B) ex r 1 x for all real x
(D) lim [log e ( sin 2 x)cot
ssi ))c t 2 log
)cot l g e (1 x)] is equal
(C) ex ex for x 1 xm0
x3 x3 to 1
(D) x Tan 1 x x for 0 x b 1
3 6

In each of the following questions, statements are given matches are (A) m (p) and (s); (B) m (q), (s) and (t);
in two columns, which have to be matched. The state- (C) m (r); and (D) m (r), (t) then the correct darkening
ments in column I are labeled as (A), (B), (C) and (D), of bubbles will look as follows:
while those in column II are labeled as (p), (q), (r), (s) p q r s t
A
rect matching with one or more statements in column II.
The appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers B
to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in C
D
Example: If the correct matches are (A) m (p), (s),
(B) m (q), (s), (t), (C) m (r), (D) m (r), (t), that is if the
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Exercises 343
1. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II 3. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II
Column I Column II Column I Column II

(A) The number of minima of the func- (p) 1 (A) f is differentiable in (1, a) and continu- (p) 1
tion 10 x 6 24x
24 x 5 15 x 4 40x
400 x 2 108 f (a) f ( )
ous on (1, a) and f a( ) .
is a 1
(B) The number of local maxima of f (x) (q) 2 Then the value of a is
x sin x is (B) The integer part of c, where c is in (q) 2
(C) The minimum value of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
(r) 5 for f ( x) x x on the interval
f ( x) x 8 x 6 x 4 2 x 3 x2 2x 9
is [1, 4] is
(C) If P(h, k) is the point on the curve (r) 3
(D) Let P(4, 4) and Q(9, 6) be two (s) 0
y 4x x2 which is nearest to the
points on the curve y2 4x. R(x, y) is
point Q(, 4), then k h is equal to
a point on the curve lying between
the points P and Q. If the area of (D) f is continuous on [a, b], differen-
$RPQ is largest, then the value of tiable in (a, b). If f (a) a and f (b) (s) 4
2 4x is
2y b, then there exist c1 and c2 in (a,b)
such that f a(c1 ) f a(c
(c2 ) is equal to
2. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II a b
(Hint: Take c and use
2 (t) 9/4
LMVT on [a, c] and [c, b])
Column I Column II
(A) For the curve y xn (n is a positive (p) 4
integer) a normal is drawn at the 4. Consider the function f (x) 2sin (2sin x) 2cos2 x for 0 ≤
point (h, hn) which intersects the y- O Match the items of Column I with those of
x ≤ 2O.
axis at (0, k). If lim k 1/2, then Column II.
hm0
the value of n is
(q) 7 Column I Column II
(B) Suppose f is differentiable for all
a x) b 2 for all x. If
real x and f a( (A) The number of critical values of f is (p) 4
f (1) 2 and f (4) 8, then f (2) is (B) f is maximum at x is equal to (q) P / 6, 5P / 6
equal to
(Hint: Use Lagrange’s mean (r) 2 (C) f is minimum at x is equal to (r) P / , 3P / 2
value theorem for f (x) on [1, 2]
(D) The sum of the greatest and least (s) 1
and [2, 4])
value of f on [0, 2O ] is
(C) The number of points on the (t) 5/2
x
curve y at which the (s) 3
1 x2
slope is 1 is
(D) The minimum value of the func-
x2 3x 2
3x
tion 2
is (t) 1/24
x 2x
2x 1
1. Passage: The greatest or least values of a function (i) The greatest value of f (x) 2x3 3x2 12x 1
f (x) on an interval [a, b] may be attained either at a on the interval [ 2, 5/2] is
critical point of f or at the end points of the interval. (A) 10 (B) 5
Answer the following three questions.
(C) 1 (D) 8
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(ii) The least value of the function sinx

n sin2x on Z (iii) The function y f (x) is parametrically repre-
is sented by the equations
2 4 x t 5 5t 3 30 t 7
(A) (B)
3 3 3 3 3 2
y 4t 3t 18t 3
1
(C) (D) 0 where t 2. Then y f (x) has maximum value
3 3
14 at x equals
(Hint: Since sin 2x is even and is of least period
O it is enough to consider [0, O ])
2O, (A) 21 (B) 11
(iii) The sum of the least and greatest values of (C) 31 (D) 21
1 x x2 4. Consider the function f : Z m Z defined by

f ( x) 2
1 x x
x 2 ax 1
f ( x)
on [0, 1] is x 2 ax 1
(A) 1 (B) 3/5
where 0 a 2. Answer the following two ques-
(C) 8/5 (D) 2/5 tions.
(i) Which of the following is true?
2. Passage: The perpendicular distance of a straight
line ax by c 0 from a point (x1, y1) in the xy- (A) ( )2 f ( ) ( )2 f q( )0
ax1 by
b 1 c 2 2
plane is given to be . Answer the fol- (B) ( ) f ( ) ( ) f q( )0
a b2
2
2
lowing two questions. (C) f a( ( ) ( a)
a ) f a(
(i) If OT
T and ON N (O is the origin) are the perpen- (D) f a( ( ) ( a)2
a ) f a(
diculars drawn from O onto the tangent and (ii) Which of the following is true?
normal to the curves x a sin3t and y a cos3t,
then 4OTT2 ONN2 is equal to (A) f (x) is decreasing on ( 1, 1) and has a local
(A) 2a 2
(B) 2a2 minimum at x 1
(B) f (x) is increasing on ( 1, 1) and has local
(C) a2 (D) 3a 2
maximum at x 1
(ii) P is a point on the curve 2x a (3 cosP cos 3P )
(C) f (x) is increasing on ( 1, 1) and has no
2 a (3 sinP sin 3P ). If p is the length of the
2y
local extremum at x 1
perpendicular from the origin O onto the tan-
gent at P to the curve, then 3p2 4a2 is equal to (D) f (x) is decreasing on ( 1, 1) and has no
2 2
local extremum at x 1
(A) 3OP (B) 2OP
2
(IIT-JEE 2008)
(C) 4OP (D) OP2
5. Passage: If f : Z m Z is continuous and assuming
3. Passage: Using the first derivative test for a function
positive and negative values, then f (x) 0 has a root
to determine extrema, answer the following ques-
in Z. For example, if f is continuous and positive at
tions.
some point and its minimum value is negative, then
(i) The minimum value of f (x) 0 has a real root. Now consider the function
50 f (x) kex x for all real x and k is a real constant.
f ( x) Answer the following questions.
3 x 8 x 18 x 2 60
4 3
(i) The line y x meets y kex for k b 0 at
is (A) no point (B) one point
(A) 5/6 (B) 2/3 (C) two points (D) more than two points
(C) 50/53 (D) 1 (ii) The positive value of k for which kex x
0 has
2
(ii) The minimum value of the function e x 1 is only one root is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) e 1 (A) 1/e (B) 1
(C) e (D) loge2
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Exercises 345
(iii) For k 0, the set of all positive values of k for ¥1 ´

which kex x
0 has two distinct roots is (C) ,d (D) (0, 1)
§e ¶
¥ 1´ ¥1 ´
(A) 0, (B) ,1
§ e¶ §e ¶ (IIT-JEE 2007)

In the following set of questions, a Statement I is given f( ) f a( )
and a corresponding Statement II is given just below it. lim lim
xmd g(( ) x m d g a( )
Mark the correct answer as:
(A) Both Statements I and II are true and Statement II 4. Statement I: Both sin x and cos x are decreasing
is a correct explanation for Statement I. O /2, O).
functions on (O O
(B) Both Statements I and II are true but Statement II Statement II: If f is decreasing on (a, b), then its
is not a correct explanation for Statement I. derivative also decreasing on (a, b).
(C) Statement I is true and Statement II is false. O /2,O)]
[Hint: Derivative of cos x increases in (O O
5. Consider f ( x) 2 cos x, x .
Statement I: For each real t, there is a point c
1. Statement I: The function f (x) 2 (x 1)2/3 attains
[t, t O
O] such that f a(
a c) 0 .
maximum value 2 at x 1.
Statement II: For each real t, f (t) f (t 2O).
O
Statement II: If f a does not exist at a point x0 but
f a exists in a neighbourhood of x0 and changes its
6. Statement I: The function
sign at x0, then x0 is a point of local extremum.
« 2¥ 1´
2. Statement I: On the interval [0, O /2], the maximum ®2 x § 2 sin ¶ if x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
value of sinx
n is 1. ®2 if x 0

Statement II: sinx
n is strictly increasing on [0, O /2].
has local maximum at x 0.
x sin x
3. Statement I: lim 1 Statement II: If f (x) continuous on (a, b) and has a
xmd x
local maximum at the point c (a, b), then in a suf-
Statement II: If lim f ( ) d lim g(( ) and ficiently small neighbourhood of c, f (x) increases
xmd xmd
f a( ) for x c and decreases for x c.
lim exists (finitely or infinitely), then
x m d g a( ) Note: Statement II is wrong according to the func-
tion given in Statement 1.

The answer to each of the questions in this section is a X Y Z W
non-negative integer. The appropriate bubbles below the 0 0 0 0
respective question numbers have to be darkened. For
1 1 1 1
the question number Y is 246, then the bubbles under Y 2 2 2
labeled as 2, 4, 6 are to be darkened. 3 3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
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8. If the Lagrange’s mean value theorem is applicable

e ax e 2 ax
1. If lim ka, then the value of k is for
x m 0 log e (1 x)
_______. «3 f x0
® 2
f ( x) ¬ x 3 x a f 0x1
2. The maximum value of the function f (x) 2x3 ®mx b
xb2
15 x 2 36x
36 x 48 on the set A {x x 2 b x } is
on the interval [0, 2], then the value of a b m
_______.
is_______.
[Hint: A [4, 5]]
9. If f, g and h are continuous on [a, b] and differen-
3. If the tangents to the curve y x2 5x 6 drawn tiable in (a, b), then there exists P (a, b) such that
at the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) pass through f (a) f (b) f a( )
the point M(1,1), then x1 x2 y1 y2 is equal to
the value of the determinant g(a) g(b) g a( ) is
_______.
h(a) h(b) h a( )
4. The area of the triangle bounded by the coordinate _______.
axes and the tangent to the curve y x/(2x 1) at the
point with abscissa x1 1 is _______. 10. Let f : Z m Z be twice differentiable function such
that f (a) 0, f (b) 2, f (c) 1, f (d) , f (e ) 0
5. If the interval [a, b] is the image of the interval where a b c d e. Then the minimum number
[ 1, 3] under the mapping (function) f (x) 4x3 12x of zeros of the function
then b/aa is equal to _______.
g( x) [ f ( x)]2 f ( x) f q( x)
2
6. The greatest value of f ( x) x 5 x 6 on the in- in the interval [a, e] is _______.
terval [0, 2.4] is_______. d
[Hint: First note that g( x) ( f ( x) f ( x)). Use
dx
7. The greatest value of the function f ( x) x( x)
Rolle’s theorem and Intermediate value theorem for
is _______.
continuous functions.]
ANSWERS

1. (D) 19. (B)
2. (A) 20. (A)
3. (B) 21. (C)
4. (C) 22. (D)
5. (D) 23. (B)
6. (C) 24. (D)
7. (A) 25. (B)
8. (B) 26. (D)
9. (A) 27. (A)
10. (C) 28. (B)
11. (A) 29. (A)
12. (B) 30. (A)
13. (A) 31. (B)
14. (C) 32. (A)
15. (D) 33. (C)
16. (B) 34. (A)
17. (A) 35. (B)
18. (C) 36. (C)
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Answers 347
37. (A) Comprehension Type Questions

38. (C)
39. (C) 1. (i) (D); (ii) (B); (iii) (C)
40. (B) 2. (i) (C); (ii) (C)
3. (i) (B); (ii) (B); (iii) (C)
4. (i) (A); (ii) (A)
5. (i) (B); (ii) (A); (iii) (A)
1. (A), (B), (C)
2. (B), (C) Assertion Reasoning Type Questions
3. (A), (B), (C), (D)
4. (A), (B), (C) 1. (A)
5. (A), (B), (C) 2. (A)
6. (A), (B), (D) 3. (B)
7. (A), (D) 4. (C)
8. (B), (C), (D) 5. (B)
9. (C), (D) 6. (C)
10. (A), (B), (D)
11. (A), (B), (C), (D)
12. (A), (B), (C), (D) Integer Answer Type Questions
13. (A), (B), (C), (D) 1. 3
2. 7
3. 8
Matrix-Match Type Questions 4. 2
1. (A) m (p); (B) m(s); (C) m (r); (D) m (p) 5. 9
2. (A) m (r); (B) m (p); (C) m (s); (D) m (t) 6. 6
3. (A) m (r); (B) m (q); (C) m (q); (D) m (q) 7. 5
4. (A) m (p); (B) m (q); (C) m (r); (D) m (t) 8. 8
9. 0
10. 6
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Indefinite Integral
4
Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Examples on Direct
Integration Using
Standard Integrals
f (x) y 4.33 Integration by
Substitution
+ 4.4 Integration by Parts
4.5 Fundamental Classes
of Integrable
a − b x Functions
Worked-Out Problems
y Exercises
10 Answers
8
Indefinite Integral
4 Indefinite integration, also

known as antidifferentia-
2 tion, is the reversing of the
x process of differentiation.
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Given a function ff, one finds
−2
a function F such that F a f.
f
Finding an antiderivative is
−4 an important process in cal-
culus. It is used as a method
−6 to obtain the area under a
−8
curve and to obtain many
physical and electrical equa-
−10 tions that scientists and
engineers use everyday.
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350 Chapter 4 Indefinite Integral
4.1 Introduction
After carefully studying Chapter 3 on differentiation, a natural question that arises is: Given a function on an internal
I, can we find a function g defined on I such that the derivative of g is f ? That is, is there a function g such that g a f
on I. In most of the cases, the answer is yes. In general, the statement that “if f (x) is a function then there exists a func-
tion g such that g a(x) f (x)” is not true. For example, if f (x) is equal to a, b or c according as x is less than, equal to or
greater than 0, then there is no function g such that g a (x) f (x) unless a b c for which the reason is that f is discon-
tinuous at 0. However, if f is a continuous function on an interval I, then there is always a function g such that g a f on
I (which will be proved in Chapter 5). The process of finding g such that g a f is called integration. It is in this sense,
we say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Let us begin with the following definition.
DEFINITION 4.1 Antiderivative Suppose f is defined on an interval I of . Then a F function defined on I is

said to be an antiderivative or primitive of f if F is differentiable on I and F a( x) f ( x) x I .
Examples
1. Let f (x) x on (0, 1). Take F ( x) x 2 / x (0, ). 4. Let f (x) cos x on (0, O /2) and F (x) sin x on
Then F a( x) x f ( x) x ( , 1) so that F (x) x2/2 (0, O /2) so that F a (x) cos x f (x) and hence sin x is
is a primitive of f (x) x on (0,1). a primitive of cos x on (0, O /2).
2. Let f and F be as in (i) and k be any constant. De- 5. Let F (x) loge x on (0, d) and f (x) 1/x / on (0, d) so
fine g( x) F ( x) k x ( , 1). Then clearly g a(x) that F a (x) 1/x
/ f (x) on (0, d) and hence log x is a
F a( x) 0 f ( x) x ( , 1). Thus, g is also a primi- primitive of 1/x/ on (0, d).
tive of f on (0,1). 6. Let f (x) ex and F (x) ex on so that F a (x) ex
3. Let f (x) sin x, x (0, O /2) and F (x) –cos x on (0, f (x) and hence ex is a primitive of ex on .
O /2). Then F a(x) –(–sin x) sin x f (x) so that –cos 7. Let I be an interval and f ( x) 0 x I . Suppose
x is a primitive of sin x on (0, O /2). F(x) k (constant) for x II. Now, Fa(x) 0 for all x
I implies that F(x) is primitive of f(x) on I.I
Note: If f and F are defined on I and F a(x) f (x), then

d
(F ( x) k ) F a( x ) f ( x)
dx
(where k is a constant) which shows that if F is a primitive of f on I, then F k is also a primitive of f on I. Hence, if f
has a primitive then it has infinitely many primitives.
In point (7) above we have proved that if F (x) k (constant) on an interval, then F a (x) 0 on I so that on the inter-
val I, constant function is a primitive of zero function. The converse of this result is also true. This, we establish in the
following theorem.
T H E O R E M 4.1 A function F on an interval I is a primitive of the zero function on I if and only if F is a constant
function on I.
PROOF Suppose F is a constant function say k on the interval I. Then F ( x) k x I so that
F a( x) 0 x I . Thus F is a primitive of the zero function on I. Now, suppose F is a primitive of
the zero function on I. Then F a( x) 0 x I . Suppose a, b I and a < b so that [a, b] I. Then
F is differentiable and hence is continuous on [a, b]. Therefore by Lagrange’s mean value theo-
rem, there exists c (a, b) such that
F (b) F (a)
F a (c ) 0
b a
Consequently, F (b) F (a). This being true for every a, b I, it follows that F is a constant func-
tion on I.
Note: In Theorem 4.1, if I is not an interval the result may not be true. For example, take I (–1, 0) (0, 1) and
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4.1 Introduction 351
« 1 o 1 x 0
F ( x) ¬
1 0x1
so that F is not a constant function on I, but F a(x) 0 for x I.
C O R O L L A R Y 4.1 Let f,
f F and G be functions defined on an interval I, and F and G be primitives of f on I. Then F
and G differ by a constant. That is, F – G is a constant function on I.
PROOF Write E F – G. Then
F a( ) F a( ) G a ( ) f( ) f( ) x I
Hence E is a primitive of the zero function on I. So by Theorem 4.1, E is a constant function, say
k on I. Then
F ( x) G( x) F( x) k x I
Note: From Corollary 4.1, we have the following: If F is a primitive of f on an interval I, then { } is the set
of all primitives of f on I.
DEFINITION 4.2 Let f be defined on interval I and F be a primitive of f on I. If k is any constant, then F k is called
an indefinite integral of f on I and is denoted by ∫ f (x) dx. The sign ∫ is the integral sign and x is
only a dummy variable. It can be replaced by any other variable or ∫ f can also be used. Thus
° f ° f (t)dt ° f (x)ddx F ( x) k
where k is any constant. In this case f is called the integrand, ° f is the indefinite integrall (or
simply integral of f ) and k is called the constant of integration.
Note:
1. Here onwards constant of integration is denoted by “c” instead of k.
2. By definition, f ( x) dx is differentiable and
°
d
dx °
f ( x)dx f ( x) on I.
3. If f is differentiable on I, then f a( x)dx f ( x) c.

°
From the definition of integral of a function we can list out integrals of some known differentiable functions which are
called standard integrals. We would list them in separate sections, so that the student can have a ready reference. Even
though the following theorem is a consequence of the differentiation, for completeness sake, we state and prove it.
T H E O R E M 4.2 Suppose f and g are defined on an interval I.

(i) If f and g have integrals on I, then f g also has integral on I and
°( dx
))dx °
f ( )dx g(( )dx c
(ii) If f has integral on I and @ is any constant, then @ f has integral on I and
° A f (x)d A ° f (x)dx c
PROOF (i) Write F ( x) ° f ( x)dx and G( x) ° g( x)dx. Then F a (x) f (x) and G a (x) g(x) so that
( )a ( ) F a ( ) G a( ) f ( ) g( )
Hence,
°( )( )dx ( )( ) c
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F(( ) G(( ) c
° f( °
)dx g(( )dx c
(ii) We have
°( )( )d °( )a( )dx A F(( ) c °

A f ( )dx c
Note:
1. If f1, f2, {, fn have integrals on I and @1, @2, { @n are constants, then @1 f1 @2 f2 { @n fn has integral on I and
°( 1 1 2 2 n n ) dx A 1 f1 ( )dx A 2 f2 ( ) °
A n fn ( ))d
dx c
2. We have
°f g xd
dxx ° ( f ( g))(x)dx
° f x dx ° ( gg )( x)dx c
° f ( x)dx ° g( x))dx c
T H E O R E M 4.3 Suppose I and J are intervals, g : J m I is differentiable and f I m has integral with primitive
(M ETHOD OF F. Then (
F ) g a : J m has an integral and
S UBSTITUTION )
° (( f g) )( )dx ° f( ( x))g a( )dx F ( ( x)) c
PROOF By hypothesis
° f (t)dt F (t) c
Now F : I m is differentiable, being a primitive of ff, and g: J m I is differentiable. Hence
F g : J m is differentiable and
( )a ( ) F a( ( x))g a( )
f ( ( x))g a(( ) [ (t)) (t )]
( )( )g a( ) (4.1)
Hence
°( )( )g a( )dx ° f( ( x))g a( )dx
°( )a ( )dx [using Eq. (4.11)]

( )( ) c
F(( ( x))
)) c
Note:
1. In practice, to evaluate ° f (t)dt on I, we try to find a function g : J m I and ° (( f g) )( ) dx on J which is nothing

but f (t ) dt by taking t g( x) x J . That is why evaluating an integral using Theorem 4.3 is called the method
°
of substitution.
2. In practice, even though the constant of integration c is not written, we assume its presence.
Some useful consequences of method of substitution, the method of Integration by Parts and various methods of
integration are discussed appropriately in the following sections. Since this chapter is very important, in these sec-
tions we will give examples in the form of “Single Correct Answer Type” for students to practice the questions sec-
tion-wise. A consolidated section with more problems would be presented in the “Worked-Out Problems” section.
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4.2 Examples on Direct Integration Using Standard Integrals 353
4.2 Examples on Direct Integration Using Standard Integrals

In this section we will be solving examples based on direct integration using the standard integrals. These integrals and
some important formulae are given below.
Standard Integrals
x n1
A.1 ° x n dx
d c (n x 1)
n1
1
A.2 ° x dx log e x c
ax
A.3 ° a x dx
d c (a )
log e a
x x
A.4 ° e dx
d e c
A.5 ° sin dx cos x c

A.6 ° cos dx sin
si x c
2
A.7 ° sec dx ttan x c
2
A.8 ° cosec x cot x c
dx x x
A.9 ° Sin 11 c Cos 1
c ( a 0)
a2 x2 a a
dx 1 x 1 x
A.10 °x 2
Tan 11 c Cot 1
(a 0)
a2 a a a a
A.11 ° sinh x ddx coshh x c
A.12 ° cosh x ddx sinh
si h x c
ex e x
ex e x
In A.11 and A.12, sinh x and cosh x
2 2
« 1 x º
dx ®®Cosh a c if a x d ®
® 2 2
A.13 ° ¬ » log( x x a ) c on any interval contained in ( d, a)
x2 a 2
® Cosh ¥ x ´
1
c if x a®
® § a¶ ®¼
( a, a) (a, ∞)
dx x
A.14 ° Sinh 1 c og e ( x x 2 a 2 ) c
x a 2 2 a
dx 1 x a
A.15 °x 2 2
log e c
a 2a xa
dx 1 xa
A.16 ° a x 2a log x a c
2 2
A.17 ° ( (x) (x)) dx ° f ( ) dx p ° f ( ) dx c

1 2 1 2
A.18 ° ( (x)) dx k ° f ( )dx where k is a real constant

1
A.19 ° f (ax b) dx a F (ax b) where ° f (t)dt F (t) c
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Note: A.19 gives you that in all the other formulae A.1—A.18 if x is replaced by px q on the left-hand side then you
have to divide the right-hand side by p, that is, the coefficient of x.
Example 4.1
If ¥ x4 ´ ¥ x3 ´ ¥ x2 ´
3 2 4 3 2 ° (4 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 1)dx 4 ¦ µ 5 ¦ µ 2 ¦ µ x c
° (4 x 5 x 2 x 1)dx x ax x x c § 4¶ § 3¶ § 2¶
then a is equal to 5
x4 x3 x2 x c
5 3 5 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 5 3 5 Therefore
5
n xn 1 a
Solution: Since ° x dx
n1
c (n x 1), we have 3
Answer: (A)
Note: Here, the single constant c is the sum of all the arbitrary constants arising in the individual integrals.
Example 4.2
If x( 3 / 2 ) 1 x ( 1/ 2 ) 1 x ( 1/ 2 ) 1
2 5 k
x 5x 1 (3/2) 1 (1/2) 1 (1/2) 1
° dx ax 5 / 2 bx 3 / 2 c x k
x
2 5 / 2 10 3 / 2
x x 2 x 1/ 2 k
then a b c is equal to 5 3
Therefore
16 26 26
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
15 15 15 2 10 6 50 30 26
abc 2
5 3 15 15
Solution: We have Answer: (B)
2
x 5x 1
° dx ( x 3 / 2 5 x 1/ 2 x 1/ 2 ) dx
°
x
Example 4.3
If 1 2 x4/3 x2/3
3 x log e x 3 3 c
¥3 1 ´ x n1 n2 9 n3 9 n4 2 4/3 2/3
° ¦§ x 3
x
µ¶ dx 2 (log e x ) 4 x 2 x c
1 2 9 9
then n1 n2 n3 n4 equals x log e x x 4 / 3 x 2 / 3 c
2 4 2
9 Therefore
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D)
4
4 2
Solution: We have n1 n2 n3 n4 2 1 5
3 3
3
¥3 1 ´ ¥ 1 1/ 3 1/ 3 ´ Answer: (A)
° °
¦§ x 3 µ¶ dx ¦§ x x 3 x 3 x
x
µ¶ dx
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Example 4.4
¥ 1/ 3 1 1/ 2 ´ Solution: We have
° ¦§ 3x x x 5 / 4 µ dx is equal to
2 ¶ ¥ 1/ 3 1 1/ 2 ´ x ( 1 / 3) 1 1 x ( 1 / 2 ) 1
° ¦§ 3x x x 5 / 4 µ dx 3
9 2/3 1 4 2 ¶ (1/3) 1 2 (1/2) 1
(A) x x x9 / 4 c
2 2 9 x( 5 / 4 ) 1
9 2/3 9 9/4 c
(B) x x x c (5/4) 1
2 4
9 2/3 4
9 2/3 1 4 x x 1/ 2 x 9 / 4 c
(C) x x x9 / 4 c 2 9
4 2 9
Answer: (D)
9 2/3 4
(D) x x x9/ 4 c
2 9
Example 4.5
2 Solution: We have
¥ x x´
° ¦§ sin cos µ¶ dx is equal to
2 2 ¥ x x´
2
¥ 2x 2 x x x´
(A) 1 sin x c (B) x – cos x c ° 2 °
¦§ sin cos µ¶ dx ¦§ sin cos 2 sin cos 2 µ¶ dx
2 2 2 2 2
(C) x cos x c (D) 1 – cos x c ° (1 sin x) dx
x cos x c
Answer: (B)
Example 4.6
¥ x 3 x´ Solution: We have
° ¦§ 3 sin 3 4 sin µ dx is equal to
3¶ ¥ x 3 x´ ¥ x´
(A) cos x c (B) sin x + c ° ¦§ 3 sin 3 4 sin 3 °
µ¶ dx sin 3 ¦§ µ¶ dx
3
(C) –cos x + c (D) –sin x c ° sin xdx
cos x c
Answer: (C)
Example 4.7
2
x sinh 2 x)2 dx equals Solution: We have
° (cosh ¥ ¥ ex e x ´ 2 ¥ ex e x ´ 2 ´
2
2 2 2
(A)
1
sinh 2 x c (B)
1
cosh 2 x c ° (cosh x sinh x) dx ¦ ¦
¦§ § 2 µ ¦
¶ §° 2 µ µµ dx
¶ ¶
2 2
1 12 dx
° [∵ (a b)2 (a b)2 4ab]
(C) cosh 2 x c (D) x c
2
xc
Answer: (D)
Example 4.8
¥ 1 4 ´ 1 8 1 8
° ¦§ x

x x
2µ dx equals
¶
(A)
x

x
2x c (B)
x

x
xc
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(C)
1 8
2x c (D)
1 8
2x c x 21 x 3/ 21
4 2x c
x x x x 2 1 (3/2) 1
2x c
x x
¥ 1 4 ´
° ¦§ x 2
2µ dx ( x 2 4 x 3 / 2 2) dx
° Answer: (C)
x x ¶
Example 4.9
2 Solution: We have
¥ 2 1 ´
° ¦§ x 3 µ¶ dx is equal to
x 2
¥ 2 1 ´ 4 5/ 3 2 / 3
x 5
1 ° x °
¦§ x 3 µ¶ dx ( x 2 x x ) dx
(A) x 8 / 3 3 x 1/ 3 c
5 4
x5 x ( 5 / 3) 1 x ( 2 / 3) 1
x5 1 8/3 2 c
(B) x 2 x 1/ 3 c 5 (5 / 3) 1 (2 / 3) 1
5 2
x5 3 8/3
x5 3 8/3 x 3 x 1/ 3 c
(C) x 3 x 1/ 3 c 5 4
5 8
Answer: (D)
x5 3 8/3
(D) x 3 x 1/ 3 c
5 4
Example 4.10
dx ( x 1)(1/ 2) 1 x(1/ 2) 1
° x1 x
is equal to a ( x 1) x 1 bx x c
(1/ 2) 1

(1/ 2) 1
c
where
2 2
( x 1)3 / 2 x 3 / 2 c
2 a 3 3
(A) a b (B) 1
3 b
Therefore
2 1
(C) a b (D) a b a 2/3
3 3 1
b 2/3
Solution: We have Answer: (B)
1
° x1 x °
dx ( x 1 x ) dx
Example 4.11
If Solution: We have
¥ 3 x 2 2 x 1´ 2 ¥ 3 x 2 2 x 1´ 1/ 2
° ¦
§ x
µ dx k x (9 x 10 x 15) c
¶ ° ¦
§ x ¶
3/ 2
°
1/ 2
µ dx (3 x 2 x x ) dx
then k equals 6 5/ 2 4 3/ 2
x x 2 x 1/ 2 c
5 3
2 13 15 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) x (9 x 2 10 x 15) c
13 2 2 15 15
Answer: (D)
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Example 4.12
Solution: We have
If ° cos x cos 2 x dx a sin x b sin 3x c, then
cos x cos 3 x
(A) a b
1
(B) a b
1 ° cos x cos 2 x dx ° 2
dx
2 3
1¨ 1 ·
1 a sin x sin 3 x ¸ c
(C) a b (D) 3 2 ©ª 3 ¹
2 b
Therefore a 1/2, b 1/6 so that
a
3
b
Answer: (D)
Example 4.13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
If ° cos x cos 2 x cos 5x dx a sin 2 x b sin 4 x c sin 6 x
2 2 °
(cos 4 x cos 6 x) dx
2 2 °
(cos 2 x cos 8 x) dx
1
sin 8 x k, then a, b, c, d are in 1
d
4 °
(cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x cos 8 x) dx
(A) AP (B) GP (C) HP (D) ac bd
1 ¨1 1 1 1 ·
© sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin 8 x ¸ k
Solution: We have 4 ª2 4 6 8 ¹
1 Therefore
° cos x cos 2 x cos 5x dx ° 2 (cos x cos 3x) cos 5x dx a 8, b 16, c 24, d 32
1 1 So a, b, c, d are in AP.

2 °
cos x cos 5 xdx
2 °
cos 3 x cos 5 xdx
Anwser: (A)
Example 4.14
¥ cos 8 x cos 7 x ´ 15 x x
° ¦§ 1 2 cos 5 x ¶
µ dx is equal to 2 sin
2
sin sin 5 x
2
° 2 sin
15 x
cos
5x
dx
1 1 2 2
(A) cos 3 x cos 2 x c
3 2
x¥ 5x 5x ´
1 1 sin ¦ 2 sin cos µ
(B) sin 3 x sin 2 x c 2 § 2 2¶
3 2 ° cos
5x
dx
1 1 2
(C) cos 3x cos 2 x c
3 2 x 5x ´
¥
1 1
(D) sin 3x sin 2 x c °
¦ 2 sin sin µ dx
§ 2 2¶
3 2
° (cos 2 x cos 3 x) dx
Solution: We have
° (cos 3 x cos 2 x) dx
(cos 8 x cos 7 x) (cos 8 x cos 7 x)sin 5 x
° 1 2 cos 5 x
dx ° sin 5 x sin 10 x
dx
1 1
sin 3 x sin 2 x c
3 2
Answer: (B)
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Example 4.15
If (sec x tan x)2 dx 2 tan x f ( x) c, then f (x) is equal (2 sec 2 x 1 2 sec x tan x) dx
°
°
to
(A) 2 sec x – x (B) x – 2 sec x
2 tan x x 2 sec x c ∵ ° sec x tan x dx sec x c
(C) 2 sec x x (D) x 2 sec x Therefore
f (x) 2 sec x – x
Solution: We have
Answer: (A)
° (sec x tan x)2 dx (sec 2 x 2 sec x tan x tan 2 x) dx
°
Example 4.16
2 Solution: We have
° sec x cosec 2 x dx equals
2 dx
(A) sec x cosec x c ° sec x cosec 2 x dx ° sin 2
x cos2 x
(B) sec x – cosec x c ¥ sin 2 x cos2 x ´
(C) tan x – cot x c °
¦
§ sin 2 x cos2 x ¶
µ dx
(D) tan x cot x c
(sec 2 x cosec 2 x) dx
°
tan x – cot x c
Answer: (C)
Example 4.17
x 2 cos2 x ¥ 1 1 ´
° (1 x )sin 2 2
x
dx is equal to °
¦ 2
§ sin x 1 x 2 µ¶
dx
(A) Tan–1x cot x c (B) Tan–1x – cot x c dx

cosec 2 x
° ° 1 x 2
(C) Cot–1x – tan x c (D) –Tan–1x – cot x c
– cot x – Tan–1 x c
Solution: We have
Answer: (D)
2 2 2 2
x cos x x 1 sin x
° (1 x )sin 2 2
x
dx ° (1 x ) sin
2 2
x
dx
Example 4.18
¥ 2 x 5x ´ ¨¥ 1 ´ x ¥ 1 ´ x ·
° ¦
§ 10 x ¶
µ dx is equal to °
©¦ µ ¦ µ ¸ dx
©ª§ 5 ¶ § 2¶ ¸
¹
2 x 5 x 2x 5x x x
(A) c (B) c ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
log e 2 log e 5 log e 2 log e 5 ¦§ µ¶ ¦§ µ¶
5 2 ¥ ax ´
x x x x c ¦∵ a x dx ° c (see A.3)µ
2 5 5 2 ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ § log e a ¶
(C) c (D) c log e ¦ µ log e ¦ µ
log e 2 log e 5 log e 5 log e 2 § 5¶ § 2¶
5 x 2 x
Solution: We have c
log e 5 log e 2
2 x 5x ¨¥ 2 ´ x ¥ 5 ´ x · Answer: (A)
° 10 x °
dx ©¦ µ ¦ µ ¸ dx
©ª§ 10 ¶ § 10 ¶ ¸
¹
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Example 4.19
x3 1 x3 x21
If ° ( x 2) 2
dx f ( x)
x2
c, then f (x) is equal to ° ( x 2) 2
dx ° (x 2) 2
dx
(A) loge (x 2) (B) loge|x 2| ¥ 1 1 ´

(C) loge |x 1| (D) x 2
¦ ° µ dx
§ x 2 ( x 2)2 ¶
1
Solution: We have log e x 2 c
x2
Therefore, f (x) loge |x 2|.
Answer: (B)
Example 4.20
dx 2 ¨ ·
° [(ax b)3 / 2 (ax c)3 / 2 ] C © ( 1/ 2 ) 1 ( 1/ 2 ) 1 ¸
ax b ax c 3k 1 (ax b) (ax c)
© ¸ C
where k is equal to b c © ¥ 1 ´ ¥1 ´ ¸
1 a ¦§ 1µ¶ a ¸
©ª ¦§ 2 µ¶ 2 ¹
(A) a(b – c) (B) a(c – b)
(C) b(c – a) (D) b(a – c) 2
¨(ax b)3 / 2 (ax c)3 / 2 · C
3a (b c) ª ¹
Solution: We have
Therefore
dx ax b ax c
° ax b ax c
° (ax b) (ax c)
dx k a(b – c)
Answer: (A)
1
[(ax b)1/ 2 (ax c)1/ 2 ] dx
°
b c
Example 4.21
dx 1 x 2
°x 2
2x 3
equals (D)
2
log e
x 2
c
¥ x 1´
(A) Tan 1 ¦ c Solution: We have
§ 2 µ¶
dx dx
(B)
1 ¥ x 1´
Tan 1 ¦ c °x 2
2x 3
° (x 1) 2
2
2 § 2 µ¶
¥ x 1´
1 ¥ x 1´
1
Tan 1 ¦ Tan 1 ¦ c (See A.10)
(C)
§ 2 µ¶
c 2 § 2 µ¶
2
Answer: (B)
Example 4.22
dx Solution: We have
° 3 2x x2
is equal to
dx dx
¥ x 2´ ° 3 2x x 2
° 4 ( x 1)2
(A) sin(x – 2) c (B) sin ¦ c
§ 2 µ¶
¥ x 1´
¥ x 1´ x 1´ Sin 1 ¦ c (See A.9)
1
(C) Sin 1 ¦ c (D) Sin ¦ 1 ¥
c § 2 µ¶
2 § 2 µ¶ § 2 µ¶
Answer: (D)
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Example 4.23
3 1¥1 ´
° cos x dx is equal to (D) ¦ cos 3 x 3 cos xµ¶ c
4§3
1¥1 ´
(A) ¦ sin 3 x sin xµ¶ c Solution: We have
4§3
1¥1 3 1
(B)
´
¦ sin 3 x 3 sin xµ¶ c
4§3
° cos x dx
4 °
(cos 3 x 3 cos x)dx
1 ¥ sin 3 x ´
1 1 ¦ 3 sin xµ c
(C) sin 3 x sin x c 4 § 3 ¶
3 4
Answer: (B)
Example 4.24
dx Solution: We have
° 5 2x x2
is equal to
dx dx
2
(A) log e (( x 1) x 2 x 5 ) c
° 5 2x x 2
° 2 ( x 1)2
2
x1
(B) Cosh 1 c log e [( x 1) x 2 2 x 5 ] c
2
(See A.14)
(C) log e (( x 1) x 2 4 ) c
Answer: (A)
x 1´ 1 ¥
(D) Sinh ¦ c
§ 4 µ¶
Example 4.25
dx 1 x 2 1 x 1 3
If °x 2
2x 8

a
log e
x4
c then a is equal to
2(3)
log e
x 1 3
c (See A.15)
(A) 4 (B) 2 1 x 2
log e c
(C) 6 (D) 1 6 x4
Answer: (C)
Solution: We have
dx dx
°x 2
2x 8
° (x 1) 2
32
4.3 Integration by Substitution

The formula we use is
° f (g(x))g a(x) dx ° f (t) dt

where t g(x). After evaluating ° f (t) dt, we return to the old variable x.
Note:
1. In some of the problems, where more number of substitutions are used, it is difficult to return to the old variable.
In such cases we leave the answer in the final variable.
2. There are no fixed rules for substitution. One can get perfection only by practice.
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4.3 Integration by Substitution 361
The following three are important consequences.

( f ( x))n 1
1. ° ( f ( x))n f a( x) dx c (n x 1)
n1
f a( x )
2. ° f (x) dx log e f ( x) c
f a( x )
3. ° dx 2 f ( x) c
f ( x)
Before going for worked-out problems, we obtain some more standard formulae. In B.1–B.3 we will use point (2)
above.
sin x
B.1 ° tan xdx ° cos x dx
sin x
° dx
cos x
log e cos x c
log e sec x c
cos x
B.2 ° cot x dx ° sin x dx log e sin x c
sec x(sec x tan x)

B.3 ° sec x dx ° dx log e sec x tan x c
sec x tan x
1 sin x
log e c
cos x
x
B.4 ° cosec x dx log e cosec x cot x c log e tan c
2
We now use B.3 and B.4 in the evaluation of the following integrals. After this we would present more examples in
“Single Answer Type Questions.”
Illustration 1
dx 1 dx
Evaluate ° a sin x b cos x . I °
r sin( x A )
Solution: Let 1

r°cosec ( x A ) dx
dx
I ° a sin x b cos x
1 ¥ x A´
log e tan ¦ µ c
a 2 b2 § 2 2¶
Put a r cos @ , b r sin @ so that r a 2 b2 and @ is
given by the equations cos @ a/r and sin @ b/r. Therefore
Note:
1. If we put a r sin @ and b r cos @ , then the integral will be transformed to (1/r ) sec( x A ) dx.
°
2. Another method of evaluation of the integral is: Write sin x and cos x in terms of tan x/2 and then substitute
t tan(x/2).
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dx
3. To evaluate ° a sin x b cos x c , the only method is the substitution t tan(x/2).
Illustration 2
dx 1
Evaluate I ° sin(x a)sin(x b) (a x b)
sin(b a)°[cot( x b) cot( x a)] dx
Solution: We have 1 sin( x b)

log e c (See B.2)
sin(b a) sin( x a)
sin[( x a) ( x b)]
I ° sin(b a)sin( x a)sin( x b)
dx
Note: In a similar way,

dx 1
° cos(x a)cos(x b) sin(b a) ° [tan(x a) tan(x b)] dx
1 sec( x a)
log e c
sin(b a) sec( x b)
4.3.1 Examples on Integration by Substitutions
Example 4.26
cos x 1 1
dt dx dx
If ° x
dx a sin x c, then a equals
2 x 2t
dx 2t dt
1
(A) 2 (B) So
2
1
(C) (D) 2 cos t
2 I ° t
(2t ) dt
Solution: Let °
2 cos t dt
cos x 2 sin t c
I ° x
dx
2 sin x c
Put t x so that Answer: (D)
Example 4.27
4 Solution: Let
° (x 1)1/ 3 x 7 dx k( x 4 1)4 / 3 (4 x 4 3) c, where k is
equal to I ( x 4 1)1/ 3 x 7 dx
°
1 1
(A) (B) Put x4 1 t3 so that
112 28
3 1 4x3 dx 3t2 dt
(C) (D)
112 56
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Therefore, 3 4
(t )(4t 3 7) c
3 112
I t (t 3 1) t 2 dt
° 4 3
( x 4 1)4 / 3 [4( x 4 1) 7] c
3 112
(t 6 t 3 ) dt
°
4 3
( x 4 1)4 / 3 (4 x 4 3) c
7 4´ 112
3¥t t
c
4 ¦§ 7 4 µ¶ Answer: (C)
Example 4.28
2 1 ¨ t7 2 1 ·
°x 1 x dx (1 x)3 / 2 f ( x) c where f (x) is 2 © t 5 t 3 ¸ c
51
equal to ª7 5 3 ¹
(A) 15x2 12x 8 (B) 15x2 12x 4 2

(15t 7 42t 5 35t 3 ) c
(C) 15x2 – 12x 8 (D) 15x2 – 12x 4 105
1
[15(1 x)7 / 2 42(1 x)5 / 2 35(1 x)3 / 2 ] c
Solution: Put 1 x t so that x 1 – t2 and dx –2t dt. 51
Therefore
1
2 (1 x)3 / 2 [15(1 x)2 42(1 x) 35] c
I x ° 1 x dx 51
2 2
° (1 t ) ( 2t ) dt 2 1
(1 x)3 / 2 [15 x 2 12 x 8] c
51
6 4 2
2° (t 2t t ) dt
Therefore
f (x) 15x2 12x 8
Answer: (A)
Example 4.29
A particle is moving in a straight line with acceleration Therefore

a sin 2t t2 feet/s2. At time t 0, its velocity is 3 feet/s.
1
The distance travelled by particle between t 0 and t 3 v(0) c1
O is 2
P P 7
(A) (P 3 336) ft (B) (P 3 192) ft c1
192 288 2
¥ P 3 288 ´ P 3 192 Therefore

(C) P ¦ µ ft (D) ft
§ 192 ¶ 288 1 1 7
v cos 2t t 3
2 3 2
Solution: Let v denote the velocity of the particle at Hence at t O,
time t. Therefore 3
¥P´ 1 P 7 P3
dv v¦ µ 4 (4.2)
a sin 2t t 2 § 2 ¶ 2 24 2 24
dt
Now
1 1
v cos 2t t 3 c1 ¥ 1 1 7´
s vdt ¦ cos 2t t 3 µ dt
2 3 ° § 2 ° 3 2¶
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1 1 7 Therefore
sin 2t t 4 t c2 4
4 12 2 ¥P´ 1 ¥P´ 7P
s ¦ µ s(0) ¦§ µ¶
So § 2¶ 12 2 4
s(0) c2 P 4 336P

4
192
¥P´ 1 1 ¥P´ 7¥P´
Answer: (A)
and s ¦ µ sin P ¦ µ ¦ µ c2
§ 2¶ 4 12 § 2 ¶ 2 § 2¶
Example 4.30
5 Therefore
° sec x tan x dx is equal to
I sec 4 x(sec x tan x) dx
°
1 1
(A) tan 5 x c (B) sec 5 x c
5 5
t 4 dt
°
1 1
(C) cos5 x c (D) cot 5 x c 1 5
5 5 t c
5

Solution: Let I sec 5 x tan x dx. Put sec x t
° sec 5 x c
so that 5
Answer: (B)
(sec x tan x) dx dt
Example 4.31
4 1 4 Hence
If ° (x x 2 1)49 (2 x 3 x) dx ( x x 2 1)50 c,
a ¥ 1´
then a is equal to I ° t 49 ¦ µ dt
§ 2¶
(A) 50 (B) 49 1 t 50
s c
(C) 100 (D) 98 2 50
1
Solution: Let ( x 4 x 2 1)50 c
100
I ( x 4 x 2 1)49 (2 x 3 x) dx
° This implies a 100.
Answer: (C)
Put x4 x2 1 t. Therefore
2(2x3 x) dx dt
Example 4.32
1/ m 1
° (x 3m
x 2 m x m ) ( 2 x 2 m 3 x m 6) dx ( x 0) equals (C) ( x 3m x 2 m x m )(1 m)/ m c
m1
1 1
(A) (2 x 3m 3 x 2 m 6 x m )(1 m)/ m c (D) ( x 3m x 2 m x m )(1 m)/ m c
6(m 1) 6m 1
1 (IIT-JEE 2002)
(B) (2 x 2 m 3 x m 6)(1 m)/ m c
m1
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Solution: Let So
I ( x 3m x 2 m x m )(2 x 2 m 3 x m 6)1/ m dx
° ¥ 1 ´
I t 1/ m ¦
° dt
§ 6 m µ¶
° (x 2m
x m 1)(2 x 3m 3 x 2 m 6 x m )1/ m x m 1dx
1 t ( 1 / m) 1
c
Put 2x3m 3x2m 6xm t. Therefore 6 m (1/ m) 1
6m(x3m – 1 x2m – 1 xm – 1) dx dt 1
(2 x 3m 3 x 2 m 6 x m )(1 m)/ m c
6m(x2m xm 1) xm – 1dx dt 6(m 1)
Answer: (A)
Example 4.33
x2 1 ¥ 4 4´
°x ¦§ 3 5 µ¶ dx 2t dt
3
2x4 2x2 1 x x
¥ 1 1´ 1
2x4 2x2 1 2x4 2x2 1 ¦§ 3 5 µ¶ dx t dt
(A) c (B) c x x 2
x2 x3
Therefore
2x4 2x2 1 2x4 2x2 1
(C) c (D) c 1 1
x 2x2 3
5
x x
(IIT-JEE 2006)
I ° 2 1
dx
2 2 4
x x
Solution: Let
1 ¥1 ´
x2 1
°
¦ t µ dt
t §2 ¶
I ° dx
x3 2 x 4 2 x 2 1 1
tc
2
x2 1
° 2 1
dx

1 2 1
2 2 4 c
x5 2 2 x x
x2 x4
2x4 2x2 1
2 1 c
Put 2 2
4
t 2 . Then 2x2
x x
Answer: (D)
Example 4.34
x 1
Let f ( x) where n r 2 is integer and (C) (1 nx n )1(1/ n) k
(1 x n )1/ n n(n 1)
g( x) ( f f f )( x) 1

(D) (1 nx n )1(1/ n) k
f occurs n times n1
n 2 (IIT-JEE 2007)
Then °x g( x) dx equals
1 Solution: We have
(A) (1 nx n )1 (1/ n) k
n(n 1) ( f f )( x) f ( f ( x))
1 ¥ x ´
(B) (1 nx n )1 (1/ n) k f¦
n 1 n 1/ n µ
§ (1 x ) ¶
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x ¨ x ·
(1 x n )1/ n xn 2 ©
° n 1/ n ¸
dx [By Eq. (4.3)]
1/ n
ª (1 nx ) ¹
¥ xn ´ x n 1
1
¦
§ (1 x n ) µ¶ ° (1 nx n 1/ n
)
dx (4.4)
x
Put 1 nxn t. Therefore
(1 2 x n )1/ n
n2xn–1 dx dt
By induction, we can show that
From Eq. (4.4), we have
x
( f f f )( x) , mr2 ¥ 1´

(1 mx n )1/ n I t 1/ n ¦ 2 µ dt
f occurs m times ° §n ¶
Therefore 1 t ( 1/ n ) 1
c
x n2 (1/n) 1
g( x) (4.3)
(1 nx n )1/ n t 1 ( 1/ n )
c
Let n(n 1)
I x n 2 g( x) dx (1 nx n )1 (1/ n)
°
n(n 1)
c
Answer: (A)
Example 4.35
Let e3x e x
ex e x
J I °e 4x
e2 x 1
dx
I °e 4x
e2 x 1
dx, J °e 4 x
e 2 x 1
dx
(e 2 x 1) e x
Then for any arbitrary constant c, the value of J – I
°e 4x
e2 x 1
dx
equals
t2 1
1 ¥ e 4 x e 2 x 1´
°t 4
t2 1
dt where t ex
(A) log ¦ 4 x µ c
2 § e e 2 x 1¶ 1
1
2x x t 2 dt
(B)
1 ¥ e e 1´
log ¦ 2 x µ c
° 1
t2 2 1
2 § e e x 1¶
t
1 ¥ e 2 x e x 1´ dz 1
(C)
2
log ¦ 2 x
§ e e x 1¶
µ c
° 2
z 1
where z t
t
1 z 1
1 ¥ e 4 x e 2 x 1´ log c (See A.15)
(D) log ¦ 4 x µ c 2 z1
2 § e e 2 x 1¶
(IIT-JEE 2008) 1
t 1
1 t
log c
t 1
t
e x e3x
J °e 4 x
e 2 x 1
dx °e 4x
e2 x 1
dx
1 e2 x e x 1
log 2 x c
Therefore 2 e ex 1
Answer: (C)
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Example 4.36
dx e x
° 1 e x
°e x
1
dx
¥ e x 1´ ¥ ex ´ – loge (e–x 1) c (See B.2)

(A) log e ¦ x µ c (B) log e ¦ x µ c
§ e ¶ § e 1¶ ¥ 1 ex ´
log e ¦ x µ c
(C) x loge (ex 1) c (D) ex x c § e ¶
Solution: We have ¥ ex ´
log e ¦ µ c
§ 1 ex ¶
dx e x
° 1 e ° e x
x
1
dx Answer: (B)
Example 4.37
x2 1 Dividing both numerator and denominator by x2 we get

° x 2 1´
dx is equal to
4 2 1 ¥ ¥ 1´
( x 3x 1) Tan ¦ µ ¦§ 1 2 µ¶
§ x ¶ x
I ° ¨¥ 1´
2 · 1 ¥ 1´
dx
¥ 1´ ©¦ x µ 1¸ Tan ¦ x µ
(A) Tan 1 ¦ x µ c § x ¶ § x¶
§ x¶ ©ª ¸¹
¥ ¥ 1´ ´ Put Tan–1[x (1/x)] t. Then
(B) log e ¦ Tan 1 ¦ x µ c
§ § x ¶ µ¶
1 (1/ x 2 )
2
dx dt
¥ ¥ x 2 1´ ´ ¥ 1´
(C) log e ¦ tan ¦ µµ c ¦§ x µ 1
§ § x ¶¶ x¶
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ Therefore
(D) ¦ x µ Tan 1 ¦ x µ c
§ x¶ § x¶ dt
I °t log e t c
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then ¥ ¥ 1´ ´
log e ¦ Tan 1 ¦ x µ c
2
x 1 § § x ¶ µ¶
I ° [(x 2 ¥
1)2 x 2 ] Tan 1 ¦ x
1´
dx
Answer: (B)
§ µ
x¶
Example 4.38
log e x Solution: Let

°x 1 log e x
dx
log e x
I °x 1 log e x
dx
(A) (1 loge x)3/2 c
2 Put 1 log e x t. Therefore
(B) (1 log e x) (log e x 2) c
3
1
2 loge x t2 – 1 and dx (2t ) dt
(C) (1 log e x)1/ 2 (log e x 5) c x
3
So
2
(D) (1 log e x)1/ 2 (log e x 2) c t2 1
3 I ° t
(2t ) dt
2 (t 2 1) dt
°
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¥1 ´ 2
2 ¦ t 3 tµ c (1 log e x)1/ 2 (1 log e x 3)
§3 ¶ 3
2t 2 2
(t 3) c (1 log e x)1/ 2 (log e x 2) c
3 3
Answer: (D)
Example 4.39
cos3 x cos5 x (2 3 sin 2 x sin 4 x) cos x

The value of the integral ° sin 2
x sin 4 x
dx is ° sin 2 x sin 4 x
dx
(A) sin x –6Tan–1(sin x) c 2 3t 2 t 4

(B) sin x – 2(sin x)–1 c
° t2 t4
dt where t sin x
(C) sin x – 2(sin x)–1 – 6 Tan–1(sin x) c t 4 3t 2 2

(D) sin x – 2(sin x)–1 5 Tan–1(sin x) c ° t 2 (t 2 1)
dt
Solution: Let ¥ 2 6 ´
3 5
§ °
¦1 2 2
t
µ dt
t 1¶
(See Partial Fractions, Vol. 1)
cos x cos x
I ° sin 2
x sin 4 x
dx
t
2
6 Tan 1t c
t
[(1 sin 2 x) (1 sin 2 x)2 ]cos x
° sin 2 x sin 4 x
dx
sin x
2
6Tan 1 (sin x) c
sin x
Answer: (C)
Example 4.40
x 1 x2 1
° (x 1) x( x 2 x 1)
dx is ° (x 2
2 x 1) x( x 2 x 1)
dx
¥ x 2 x 1´ 1
(A) Tan 1 ¦ µ c 1
§ x ¶ x2
2
°¥ 1 ´ 1
dx
¥ x x 1´ ¦§ x 2µ¶ x 1
(B) 2Tan 1 ¦ µ c x x
§ x ¶
Put x (1/x) 1 t 2 so that
¥ x2 x 1 ´
(C) Tan 1 ¦ µ c ¥ 1´
¦§ x µ¶ ¦§ 1 2 µ¶ dx (2t ) dt
x
1 Therefore
(D) 2Tan 1 x 1c
x 1
I ° (t 2
1) t
(2t ) dt
Solution: Let
dt
x 1 2 ° 1 t 2
I ° (x 1) 2
x( x x 1 )
dx
2 Tan 1 (t ) c (See A.10)
x2 1 1
2 Tan 1 x
° (x 1) 2 2
x( x x 1)
dx
x
1c
Answer: (D)
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Example 4.41
x1 xe x dt
If ° x(1 xe x 2
)
dx log e
1 xe x
f ( x) c, then f (x) ° (t 1) t 2
is ¥ 1 1 1´
x
¦ °
§ t 1 t t 2 µ¶
dt (By Partial Fractions)
1
(A) (B) 1 xe x 1
1 xe x log e t 1 log e t c
t
xe x xe x 1
(C) (D) log e xe x log e 1 xe x c
1 x 1 ex 1 xe x
Solution: Let xe x 1
log e x
c
1 xe 1 xe x
x1
I ° x(1 xe x 2
)
dx
So
Put 1 xex t. Therefore 1

f ( x)
1 xe x
ex(x 1) dx dt
Answer: (A)
So,
e x ( x 1)
I ° xe (1 xe
x x 2
)
dx
Example 4.42
( x x 3 )1/ 3 2
° x 4
dx
x 3
dx 3 t 2 dt
4/3 4/3 1 3 2
3¥ 1 ´ 3¥ 1 ´ 3
dx t dt
(A) ¦ 2 1µ c (B) ¦ 2 1µ c x 2
8§x ¶ 8§x ¶
Therefore
4/3 4/3
3¥ 1 ´ 3¥ 1´
(C) ¦ 2 1µ c (D) ¦ 1 2 µ c ¥ 3 ´
8§x ¶ 4§ x ¶ I t ¦ t 2 µ dt
°
§ 2 ¶

2 °
t dt
( x x 3 )1/ 3
I ° x4
dx 3 1
s t4 c
2 4
1/ 3
¥ 1 ´ 3¥ 1 ´
4/3
¦§ 2 1µ¶ ¦ 2 1µ c
x 8§x ¶
° x 3
dx
Answer: (C)
Put
1
1 t3
x2
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Example 4.43
dx t3 ¥ t3 ´
If y(x – y)2 x, then ° x 3y
equals 2
t 1
3 ¦ 2 tµ
§t 1 ¶
(A)
x
log e {( x y)2 1} c t 3 3t

2 t2 1
1 t(t 2 3)
(B) log e {( x y)2 1} c
2 t2 1
1
(C) x log e {( x y)2 1} c Hence
2
dx t2 1 t 2 (t 2 3)
(D) loge{(x – y)2 – 1} c ° ° t (t 2
dt
x 3y 3) (t 2 1)2
Solution: Put x – y t so that y(x – y)2 x becomes t
(x – t)t2 x. Therefore
°t 2
1
dt
1
t3 t 2 (t 2 3) log e (t 2 1) c
x dx dt 2
t2 1 (t 2 1)2
1
log e {( x y)2 1} c
Also 2
t3 Answer: (B)
x 3y 3( x t )
t2 1
Example 4.44
1/ 2
¥ 1 x ´ dx 1 cos2 Q
If ¦ ° µ
§ 1 x ¶ x
2Cos 1 x F( x) c, then E (x) 8 ° 2 cos 2
Q 1
dQ
equals 2 cos2 Q 1 1
¥ 1 1 x ´ 1 ¥ 1 1 x ´
4 °2 cos2 Q 1
dQ
(A) log e ¦ µ (B) log e ¦ µ 1 ´
§ x ¶ 2 § x ¶ ¥
°
4 ¦1
§ µ dQ
cos 2Q ¶
¥ 1 1 x ´ ¥ 1 1 x ´
(C) 2 log e ¦ µ (D) 2 log e ¦ µ 4° (1 sec 2Q ) dQ
§ x ¶ § x ¶
¨ 1 ·
Solution: Let 4 ©Q log e sec 2Q tan 2Q ¸ c (See B.3)
1/ 2 ª 2 ¹
¥ 1 x ´
I ¦ °µ
§ 1 x ¶
dx ¥1 ´
4 ¦ Cos 1 x µ 2 log e
1

1 x
c
§2 ¶ x x
Put x cos2 2P so that dx –2 sin 4P dP. Therefore
(∵ x cos 2Q )
1/2
¥ 1 cos 2Q ´ 1
I ¦ °
§ 1 cos 2Q µ¶ cos2 2Q
( 2 sin 4Q ) dQ ¥ 1 1 x ´
2Cos 1 x 2 log e ¦ µ c (∵ 0 x 1)
§ x ¶
tan Q
° cos 2Q
( 4 sin 2Q cos 2Q ) dQ
2 Therefore
sin Q ¥ 1 1 x ´
° cos Q cos 2Q
( 8 sin Q cos Q ) dQ F( x) 2 log e ¦
§ x
µ
¶
8 sin 2 Q Answer: (D)
° cos 2Q
dQ
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Example 4.45
x2 1 1 This implies
Let I1 ° (x 3
dx ( x 3 3 x 1)2 / 3 c
3 x 1)1/ 3 2 1 2
I1 ° t (t ) dt
sin 2 x
and I2 ° 1 sin 2
dx log e (1 sin 2 x) c 1 2
x t c
2
Then 1
( x 3 3 x 1)2 / 3 c
(A) both I1 and I2 are correct 2
(B) both I1 and I2 are not correct So I1 is correct. Now
(C) I1 is correct and I2 is not sin 2 x
(D) I2 is correct and I1 is not I2 ° 1 sin 2
x
dx
f a( x )
Solution: We have ° f (x) dx where f ( x) 1 sin 2 x
x2 1 log e f ( x) c (See B.2)
I1 ° (x 3
3 x 1)1/ 3
dx
log e (1 sin 2 x) c
Put x3 3x 1 t3. Therefore
Hence I2 is also correct.
3(x2 1) dx (3t2) dt Answer: (A)
(x2 1) dx t2 dt
Example 4.46
Which of the following are true? 1

(log e x)2 log e log e x c
¥ 1 ´ dx 1 2
(A) ° ¦§ log e x µ (log e x)2 log e x c
log e x ¶ x 2 Therefore (A) is false. Let
1 log e x 1 log e x
(B) ° 3 x log dx log e 3 x log e x c I2 ° 3 x log x
dx
e x
e
Put 3 xloge x t. Therefore

log e x
(C) ° x
dx log e log e x c ¥ ¥ 1´ ´
¦§ log e x x ¦§ x µ¶ µ¶ dx dt
log 10 x 1
(D) ° x
dx log e log e x c
2 (1 loge x)dx dt
So
Solution: Let
dt
¥ 1 ´ dx I2 °t
§°
I1 ¦ log e x µ
log e x ¶ x log e t c
Put loge x t so that (1 / x)dx dt. Therefore log e 3 x log e x c
¥ 1´ So (B) is true. Now let
°
I1 ¦ t µ dt
§ t¶
log e x

1 2
t log e t c
I3 ° x
dx
2
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log e x log10 e
°
t dt where t loge x
° x
dx
1 2
t c 1
2 (log e x)2 log 10 e c
1 2
(log e x)2 c
2 So (D) is false.
Hence (C) is false. Finally let Answer: (B)
log 10 x
I4 ° x
dx
Example 4.47
ex 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
°e x
1
dx 2 f ( x) x c where f equals
°
¦
§ t 1 t(t 1) µ¶
dx
(A) (ex 1) (B) ex ¥ 1 ¥1 1 ´´

(C) ex –1 (D) loge(1 ex) °
¦
§t1
¦
§ µ dt
t t 1¶ µ¶
¥ 2 1´
Solution: We have °
¦
§ t 1 t µ¶
dt
x x x
e 1 (e 1) e 2 log e t 1 log e t c
°e x
1
dx °e x
(e x 1)
dx
2 log e (1 e x ) x c (∵ t e x 0)
t 1
° dt where t e x Answer: (D)
t(t 1)
Example 4.48
dx dx
° 2 2
is I ° 2
1 x log e ( x 1 x ) 1 x log e ( x 1 x 2 )
(A) 2 log e ( x 1 x 2 ) c Put log e ( x 1 x 2 ) t 2. Then
1 ¥ 2x ´
(B) log e ( x 1 x 2 ) c ¦ 1 µ dx (2t ) dt
x 1 x2 § 2 1 x2 ¶
1
(C) log e ( x 1 x 2 ) c 1
2 dx (2t ) dt
1 x2
1
(D) log e ( x 1 x 2 ) c
2 Therefore
1
Solution: Let I ° t (2t) dt 2t c 2 log (x e 1 x2 ) c
Answer: (A)
Example 4.49
If y x 2 x 1 and for n r 1, I n x n /y dx and aI3 ¥3 1 ´

° (A) ¦ , , 1µ
§2 2 ¶
(B) (1, –1, 1)
bI2 cI1 x2y, then (a, b, c) is equal to
¥ 5 ´ ¥1 1 ´
(C) ¦ 3, , 2µ (D) ¦ , , 1µ
§ 2 ¶ §2 2 ¶
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Solution: We have dy 1
3 2
Substituting the value of y2 x2 – x 1 and y (2 x 1)
x x x in Eq. (4.5) we obtain dx 2
x2 y a ° dx b °dx c dx °
y y y
(2 x 1)
Differentiating both sides with respect x, we have 2 x( x 2 x 1) x 2 ax 3 bx 2 cx
2
dy ax 3 bx 2 cx 5 2
2 xy x 2 3x 3 x 2 x ax 3 bx 2 cx
dx y y y 2
¥ dy ´
2 xy2 x 2 y ¦ µ ax 3 bx 2 cx (4.5) Therefore
§ dx ¶
5
But a 3, b , c 2
2
dy 1 Answer: (C)
y2 x 2 x 1 y (2 x 1)
dx 2
Example 4.50
tan x sec 2 x tan x sec 2 x
° 1 tan x tan 2
x
dx is equal to ° sec 2 x tan x
dx
2 (2 tan x 1) ¥ sec 2 x ´
(A) x Tan 1 c
3 3 § °
¦1 2 µ
tan x sec x ¶
dx
2 ¥ 2 tan x 1´
(B) x Tan 1 ¦ µ¶ c sec 2 x
3 § 3 x ° 1 tan x tan 2
x
dx
1 ¥ tan x 1´
(C) x Tan 1 ¦ µ c dt
3 § 3 ¶ x ° 1 t t 2
where t tan x
1 ¥ tan x 1´
(D) x Tan 1 ¦ µ c dt
3 § 3 ¶ x ° [t (1/ 2)] 2
( 3 / 4)
Solution: Let
1 ¥ t (1/ 2) ´
tan x x Tan 1 ¦ c (See A.10)
I ° 1 tan x tan 2
dx ( 3 / 2) § ( 3 / 2) µ¶
x
tan x 2 ¥ 2 tan x 1´
° sec 2
x tan x
dx x
3
Tan 1 ¦
§ 3
µ¶ c
Answer: (B)
Example 4.51
¥P ´ Solution: Let
tan ¦ xµ sec 2 x
§4 ¶
¥P
° tan 3 x tan 2 x tan x
dx equals ´
tan ¦ xµ sec 2 x
§4 ¶
1
I ° tan 3 x tan 2 x tan x
dx
(A) 2 Tan 1 tan x cot x c
1 ¥ 1 tan x ´ sec 2 x
(B) 2 Tan tan x cot x c ¦ °
§ 1 tan x µ¶ tan 3 x tan 2 tan x
dx
(C) Tan 1 tan x cot x c
1 t dt
(D) 2 Tan 1 sec x tan x c ° 1 t t t2 t
3
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1 2 Tan 1 1 tan x cot x c

2 Tan 1 1 t c (See Example 4.40)
t Answer: (A)
Example 4.52
2 x ¥ 1. 1 1´
° (x x 1) 2
dx equals ¦§ 2 µ dx dt
x x x2 ¶
2 x ¥ 1 2´
(A) c (B) c ¦ 2 µ dx 2 dt
x x 1 x x 1 §x x x ¶
2x 2x So
(C) c (D) c
1 x x 1 x x 1
Solution: Let
I °t 2
( 2) dt
2
2 x c
I ° (x x 1)2
dx t
2
c
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2 we get 1 1
1
x x
(2 / x 2 ) (1/ x x )
I ° ¥ 1 1´
2
dx

2x
c
¦§ 1 µ x x 1
x x¶
Answer: (D)
1 1
Now, put 1 t. Therefore
x x
Example 4.53
2 x 12 5 x 9 1 1
Put 1 t. Then
° (x 5 3
x 1) 3
dx is equal to
x2 x5
x2 2x ¥ 2 5´
(A) c ¦§ 3 6 µ¶ dx dt
( x 5 x 3 1)2 x x
x 10 So
(B) c
2( x 5 x 3 1)2 1
5 3 7 4
I °t 3
( dt )
(C) log e ( x x 1) 2 x 5 x c
1
(D) log e (2 x 7 5 x 4 x 5 x 3 1) c c
2t 2
Solution: Let ¥ ´
1 ¦ 1 µ
2 x 12 5 x 9 ¦ 2
µ c
2¦¥ 1´ µ
I ° (x 5
x 3 1)3
dx 1
¦ ¦§ 1 2 5 µ¶ µ
§ ¶
x x
Dividing numerator and denominator with x15 we get
x 10
c
¥ 2 5´ 2( x 5 x 3 1)2
¦§ 3 6 µ¶
x x
I ° ¥ 1 1´
3
dx Answer: (B)
¦§ 1 2 5 µ¶
x x
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Example 4.54
If Therefore
3x 4 1 dx 3x 4 1 x(4 x 3 1) ( x 4 x 1)
° (x 4
x 1)2
dx ° f1 ( x) dx °x 4
x1
c ° (x 4
x 1)2
dx ° ( x 4 x 1)2
dx
then f1(x) is
x(4 x 3 1) dx
(A)
3
4x 1
(B)
3
x (4 x 1)
° (x 4
x 1) 2
dx °x 4
x1
( x 4 x 1)2 ( x 4 x 1)2
Therefore
3 3
x(4 x 1) x(4 x 1) x(4 x 3 1)
(C) 4 2
(D) 4 2 f1 ( x)
( x x 1) ( x x 1) ( x 4 x 1)2
Solution: We know that Answer: (D)
d 4
( x x 1) 4 x 3 1
dx
Example 4.55
¥ x 2 sin 2 x ´ dx Solution: We have

° ¦ µ
§ 1 x 2 ¶ cos2 x
is equal to
¥ x 2 sin 2 x ´ dx x 2 1 (1 sin 2 x) dx
(A) tan x – Tan–1 x c (B) tan x Sin–1 x c
° ¦ µ
§ 1 x 2 ¶ cos2 x
° 1 x2 cos2 x
(C) tan x – Sec–1 x c (D) cot x – Cot–1 x c dx
sec 2 x dx
° ° 1 x 2
1
tan x Tan x c
Answer: (A)
Example 4.56
If f : m is a function such that f (0) 0, f a (0) 3 and Now using Eq. (4.6) we have
it satisfies the relation
¥ ( x h) ´
¥ x y ´ f ( x) f ( y)
f ¦3
§ µ f ( x)
f¦ f ( x h) f ( x) 3 ¶
§ 3 µ¶ lim lim
3 hm 0 h hm 0 h
¥ x h´
for all x, y then ° f (x) dx equals 3f ¦
§ 3 µ¶
f ( x)
lim
2x2 hm 0 h
(A) 3x2 3 (B) 3
3 ¥ f ( x ) f (h) ´
3¦
§ µ¶ f ( x)
3 2 3
lim
(C) x c (D) 3x2 c hm 0 h
2
f (h)
lim
hm 0 h
f (h) f (0)
¥ x y ´ f ( x) f ( y) lim [∵ f (0) 0]
f¦ hm 0 h
§ 3 µ¶ 3 f a ( 0) 3
Substituting y 0 and replacing x with 3x, we have
Therefore f is differentiable at any real x and f a (x)
f (3 x) f (0) f (3 x) f a(0) 3. Hence
f ( x) [∵ f (0) 0]
3 3
f (x) 3x c
3 f (x) f (3x) (4.6)
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and f (0) 0 c 0 3 2
So f (x) 3x and hence ° f (x) dx 2 x c
Answer: (C)
Example 4.57
x4 1 ( x 4 x 2 1) x 2
°x 6
1
dx is equal to ° (x 2
1)( x 4 x 2 1)
dx
1
(A) Tan 1 x Tan 1 ( x 3 ) c dx x2
3
°x 2
1
°x 6
1
dx
Tan 1 ( x 3 ) 1 3x 2
(B) Tan 1 x c Tan 1 x
3 °
3 ( x 3 )2 1
dx
Tan 1 ( x 2 ) 1 dt
(C) Tan 1 x c Tan 1 x
2 2
3 t 1 °
where t x3
1 2
Tan ( x ) c 1
(D) Tan 1 x Tan 1 x Tan 1t c
2 3
1
Solution: We have Tan 1 x Tan 1 ( x 3 ) c
3
x4 1 x4 1 Answer: (B)
°x 6
1
dx ° (x 2
1) ( x 4 x 2 1)
dx
Example 4.58
sin 3 xdx Put sec x cos x t. Therefore

° (1 cos 2
x) 1 cos2 x cos4 x
equals
(sec x tan x – sin x) dx dt
(A) Cos–1(sec x cos x) c ¥ sin x ´

¦§ sin xµ dx dt
cos2 x ¶
(B) Sin–1(sec x cos x) c
sin x(1 cos2 x)
(C) Sec–1(sec x cos x) c dx dt
cos2 x
(D) Tan–1(sec x tan x) c
sin3 x sec2 x dx dt
Solution: Let Hence
3
sin x dt
I ° (1 cos 2 2
x) 1 cos x cos x 4
dx I °t t2 1
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x we get Sec 1t c
sin 3 x sec 2 x Sec 1 (sec x cos x) c
I ° (sec x cos x) sec 2 x 1 cos2 x
dx
Answer: (C)
Example 4.59
(1 x)sin x 1 t1 (A) (x 1) cos x – sin x (B) (x 1) sin x – cos x

° (x 2 2
2 x)cos x (1 x)sin 2 x
dx
2
log e
t 1
c
(C) (x 1) sin x cos x (D) (x 1) cos x sin x
where t is
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Solution: Let I be the given integral. Now – (1 x) sin x dx dt

(1 x)sin x Hence
I ° (x 1) 2 2 2
cos x cos x (1 x)(2 sin x cos x)
dx
1
(1 x)sin x
I °t 2
1
( 1) dt
° (x 1) cos x sin
2 2 2
x 1 2(1 x)sin x cos x
dx
1 ¥ 1 1 ´
(1 x)sin x
°¦§ µ dt
2 1 t 1 t¶
° [(x 1)cos x sin x] 2
1
dx
1 1 t
log e c
Put (x 1)cos x – sin x t. Therefore 2 1 t
[cos x (x 1)(–sin x) – cos x]dx dt Answer: (A)
Example 4.60
If f is a real-valued function satisfying the relation Solution: We have

¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
5 f ( x) 3 f ¦ µ x 2 5 f ( x) 3 f ¦ µ x 2 (4.7)
§ x¶ § x¶
for all x x 0, then ° xf (x) dx is Therefore
¥ 1´ 1
(A) 1 ¥¦ 5 x 3 2 x 2 3 x´µ c 5 f ¦ µ 3 f x 2 (4.8)
§ x¶ x
6§3 ¶
1 ¥5 3 2 ´ Solving Eqs. (4.7) and (4.8), we get
(B) ¦§ x 2 x 3 xµ¶ c
16 3 1 ¥ 3 ´
f ( x) ¦§ 5 x 4µ¶
1 ¥ 5x 3 ´ 16 x
(C) ¦ 2 x 2 3 xµ c
16 § 3 ¶ So
1 ¥5 3 2 ´ 1 2
(D) ¦ x 2 x 3 xµ¶ c
16 § 3 ° xf (x) dx 16 ° (5x 4 x 3) dx
1 ¥5 3 2 ´
¦§ x 2 x 3 xµ¶ c
16 3
Answer: (C)
Example 4.61
For 0 < P < O , if sin 3 Q

f (Q ) sin Q
f (Q ) sin 3 Q sin 3 Q cos2 Q sin 3 Q cos4 Q d 1 cos2 Q
cosQ Therefore
then °e f (Q ) dQ is equal to
cosQ
°e f (Q ) e cosQ sin Q dQ
°
(A) –ecosP
sinP c (B) esinP
cosP c
t
(C) –e cosP c (D) e cosP (sinP cosP) c ° e ( 1) dt where t cos Q
Solution: We have et c
e cosQ c
0 < P < O 0 < cos2 P < 1
Answer: (C)
Since f (P ) is a sum of an infinite Geometric series with
first term sin3P and common ratio cos2P (0 < cos2 P < 1),
we have
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Example 4.62
2x5 x4 2x3 2x2 1 2x3 dx

° ( x 2 1)( x 4 1)
dx ( x 1) is equal to ° (x 2
1)
dx °x 2
1
1 ¥ x 1´ x 2 (2 x) 1 ¥ x 1´
(A) log e ( x 2 1) log e ¦
2 § x 1µ¶
c ° (x 2
1)
dx
2
log e ¦
§ x 1µ¶
¥ x 2 1´ ¥ x 1´ t 1 1 ¥ x 1´
(B) log e ¦ 2 µ log e ¦
§ x 1¶ § x 1µ¶
c ° t 2
dt
2
log e ¦
§ x 1µ¶
where t x2 1
¥ x 2 1´ 1 ¥ x 1´ ¥1 1´ 1 ¥ x 1´
(C) log e ¦ 2 µ log e ¦
§ x 1¶ 2 § x 1µ¶
c °
¦ 2 µ dt log e ¦
§t t ¶ 2 § x 1µ¶
1 1 ¥ x 1´ 1 1 ¥ x 1´
2
(D) log e ( x 1) log e ¦ c log e ( x 2 1) log e ¦ c
2
x 1 2 § x 1µ¶ x 12
2 § x 1µ¶
Answer: (D)
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then
2 x 3 ( x 2 1) ( x 2 1)
I ° ( x 2 1) ( x 2 1)
dx
Example 4.63
If f ( x) x and g(x) ex – 1, then ° ( f g)(x) dx ° e x 1 dx

equals
2t 2
° 1 t dx where t e x 1
(A) 2 e x 1 2 Tan 1 ( e x 1) c 2
(B) 2 (e x 1) 2 Tan 1 ( e x 1) c ¥ 2 ´
§ °
¦2 µ dt
1 t2 ¶
x x
(C) 2 e 1 2 tan( e 1) c
2t 2 Tan 1 (t ) c
(D) 2 e x 1 2 Tan 1 (e x 1) c
2 e x 1 2 Tan 1 ( e x 1) c
Solution: We have Answer: (A)
° ( f g)(x) dx ° f (g(x)) dx
Example 4.64
dx dx
° x (x
2 4
1)3 / 4
equals ° ¥ 1´
3/ 4
( x 4 1)1/ 4 x5 ¦ 1 4 µ
(A) (x4 1)1/4 c (B) c § x ¶
x
Put t 1 (1 / x4). Then
( x 4 1)3 / 4 ( x 3 1)3 / 4
(C) c (D) c 4
x3 x4 dt dx
x5
Solution: Let Therefore
dx 1 ¥ 1´
I ° x (x 2 4
1) 3/ 4
I °t ¦§ µ¶ dt
3/ 4
4
1 t ( 3 / 4) 1
c t 1/ 4 c
4 (3 / 4) 1
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¥ 1´
1/ 4
( x 4 1)1/ 4
¦1 4 µ c c
§ x ¶ x
Answer: (B)
Example 4.65
If 1 1
3
2 E
x 3x 2 1 1 2 2
° (x 2
dx log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1)
1)2 ( x 1) 2 4 E2
f ( x) c Therefore
then f (x) equals
1 dx 1 x1 2
1
(A) Tan 1 x
x 3
(B) Tan 1 x
x I ° 2
2 x1 2 x 1
dx °
( x 1)2
2
dx °
2 1 x2 2 1 x2
1 1 x 1 dx dx
(C)
3
Tan 1 x
x
(D)
3
log e x
x log e x 1
2 2 x2 1
dx °2 x2 1
2
( x 2 1)2 ° °
2 1 x2 2 1 x2
(4.9)
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Now, we use partial 1 1 1
fractions. Write log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1) Tan 1 x I1
2 4 2
x 3 3x 2 A Bx C Dx E
Here
( x 2 1)2 ( x 1) x 1 x 2 1 ( x 2 1)2
dx
Therefore I1 2 ° (x 2
1)2
x 3 3 x 2 A( x 2 1)2 ( Bx C )( x 1)( x 2 1) sec 2 Q
(Dx E)( x 1)
2 ° sec 4
Q
dQ where x tan Q
So, 2 cos2Q dQ
°
x 1 4 A 2
° (1 cos 2Q )dQ
1
A 1
2 Q sin 2Q
2
Equating the coefficient of x4 on both sides, we get
1 ¥ 2 tan Q ´
1
Tan 1 x ¦ µ
A B 0 B 2 § 1 tan 2 Q ¶
2
x
Tan 1 x
Again equating the coefficients of x3, we get 1 x2
1¥ 1´ Therefore
BC 1C ¦∵ B µ
2§ 2¶
x
Similarly, equating the coefficients of x2 we get I1 Tan 1 x
1 x2
2A B C D 0 Substituting the value of I1 in Eq. (4.9), we have
1 1 1 1 1
1 D 0 I log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1) Tan 1 x Tan 1 x
2 2 2 4 2
D0 x
c
Now 1 x2
x02ACE
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Therefore 3 x
Tan 1 x
1 x 2 1 x2
f ( x) Tan 1 x Tan 1 x
2 1 x2 Answer: (C)
Example 4.66
If 1 (sin x cos x) (sin x cos x)

sin x x

2 ° sin x cos x
dx
° sin x cos x
dx g( x) c
2 1 sin x cos x 1
°
2 sin x cos x
dx
2
1dx °
then g(x) equals
1 x
1 log e sin x cos x c
(A) log e sin x cos x c 2 2
2
1 (See B.2 for the conversion of first integral.) Therefore
(B) log e sin x cos x c
2 1
(C) sin x cos x c g( x) log e sin x cos x
2
(D) sin x – cos x c Answer: (B)
Solution: We have
sin x 1 2 sin x
° sin x cos x dx 2 ° sin x cos x dx
Example 4.67
If [(sin x)2010 (cos x)2010 ]sin x cos x

1 (cot x)2010 1
° (sin x)2012 (cos x)2012
dx
° 2011
dx log e (sin x)k (cos x)k c
tan x (cot x) k Put t (sin x)2012 (cos x)2012. Then
then k is equal to dt [2012(sin x)2011 cos x 2012(cos x)2011 ( sin x)]dx
(A) 2010 (B) 2011
2012[(sin x)2010 (cos x)2010 ](sin x cos x) dx
(C) 2012 (D) 2013
Therefore
Solution: Let 1¥ 1 ´
1 (cot x) 2010
I ° t ¦§ 2012 µ¶ dt
I ° tan x (cot x) 2011
dx

1
log e t c
2012
(sin x)2010 (cos x)2010 (sin x)2011 cos x
° (sin x) 2010

(sin x)2012 (cos x)2012
dx

1
log e (sin x)2012 (cos x)2012 c
2012
Answer: (C)
Example 4.68
1 x sec 2 x e x tan x 1 xe tan x 1
° x(xe tan x
1)
dx is equal to (C) log e
xe tan x 1
c (D) log e
( x 1) e tan x 1
c
xe tan x ( x 1) e tan x
(A) log e c (B) log e c Solution: We have
tan x
xe 1 e x tan x 1
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d dt
( xe tan x 1) e tan x xe tan x sec 2 x ° (t 1)t where t xe tan x 1
dx
e tan x (1 x sec 2 x) ¥ 1 1´
Now, let
¦ ° dt
§ t 1 t µ¶
1 x sec 2 x t 1
log e c
I ° x(xe tan x
1)
dx t
e tan x
(1 x sec 2 x) xe tan x
log e c
° xe tan x
( xe tan x 1)
dx xe tan x 1
Answer: (A)
Example 4.69
x cos x log e x sin x cos x log e x (sin x / x)

° x(log e x)2
dx equals ° (log e x)2
log e x sin x Now, put t sin x/loge x. Therefore
(A) c (B) c
sin x log e x cos x log e x (sin x / x)
dt dx
sin x 1 1 (log e x)2
(C) (log e x)2 c (D) sin x log e x c
x 2 2
Hence
sin x
Solution: Let °
I dt t c
log e x
c
x cos x log e x sin x
Answer: (B)
I ° x(log e x)2
dx
Example 4.70
sec x(2 sec x) Dividing numerator and denominator by sin2 x we get

° (1 2 sec x)2
dx is equal to
2cosec x cot x cosec 2 x
(A) 2cosec x cot x c
I ° (2cosec x cot x)2
dx
(B) (2cot x cosec x)–1 c dt

(C) 2cosec x – cot x c
°t 2
where 2 cosec x cot x t
(D) (2cosec x + cot x)–1 c 1

c
t
Solution: Let
1
sec x (2 sec x) c
2cosec x cot x
I ° (1 2 sec x)2
dx
Answer: (D)
2 cos x 1
° (2 cos x) 2
dx
Example 4.71
If 1 1
(A) (B)
x 11 x 6 x 6 6
° (6 3 x 5
dx k (6x 5 3 x 10 2 x 15 )2 / 5 c 1 1
2 x 10 )3 / 5 (C) (D)
12 12
then the value of k is
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x 11 x 6 x I t 3 / 5 ( 1/ 30) dt
°
I ° (6 3 x 5
2 x 10 )3 / 5
dx
1 ¥ t ( 3 / 5) 1 ´
Multiplying numerator and denominator with x3 we get c
30 ¦§ (3 / 5) 1µ¶
x 14 x 9 x 4 1 2/5
I ° (6 x 5
3 x 10 2 x 15 )3 / 5
dx
12
t c
Put t 6x5 – 3x10 – 2x15. Then 1

(6 x 5 3 x 10 2 x 15 )2 / 5 c
dt –30(x14 x9 – x4)dx 12
Hence k –1/12.
Answer: (C)
Example 4.72
If P(x) is a polynomial function such that P(x) P(2x) Now equating the corresponding coefficients we get
x
5x2 – 18, then ° P (e ) dx equals 5a 5, 3b 0 and 2c –18
a 1, b 0, c –9
1 2x
(A) e 9x c (B) e2x 9x c Hence
2
1 x P(x) x2 – 9
(C) e 9x2 c (D) e2x – x c
2 So
x
Solution: Since P(x) P(2x) is a quadratic expression, it ° P (e ) dx (e 2 x 9) dx
°
follows that P(x) must be a quadratic expression. Suppose 1 2x
e 9x c
P(x) ax2 bx c 2
Answer: (A)
Therefore
5 x 2 18 P( x) P(2 x)
(ax 2 bx c) (4ax 2 2bx c)
Example 4.73
x 2 x So
° e (1 x)cosec (xe ) dx is
x 2
( xe x ) dx cosec 2 tdt
(A) – cot[(x 1)ex] c (B) – cot(xex) c
° e (1 x) cosec °
cot( xe x ) c
(C) cosec(xex) c (D) sin(xex) c
Answer: (B)
Solution: Put t xex. Therefore
dt ex(x 1) dx
Example 4.74
1 log e x)2 Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then

° 1 log (x
e
x1
) (log e x x 2
)
dx equals
(1 log e x)2
(A) loge|1 x loge x| c (B) loge|x loge x| c
I ° 1 (x 1) log e x x(log x)2
dx
(C) loge|(1 x)loge x| c (D) loge|x loge x| c

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4.4 Integration by Parts 383
(1 log e x)2 dt
° (1 log e x)(1 x log e x)
dx °t where t 1 x loge x
1 log e x loge |1 x loge x| c

° 1 x log e x
dx Answer: (A)
Example 4.75
sec x cosec x Solution: We have

° log e (tan x)
dx
sec x cosec x
(A) loge(tan x) x c I ° log e (tan x)
dx
(B) loge|loge tan x| c dt

(C) tan(loge tan x) c
°t where t log e (tan x)
(D) loge|tan(loge x)| c log e t c

log e log e tan x c
Answer: (B)
4.4 Integration by Parts

Let u and v be differentiable functions. Then it is known that (Chapter 2)
d(uv) udv + vdu
so that on integration we have
° °
uv udv vdu
and therefore, we have the following formula.
Formula 1
consider one factor as u and the second factor as the dif-

° udv uv ° vdu ferential dv of v.
This formula enables us to find the integral of product of
two functions. Out of the two factors of the product, we
°
If we consider f (x) u and g(x) dx dv so that v g( x)dx, then we have the second formula.
Formula 2
° f (x)g(x) dx f (x)° g(x) dx ° ° g(x) dx f a(x) dx ° (First function) s (Second function) dx

( First function) s (Integral of second function)
If we consider f (x) as first function and g(x) as the second
function then Formula 2 can be written as (Integral of second function) s
°(Derivative of first function) dx
Note: Throughout the chapter, we use Formula 1.

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Selecting u and dv
Suppose the product contains two of the following functions: Inverse trigonometric, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigono-
metric and Exponential. According to the order mentioned, we choose u and dv. This rule of selection can be easily
remembered as given below.
I Inverse Trigonometric
L Logarithmic
A Algebraic
T Trigonometric
E Exponential
Using by parts, we obtain some standard formulae. We also show how to solve them for students to understand.
Formula 3
° log e x dx x(log e x 1) c Hence, ° log x dx (log °

¥ 1´
x) x x ¦ µ dx
e
§ x¶
Solution: Whenever the integrand is a single function, x loge x – x c
take the second function as 1 x0 which is algebraic. x(loge x – 1) c
Therefore, in Formula 1, take u loge x and dv 1dx.
Formula 4
x x x
° xe dx e (x 1) c ° xe dx uv ° vdu
x x
Solution: Here x is an algebraic function and ex is an xe ° e (1) dx
exponential function. According to the rule mentioned
xex – ex c
above, A comes first and E comes next. Therefore, take
u x and dv ex dx so that v ex. Hence ex(x – 1) c
Formula 5
° x sin x dx sin x x cos x c ° x sin x dx x( cos x) ° ( cos x)(1) dx

Solution: x is an algebraic function and sin x is a trigo- x cos x sin x c
nometric function. So, take u x and dv sin x dx so that
v – cos x. Therefore
Formula 6
° x cos x dx cos x x sin x c ° x cos x dx x sin x ° (sin x)(1) dx

Solution: Take u x and dv cos x dx so that v sin x. x sin x ( cos x) c
Therefore cos x x sin x c
Formula 7
1 x
° Sin x dx xSin 1 x 1 x 2 c 1
x dx x Sin 1 x
° Sin ° 1 x2
dx
Solution: Sin–1 x is an inverse trigonometric function 1 2 x

which comes first in the given order. So, take u Sin–1 x x Sin 1 x ° dx
2 1 x2
and dv 1 dx so that v x. Now
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1 x Sin 1 x 1 x 2 c
xSin 1 x (2 1 x 2 ) c (See B.3)
2
1 ¥P ´ P
Try it out ° Cos x dx ¦ Sin 1 xµ dx ( xSin 1 x 1 x 2 ) x c
°
§2 ¶ 2
Formula 8
1 1 x
° Tan x dx x Tan 1 x log e (1 x 2 ) c ° Tan
1
x dx x Tan 1 x ° 1 x 2
dx
2
1 2x
x Tan 1 x ° dx
Solution: Take u Tan–1x and dv 1dx so that v x. 2 1 x2
Therefore
1
x Tan 1 x log e (1 x 2 ) c (See B.2)
2
Try it out Since

P
Cot 1 x Tan 1 x
2
1
Compute ° Cot x dx.
Formula 9
x a2 x 2 a2 ¥ x´ a2 x 2 a2
a 2 x 2 dx Sin 1 ¦ µ c x a2 x 2 ° dx
° 2 2 § a¶ a2 x 2
dx
x a2 x 2 ° a2 x 2 a2 °
Solution: Take u a 2 x 2 and dv 1dx so that v x. a x2
2
Therefore
Therefore
¥ 1 ´
° a 2 x 2 dx x a 2 x 2 x ¦ ° µ ( 2 x) dx x
§ 2 a2 x 2 ¶ 2 ° a 2 x 2 dx x a 2 x 2 a 2 Sin 1 c (See A.9)
a
2
x
x a2 x 2 ° dx x a2 x 2 a2 x
a x2 2
° a2 x 2 Sin 1 c
2 2 a
Similarly, we can prove the following.
Formula 10
x x 2 a2 a2 x
° x 2 a 2 dx Cosh 1 c
2 2 a
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Formula 11
x x 2 a2 a2 x
° x 2 a 2 dx Sinh 1 c
2 2 a
Try it out Prove Formulae 10 and 11.
Note: Formulae 9, 10 and 11 can be proved by substitution method using the substitutions x a sin P, x a cosh P and
x a sinh P, respectively. The reader is advised to prove them by the substitution method. The following formula is the
most important consequence of by parts.
Formula 12
x x x
° e [ f (x) f a(x)] dx e f ( x) c °e f ( x) dx e x f a( x) dx e x f ( x) c
°
x x
Solution: By taking u f (x) and dv ex dx we get ° e [ f (x) f a(x)] dx e f ( x) c
x
°e f ( x) dx e x f ( x) e x f a( x)
°
Examples
Some of the examples illustrating Formula 12 are as x ¥ 1´ x

follows: 4. °e ¦§ log x µ¶ dx e log x c
x
x x
1. ° e (sin x cos x) dx e sin x c x ¥ 1 1 ´ x 1
5. °e ¦§ Tan x µ dx e Tan x c
x 2 x 1 x2 ¶
2. ° e (tan x sec x) dx e tan x c e x ( x 1) ¥1 1 ´ ex
6. ° dx e x ¦ 2 µ dx
° c
x
¥ 1 1 ´ x 1 x2 §x x ¶ x
3. °e ¦ Sin x µ dx e Tan x c
2
§ 1 x ¶
Formula 13
Generalized Formula for Integration by Parts where dashes denote the successive derivatives of f (x)
When integration by parts is to be applied repeatedly to and suffixes denote the integrals. That is
compute an integral, the following is very useful. g1 ( x) g( x) dx, g2 ( x) g1 ( x) dx,… , gn ( x)
° °
° f ( x)g( x) dx f ( x)g1 ( x) f a( x)g2 ( x) f q( x)g3 ( x)
°g n 1 ( x) dx
f aaa( x)g4 ( x) ( 1)n f ( n) ( x)gn ( x) c
°
! Caution: Do not effect the simplification, until the last integral is computed.
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We illustrate Formula 13 in the following illustration.
Illustration 3
x 4 e 2 x dx x4e2 x 3 3 3
Find out °
2
x 3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x xe 2 x e 2 x c
2 2 4
Solution: ¨ x4 3 3 3·
2x 2x 2x 2x e2 x © x3 x2 x ¸ c
4 2x ¥e ´ ¥e ´ ¥e ´ ¥e ´ ª2 2 2 4¹
°x e dx x 4 ¦ µ 4x3 ¦ µ 12 x 2 ¦ µ 24 x ¦ µ
§ 2 ¶ § 4 ¶ § 8 ¶ § 16 ¶
¥ e2 x ´
°
24 ¦
§ 16 ¶
µ dx
4.4.1 Examples
Example 4.76
3
x4 ¥ x4 ´ ¥ 1 ´
°x log e xdx is equal to
°x 3
log e xdx °
log e x ¦ µ ¦ µ dx
4 § 4 ¶ § x¶
4
1 4 1 1 4 x
(A) x log e x x 4 c (B) x log e x c 1 4 x3
4 8 4 8
4
x log e x
4 °dx
1 x4 1 x4
(C) x 4 log e x c (D) x 4 log e x c 1 4 x4
4 16 4 16 x log e x c
4 16
Solution: loge x is logarithmic and x3 is algebraic. In the
word ILATE, L comes first and A comes next. Therefore, Answer: (C)
take u loge x and dv x3 dx so that v x4 /4. Therefore
Example 4.77
Solution: Let
° sin x log (tan x) dx
e
x
°
I sin x log e (tan x) dx
(A) log e tan cos x log e (tan x) c
2 Take u loge (tan x) and dv sin x dx so that v –cos x.
Therefore
x x
(B) cos x log e tan log e tan c sec 2 x
2 2 I [log e (tan x)]( cos x) ( cos x) ° tan x
dx
x
(C) log tan cos x log(tan x) c
2 cos x log e (tan x) cosec x dx°
x x
(D) log e tan x cos x log tan c cos x log e (tan x) log tan c (See B.4)
2 2
Answer: (A)
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Example 4.78
If Let
I 2 3 x 2 sin x dx
°
° ( x 3 1)cos x dx f1 ( x)sin x f2 ( x)cos x c
3[ x 2 ( cos x)] (2 x)( cos x) dx
°
then f1(x) f2(x) is equal to
(A) x3 – 3x2 6x – 5 (B) x3 3x2 6x 5 3 x 2 cos x 6 x cos x
° (By Formula 6)
(C) x3 – 3x2 – 6x 5 (D) x3 3x2 – 6x – 5 2
3 x cos x 6[cos x x sin x] c
Solution: Let Substituting the value I 2 in Eq. (4.11), we get
I ( x 3 1)cos x dx I1 x3 sin x 3x2 cos x – 6(cos x x sin x)

°
3
Therefore substituting the value of I1 in Eq. (4.10), we
°x °
cos x dx cos x dx have
°x 3
cos x dx sin x (4.10) I x3 sin x 3x2 cos x – 6(cos x x sin x) sin x c
(sin x)(x3 – 6x 1) (3x2 – 6)cos x c
Let
Therefore
3
°
I1 x cos x dx f1(x) x3 – 6x 1
Take u x3, dv cos x dx so that v sin x. Therefore and f2(x) 3x2 – 6

Hence
I1 x 3 sin x (3 x 2 )sin x dx
° (4.11)
f1(x) f2(x) x3 3x2 – 6x – 5
Answer: (D)
Example 4.79
Now, let
° cos(log e x) dx f ( x) [cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] c
where f (x) equals °
I1 sin(log e x) dx
x x2 Again using by parts we have

(A) (B)
2 2
cos (log e x)
(C) x (D) x2 I1 x sin (log e x) x ° x
dx
Solution: Let x sin (log e x) I

Substituting the value of I1 in Eq. (4.12), we have
°
I cos(log e x) dx
I x cos (loge x) x sin (loge x) – I
Take u cos(loge x) and dv dx so that v x. Then
Therefore
sin(log e x)
I x cos(log e x) x °x
dx 2I x[cos (loge x) sin (loge x)]
So
x cos(log e x) ° sin(log e x) (4.12)
x
f ( x)
2
Answer: (A)
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Example 4.80
° 3
x (log e x)2 dx x ( 1 / 3) 1 3
v x4/3
(1/ 3) 1 4
3 ¨ 3 9·
(A) ( x)4 / 3 ©(log e x)2 log e x ¸ c Therefore
4 ª 2 8¹
3 4/3 3 ¥ 2 log e x ´
3 ¨ 3 9· I x (log e x)2 x 4 / 3 ¦
° dx
(B) ( x)4 / 3 ©(log e x)2 log e x ¸ c 4 4 § x µ¶
4 ª 2 8¹
3 4/3 3
3 ¨ 3 9· x (log e x)2 ¨© x 1/ 3 log e xdx ·
°
(C) ( x)4 / 3 ©(log e x)2 log e x ¸ c 4 2ª ¹̧
4 ª 2 8¹
3 3 ¨3 3 4/3 1 ·
3 1/ 3 ¨ 3 9· x 4 / 3 (log e x)2 © x 4 / 3 log e x °
x dx ¸
(D) ( x) ©(log e x)2 log e x ¸ c 4 2 ª4 4 x ¹
4 ª 2 8¹
3 4/3 9 9 x ( 1 / 3) 1
x (log e x)2 x 4 / 3 log e x c
Solution: We have 4 8 8 (1/ 3) 1
3 4/3 ¨ 3 9·
I ° 3
x (log e x)2 dx x ©(log e x)2 log e x ¸ c
4 ª 2 8¹
Take f ( x) 3 x , g( x) (log e x)2 . Now take u (loge x)2, Answer: (C)
dv x1/3 dx so that
Example 4.81
¥ 2x 2 ´ 2x 2
1 tan Q
° Sin ¦ µ dx is equal to
§ 4 x 2 8 x 13 ¶ 3
Then
3 ¨¥ 2 x 2 ´ 1 ¥ 2 x 2 ´ ¥1 ´·
(A) ¦ µ Tan ¦§ µ log e ¦§ (2 x 3)µ¶ ¸ c
2 ©ª§ 3 ¶ 3 ¶ 3 ¹ dx
1
(3 sec 2 Q ) dQ
2
(B)
3 ¨ 2x 2 ¥ 2x 2 ´ 1 ¥1 ´· Hence
© Tan 1 ¦ µ¶ log e ¦§ 4x2 8x 3µ ¸ c
2ª 3 § 3 3 3 ¶¹ ¥ 3 tan Q ´ 3
I Sin 1 ¦
° sec 2 Q dQ
(C) § 3 sec Q µ¶ 2
3 ¨ 2x 2 ¥ 2x 2 ´ ¥1 ´· 3
Tan 1 ¦ 4 x 2 8 x 13 µ ¸ c Sin 1 (sin Q ) sec 2 Q dQ
2 ©ª 3 § 3 µ¶
log e ¦
§3 ¶¹

2 °
3 ¨ 2x 2 ¥ 2x 2 ´ · 3
(D) Tan 1 4 x 2 8 x 3 log e ¦ c Q sec 2 Q dQ
°
2 ©ª 3 § 3 µ¶ ¸¹ 2
3
(IIT-JEE 2001) ¨©Q tan Q tan Q dQ · (using by parts)
°
2ª ¹̧
Solution: We have 3
ª̈Q tan Q log sec Q ·¹ c
¥ ´ 2
2x 2
I Sin 1 ¦
° µ dx 3 ¨¥ ·
1 ¥ 2 x 2 ´ ´ 2 x 2 1
§ 4 x 2 8 x 13 ¶ ©¦§ Tan ¦§ µ¶ µ log e 4 x 2 8 x 13 ¸ c
2ª 3 ¶ 3 3 ¹
¥ 2x 2 ´
Sin 1 ¦
° µ dx because
¦§ (2 x 2)2 32 µ¶
2x 2
tan Q
Now, put 3
sec Q 1 tan 2 Q
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2 1
¥ 2x 2 ´ 4 x 2 8 x 13
1 ¦
§ 3 µ¶ 3
Answer: (C)
Example 4.82
Put loge x t. Therefore x et and dx et dt. Now

° [sin (log e x) cos (log e x)] dx is equal to
I (sin t cos t ) e t dt
°
(A) x sin (loge x) c (B) x cos (loge x) c
t
(C) ex tan (loge x) c (D) e sin (loge x ) cos x c ° e (sin t cos t ) dt
Solution: We have e sin t c ∵ ° e [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx e

t x x
f ( x) c
°
I (sin (log e x) cos (log e x) dx x sin (log e x) c
Answer: (A)
Example 4.83
x
° x Sin 1
x dx 1 x 2 f ( x) Sin 1 x where f (x) is x2 1 1 x2 1
4 Sin 1 x ° dx
2 2 1 x2
2 2
2x 1 2x x
(A) (B) x2 1 1 dx
4 4 Sin 1 x ° 1 x 2 dx °
2 2 2 1 x2
2x2 x 2x2 1
(C) (D)
4 4 x2 1 ¨ x 1 x2 1 · 1
Sin 1 x © Sin 1 x ¸ Sin 1 x
2 2 ©ª 2 2 ¸¹ 2
Solution: We have
(By Formula 9)
I x Sin 1 x dx
° x ¥ x2 1 1 ´
1 x2 ¦ µ Sin 1 x c
Take u Sin–1x, dv x dx so that v x2/2. Therefore 4 § 2 4 2¶
x2 x2 1 ¥ 2 x 2 1´
I Sin 1 x ° dx x 1
2 2 2 1 x2 ¦ µ Sin x c
1 x 4 § 4 ¶
Answer: (D)
Example 4.84
x 2 ( x sec 2 x tan x) Solution: Observe that

° ( x tan x 1) 2
dx is equal to
d
( x tan x 1) x sec 2 x tan x
x 2 dx
(A) log e x sin x cos x c
x tan x 1 Let
2
x x 2 ( x sec 2 x tan x)
(B) 2 log e x sin x cos x c
x tan x 1 I ° ( x tan x 1)2
dx
x2
(C) 2 log e x cos x sin x c Take
sec x x tan x
x sec 2 x tan x
x2 u x 2 , dv
(D) log e x cos x sin x c ( x tan x 1)2
sec 2 x x tan x
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so that x2 x cos x
1

x tan x 1
2 °
x sin x cos x
dx
v
x tan x 1 x2 dt
Therefore

x tan x 1
2
t ° where t x sin x cos x
¥ 1 ´ 1 x2
I x2 ¦ 2 log e x sin x cos x c
§ x tan x 1µ¶
°
x tan x 1
(2 x) dx
x tan x 1
Answer: (B)
x2 x

x tan x 1
2 °
x tan x 1
dx
Example 4.85
x sin x 1 x x
° 1 cos x dx is equal to x sec 2 dx tan dx
° °
2 2 2
x x x x x x x
(A) x tan sec c (B) x sec tan c
2 2 2 2
x tan
2 2 °
tan dx tan dx
2 °
x x x x
(C) x sin cos c (D) x tan c x tan c
2 2 2 2
Answer: (D)
Solution: We have
x x
x 2 sin cos
x sin x 2 2 dx
° 1 cos x
dx ° 2 cos 2 x
2
Example 4.86
If °x 4
cos x dx f ( x)sin x g( x)cos x c, then f (x) x 4 cos x dx x 4 sin x 4 x 3 ( cos x) 12 x 2 ( sin x)
g(x) is equal to
° 24 x cos x 24 sin x c
(A) x4 4x3 – 12x2 – 24x 24 x 4 sin x 4 x 3 cos x 12 x 2 sin x 24 x cos x

(B) x4 – 4x3 12x2 – 24x 6 24 sin x c
(C) x4 4x3 12x2 – 24x – 24 ( x 4 12 x 2 24)sin x (4 x 3 24 x)cos x c
(D) x4 – 4x3 – 12x2 24x – 24 Therefore
f (x) g(x) x4 4x3 – 12x2 – 24x 24
Solution: Take u x4 and v cos x and apply For-
mula 3. We get Answer: (A)
Example 4.87
x ( x 3 x 1) Solution: We have
°e 2
( x 1) 3/ 2
dx
( x 3 x 1)
I ex° dx
ex x xe x ( x 2 1)3 / 2
(A) c (B) c
x2 1 x2 1 ¥ x( x 2 1) 1´
ex ¦
° µ dx
xe x ex § ( x 2 1)3 / 2 ¶
(C) c (D) c
( x 2 1)3 / 2 x2 1
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¨ x
x 1 · e x f ( x) c
°
e © 2 3/ 2 ¸
©ª x 2 1 ( x 1) ¸¹
dx
¥ x ´
ex ¦ µ c
2
§ x 1¶
x
e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
° where f ( x)
2 Answer: (B)
x 1
Example 4.88
2
¥ x 2´ ¥ x( x 4) 4 ´
° ex ¦ dx ex ¦
° µ dx
§ x 4 µ¶ § ( x 4)2 ¶
xe x xe x ¥ x 4 ´
(A) c (B) c ex ¦
° µ dx
x4 ( x 4) 2 § x 4 ( x 4) 2 ¶
( x 1) e x e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
(C) c (D)
( x 1)
ex c °
x4 ( x 4) 2
where f (x) x/(x + 4). Therefore
Solution: We have ¥ x ´
I ex ¦ c
§ x 4 µ¶
2
¥ x 2´
I ex ¦ ° dx
§ x 4 µ¶ Answer: (A)
Example 4.89
( x 2 1) ¥ x2 1 2 ´
° ex dx ex ¦
( x 1)2 °§ ( x 1)2 ¶
µ dx
xe x ex ¥ x 1 2 ´
(A) c (B) c ex ¦
x1 ( x 1)2 ° µ dx
§ x 1 ( x 1)2 ¶
¥ x 1´ x ¥ x 1´ x 1
(C) ¦ e c (D) e x ¦ c e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx where f ( x)
§ x 1µ¶ § x 1µ¶ ° x1
e x f ( x) c
Solution: We have
¥ x 1´
e x ( x 2 1) ex ¦ c
§ x 1µ¶
I ° ( x 1)2
dx
Answer: (D)
Example 4.90
(1 x)2 ¥ 1 2x ´
° ex ex ¦
(1 x ) 2 2
dx
°§ 1 x 2
µ dx
(1 x 2 )2 ¶
¥ x ´ ¥ 2x ´ 1
(A) e x ¦ c (B) e x ¦ c e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
° where f ( x)
§ 1 x 2 µ¶ § 1 x 2 µ¶ 1 x2
¥ 1 ´x ¥ 2 x x ´ e x f ( x) c
(C) e ¦ c (D) e ¦ c
§ 1 x 2 µ¶ § 1 x 2 2 2µ
(1 x ) ¶ ex
c
1 x2
Solution: We have Answer: (C)
2 2
x (1 x) (1 x 2 x)
°e 2 2
dx e x° dx
(1 x ) (1 x 2 )2
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Example 4.91
( x 2 3 x 3) ¨x1 1 ·
° ex ex ©
( x 2) 2
dx
°ª x 2
¸ dx
( x 2) 2 ¹
¥ x ´ ¥ x1 ´ x1
(A) e x ¦ c (B) e x ¦ e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
° where f ( x)
§ x 2 µ¶ µ c x2
§ ( x 2)2 ¶
e x f ( x) c
¥ x 1´
x e x x( x 1)
(C) e ¦ c (D) c
§ x 2 µ¶ x2 ¥ x 1´
ex ¦ c
§ x 2 µ¶
( x 2 3 x 3) [( x 1)( x 2) 1]
° ex 2
dx e x ° dx
( x 2) ( x 2) 2
Example 4.92
( x 3 x 2) ¥ x 1 1 2x x2 ´
° ex dx ex ¦ 2
( x 2 1)2 ° µ dx
§ x 1 ( x 2 1)2 ¶
xe x ( x 1) e x x1
(A) c (B) c e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
x2 1 x2 1 ° where f ( x)
x2 1
x2ex x2ex
(C) c (D) 2
c e x f ( x) c
x1 x 1
¥ x1 ´
ex ¦ 2 c
Solution: We have § x 1µ¶
Answer: (B)
( x 3 x 2) [( x 2 1)( x 1) 1 2 x x 2 ]
° ex dx e x
° dx
( x 2 1)2 ( x 2 1)2
Example 4.93
log e x f ( x) ¥ 1 1 ´
° (1 log e x) 2
dx
1 log e x
c where f (x) is et ¦
° µ dt
§ t 1 (t 1)2 ¶
(A) x (B) –x 1
e t [ g(t ) g a(t )] dt
° where g(t )
(C) x2 (D) –x2 t1
e t g (t ) c
Solution: We have
et
log e x c
I ° (1 log e x )2
dx t1
x
c
Put t loge x. Therefore, et x and et dt dx. Hence log e x 1
t so that f (x) x.
I ° (1 t) 2
(e t ) dt
Answer: (A)
(t 1 1)
et° dt
(t 1)2
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Example 4.94
( x cos3 x sin x) (e sin x cos x) x dx e sin x sec x tan xdx

° e sin x 2
dx is equal to ° °
cos x
(A) esin x(x cos x) c (B) esin x(x sin x) c Using integration by parts, we get
(C) esin x(x – sec x) c (D) esin x(x sec x) c I xe sin x e sin x dx ¨©e sin x sec x e sin x cos x sec xdx · c
° ª ° ¹̧
Solution: Let xe sin x
°e sin x
dx e sin x
sec x ° e sin x
dx c
¥ x cos3 x sin x ´
I e sin x ¦ xe sin x e sin x sec x c
° § cos2 x
µ dx
¶
e sin x (xx sec x) c
e sin x ( x cos x sec x tan x) dx
° Answer: (C)
Example 4.95
e sec x sin[ x (P / 4)] ¥ P´ 1 sec x (sin x cos x)(1 sin x)

2°
e dx
° cos x(1 sin x)
dx ¦ 0 x µ is equal to
§ 4¶ cos x(1 sin 2 x)
1 1 (sin x sin 2 x cos x cos x sin x)
(A) e sec x
(sec x tan x) c ° e sec x dx
2 2 cos3 x
1 sec x
(B)
1
e sec x (sec x tan x) c °e (sec 2 x tan x sec x tan 2 x sec 2 x sec x tan x)dx
2 2
1 sec x
1 °e (sec 2 x sec x tan 2 x) dx
(C) e sec x (cosec x cot x) c 2
2
1 sec x
(D)
1
e sec x (cosec x cot x) c

2 °e sec x tan x(sec x 1) dx
2
1 d sec x 1 t
Solution: We have

2 ° dx (e tan x) dx
2 ° e (t 1) dt (t sec x)
1
e sec x sin[ x (P / 4)] [e sec x tan x t e t ] c
I ° cos x(1 sin x)
dx 2
1
sec x e sec x (tan x sec x) c
1 e (sin x cos x) 2

2 ° cos x(1 sin x)
dx
Answer: (B)
Example 4.96
f ( x) ¥ f ( x) ´
1/ x Solution: We have
If lim exists finitely and lim ¦ 1 x µ e3 , 1/ x
x m0 x2 xm0 § x ¶ ¥ f ( x) ´
lim ¦ 1 x µ e3
xm0 § x ¶
then ° f (x) log e x dx is equal to
1/ x
¥ ¥ f ( x) ´ ´
2 3¥ 1´ lim ¦ 1 x ¦ 1 2 µ µ e3
(A) x ¦ log e x µ c xm0 § § x ¶¶
3 § 3¶
x2 f ( x) 1
x3 ¥ 1´ ¨ x · x x
(B) ¦§ log e x µ¶ c © ¥ 2
x f ( x) ´ x 2
f ( x) ¸
3 3 lim ©¦ 1 µ ¸ e3
2 3
xm0 § x ¶
© ¸
(C) x (log e x 1) c ª ¹
3
2 x 2 f ( x)
(D) x 3 (log e x 1) c 3
3 x2
f ( x) 2 x 2
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Therefore 3 2
2
x log e x x 3 c
° f (x) log e °
xdx 2 x log e xdx 3 9
2 3¥ 1´
¨ x3 x3 1 · x ¦ log e x µ c
3 § 3¶
2 © log e x
ª 3 3 x ¹ °
dx ¸ (By Parts)
Answer: (A)
Example 4.97
For 0 < x < 1, let 1 n

lim [(1 x 4 )(1 x 4 ) (1 x 2 )]
2 4 2n nmd 1 x
f ( x) lim (1 x)(1 x )(1 x ) (1 x )
nmd
¥ 1 x 2 n 1 ´ 1
f ( x) lim ¦ µ
nmd § 1 x ¶ 1 x
then ° 1 x log e xdx equals
Therefore
¥ x ´
(A) log e ¦ c
§ 1 x µ¶ f ( x)
1
1 x
¥ x ´ log e x
(B) log e ¦ c Let
§ 1 x µ¶ 1 x
f ( x) log e x
(C)
log e x
log e (1 x) c
I ° 1 x log e xdx ° (1 x) 2
dx
1 x
¥ 1 ´ 1 1
(D) x log e x log e (1 x) c ¦ µ
§ 1 x¶
log e x dx
1 x x °
Solution: We have log e x ¥ 1 1´
1 n

1 x
¦ °
§ 1 x
µ dx
x¶
f ( x) lim [(1 x)(1 x)(1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 )]
nmd 1 x
log e x ¥ x ´
log e ¦ c
lim
1 n
[(1 x 2 )(1 x 2 )(1 x 4 ) (1 x 2 )] 1 x § 1 x µ¶
nmd 1 x
Answer: (B)
Example 4.98
x 2 cos x x2 1
v
° (1 sin x) 2
dx
1 sin x
2 x(sec x tan x) 1 sin x
2 log f ( x) c Therefore
where f (x) is equal to ¥ 1 ´ 1

I x2 ¦ ° (2 x) dx
§ 1 sin x µ¶ 1 sin x
(A) sec x tan x (B) x(sec x tan x)
(C) 1 sin x (D) tan x (sec x tan x) x2 x

1 sin x
2 °
1 sin x
dx
Solution: Let
x2 x(1 sin x)
2
x cos x

1 sin x
2 °
cos2 x
dx
I ° (1 sin x) 2
dx
x2
2 x sec 2 xdx 2 x sec x tan x dx
° °
Take 1 sin x
2
cos x x
u x2 and dv dx 2 ¨© x tan x tan x dx ·
°
(1 sin x) 2 1 sin x ª ¹̧
so that 2 ¨© x sec x sec x dx ·

°
ª ¹̧
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x2 x2
2 x(tan x sec x)

1 sin x °
2 x tan x 2 tan x dx 2 x sec x 2 sec x dx ° 1 sin x
x2 2 log e cos x(sec x tan x) c
2 x(tan x sec x) 2 log e cos x
1 sin x
x2
2 log e sec x tan x c 2 x(tan x sec x) 2 log e 1 sin x c
1 sin x
Answer: (C)
Example 4.99
sec 2 x 7 sec 2 x cosec 7 x dx 7 cosec 7 x dx

° 7
sin x
dx is equal to ° °
tan x cosec x tan x( 7cosec 6 x cosec x cot x) dx
7
°
(A) cot x cosec7 x c (B) tan x cosec6 x c
7
(C) sec7 x cosec x c (D) tan x cosec7 x c °
7 cosec x dx
Solution: Let tan x cosec 7 x 7 cosec 7 x dx 7 cosec 7 x dx c

° °
2
sec x 7 7
tan x cosec x c
I ° sin 7 x
dx
Answer: (D)
Example 4.100
tan 2 x 2 tan x sec 2 x

° (sin 4 x)e dx
I2 ° 6
2
(1 tan 2 x)e tan x dx
sec x
tan 2 x 4 tan 2 x 4
(A) 2 e cos x c (B) 2 e sec x c 1 t
2 ° (1 t) 3
e t dt
tan 2 x 2 tan 2 x 2
(C) 2 e sec x c (D) 2 e cos x c
t 1 2
Solution: Let 2 ° (1 t) 3
e t dt
2
x
I (sin 4 x)e tan
° dx ¥ 1 2 ´ t
4 sinx cosx(cos2 x sin 2 x)e tan x dx
2
2 ¦ °
§ (t 1) 2
µ e dt
(t 1)3 ¶
° 1
3
4° sinx cos x (1 tan x)e 2 tan 2 x
dx 2 [ f (t ) f a(t )] e t where f (t )
° (t 1)2
4 2 tan 2 x 2 et
4° tanx cos x(1 tan x)e dx (4.13) c
(t 1)2
Put t tan2 x. Therefore 2
x
2 e tan
c
dt 2 tanx sec2x dx (1 tan 2 x)2
2
Hence 2e tan x
cos4 x c
Answer: (A)
4.5 Fundamental Classes of Integrable Functions

In this section we would discuss various classes of integrable function and give examples so that students understand
how to evaluate each class.
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4.5 Fundamental Classes of Integrable Functions 397
4.5.1 Integration of Rational Functions of the Form P(x) [P(x) and Q(x) are Polynomials]
Q(x)
Method: Using partial fractions. For partial fractions, see Chapter 9 (Vol. 1).
Example 4.101
x2 Put x 1, 2, 3 successively on both sides. Then

Evaluate ° ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
dx.
1 9
A , B 4, C
2 2
Solution: Write
Therefore
x2 A B C
x2 1 dx dx 9 dx
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) x 1 x 2 x 3
° ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
dx
2 x 1 °
4
x 2 2 x 3 ° °
so that
1 9
x2 A(x – 2)(x – 3) B(x – 1)(sx – 3) C(x – 1)(x – 2) log e x 1 4 log e x 2 log e x 3 c
2 2
Example 4.102
x2 Now,
Evaluate ° (x 1) (x 2) dx.
2 x 1 B 1
x 2C 4
Solution: Write
Equating the coefficient of x2 on both sides, we get
x2 A B C
2
2
A C 1 A –3
( x 1) ( x 2) x 1 ( x 1) x 2
Therefore
Therefore
x2 dx dx dx
x 2 A( x 1)( x 2) B( x 2) C ( x 1)2 ° (x 1) (x 2) dx 3° x 1 ° (x 1)
2 2
4 ° x 2
1
3 log e x 1 4 log e x 2 c
x 1
px q
4.5.2 To Evaluate Integrals of the Form ° ax 2
dx
bx c
Case I: If ax2 bx c 0 has real roots, use partial fractions.
Case II: If ax2 bx c 0 has no real roots. Then write
d
px q L (ax 2 bx c) M
dx
where K and L are constants which can be determined by equating the coefficients on both sides.
P( x)
Case III: To evaluate ° ax 2
dx where P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal two. Write
bx c
P(x) Q(x)(ax2 bx c) (px q)
so that
P( x) px q
° ax 2
bx c °
dx Q( x) dx ° ax 2
bx c
Now proceed as in Case II or Case I.
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Example 4.103
(Based on Case II) 3

L and L –1
3x 2 2
Evaluate °x 2
2x 9
dx.
Now
Solution: Let 3x 2 2x 2 dx
°x 2
2x 9
dx °
2 x2 2x 9
dx 2
x 2x 9 °
d 2
3x 2 L ( x 2 x 9) M 3 dx
dx log e ( x 2 2 x 9)
L (2 x 2) M

2 °
( x 1)2 8
Therefore 3 1 ¥ x 1´
log e ( x 2 2 x 9) Tan 1 ¦ c
3 2K and 2K L 2 2 2 2 § 2 2 µ¶
Example 4.104
(Based on Case III) So

3 2
2 x x 3x 1 2 x 3 x 2 3x 1 ¥ 3´ 25 / 2
Evaluate ° 2
2x 4x 9
dx. ° 2
2x 4x 9 § °
dx ¦ x µ dx
2¶ 2
2x 4x 9 °
dx
x2 3 25 dx
Solution: Here x
2 2 2 °
4 x 2 x (9 / 2)
P(x) 2x3 x2 3x – 1
x2 3 25 dx
Divide P(x) with 2x2 4x 9. Therefore x
2 2 4 ° x 1 2
(7 / 2)
¥ 3´ 25
2 x x 3 x 1 ¦ x µ ( 2 x 2 4 x 9)
3 2
x2 3 25 2 ¥ 2 ( x 1) ´
§ 2¶ 2 x s Tan 1 ¦
2 2 4 µ c
7 § 7 ¶
dx px q
4.5.3 Integrals of the Form ° (a u 0) and ° dx
ax 2 bx c ax 2 bx c
dx
1. To evaluate ° (a x 0), make the coefficient of x2 as p1, complete the perfect square and use standard
2
integrals. ax bx c
px q
2. To evaluate ° dx, write
ax 2 bx c
d
dx
so that
px q 2ax b dx
° 2
ax bx c
dx L ° 2
ax bx c
dx M ° 2
ax bx c
dx
2 L ax 2 bx c M ° ax 2
bx c
dx
Now, use (1) for ° 2
ax bx c
.
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Example 4.105
dx 1 dx
° 3°
Evaluate .
2
3x 2 4 x 5 ¥ 2´ 11
¦§ x µ¶
3 9
Solution: Let
1 ¥ x (2 / 3) ´
dx Sinh 1 ¦ µ c
I ° 3x 2 4 x 5
3 § ( 11 / 3) ¶
1 ¥ 3x 2 ´
1 dx Sinh 1 ¦ c
° 3 § 11 µ¶
3 4x 5
x2
3 3
Example 4.106
3 2x Therefore
Evaluate ° 4 2x x 2
dx.
2 x 2 dx
I ° 4 2x x2
dx ° 4 2x x2
Solution: Let
dx
3 2x 2 4 2x x2 °
I ° 4 2x x2
dx 5 ( x 1)2
¥ x 1´
Let 2 4 2 x x 2 Sin 1 ¦ c
§ 5 µ¶
3 – 2x K(–2x 2) L
so that – 2K –2, 2K L 3 and hence K 1 and L 1.
4.5.4 Integrals of the Form ° (px q ) ax 2 bx c dx
To evaluate ° ( px q) ax 2 bx c , write
d
dx
and then use standard integrals.
Example 4.107
Evaluate ° (2 x 5) 2 3 x x 2 dx. (2 3 x x 2 )(1/ 2) 1 17 ¥ 3´

2

(1/ 2) 1
2 ° ¦ x µ dx
4 § 2¶
Solution: We have
2 ¥ 2x 3´
( 2 3 x x 2 )3 / 2 ¦ 2 3x x 2
2x – 5 K(–2x 3) L 3 § 2 µ¶
so that K –1, L –2. Therefore 17 ¥ 2x 3´
Sin 1 ¦ c
4 § 17 µ¶
° (2 x 5) 2 3 x x 2 (3 2 x) 2 3 x x 2 dx
°
2
2° 2 3 x x dx
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Note: In the above integral ° ( px q) ax 2 bx c dx, if p 0 and q 1 then the integral can be reduced to the form
° a 2 p x 2 dx or ° x 2 a 2 dx.
x2 p 1
4.5.5 Integral of the Form °x 4
dx
kx 2 1
x2 p 1
To evaluate °x 4
kx 2 1
dx where k –1, 0, or 1, divide numerator and denominator by x2 and put the substitution
x (1/x) t or x – (1/x) t according as the numerator is 1 – (1/x2) or 1 (1/x2).
Example 4.108
x2 1 dt 1
Evaluate °x 4 2
x 1
dx. °t 2
3
where t x
x
1 t
Solution: We have Tan 1
c
3 3
x2 1 1 (1/ x 2 ) 1 ¥ x (1/ x) ´
°x 4
x2 1
dx °x 2
(1/ x 2 ) 1
dx
3
Tan 1 ¦
§ 3 ¶
µ c
4.5.6 Special Cases

In this section we discuss four special cases: To evaluate
dx
° f ( x)
1 f2 ( x )
where
1. both f1 and f2 are linear expressions. In this case put f2 ( x) t.
2. f1 is quadratic and f2 is linear. Then also put f2 ( x) t.
3. f1 is linear and f2 is quadratic. In this case put f1(x) 1/t.
x
4. (a) To evaluate ° dx, put px 2 q t .
(ax b) px 2 q
2
dx 1
(b) To evaluate ° dx, first put x , simplify the integral and then put p qt 2 z.
2
(ax b) px q2 t
Example 4.109
dx dt
Evaluate ° (2 x 3) x 1
. 2 ° 2t 2
5
dt
Solution: We have
°t 2
(5 / 2)
dx 1 ¥ t ´
I ° (2 x 3) Tan 1 ¦ µ c
x 1 5/ 2 § 5/ 2 ¶
1 2 ¥ 2 ´
° [2(t 2
1) 3]t
(2t ) dt where t x 1
5
Tan 1 ¦
§ 5
( x 1) µ c
¶
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Example 4.110
dx 1 1
Evaluate ° (x 2
1) x
. 1 2
t dt
1 2
t dt
° 2
t 2
1 2
t 2
1 °
Solution: Let t t
dx dz du ¨ 1 1·
I ° (x 2
1) x
°z 2
2
°u 2
2 ©ª where z t t and u t t ¸¹
1
u 2
° (t 4
1)t
(2t ) dt where t x
1 ¥ z ´
Tan 1 ¦
§ µ¶
1
log e c
2 2 2 2 u 2
2
°t 4
1
dt

1 ¥ t (1/ t ) ´
Tan 1 ¦
1
log e
t (1/ t ) 2
c
§ µ
2 2 ¶ 2 2 t (1/ t ) 2
(t 2 1) (t 2 1)
° t4 1
dt
1 ¥ x 1´ 1 x 2x 1
Tan 1 ¦ log e c
2
t 1 2
t 1 2 § x 2 µ¶ 2 2 x 2x 1
°t 4
1
dt °t 4
1
dt
Example 4.111
x dt
Evaluate ° (1 x ) 2 2
x 1
dx. ° 2 t 2
1 ¥ 1 1 ´
Solution: We have ¦§ µ dt
2 2 2 t 2 t¶
x
I ° (1 x ) 2
x2 1
dx

1
log e
2 t
c
2 2 2 t
Put x 2 1 t. Therefore x2 t2 – 1 and x dx t dt. So
1 2 x2 1
1 log e c
I ° (2 t 2
)
(t ) dt 2 2 2 x2 1
Example 4.112
dx (1/ t ) ¥ 1´
Evaluate ° (x 2
1) x 1 2
. I °¥ 1 ´ 1
¦§ 2 µ¶ dt
t
¦§ 2 1µ¶ 2 1
t t
Solution: We have
dt
dx
° (1 t 2
) 1 t2
I ° (x 2
1) x 12
Now proceed as in Example 4.111.
Put x 1/t so that dx –(1/t2)dt. Therefore
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p1 p2 pk
q1 q2 qk
4.5.7 Integrals of the Form ° R ( x, x ,x , …, x ) dx
p1 p2 pk
qk
To evaluate ° R ( x, x q1
,x q2
, …, x ) dx where R is a rational function of its variables x, x p1 / q1 ,… , x pk / qk , put x tn
where n is the L.C.M. of the denominators of the fractions p1 /q1 , p2 /q2 ,… , pk /qk . If R is a rational function of linear
p/q
¥ ax b ´
fractions of the form ¦ µ , then put
§ cx d ¶
ax b
n
cx d
where n is the L.C.M. of the denominators of fractional powers of (ax b)/(cx d).
Example 4.113
x3x t6 t4
°t (12t 11 )dt
Evaluate ° 4 5
x x 6 7
dx. I 15
t 14
t3 t
Solution: We have
12 °
t 1
dt
x3x ¥ 2 ´
12 ¦ t 2 t 2
° µ dt
I ° 4
x5 6 x7
dx § t 1¶
¨ t3 t2 ·
Here the powers of x are 1/2, 1/3, 5/4, 7/6 and the L.C.M. 12 © 2t 2 log e t 1 ¸ c
of the denominators is 12. Hence put x t12 so that dx ª3 2 ¹
12 t11 dt. Therefore where t x1/12.
Example 4.114
(2 x 1)1/ 2 t8
Evaluate ° (2 x 1) ( 1 / 3)
1
dx. 3 °t 2
1
dt
¥ 1 ´
Solution: We have 3 ¦ t6 t4 t2 1 2
° µ dt
§ t 1¶
1/ 2
(2 x 1)
I ° (2 x 1) ( 1 / 3)
1
dx ¨ t7 t5 t3 ·
3 © t + Tan 1t ¸ c
ª7 5 3 ¹
Here the powers of 2x 1 are 1/2 and 1/3. Put 2x 1 t6
so that dx 3t5 dt. Therefore where t (2x 1)1/6.
t3
I °t 2
(3t 5 ) dt
1
4.5.8 The Binomial Differential

m
The integral °x (a bx n ) p (m, n, p are rational numbers) can be evaluated in the following four cases:
Case I: If p is a positive integer, then use binomial expansion for positive integral index and then integrate.
Case II: If p is a negative integer, then put the substitution x t@ where @ is the L.C.M. of the denominators of the
fractions of m and n.
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m1
Case III: If is an integer, then put the substitution a bxn tk where k is denominator of p.
n
m1
Case IV: If p is an integer, then put the substitution a bxn tkxn where k is the denominator of p.
n
Example 4.115
3 So put
1 4 x
Evaluate ° x
dx. 1 x1/4 t3
x (t3 – 1)4
Solution: We have
dx 12 t2(t3 – 1)3 dt
3
1 4 x Therefore
I ° x
dx
I (t 3 1) 2 t[12t 2 (t 3 1)3 ] dt
°
1/ 2 1/ 4 1/ 3
x ° (1 x )
° 12t (t 3 3
1) dt
Here
12 7
m 1 (1/ 2) 1 t 3t 4 c
2 (Integer) 7
n 1/ 4
12
(1 4 x )7 / 3 3(1 4 x )4 / 3 c
7
Example 4.116
dx Here p –1 is a negative integer and m –2/3, n 2/3. Put
Evaluate ° 3 2
x (1 x ) 3 2
.
x t3. Then dx 3t2dt. So
I t 2 (1 t 2 ) 1 3t 2 dt
°
Solution: We have
dt
dx 3 ° 1 t 2
I ° 3 2
x (1 x ) 3 2
3 Tan 1t c
x 2 / 3 (1 x 2 / 3 ) 1 dx 3 Tan 1 ( 3 x ) c
°
4.5.9 Euler’s Substitution

To evaluate ° R(x, ax 2 bx c ), we use one of the following three substitutions called Euler’s substitutions.
1. Put ax 2 bx c t p x a if a > 0.
2. Put ax 2 bx c tx p c if c > 0.
3. If ax2 bx c a(x –@)(x – A) where @, A are real roots of ax2 bx c 0, then put the substitution
ax 2 bx c t( x A ) or t(x – B)
and simplify the integral and perform integration.
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Note: Sometimes the integrals which can be evaluated by using Euler’s substitution can also be evaluated by other
substitution methods.
Example 4.117
dx
Evaluate I ° x . 2t(2t 1) 2(t 2 1)
2
x x1 dx dt
(2t 1)2
Solution: Put 2t 2 2t 2
dt (4.14)
x2 x 1 t x (2t 1)2
Again
x2 x 1 t2 – 2tx x2 x x2 x 1 x t x t
x (2t 1) t2 – 1
Therefore
t2 1
x 1 (2t 2 2t 2)
2t 1 I ° t (2t 1)2
dt [from Eq. (4.14)]
Therefore
t2 t 1
2 ° t(2t 1) 2
dt (use partial fractions)
4.5.10 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

m
To evaluate ° sin x cosn x dx where m and n are rational numbers, use the substitution t sin x or cos x. The integral
will be reduced to the form °t

m
(1 t 2 )( n 1)/ 2 dt. Hence, it can be integrated in elementary functions only. See the fol-
lowing cases.
n 1
Case I: n is odd positive integer so that is an integer.
2
¥ m 1´
Case II: If m is an odd positive integer then ¦ is an integer.
§ 2 µ¶
m1 n 1
Case III: m n is even and are integers, then
2 2
(a) put t sin x if n is odd.
(b) put t cos x if m is odd.
(c) put tan x t or cot x t when m n is even.
Example 4.118
Evaluate I sin 5 x cos4 x dx. (t 8 2t 6 t 4 ) dt

°
°
¨1 2 1 ·
Solution: Put cos x t so that sin x dx –dt. Therefore © t9 t7 t5 ¸ c
ª9 7 5 ¹
I (1 t 2 )2 t 4 ( dt )
° where t cos x.
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Example 4.119
Evaluate I sin 2 x cos3 x dx. 1 1

° t5 t3 c
5 3
1 1
Solution: Put sin x t so that cos x dx dt. Therefore sin 5 x sin 3 x c
5 3
I t 2 (1 t 2 ) dt
°
Example 4.120
sin 3 x ¥ 1 1´
Evaluate I ° cos 4
x
dx. °
¦ 2 4 µ dt
§t t ¶
Solution: Put cos x t so that sin x dx –dt. Therefore 1 1
2´
t 3 c
¥ 1 t t 3
§ t ¶°
I ¦ 4 µ ( dt )
1
sec 3 x sec x c
3
4.5.11 Reduction
At plus 2 level and in IIT-JEE, we have simple Reduction, viz. evaluation of integrals of the form sin n x dx, °
° cosn x dx, tan n x dx, sec n x dx, cosec n x dx and
° ° ° ° cot n x dx where n r 2 integer.
Examples
1. Let
Similarly, if I n cos2 x dx, then
°
n
°
I n sin x dx
n 1 1
° sin n 1
x sin x dx In I n 2 sin x cosn 1 x
n n
Using by parts, we get 2. Let
I n sin n 1 x ( cos x) I n tan n x dx

°
n 2
°
(n 1)sin x cos x( cos x) dx ° tan n 2
x tan 2 x dx
n 2
cos x sin n 1 x (n 1) sin n 2 x cos2 x dx ° tan x (sec 2 x 1) dx
°
n 2
° tan x sec 2 x dx I n 2
cos x sin n 1 x (n 1) sin n 2 x(1 sin 2 x) dx
°
n 1 (tanx)n 1
cos x sin x (n 1) I n 2 (n 1)I n In 2
n 1
Therefore
Therefore
nIn (n – 1)In – 2 – cos x sinn – 1 x
(tan x)n 1
In In 2
¥ n 1´ 1 n 1
or In ¦ I cos x sin n 1 x
§ n µ¶ n 2 n
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WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
xm 1 f ( x)
1. °x m 1 m
1 2 x mx 2m
dx
mx m
c where f (x) is Solution: Let
dx
equal to I ° (x 2
4) x 1
(A) 1 2 x m mx 2 m (B) 1 xm x2m Put x 1 t so that dx = 2t dt. Therefore
1 1 1
(C) xm (D) x2m
xm x2m I ° ¨(t 2
1)2 4 ·¹ t
(2t ) dt
ª
Solution: Let 2
xm 1
° (t 2
1 2)(t 2 1 2)
dt
I °x m 1
1 2 x m mx 2 m
dx
dt
Dividing numerator and denominator with x 2m+1
we get
2 ° (t 2
3)(t 2 1)
1 1 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
x m 1
x
2 m 1
°
¦ µ dt
2 § t 2 3 t 2 1¶
I ° 1 2
dx
1 ¥ dt ´ 1 dt
m
x2m xm
°
¦ µ
2 § t 2 3¶ 2 t 2 1 °
Put 1 1 t 3 1
s log e Tan 1t c
1 2 2 2 3 t 3 2
t2 2m
m
x xm 1 x1 3 1
log e Tan 1 x 1 c
Therefore 4 3 x1 3 2
¥ 2 m 2m ´ Answer: (B)
2t dt ¦ 2 m 1 m 1 µ dx
§x x ¶
¥ 1 1 ´ dx
t dt m ¦ m 1 2 m 1 µ dx
§x x ¶
3. ° ( x a) 3/ 2
( x a)1/ 2
is equal to
Hence 1 xa 1 xa
(A) c (B) c
a x a 2a x a
1¥ t ´
I ° t ¦§ m µ¶ dt (C)
1 x a
c (D)
1 xa
c
t a xa a x a
c
m Solution: Let
1 1 2 dx
mc
m x2m xm I ° x a 2 ( x a)
2
1
m
1 2 x m mx 2 m c
mx Put x a = 1/t so that dx = ( 1/t 2)dt. Therefore
Answer: (A) 1 ¥ 1´
I ° ¥1 ´
2
¦§ 2 µ¶ dt
t
2 ¥ 1´
dx 1 x1 3 ¦§ aµ¶ a ¦§ µ¶
2. If ° (x 2
4) x 1

k
log e
x1 3
t t
dt
1
Tan 1 x 1 c then k equals
° 1 2at
2
¨ ·
(A) 2 3 (B) 4 3 1 © (1 2at ) (1/ 2) 1 ¸
© ¸c
1 1 2a © 1
(C) (D) 1 ¸
4 3 3 3 ª 2 ¹
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1 sin x

a
1 2at c ° sec x 1 tan x dx
1 2a sin x(1 tan x sec x)

a
1
x a
c ° (1 tan x)2 sec 2 x
dx
1 xa sin x(1 tan x sec x)

a x a
c ° 2 tan x
dx
Answer: (D) 1

2 °
cos x(1 tan x sec x) dx
dx 1
4.
° (x 3) 2
x2 6x 4
is equal to
2 °
(cos x sin x 1) dx
x2 6 x 4 x2 6 x 4 1
(A) c (B) c (sin x cos x x) c
5 x 3 5 x 3 2
Answer: (C)
x2 6x 5 x2 6 x 5 a b sin x
(C) c (D) c
5 x 3 5 x 3 6. ° (b a sin x) 2
dx equals
Solution: Let ¥ a cos x ´ ¥ sin x ´

(A) ¦ c (B) ¦ c
§ b a sin x µ¶ § a b cos x µ¶
dx
I °
( x 3) 2
x2 6 x 4 cos x sin x
(C) c (D) c
b a sin x a b cos x
Put x 3 1/t so that dx = (1/t2)dt. Therefore
Solution: Let
t2 ¥ 1´
I ° ¦§ 2 µ¶ dt a b sin x
¥1 ´
2
¥1 ´
¦§ 3µ¶ 6 ¦§ 3µ¶ 4
t I ° (b a sin x) 2
dx
t t
a2
t b (b a sin x)
° dt b b
(1 3t ) 2 6t (1 3t ) 4t 2

a ° (b a sin x)2
dx
t a 2 b2 dx b dx
° dt
1 5t 2
a ° (b a sin x) 2
°
a b a sin x
(4.15)
1 1 Let
1 5t 2 c where t
5 x 3
a cos x
Answer: (A) f x
b a sin x
dx so that
5. ° tan x cot x sec x cosec x is equal to a b sin x
f a x
1 (b a sin x)2
(A) (sin x cos x x) c
2 ¥ a2 ´
1 ¦ a sin x b bµ
(B) (sin x cos x tan x cot x) c b§ b ¶
2 2
a (b a sin x)
1
(C) (sin x cos x x) c 2 2
2 b¥ 1 ´ a b ¥ 1 ´
(4.16)
¦ µ
1 a § b a sin x ¶ a § (b a sin x) µ¶
¦ 2
(D) (sin x cos x tan x cot x x) c
2 Therefore
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then f ( x) ° f a( x ) c
sin x cos x
I ° 1 cos x sin x dx b dx a 2 b2 dx
°
a b a sin x

a (b a sin x)2
c °
[By Eq. (4.16)]
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Hence from Eq. (4.15), x sec x

(C) cot x c
¥ a cos x ´ x sin x n cos x
I f ( x) c ¦ c
§ b a sin x µ¶ x n sec x
(D) tan x c
Answer: (A) x n sin x nx n 1 cos x
7. If I n (sin x cos x)n dx (n r 2), then nIn 2(n 1) In 2

Solution: Let I be the given integral. Therefore
°
is equal to [ x 2 n(n 1)]x 2( n 1)
(A) (sin x cos x)n (sin x cos x)
I ° (x sin x n cos x) x 2 2( n 1)
dx
(B) (sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) [ x 2 n(n 1)]x 2 n 1

(C) (sin x cos x)n1 (sin x cos x)
° (x n
sin x nx n 1 cos x)2
dx (4.17)
(D) (sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) Put t x n sin x nx n 1 cos x so that
Solution: Let dt [nx n 1 sin x x n cos x n(n 1) x n 2 cos x
I n (sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) dx
° nx n 1 sin x]dx
Take [ x 2 n(n 1))]x n 2 cos x dx (4.18)
u = (sin x + cos x)n 1 So from Eq. (4.17),
and [ x 2 n(n 1)]x n 2 cos x x n sec x
dv = (sin x + cos x)dx I ° ( x n sin x nx n 1 cos x)2
dx
so that Take u = xn sec x and

v = sin x cos x [ x 2 n(n 1)]x n 2 cos x
dv dx
Therefore, using integration by parts we have ( x n sin x nx n 1 cos x)2
I n (sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) So from Eq. (4.18),
(n 1)(sin x cos x)n 2
° ¥
I ( x n sec x) ¦ n
1 ´
§ x sin x nx n 1 cos x µ¶
s (cos x sin x)(sin x cos x)dx
1
(sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) °x (nx n 1 sec x x n sec x tan x)dx
sin x nx n 1 cos x
n
(n 1) (sin x cos x)n 2 (cos x sin x)2 dx

° x n sec x
n n 1
sec 2 x dx °
x sin x nx cos x
(sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x)
x n sec x
(n 1) (sin x cos x)n 2 [2 (sin x cos x)2 ]dx n tan x c
° x sin x nx n 1 cos x
(sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x) Answer: (D)
2(n 1)I n 2 (n 1)I n
dx
Therefore 9.
° cos 6
x sin 6 x
equals
I n (n 1)I n 2(n 1)I n 2 (sin x cos x)n 1 (sin x cos x)

(A) Tan 1 (tan x cot x) c
n 1
nI n 2(n 1)I n 2 (sin x cos x) (sin x cos x) 1 (tan x cot x)
(B) Tan 1 c
Answer: (B) 3 3
1
x 2 n n 1 (C) Tan 1 (sin x cos x) c
8. ° x sin x n cos x 2
dx is equal to 3
1 (sin x cos x)
x cos x (D) Tan 1 c
(A) tan x c 3 3
x sin x n cos x
Solution: We have
sec x
(B) tan x c
x sin x n cos x dx
I ° cos 6
x sin 6 x
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dx 1 ¥ x2 2 ´
° (cos 2 3
x) (sin x) 2 3
2
Tan 1 ¦
§ 2x ¶
µ c
dx
° cos 4
x sin 2 x cos2 x sin 4 x
Answer: (C)
sec 4 x x2 2
°
1 tan 2 x tan 4 x
dx 11. °x 4
4
dx is equal to
1 t2 1 ¥ x2 2x 2 ´
° 1 t 2
t4
dt where t = tan x (A)
4
log e ¦ 2
§ x 2x 2 ¶
µ c
1 (1/t 2 ) 1 ¥ x2 2 ´
°t 2 2
(1/t ) 1
dt (see Sec. 4.5.5) (B)
16
Tan 1 ¦
§ 2x ¶
µ c
dz 1
°z 2
3
where z t
t (C)
1 ¥ x2 2x 2 ´
log e ¦ 2 µ c
4 § x 2x 2 ¶
1 ¥ z ´
Tan 1 ¦ c
3 § 3 µ¶ 1 ¥ x2 2x 2 ´
(D)
16
log e ¦ 2 µ c
1 ¥ t (1/t ) ´ § x 2x 2 ¶
Tan 1 ¦ µ c
3 § 3 ¶ Solution: Let
1 ¥ tan x cot x ´ x2 2
Tan 1 ¦ µ¶ c
3 § 3 I °x 4
4
dx
Answer: (B) 1 (2/x 2 )

2
°x 2
(4/x 2 )
dx
x 2
10. °x 4
4
dx equals
Put x +(2/x) = t. Therefore
1 ¥ x2 2 ´ 1 ¥ x2 2 ´ dt
(A)
2
Tan 1 ¦
§ 2x ¶
µ c (B) Tan 1 ¦
2 § x ¶
µ c I °t 2
4
1 t 2
1 ¥ x2 2 ´ 1 ¥ x2 2 ´ log e c
(C) Tan 1 ¦ µ c (D) Tan 1 ¦ µ c 2 2 t2
2 § 2x ¶ 2 § x ¶
2
x 2
Solution: Let 1 x
log e c
x2 2 4 2
x 2
I °x 4
4
dx x
1 ¥ x2 2x 2 ´
1 (2 / x 2 ) log e ¦ 2 µ c
°x 2
(4 / x 2 )
dx 4 § x 2x 2 ¶
(∵ the expression within the logarithm is positive)
Put t = x (2/x) (see Sec. 4.5.5). Therefore
Answer: (C)
¥ 2´
dt ¦ 1 2 µ dx
§ x ¶
Try it out Solve
This gives dx
dt 4
. °x 4
I °t
4 2 Hint: Using Problems 10 and 11, this integral can be
evaluated because
1 ¥ t´
Tan 1 ¦ µ c
2 § 2¶ d
dx 1 (x2 ) (x2 2)
¥ 2´
°x 4
4

4 ° x 4
dx 4
x
1 ¦
Tan 1 ¦ xµ c 1 x2 2 1 x2 2
2
¦§
2 µ
µ¶
°
4 x4 4
dx
4 x4 4
dx °
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x2 1 dx 1 (1/ x 2 ) dx
12. °
x2 1 1 x4
is equal to I ° ¥ 1´ ¥ 1 ´ 1
¦§ x µ¶ ¦§ x 2µ¶ x 1
x x x
x 1 x
(A) Cos 1 2
c (B) Cos 1 2 c Put x (1/x) 1= t2 so that
x 1 2 x 1
¥ 1´
1 x 2 1 x 2 ¦§ 1 2 µ¶ dx 2t dt
(C) Tan 1 2 c (D) Cos 1 2 c x
2 x 1 2 x 1
Therefore
Solution: Let
1 1
x2 1 dx
I ° (t 2
(2t )dt
1)(t 2 1) t
I °
x2 1 1 x4 2
Dividing numerator and denominator with x2 we get
°
(t 1)(t 2 1)
2
dt
1 (1/ x 2 ) dx ¥ 1 1 ´
I ° x (1/ x)
°
¦ 2
§ t 1 t 2 1µ¶
dt
x (1/ x 2 )
2
1 t 1
log e Tan 1t c
Put x + (1/x) = t. Therefore 2 t1
dt 1 x2 x 1 x x2 x 1
I °t t2 2

2
log e
x2 x 1 x
Tan 1
x
c
1 t
Sec 1 c Answer: (B)
2 2
1 2 dx
Cos 1 c 14. If a(1 4 x ) 8 b(1 4 x ) 9 then
2 t ° x (1 4 x )10
Answer: (D) a b is
1 1
x( x 1) (A) (B)
13. ° (x 2
1)( x 1) x 3 x 2 x
dx is equal to 8 18
1 1
(C) (D)
1 ¥ x2 x 1 x ´ 72 72
(A) log e ¦ µ c
2 § x2 x 1 x ¶ Solution: Let
1 ¥ x2 x 1 x ´ x2 x 1 dx
(B)
2
log e ¦ µ Tan 1
x
c I ° x (1 4 x )10
§ x2 x 1 x ¶
x 1/ 2 (1 4 x ) 10 dx
°
1 ¥ x 2 x 1´ 2
1 ¥ x x 1 ´
(C) log e ¦ 2 µ Tan ¦ µ c
4 § x x 1¶ § x ¶ According to integration of Binomial differential (see
2 2 Sec. 4.5.8) put x t 4 so that dx = 4t3dt. Then
1 x 1 ¥ x 1´
(D) log e 2 Tan 1 ¦ 2 µ c
2 x 1 § x 1¶ I t 2 (1 t ) 10 (4t 3 )dt
°
Solution: Let t
x( x 1)
4 ° (1 t) 10
dt
I ° (x 2
1)( x 1) x 3 x 2 x
dx t 1 1
2
4 ° (1 t) 10
dt
x( x 1)
° (x 2
1)( x 1)2 x 3 x 2 x
dx
4
dt
° (1 t) 9
4
dt
° (1 t) 10
2
x( x 1) dx 4 ¥ 1 ´ 4 ¥ 1 ´
° (x 2
1)( x 2 2 x 1) x 3 x 2 x
8 ¦§ (1 t )8 µ¶ 9 ¦§ (1 t )9 µ¶
c
Dividing numerator and denominator with x3 we get Answer: (B)

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x4 1 dt 1
15. °x 2
dx equals ° t 12
where t x
x
x4 x2 1
log e (t t 2 1) c
x4 x2 1 x4 x2 1
(A) c (B) c ¥ 2 ´
x x 1 ¥ 1´
log e ¦ x ¦ x µ 1µ c
¥ 1´ ¥ x2 2x 2 ´ ¦§ x § x¶ µ¶
(C) Tan 1 ¦ x 2 2 µ c (D) log e ¦ 2 µ c
§ x ¶ § x 2x 2 ¶ Answer: (D)
Solution: Let
dx 1
I °x
x4 1
dx
17. If ° 1 sin 4
tan x f ( x) c then f (x) is
x 2
2
x4 x2 1
(A) Tan 1 ( 2 tan x)
1
x 1
x3 (B) Tan 1 ( 2 tan x)
° 2 1
dx (See Sec. 4.5.5) 2
x 2 1 1
x (C) Tan 1 ( 2 tan x)
2 2
Put x 2 (1/ x 2 ) 1 t 2 so that
1
1´ (D) Tan 1 ( 2 sin x)
¥ 2 2
¦§ x 3 µ¶ dx t dt
x
Solution: Let
Therefore
dx
1 I ° 1 sin 4
I
t °
(t )dt
2
x
sec x
tc ° 1 sin x
dx
2
1
x2 1c sec 2 x sec 2 x
x2 ° 1 2 tan 2 x
dx
Answer: (A)
1 t2
x2 1 ° 1 2t 2
dt where t = tan x
16. °x x 4 3x 2 1
dx log e ( f ( x)) c
where f (x) is given by 1 1 1 2t 2

2 °
1 2t 2
dt
x2 1 1 4
(A) (B) x 3x 2 1 1 1 dt
x x
2
dt °
2 1 2t 2
dt °
x 3x 2 1
4
1
(C) (D) ( x 2 1 x 4 3 x 2 1) t 1
x2 x Tan 1 ( 2t ) c
2 2 2
Solution: Let
1 1
x2 1 tan x Tan 1 ( 2 tan x) c
2 2 2
I °x x 4 3x 2 1
dx
Answer: (C)
1 (1/x 2 )
° dx cos 2 x sin 4 x
x 2 (1/x 2 ) 3 18. If ° cos
4
x(1 cos2 2 x)
dx = 2 log e (1 cos 2 x)
1 (1/x 2 ) loge(1 cos2 2x) f (x) c then f (x) is
° ¥ 1´
2
dx
(A) sec2x (B) tan x
¦§ x µ 1
x¶ (C) cosec2x (D) cot x
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Solution: Let
21 ¥ t 8 ´
c
cos 2 x sin 4 x 4 ¦§ 8 µ¶
I ° cos 4
x(1 cos2 2 x)
dx
21 4
2 (1 3 x )8 / 7 c
cos 2 x sin 2 x 32
8 ° (1 cos 2 x) (1 cos 2 2
2x)
dx
So
Put cos 2x = t so that 2sin 2x dx = dt. Therefore
21 7 49
t2 A B 1
32 8 32
I 4 °
(1 t )2 (1 t 2 )
dt
Answer: (D)
Using partial fractions we have
6
20.
°x (1 2 x 3 )2 / 3 dx equals
t2 1 1 t
2 2
2

(1 t ) (1 t ) 2(1 t ) 2(1 t ) 2(1 t 2 ) 1 1 3
(A) (2 x 3 )5/ 3 c (B) ( x 2)5/ 3 c
Therefore 5 5
3 3 3
¥ 1 1 t ´ (C) (2 x 3 )5/ 3 c (D) ( x 2) 5/ 3 c
I 4 ¦ °
§ 2(1 t ) 2

2(1 t )
2 µ
2(1 t ) ¶
dt 5 5
2 2t Solution: Let I be the given integral which is Binomial

2 log e 1 t dt ° differential (See Sec. 4.5). In this case m = 6, n = 3 and
1 t 1 t2 p = 2/3 so that
2
2 log e (1 cos 2 x) log e (1 cos2 2 x) c m1 5 2
1 cos 2 x p 1 (integer)
n 3 3
sec 2 x 2 log e (1 cos 2 x) log e (1 cos2 2 x) c
Put 1 + 2x3= x3t3 so that x3(t3 2) = 1. Therefore
Therefore f (x) = sec2x.
Answer: (A) x (t 3 2) 1/ 3
1 3
3 3
dx (t 2) 4 / 3 (3t 2 )dt
3 4 1/ 7 4 B 3
19. If
° x (1 x )
1
dx A (1 x ) c , then
t 2 (t 3 2) 4 / 3 dt
A B is
7 32 Hence
(A) (B) 2/3
6 49 I (t 3 2)2 ¨ª(t 3 2) 1 t 3 ·¹ ( t 2 )(t 3 2) 4 / 3 dt
7 49 °
(C) (D)
9 32 (t 3 2)2 (t 3 2) 2 / 3 t 4 (t 3 2) 4 / 3 dt
°
Solution: Let ° t (t 4 3
2)2 2 / 3 4 / 3 dt
I ° 3
x (1 3 x 4 )1/ 7 dx ° t dt 4
1
This is Binomial differential (see Sec. 4.5.8) in which m = t5 c
1/3, n = 4/3 and p = 1/7. Now, 5
5/ 3
m 1 (1/ 3) 1 1 ¥ 1 2x3 ´
1 (integer) ¦ c
n 4/3 5 § x 3 µ¶
1
Hence put 1 3 x 4 t 7 so that x (t 7 1)3 / 4 . Therefore (2 x 3 )5 / 3 c
5
3
dx (t 7 1) 1/ 4 (7t 6 )dt Answer: (A)
4
2/3
Hence 21. °x (1 x 1/ 3 )1/ 2 dx is equal to
21 7
I (t 7 1)1/ 4 (t )
° (t 1) 1/ 4 (t 6 ) dt (A) 2(1 x 1/ 3 )2 / 3 c (B) 2(1 x 1/ 3 )3/ 2 c
4
21 7 (C) 3(1 x 1/ 3 )2 / 3 c (D) 3(1 x 1/ 3 )3/ 2 c

4 °
t dt
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I x 2/3
(1 x 1/ 3 )1/ 2 dx x 11 (t 2 1)11/ 4
°
1 x 4 x 4 t 2 (t 2 1) 1 t 2
This is a case of Binomial differential (see Sec. 4.5.8) in
Hence
which m = 2/3, n = 1/3 and p = 1/2 so that
1¨ t ·
m 1 (2/3) 1 I (t 2 1)11/ 4 (t 2 1)1/ 2 © (t 2 1) 5 / 4 ¸ dt
°
1 (integer) tª 2 ¹
n 1/3
1
Now put 1 x 1/ 3 t 2 so that (t 2 1)2 dt
°
2
2 3
x (t 1) 1 ¨ t5 2 ·
© t3 t¸ k
and dx 6t(t 2 1)2 dt 2ª5 3 ¹
5/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2
Therefore 1 ¥ 1 x4 ´ 1 ¥ 1 x4 ´ 1 ¥ 1 x4 ´
¦ 4 µ ¦ 4 µ k
I (t 2 1) 2 t(6t )(t 2 1)2 dt 10 ¦§ x 4 µ¶ 3§ x ¶ 2§ x ¶
° 1 10 1
6 t 2 dt x (1 x 4 )5 / 2 x 6 (1 x 4 )3 / 2
° 10 3
2t 3 c 1 2
x (1 x 4 )1/ 2 k
2
2(1 x 1/ 3 )3/ 2 c
Answer: (B) Therefore
a b c 10 6 2 18
22. If Answer: (D)
11 1 a 1
°x (1 x 4 ) 1/ 2 dx x (1 x 4 )5/ 2 x b (1 x 4 )3/ 2 23. If
10 3
1 c 5x 4
x (1 x 4 )1/ 2 k dx ( x 2 2 x 5)1/ 5 f ( x) c
2 ° 2
x 2x 5
then a + b + c equals
then f (x) is equal to
(A) 10 (B) 14
1
(C) 16 (D) 18 (A) log e ( x 1 x 2 2 x 5 )
2
Solution: Let
(B) log e ( x 1 x 2 2 x 5 )
I x 11 (1 x 4 ) 1/ 2 dx
° 1
(C) log e ( x 1 x 2 2 x 5 )
2
This integral is again integration of Binomial differential ( x 1) 2
(see Sec. 4.5) in which m = 11, n = 4 and p = 1/2 so (D) x 2x 5
2
that
Solution: Let
m1 11 1 1 5 1
p 3 (integer) 5x 4
n 4 2 2 2 I ° 2
x 2x 5
dx
Therefore put 1 x 4 x 4 t 2 so that
1 Refer to Sec. 4.5.3. Let
x4
t2 1 d 2
5x 4 L ( x 2 x 5) M
x (t 2 1) 1/ 4 dx
L ( 2 x 2) M
Thus
1 t Therefore L 5 / 2, M 1. Hence
dx (t 2 1) 5 / 4 (2t )dt (t 2 1) 5 / 4 dt
4 2 2x 2 dx
I ° 2
x 2x 5
dx ° 2
x 2x 5
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dx 2x 1 x 1
2 x2 2x 5 ° (A) 4 x 2 4 x 3 (B) 4x2 4x 3
2
( x 1) 4 4 4
x 2x 1
x1 (C) 4x2 4x 3 (D) 4x2 4x 3
2 x 2 2 x 5 Sinh 1 c 4 4
2
2 x 2 2 x 5 log e ( x 1 x 2 2 x 5 ) c Solution: Let
I ° 4 x 2 4 x 3 dx
So
3
f ( x) log e ( x 1 x 2 2 x 5 ) x2 x
2 ° 4
dx
Answer: (B) 2
¥ 1´ 1
24. If
2 ° ¦§ x µ¶ dx
2 2
2x 5 According to Formula 11
° dx a 9 x 2 6 x 2
2
9x 6x 2 ¨ x (1/2) ´·
2
¥ 1´ 1 1 1 ¥ ¥ 1´
b log e (3 x 1 9 x 2 6 x 2 ) c I 2© ¦§ x µ¶ Sinh ¦ ¦§ x µ¶ 2 µ ¸ c
© 2 2 2 4 § 2 ¶¸
ª ¹
then 9(a + b) is equal to
2x 1 1 ¥ 2x 1 4x2 4x 3 ´
(A) 9 (B) 4 4 x 2 4 x 3 log e ¦ µ c
4 2 § 2 2 ¶
(C) 41 (D) 2
2x 1 1
4 x 2 4 x 3 log e (2 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 3 ) c
Solution: Refer Sec. 4.5.3. Let 4 2
d Therefore
2x 5 L ( 9 x 2 6 x 2) M
dx
2x 1
L (18 x 6) M f ( x) 4x2 4x 3
4
Therefore Answer: (A)
2 1 1/ 3
L 2 ¥ 2 x´
18 9 26. ° ¦ µ
( 2 x )2 § 2 x ¶
dx
6 13
and M 5 6L 5 2/3 2/3
9 3 ¥ 2 x´ ¥ 2 x´
(A) ¦ c (B) ¦ c
§ 2 x µ¶ § 2 x µ¶
Hence
2/3 3/ 2
3 ¥ 2 x´ 3 ¥ 2 x´
2x 5 1 18 x 6 13 dx (C) ¦ µ c (D) ¦ µ c
4 § 2 x¶ 4 § 2 x¶
° 9x2 6x 2
dx
9 °
9x2 6x 2 3
° (3 x 1)2 1
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Put
2 13
9 x 2 6 x 2 log e (3 x 1 9 x 2 6 x 2 ) c 2 x 3
9 3 t
2 x
Therefore
so that
¥ 2 13 ´
9(a b) 9 ¦ µ 41 2 2t 3
§9 3 ¶ x
1 t3
Answer: (C)
2 2t 3 4t 3
2 x 2
25. If 1 t3 1 t3
1 6t 2 (1 t 3 ) 3t 2 (2 2t 3 ) 12t 2
° 4 x 2 4 x 3 dx log e (2 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 3 ) f ( x) c and dx dt dt
2 (1 t 3 )2 (1 t 3 )2
then f (x)equals
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Therefore
1 t 5
and x
2(1 t 3 )2 12t 2 2 2
I °
16t 6
(t )
(1 t 3 )2
dt
du 1
(B) 4 ° 8 3u where u 1 z2 , z
3 dt 2
t

2 t3 ° 1 t 5
and x
3 ¥ t 3 1
´ 2 2
c
2 § 3 1µ¶
¦ du
where u 1 z2 , z
1
(C) 5 ° 5 3u 2
t
3¥ 1´ 1 t 5
¦ µ c and x
4 § t2 ¶ 2 2
3 du 1
(t 2 ) c (D) 5 ° where u 1 z2 , z
4 8u 2 3 t
2 / 3 1 t 5
3 ¥ 2 x´ and x
¦ µ c
4 § 2 x¶ 2 2
2/3
3 ¥ 2 x´ Solution: Let
¦ µ c
4 § 2 x¶ dx
Answer: (C)
I ° (x 2
x 1) x 2 x 1
dx
27.
sin x
° sin x cos x dx equals
° ¨¥ 1´
2
3· ¥ 1´
2
5
©¦ x µ ¸ ¦ x µ
©ª § 2 ¶ 4 ¸¹ § 2 ¶ 4
1 x
(A) log e sin x cos x c
2 2 Put
1 x
(B) log e sin x cos x c 1 t 5
2 2 x
x 2 2
(C) log e tan x cot x c
2 Then
1 x
(D) log e cosec x sec x c 5
2 2 dx dt
2
Solution: We have
Therefore
sin x
I ° sin x cos x
dx
I ° ¥ 5t 2
1 ¥ 5´
¦ 2 µ dt
1 sin x cos x sin x cos x 3´ 5 2 § ¶
° dx ¦ 4 4µ 2 t 1
2 sin x cos x § ¶
1 ¥ sin x cos x ´ dt

2 °
¦§ 1 µ dx
sin x cos x ¶
4 ° (5t 2
3) t 2 1
d
sin x cos x
x 1 dx Put t = 1/z so that dt ( 1 / z2 )dz. Then

2
°
2 sin x cos x
dx c
z

x 1
log e sin x cos x c
I 4 ° (5 3z ) 2
1 z2
dz
2 2
Answer: (A) Now, put 1 z2 u2 . Then
1
28.
° (x
dx

I 4 ° 5 3(1 u )u( u)du 2
2
x 1) x 2 x 1 du
du
where u 1 z2 , z
1 4 ° 8 3u 2
(A) 4
8 3u°2
t Answer: (A)
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dx ¥ 1 x x2 1 ´
29. ° (x 1) 2/3
( x 1)4 / 3
equals
(D) 2 ¦ 1µ c
§ x ¶
1/ 3 1/ 3
3 ¥ 1 x´ 2 ¥ 1 x´
(A) ¦ µ c (B) ¦ µ c Solution: Let
2 § 1 x¶ 3 § 1 x¶
1/ 3 1/ 3 dx
(C)
3 ¥ 1 x´
¦
2 § 1 x¶
µ c (D)
2 ¥ 1 x´
¦
3 § 1 x¶
µ c
I ° (1 x) 1 x x2
Solution: Let Put 1 x x 2 tx 1 (Euler’s substitution). Therefore

dx
1 x x 2 t 2 x 2 2tx 1
I ° (x 1) 2/3
( x 1)4 / 3
dx 1 x t 2 x 2t
° ¥ x 1´ 2/3
x
1 2t
¦§ µ ( x 1)2 1 t2
x 1¶
Hence
x1 3
Put t so that 2(1 t 2 ) 2t(1 2t ) 2(1 t t 2 )
x 1 dx dt dt
(1 t 2 )2 (1 t 2 )2
t3 1 2
x x 1 Now
t3 1 t3 1
1 x x 2 tx 1
6t 2
and dx 3 dt
(t 1)2 t(1 2t ) t2 t 1
1
1 t2 1 t2
Therefore
Therefore
1 ¥ 6t 2 ´
I ° dt 1 1 2(1 t t 2 )
2¥ 4 ´ ¦§ (t 3 1)2 µ¶ I ° dt
t ¦ 3 ¥ 1 2t ´ ¥ t 2 t 1´ (1 t 2 )2
§ (t 1)2 µ¶ ¦§ 1 µ
1 t2 ¶ ¦ 1 t2 µ
§ ¶
3 dt

2
dt ° 2 ° 2 2t t 2
1/ 3
3 ¥ x 1´ dt
c
¦
2 § x 1¶
µ 2 ° (1 t) 2
1
1/ 3
3 ¥ 1 x´ 1
2 Tan (1 t ) c
¦ µ c
2 § 1 x¶ ¥ 1 x x 2 1´
Answer: (A) 2 Tan 1 ¦ 1 µ c
§ x ¶
dx Answer: (B)
30. ° (1 x) 1 x x2
equals
x
¥ 1 x x2 1 ´
31. ° (x 2
3 x 2) x 2 4 x 3
dx is equal to
(A) 2 tan ¦ 1µ c
§ x ¶
1 x2 4x 3
¥ 1 x x2 1 ´ (A) 2 Sin 1 c
x 2 x 1
(B) 2 Tan 1 ¦ 1µ c
§ x ¶ 1 x2 4x 3
(B) 2 Sin 1 c
¥ 1 x x2 1 ´ x 2 x 1
(C) 2 log e ¦ 1µ
§ x ¶
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2
1 x2 4x 3 x 3
(C) 2 Sin 1 c 1 t2
x 2 x 1
1 x2 4x 3 Therefore
(D) 2 Sin 1 c
x 2 x 1 4t
dx dt
(1 t 2 )2
Solution: Let
This gives
x
I ° (x 2
3 x 2) x 2 4 x 3
dx 1 4t
I2 ° 3¥ 4

´ (1 t 2 )2
dt
x t ¦
° (x 2)(x 1) x2 4x 3
dx § (1 t 2 )2 µ¶
dx dt
¥ 2 1 ´
¦ °
§ x 2 x 1µ¶
°t 2
x2 4x 3
1

Therefore t
dx dx x 3

I2 ° ( x 2) x2 4x 3
° (x 1) x2 4x 3
(4.19) x 1
Let ( x 3)( x 1)

( x 1)2
dx
I1 ° ( x 2) x2 4x 3
x2 4x 3
x 1
dx
° ( x 2) ( x 2) 2 1
Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in Eq. (4.19), we have
1 1 x2 4 x 3
I 2 Sin 1 c
( x 2)2 x 2 x 1
° ¥ 1 ´
2
dx
Answer: (C)
1 ¦
§ x 2 µ¶
dx
Sin 1 1 32. ° sin x sec x is equal to
x 2
1 3t
Now, let log e Tan 1z c
2 3 3 t
dx
I2 ° (x 1)
x2 4x 3 where
dx (A) t sin x cos x, z sin x cos x
°
( x 1) ( x 3)1/ 2
3/ 2
(B) t sin x cos x, z sin x cos x
dx (C) t tan x cot x, z tan x cot x
°
¥ x 1´
3/ 2
2 (D) t sin x cosec x, z cos x sin x
¦§ µ ( x 3)
x 3¶ Solution: Let
Put dx
I° sin x sec x
x 1 2
t cos x
x 3 ° dx
sin x cos x 1
so that 2 cos x
° dx
2 2 sin x cos x
1 3t 2 2
x 3 (cos x sin x) (cos x sin x)
1 t 2
1 t2 ° dx
2 2 sin x cos x
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cos x sin x cos x sin x 1 t

° 2 2 sin x cos x dx ° 2 2 sin x cos x dx
2
Tan 1t
2(1 t 2 )
cos x sin x cos x sin x
° dx ° 2 2
dx Substituting the value of I1 in Eq. (4.20), we get
3 (sin x cos x) 1 (sin x cos x)
dt dz ¥1 t ´
I Tan 1t 2 ¦ Tan 1t c
° 3 t 2
°
1 z2
where t sin x cos x and §2 2 µ
2(1 t ) ¶
z sin x cos x t
c
1 3t 1 t2
log e Tan 1z c
2 3 3 t x2 1
c
x2
Answer: (B)
x2 2 Answer: (A)
33. °x 3 2
x 1
dx equals
dx
x2 1 x2 1
34. ° 4
1 x4
is
(A) c (B) c
x2 x2
(A) 1 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 1 4 1/ 4 ´
1 ¥ (1 x )
( x 2 1)3 / 2 x2 1 log e Tan ¦ µ c
(C) c (D) c 4 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 2 § x ¶
x2 x
1/ 4 ¥ 1/ 4 ´
Solution: Let (B) 1 log e (1 x) x 1 Tan 1 (1 x)
¦ µ c
x2 2 4 (1 x)1/ 4 x 2 § x ¶
I °x 3
x2 1
dx
(1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 1 4 1/ 4 ´
1 1 ¥ (1 x )
(C) log e Tan ¦ µ c
Put x 2 1 t 2 so that xdx = tdt. Therefore 4 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 2 § x ¶
t2 1 1 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 1 ¥ (1 x 4 )1/ 4 ´
I ° (t 2
1) 2
dt (D)
4
log 4 1/ 4
(1 x ) x 2
Tan 1 ¦
§ x µ c
¶
2
t 1 2
° (t
1)2
dt
2 Solution: Let
dt dt dx
°
1 t 2
2
(1 t 2 )2 ° I ° 4
1 x4
Hence
Put 1 x 4 t 4 x 4 (see Binomial differential). Then
dt
I Tan 1t 2 ° (1 t )
2 2 (4.20) x (t 4 1) 1/ 4
and dx t 3 (t 4 1) 5/ 4 dt
Now let
Also
dt
I1 °
(1 t 2 )2
(1 x 4 )1/ 4 tx t(t 4 1) 1/ 4
Therefore
Put t tanP Therefore
(t 4 1)1/ 4
1
(sec 2 P ) dP I ° ( t 3 )(t 4 1) 5 / 4 dt
I °
sec 4 P
t
t2
° cos P dP 2
4 °
t 1
dt
1 cos 2P 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
° dP
2
¦ °
2 § t 2 1 t 2 1¶
µ dt
P sin 2P 1 1 t 1 1

2 4 log e Tan 1t c
2 2 t1 2
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Again
1 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 1 4 1/ 4 ´
1 ¥ (1 x )
log e Tan ¦ µ c
4 (1 x 4 )1/ 4 x 2 § x ¶ ¥ x ´ ¥ 1 ´
f¦ f
§ 1 x µ¶ ¦ ¥ 1 x´ µ
Answer: (C) ¦§ ¦§ µµ
x ¶¶
n
35. If Fn ( x) (log x) dx and Fn Fn nFn 1, then
° ¥ 1 x´
f¦
Fn (e) Fn (1) is equal to § x µ¶
2
¥ 1 x´
(A) 0 (B) 1 ¦§ µ
x ¶
(C) ne (D) e 2
¥ x ´ ¥ f ( x) ´ [By Eq. (4.21)]
¦ 1µ
Solution: Using integration by parts, we get § 1 x µ¶ ¦§ x 2 ¶
(log x)n 1 Therefore

Fn ( x) x(log x)n x n ° dx
x ¥ x ´
(1 x)2 f ¦ f ( x) x 2 (4.22)
x(log x)n nFn 1 ( x) c § 1 x µ¶
Therefore Also
n
Fn ( x) nFn 1 ( x) x(log x) c ¥ x ´ ¥ 1 ´
(1 x)2 f ¦ (1 x)2 f ¦ 1
§ 1 x µ¶ § µ
x 1¶
This implies
Fn ( x) x(log x)n c ¥ 1 ´
(1 x)2 f ¦ 1
§ x 1 µ¶
Fn (e) Fn (1) e
¨ ¥ 1 ´ ·
(1 x)2 © f ¦ µ 1¸
Answer: (D) ª § x 1¶ ¹
36. If f : m is a function satisfying the following: [∵ f ( x) f ( x)]
(i) f ( x) f ( x) ¨ f ( x 1) ·
(1 x)2 © 2
1¸
(ii) f ( x 1) f ( x) 1 ª ( x 1) ¹
¥ ¥ 1 ´ f ( x) ´
¥ 1 ´ f ( x) ¦§∵ f ¦§ x µ¶ 2 µ¶
(iii) f ¦ µ 2 x x 0 x
§ x¶ x
f ( x 1) ( x 1)2
x
then
°e f ( x)dx is equal to
( f ( x) 1) ( x 1)2
f ( x) x 2 2 x (4.23)
(A) e x ( x 1) c (B) e x log x c
Therefore from Eqs. (4.22) and (4.23), we have
ex ex
(C) c (D) c
x x1 f ( x) x 2 f ( x) x 2 2 x
Solution: First, we determine f (x). 2 f ( x) 2 x
f ( x) x
f (0) f ( 0) f (0) f (0) 0
Thus f (0) 0, f ( 1) 1 and f ( x) x x x 0, 1. So,
and 0 f (0) f (1 ( 1)) f ( 1) 1 f ( 1) 1 f ( x) x x . Hence
Therefore f (0) = 0 and f ( 1) = 1. Let x x 0 and 1.
x
From (ii), we have
°e f ( x)dx e x xdx
°
¥1 ´ ¥ 1´ f ( x)
f ¦ 1µ f ¦ µ 1 2 1
§x ¶ § x¶
[By (iii)] xe x e x dx
°
x
Therefore xe e x c
x
¥ 1 x ´ f ( x) e x ( x 1) c
f¦ 2 1 (4.21)
§ x µ¶ x Answer: (A)
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sin x cos x From Eqs. (4.24) and (4.25), a 1, b 1. Therefore

37. ° (sin x cos x) 2
sin x cos x sin x cos x 2
dx
f ( x) x 2 x 3
(A) sin(sin 2 x 1) c (B) cosec(sin 2 x 1) So
1 1
(C) Sec (sin 2 x 1) c (D) Tan (sin 2 x 1) c f ( x) x2 x 3
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then
° x3 1
dx ° x3 1
dx
¥ 1 2x 2 ´
I ° (sin x cos x)
sin 2 x cos2 x
dx
¦ °
§ x 1 x 2 x 1µ¶
dx
2 2 2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
cos 2 x 1 2x 1 dx
° 2
dx ° 1 x dx ° x 2
x1
dx °¥ 1´ 3
2
¥ 1´ 1 ¦§ x µ¶
(1 sin 2 x) ¦ sin x cos x µ 2 4
§ 2¶ 4
2 ¥ 2 x 1´
2 cos 2 x log e x 1 log e ( x 2 x 1) Tan 1 ¦ c
° (1 sin 2 x) (sin 2 x 1)2 1
3 § 3 µ¶
dt Answer: (A)
°t t2 1
where t = 1 + sin 2x
¥ cosP sin P ´ sin 2P

Sec 1t c 39. ° cos 2P log e ¦§ µ dP
cosP sinP ¶ 2
Sec 1 (1 sin 2 x) c
¥ cosP sin P ´ 1
s log e ¦ f ( x) c
Answer: (C) § cosP sinP µ¶ 2
where f ( x) is
38. If f (x) is a quadratic expression such that
f ( x) (A) sec 2P (B) log e (sec 2P )
f (0) f (1) 3 f (2) 3, then
x3 1 °
dx
(C) 2 Tan P 1
(D) tan 2P
2 ¥ 2 x 1´ (IIT-JEE 1994)
2
(A) log e x 1 log e ( x x 1) Tan 1 ¦ c
3 § 3 µ¶
Solution: Let I be the given integral. We can see that
1 ¥ x 1´
2
(B) log e x 1 log e ( x x 1) Tan 1 ¦ c ¥ cosP sinP ´
3 § 3 µ¶ the derivative of log e ¦
§ cosP sinP µ¶
is 2 sec 2P , so that
2 ¥ 2x 3´ using integration by parts we have

2
(C) log e ( x x 1) log e x Tan 1 ¦ µ c
3 § 3 ¶ sin2Q ¥ cosQ +sinQ ´ sin2Q
2 ¥ 2 x 1´
I
2
log e ¦
§ cosQ sinQ
µ¶
2 °
(2 sec 2Q )dQ
3 2
(D) log e x x x Tan 1 ¦ c
3 § 3 µ¶ sin2P ¥ cosP +sinP ´

2
log e ¦
§ cosP sinP µ¶
tan 2P dP °
Solution: Let f ( x) ax 2 bx c . Then
f (0) 3 c 3 sin2Q ¥ cosQ +sinQ ´ 1
log e ¦ log e (sec 2Q ) c
2 § cosQ sinQ µ¶ 2
and
Therefore
f (1) 3
a b c 3 f ( x) log e (sec 2Q )
Answer: (B)
ab 0 (4.24)
and
2
f (2) 1
40.
° cosec x log (sin x)dx equals
e
4a 2b c 1 (A) cot x[1 log e (sin x)] c

4a 2b 2 (B) cot x[1 log e (sin x)] x c
2a b 1 (4.25) (C) cot x log e (sin x) x c
(D) cosec x log e (sin x) x c
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Solution: Using integration by parts, we get

sec 2 xdx sec x tan xdx
° °
2
° °
cosec x log e (sin x)dx cot x log e (sin x) ( cot x)cot xdx
tan x sec x c
og (sin x) ° (cosec x 1)dx
cot x lo 2 sin x 1
e c
cos x
cot x log e (sin x) cot x x c
2 tan( x/2)
cot x [1 log e (sin x)] x c 1
1 tan 2 ( x/2)
Answer: (B) c
¥ 1 tan 2 ( x/2) ´
¦ µ
§ 1 tan 2 ( x/2) ¶
41. ° log(x x 2 1) dx =
(1 tan( x/2))2

(A) x log e ( x x 2 1) x 2 1 c 1 tan 2 ( x/2)
tan( x/2) 1
(B) x log e ( x x 2 1) x 2 1 c
1 tan( x/2)
x x2 1 ¥ x P´
(C) log e ( x x 2 1) c tan ¦ µ c
2 § 2 4¶
x2 1 Therefore a = O /4.
(D) log e ( x x 2 1) c
2 Answer: (D)
Solution: Using integration by parts we have
2
2 2
43.
° x tan x sec xdx
° log e ( x x 1) dx x log e ( x x 1)
x sec 2 x x tan x
´¥ (A) c
¥ 1 x ´ 2 2
°
x¦ µ ¦
§ x x2 1 ¶ §
1 µ dx
x2 1 ¶ x sec 2 x 1
(B) tan x c
2 2
x
x log e ( x x 2 1) ° dx x sec x tan x
c
2 (C)
x 1 2 2
x log e ( x x 2 1) x 2 1 c x sec 2 x tan x
(D) c
Answer: (A) 2 2
Solution: Take u x and dv tan x sec 2 xdx so that
Try it out Using Problems 40 and 41, evaluate 1
v tan x sec 2 xdx
° sec 2 x
2
log e (cos cos 2 x )
° 1 cos2 x
dx Therefore
2 ¥1 ´ 1
° x tan x sec xdx x ¦ sec 2 xµ sec 2 xdx
°
§2 ¶ 2
dx ¥x ´
42. If ° 1 sin x
tan ¦ aµ c, then a is equal to
§ 2 ¶
x sec 2 x 1
tan x c
2 2
P P Answer: (B)
(A) (B)
4 2
P P
(C) (D) 1 x
2 4 44. ° 1 x
dx
Solution: We have
(A) 2 1 x Cos 1 x x x 2 c
dx 1 sin x
° 1 sin x
°cos2 x
dx
(B) 2 1 x Cos 1 x x x 2 c
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(C) 2 1 x Cos 1 x x x 2 c x 4 (1 x)4 ¥ 4 ´

° 2
dx ¦ x 6 4 x 5 5 x 4 4 x 2 4
° µ dx
1 x § 1 x2 ¶
(D) 2 Cos 1 x x x 2 c
x7 2 6 4
Solution: Let x x 5 x 3 4 x 4 Tan 1 x c
7 3 3
1 x Therefore
I ° 1 x
dx
x7 2 6 4
2 f ( x) x x5 x3 4x
Put x cos Q so that 7 3 3
dx 2 cosQ sin Q dQ sin 2Q dQ Answer: (A)
Therefore
Sin 1 x Cos 1 x
1 cosP
46. ° Sin 1
x Cos 1 x
dx
I °1 cosP
( sin 2P )dP
4 ¨ x x2 1 ·
P (A) © x Sin 1 x Sin 1 1 x ¸ x c
°
tan sin 2P dP
2 P© 2
ª
2 ¸¹
2¨
sin(P /2) (B) x x 2 x Sin 1 x Sin 1 1 x · x c
° cos(P /2)(2 sinP cosP )dP P ª© ¹̧
2¨ 1 ·
sin(P /2) ¥ P P ´ (C) x x 2 x Sin 1 x Sin 1 1 x ¸ x c
4 ° cos(P /2)
¦§ sin cos cosP µ¶ dP
2 2
P ©ª 2 ¹
¥P ´ 2¨ 1 ·
4 sin 2 ¦ µ cosP dP x x 2 x Sin 1 x Sin 1 1 x x ¸ c
° § 2¶
(D) ©
Pª 2 ¹
2° (1 cosP )cosP dP Solution: Let I be the given integral. Since

P
2° cosP ° 2 cos P dP 2 Sin 1 x Cos 1 x
2
2° cosP ° (1 cos 2P )dP we have
1 2 ¥ 1 P´
2 sin P P sin 2P c
2
I
P ° ¦§ 2 Sin x µ dx
2¶
4
2 1 cos2 P Cos 1 x sinP cosP c ° Sin
1
xdx x (4.26)
1
P
2 1 x Cos x x 1 x c
Now, let I1 Sin 1 x dx. Using integration by parts,
°
2 1 x Cos 1 x x x 2 c we get
Answer: (A) x 1
I1 x Sin 1 x ° dx
1 x 2 x
x 4 (1 x)4
45. ° dx f ( x) 4 Tan 1 x c where f (x) is 1 1/ 2
1 x2 x Sin 1 x x (1 x) 1/ 2 dx
°
2
7 3
x 2 4x
(A) x6 x 5 4x Let 1 x = t2 so that dx = 2t dt. Then
7 3 3
1 1 t2
x7 2 6 I1 x Sin 1 x
(B)
7 3
4
x x5 x3 4x
3
2 ° t
( 2t )dt
x7 2 6 4x3 x Sin 1 x ° 1 t 2 dt
(C) x x5 4x
7 3 3 ¨ t 1 t2 1 ·
x7 2 6 4x3 xSin 1 x © Sin 1t ¸
(D) x x5 x ©ª 2 2 ¸¹
7 3 3
¨ x x2 1 ·
Solution: Dividing x 4 (1 x)4 with 1 x2, we have x Sin 1 x © Sin 1 1 x ¸
©ª 2 2 ¸¹
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Substituting the value of I1 in Eq. (4.26), we have 1 2 1 2

(C) log e x x c (D) log e x x c
4¨ 1 1 · 2 2
I x Sin 1 x x x 2 Sin 1 1 x ¸ x c
P ©ª 2 2 ¹ Solution: Given that
Answer: (A) ¥ 1´
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ 3 x (4.27)
§ x¶
dx 5 dx
47. ° 6
( x 1) 2
6
6 x 1 °
is equal to
Replacing x with 1/x we get
x x5 ¥ 1´ 3
(A) 6 (B) 2 f ( x) f ¦ µ (4.28)
6( x 1) 6( x 6 1) § x¶ x
6x5 6x Solving for f (x), we have

(C) (D) 6
x6 1 x 1
2 x2
f ( x)
Solution: Let x
dx 1 6x5 Therefore
I ° °
( x 6 1)2 6 x 5 ( x 6 1)2
dx
2 1 3
° xf (x)dx ° (2 x )dx 2 x 3 x c
Take
Answer: (A)
1 6x5
u and dv 6
x5 ( x 1)2 ex 2
(1 x 2 )
so that
49. ° (1 x 2 ) 1 2x2
dx is equal to
1 1 ¥ 1 x 2 ´
v ex 2
x6 1 (A)
2 2 ¦ 1 x 2µ c
§ ¶
Therefore using integration by parts, we get
1 ¥ 1 x 2´
1¨ 1 1 · (B) ex 2
¦ 1 x 2 µ c
I © 5 6 6 ( 5 x 6 ) dx ¸
° 2 2 § ¶
6 ª x ( x 1) x 1 ¹
1 5 dx 1 1 x 2

6 x ( x 1) 6 x ( x 6 1)
5 6 6 ° (C)
2 2
ex 2
1 x 2
c
1 5 ¥ 1 1 ´
5 6 ¦
6 x ( x 1) 6 § x 6 x 6 1¶ °
µ dx
(D)
1 x
e 2 1 x 2
c
1 1 5 dx 2 2 1 x 2
5 6 5
6 x ( x 1) 6 x 6
6 x 1 ° Solution: Let
So, ex 2
(1 x 2 )
dx 5 dx 1 1
I ° (1 x 2 ) 1 2x2
dx
° (x 6
1)2
°
6 x6 1
5 6
6 x ( x 1) 6 x 5
Put x 2 t. Then
x
6 1 e t [1 (t 2 /2)]
6( x 1) I °
2 (1 t ) 1 t 2
dt
Answer: (A)
1 e t (1 t 2 1)
48. If f : m is a function such that

2 2 ° (1 t) 1 t2
dt
¥ 1´
f ( x) 2 f ¦ µ 3 x x x 0 ¨ 1 t
1 1 ·
§ x¶ et ©

2 2
° ¸ dt
©ª 1 t 1 t 1 t 2 ¸¹
then ° xf ( x) dx is equal to
1 1 t
1 3 1 3 et c where t x 2
(A) 2 x x c (B) 2 x x c 2 2 1 t
3 3
Answer: (C)
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(sin x cos x)(2 sin 2 x) dt

50. ° sin 2 2 x
dx ° (t 1)2 4
sin x cos x sin x cos x t 1
(A) c (B) c Sinh 1 c
sin 2 x sin 2 x 2
sin x sin x ¥ x 3 x 2 1´
(C) c (D) c
sin x cos x sin x cos x Sinh 1 ¦ µ c
§ 2 ¶
Solution: Put t sin x cos x so that Answer: (A)
dt (cos x sin x)dx
3/ 2
and 1 sin 2 x t 2 52. ° (sin x) (cos x) 5/ 2 dx
Therefore 2
(A) cot x 2 tan 3 x c
2 2 3
(1 t ) (1/t ) 1 dz
I ° (1 t 2 2
)
dt ° [(1/t) t]2
dt °z 2
3 2
(B) 2 tan x cot x c
3
where z (1/ t ) t. So
2
1 (C) 2 cot x tan 3 x c
I c 3
z
1 2 3
c (D) 2 cot x tan x c
(1/t ) t 3
t Solution: We have
c
1 t2
I (sin x) 3 / 2 (cos x) 5 / 2 dx
°
sin x cos x
c
sin 2 x dx
° 3/ 2
(sin x) (cos x)5 / 2
Answer: (B)
dx
3x 2 2 x
° (sin x /cos x) 3/ 2
cos4 x
51. ° x6 2 x 5 x 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 5
dx equals
sec 4 x
3
¥ x x 1´ 2
° (tan x) 3/ 2
dx
(A) Sinh 1 ¦ µ c
§ 2 ¶ 1 t2
¥ x 3 x 2 1´
° t 3/ 2
dt where t = tan x
(B) 2 Cosh 1 ¦ µ
§ 2 ¶ (t 3 / 2 t 1/ 2 )dt
°
3 2
¥ x x 1´ t 3 / 2 1 t 3/ 2
(C) Sin 1 ¦ µ c c
§ 2 ¶ (3 / 2) 1 3 / 2
¥ x 3 x 2 1´ 2
(D) 2 Cos 1 ¦ 2t 1/ 2 t 3 / 2 c
2 µ c 3
§ ¶
2
2 cot x (tan x)3 / 2 c
Solution: The expression under the square root is 3
( x 3 x 2 )2 2( x 3 x 2 ) 5 Answer: (C)
Let I be the given integral. Put x 3 x 2 t. Then 53. If

dt a sin x b cos x
I ° 2
t 2t 5 ° c sin x d cos x dx px q log e c sin x d cos x c
d where p q is equal to
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Solution: In the above formula, take a 3, b 2, c 2,

(A) c(a b) d(a b) (B) c(a b) d(a b)
c2 d2 c2 d2 d 3, so that
a(d c) b(d c) a(d c) b(d c) ac bd 12
(C) (D) l
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 13
(ad bc) 5
Solution: Write m
c2 d2 13
a sin x b cos x K (c sin x d cos x)
Answer: (B)
d
L (c sin x d cos x)
dx 55. If
K (c sin x d cos x) L ( d sin x c cos x)
dx
Equating the corresponding coefficients of sin x and cos x ° 1 tan x px q log e cos x sin x c
on both sides we get
then p + q equals
L c Md a - (4.29)
3
Mc L d b (4.30) (A) (B) 2
2
Solving Eqs. (4.29) and (4.30) for K and L, we have 1
(C) (D) 1
ac bd (ad bc) 2
L and M
c2 d2 c2 d2 Solution: We have
Therefore dx cos x
¥ c cos x d sin x ´ ° 1 tan x ° sin x cos x dx
§ °
I ¦L M µ dx
c sin x d cos x ¶ 0(sin x) cos x
c cos x d sin x ° sin x cos x
°
L dx M °
c sin x d cos x
dx
Now a 0, b 1, c 1, d 1. Therefore
L x M log e c sin x d cos x c
ac bd 1
¥ ac bd ´ (ad bc) p
¦ 2 x 2 log e c sin x d cos x c c2 d2 2
§ c d 2 µ¶ c d2
(ad bc) (0 1) 1
q
Answer: (A) c2 d2 2 2
So
QUICK LOOK
1 1
Important Formula: pq 1
2 2
a sin x b cos x ¥ ac bd ´ (ad bc) Answer: (D)
° c sin x d cos x dx ¦§ c 2
d 2µ¶
x 2
c d2
s log e c sin x d cos x c x 4 ( x 10 1)
56. ° x 20 3 x 10 1
dx equals
1 ¥ 5 1´
54. If (A) Tan ¦ x 5 µ c
§ x ¶
3 sin x 2 c osx
° 2 sin x 3 cos x dx lx m log e 2 sin x 3 cos x c
(B)
1 ¥ 1´
Tan 1 ¦ x 5 5 µ c
5 § x ¶
then
¥ 1´
5 12 12 5 (C) 5 Tan 1 ¦ x 5 5 µ c
(A) l ,m (B) l ,m § x ¶
13 13 13 13
5 12 1 ¥ 1 ´
(C) l ,m (D) l
12
,m
5 (D) Tan 1 ¦ x 10 10 µ c
10 § x ¶
13 13 13 3
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Solution: Let x 1 ¥ cos x x sin x ´

4
x ( x 1)10
cos x( x sin x cos x)
° ¦
x sin x cos x § cos2 x
µ¶ dx
I ° x 20 3 x 10 1
dx
x
sec 2 x dx
°
Put t = x5 so that (1/ 5)dt x 4 dx. Therefore cos x( x sin x cos x)
x
t2 1 ¥ 1´ tan x c
I °t 4 2 ¦ µ dt
3t 1 § 5 ¶
x sin x( x sin x cos x)
1 1 (1 / t 2 ) c
°
5 t 2 (1 / t 2 ) 3
dt
x(1 sin 2 x) sin x cos x
1 1 (1 / t ) 2 c
°
5 [t (1 / t )]2 1
dt
cos x(sin x x cos x)
1 c
¥ 1´ cos x( x sin x cos x)
Tan 1 ¦ t µ c
5 § t¶ sin x x cos x
c
1 ¥ 1´ x sin x cos x
Tan 1 ¦ x 5 5 µ c
5 § x ¶ Answer: (C)
Answer: (B)
n
58. ° [x x 2 1] dx (n x p1) is
x2
57. ° ( x sin x cosx)2
dx equals
1 ¨ ( x x 2 1 )n 1 ( x x 2 1 )n 1 ·
(A) © ¸c
cos x x sin x cos x x sin x 2© n1 n 1 ¸¹
(A) c (B) c ª
x sin x cos x x cos x sin x
sin x x cos x sin x x cos x ( x x 2 1 )2 n
(C) c (D) c (B) c
x sin x cos x x sin x cos x n(n 1)
Solution: Let 1 ¨ x x2 1 1 ·
(C) ( x x 2 1 )n © ¸c
x2 2 ©ª n 1 n¸
¹
I ° ( x sin x cos x)2
dx
( x x 2 1 )n 1 ( x x 2 1 )n 1
We know that (D) c
2(n 1) 2(n 1)
d Solution: Let
( x sin x cos x) x cos x
dx n
I [ x x 2 1] dx
°
Therefore
x cos x ¥ x ´ Put t x x 2 1 so that
I ° 2 ¦ µ dx
( x sin x cos x) § cos x ¶ 1
x2 1 x
Take t
x x cos x Therefore
u and dv dx
cos x ( x sin x cos x)2 1
t 2x
so that t
1 1
v and t 2 x2 1
x sin x cos x t
Hence Now,
x ¥ 1 ´ ¥ x ´
I ¦§ µ dt ¦ 1 µ dx
cos x x sin x cos x ¶ § x2 1 ¶
1 ¨ cos x x( sin x) · t
° x sin x cos x ©ª cos2 x ¸¹ dx
(1 / 2)[t (1/t )]
dx
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t (1/t ) t2 1 (C) (tan x)2/3 (D) (tan x)8/3

or dx dt dt
2t 2t 2
Solution: Since sum of the indices of sin x and cos x
Therefore
is 4 (even), put t tan x [see Sec. 4.5.10, Case III, part
¥ t 2 1´ (c)]. Now
I t n ¦ 2 µ dt
°§ 2t ¶ 11/ 3
¥ sin x ´
1 I ¦ ° cos 4 xdx
(t n t n 2 ) dt
° § cos x µ¶
2
1
1 ¨ t n 1 t n 1 · ° (tan x) sec 4 xdx
© ¸c 11/3
2 ª n 1 n 1¹
1
°t (1 t 2 ) dt
1 ¨ ( x x 2 1 )n 1 ( x x 2 1 )n 1 · 11/ 3
© ¸c
2© n1 n 1 ¸¹ ° (t 11/ 3
t 5 / 3 ) dt
ª
Answer: (A)
t ( 11/ 3)1 t ( 5/ 3)1
c
( 11/3) 1 ( 5/3) 1
Try it out Try the case when n p1. 3 3
t 8 / 3 t 2 / 3
8 2
3¥ 1 4 ´
¥ cos x cos3 x ´
1/ 2 ¦ 8/3 2/3 µ c
8§t t ¶
59. ° ¦ 1 cos3 x µ
§ ¶
dx
3¥ 1 4 ´
2 2 ¦ 2 2/3
2/3 µ
c
(A) Sin 1 cos x c (B) Sin 1 (cos3/ 2 x) c 8 § tan x(tan x) (tan x) ¶
3 3
3 ¨ 1 4 tan 2 x ·
2 2 © ¸c
(C) Sin 1 (sin 3/ 2 x) c (D) Cos 1 cos x c 8 ª tan 2 x(tan x)2/3 ¹
3 3
Solution: Let the given integral be I. Then Therefore H ( x) (tan x)8/3 .
Answer: (D)
cos x (sin x)
I ° 1 cos3 x
dx
3/ 2
61. ° cos(log e x) dx is equal to
Put cos x t so that
(A) x[cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] c
3 3 2
cos x ( sin x)dx dt and cos x t x
2 (B) [cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] c
2
Then x
(C) [cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] c
1 ¥ 2´ 2
I ° ¦ µ dt
1 t2 § 3¶ x
(D) [sin(log e x) cos(log e x)] c
2 2
Sin 1t c
3 Solution: Let
2
Sin 1 (cos3/ 2 x) c
3
°
I cos(log e x)dx
[ sin(log e x)]
Answer: (B) x cos(log e x) x ° x
dx
3(1 4 tan 2 x)
60.
° (sin x) 11/ 3 (cos x) 1/ 3 dx
8 H ( x)
c, °
x cos(log e x) sin(log e x)dx
where H ( x) is ¨ cos(logg e x) ·
x cos(log e x) © x sin(log e x) x
ª x °
dx ¸
¹
(A) tan 3 x (B) (tan x)5 / 3
x[cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] I
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Therefore
ex
2 I x[cos(log e x) sin(log e x)]
64. ° (1 e 2x 2
)
dx
x ex
I [cos(log e x) sin(log e x)] (A) Tan 1e x c
2 1 e2 x
Answer: (C)
1 ¥ ex ´
(B) Tan 1 x c
sin 4 x 2 ¦§ 1 e 2 x µ¶
1 ¥ 1 sin x ´
62. ° cos x
dx log e ¦
2 § 1 sin x µ¶
g( x) c where g( x)
(C)
1 ¥ ex ´ 1
+ Tan 1e x c
equals 2 ¦§ 1 e 2 x µ¶ 2
1 3 1 ¥ ex ´ 1 ¥ ex ´
(A) sin x sin x (B) cos3 x cos x (D) Tan 1 ¦ µ ¦ µ c
3 3 § 2 ¶ 2 § 1 e2 x ¶
1 1
(C) sin 3 x sin x (D) cos3 x cos x Solution: Let
3 3
ex
Solution: Let I ° (1 e 2x 2
)
dx
4
sin x dt
I ° cos x dx ° (1 t 2 2
)
where t e x
sin 4 x cos x
° cos2 x
dx Put t tan Q . Then
t4 sec 2 Q
° 1 t 2
dt where t sin x I °
sec 4 Q
dQ
1 cos 2Q
t4 1 1 ° dQ
° 1 t2
dt 2
Q 1
dt sin 2Q c
(t 2 1)dt
° ° 1 t 2 2 4
1 1 ¥ 2 tan Q ´
t 3 1 1 t Tan 1e x ¦ µc
t log e c 2 4 § 1 tan 2 Q ¶
3 2 1 t
1 1 ¥ ex ´
1 3 1 ¥ 1 sin x ´ Tan 1e x ¦ +c
sin x sin x log ¦ c 2 2 § 1 e 2 x µ¶
3 2 § 1 sin x µ¶
Answer: (A) Answer: (C)
log x x
63. ° x2
dx is equal to 65. ° a x3
3
dx
1 1 3/2 3/ 2
(A) log x c (B) log x c ¥ x´ 2 ¥ x´
x x (A) Cos 1 ¦ µ c (B) Sin 1 ¦ µ c
§ a¶ 3 § a¶
log x 1 (1 log x)
(C) c (D) c 3/2 3/ 2
x x x 2 ¥ x´ ¥ x´
(C) Cos 1 ¦ µ c (D) Sin 1 ¦ µ c
3 § a¶ § a¶
Solution: Let
log x Solution: Let
I °x2
dx
x
1 1 ¥ 1 ´
I ° a x3
3
dx

x
log x °
¦ µ dx
x § x¶ x 1/ 2 (a 3 x 3 ) 1/ 2 dx
log x 1
°

x
°
x2
dx
Put x a sin 2/3
Q so that
log x 1 2a 1/ 3
c dx sin Q cosQ dQ
x x 3
Answer: (D)
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Therefore ¥ f a( x ) ´
(C) log e ( f ( x)) c (D) log e ¦ c
a sin1/ 3 P ¥2 1/ 3 ´ § f ( x) µ¶
I ° ¦§ a sin P cosP µ¶ dP
a 3/ 2 cosP 3
Solution: We have
2

3 °
dQ ¨
F( x) exp © lim ¦
¥ f ( x (1/n)) ´ ·
1µ ¸
n
2 ©ª nmd § f ( x) ¶ ¸
Qc ¹
3
3/ 2 ¨ ¥ f ( x (1/n)) f ( x) ´ 1 ·
2 ¥ x´ exp © lim ¦ µ ¸
Sin 1 ¦ µ c ª nmd § ( x (1/n)) x ¶ f ( x) ¹
3 § a¶
Answer: (B) e f a( x )/ f ( x )
Therefore
66. Let f be a positive differentiable function defined
on (0, d) and f a( x )
log e F( x)
n f ( x)
¥ ¥ 1´ ´
¦ f ¦§ x n µ¶ µ Integrating both sides we get
F( x) lim ¦ µ
nmd
¦ f ( x) µ f a( x )
§ ¶ ° log (F(x)) dx ° f (x) dx
e
log e ( f ( x)) c
Then ° log (F(x)) dx is equal to
e
Answer: (C)
1
(A) ( f ( x))2 c (B) f ( x) f a( x)
2

dz
1. °( tan x cot x ) dx is equal to 2 °z 2
2
where z t
1
t
¥ tan x cot x ´ 2 ¥ z ´
(A) 2 Tan 1 ¦ µ c Tan 1 ¦ c
§ 2 ¶ 2 § 2 µ¶
¥ tan x cot x ´ ¥ tan x cot x ´

(B) 2 Tan 1 ¦ 2 Tan 1 ¦ µ c
2 µ c § 2 ¶
§ ¶
(C) 2 Sin 1 (sin x cos x) c Hence (A) is correct.

Also
(D) 2 Tan 1 (sin x cos x) c
sin x cos x
Solution: Let I ° sin x cos x
dx
°
I ( tan x cot x ) dx sin x cos x
2 ° 2 sin x cos x
dx
Put tan x t 2 so that sec 2 xdx 2t dt. Then
sin x cos x
dx
2t
dt
2 ° 1 (sin x cos x)2
dx
1 t4
dt
Now 2 ° 1 t2
where t sin x cos x
¥ 1 ´ 2t
°
I ¦t µ
§ t ¶ 1 t4
dt 2 Sin 1t c
2 Sin 1 (sin x cos x) c
2(t 2 1)
°
t4 1
dt
1 (1/t 2 ) Answers: (A), (C)
2 2 °
t (1/t 2 )
dt
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dx Therefore
2. ° (1 x)
1 x x2
is equal to
dt
dx
¥ 1 x x2 1 ´ t2
(A) 2 Tan 1 ¦ 1µ c
x So
§ ¶
dx 1 ¥ dt ´
¥ 1 x x 2 1´
(B) 2 Tan ¦ 1
µ c
° (1 x) 1 x x 2
°1 1 ¥1 ´
2
¦§ 2 µ¶
t
§ x ¶ ¦ 1µ
t t §t ¶
¥ 3x 1 ´ dt
(C) Sin 1 ¦ c
§ 5( x 1) µ¶ ° 3t t 2 1
¥ 3x 1 ´ dt
(D) Sin 1 ¦ µ c
§ 5 x 1 ¶
° 5 ¥ 3´
2
¦t µ
Solution: First, we use Euler’s substitution. Put 4 § 2¶
3´
¥
1 x x 2 tx 1 (∵ c 0) t
1 ¦
2 µ
Sin ¦ c
This gives 5/2 µ
¦§ µ¶
1 x x 2 t 2 x 2 2tx 1
¥ 2t 3 ´
1 x t 2 x 2t Sin 1 ¦ c
§ 5 µ¶
1 2t
x ¥ 2 ´
1 t2 3
1 ¦
x 1 µ
Sin ¦ c
So 5 µ
¦§ µ¶
2(1 t t 2 )
dx dt
(1 t 2 )2 ¥ 3 x 1 ´
Sin 1 ¦ c
Also § ( x 1) 5 µ¶
1 x x 2 tx 1 ¥ 3x 1 ´
Sin 1 ¦ c
t(1 2t ) § 5 ( x 1) µ¶
1
1 t2 Hence (D) is correct.
t2 t 1 Answers: (A), (D)

1 t2
3. By a suitable substitution, the indefinite integral
Therefore
dx
1 1 2(1 t t 2 ) ° sin x sec x
° (1 x) 1 x x2
dx ° ¥

1 2t ´ ¥ t 2 t 1´ (1 t )
2 2
dt
¦§ 1 µ
1 t 2 ¶ ¦§ 1 t 2 µ¶ can be expressed as sum of two of the following
integrals. Identify them.
dt
2 °t 2
2t 2 (A)
dt
° 1 t 2
(B)
dt
° 1 t 2
dt
2 °
(t 1)2 1 (C) ° 3 t
dt
2 (D)
dt
° 3 t 2
1
2 Tan (t 1) c
Solution: Let
¥ 1 x x2 1 ´
1
2 Tan ¦ 1µ c dx
§ x ¶
I ° sin x sec x
So (A) is correct. Now, we put cos x
° dx
1 1 sin x cos x 1
t or x1
x1 t
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2 cos x 19 35
x log(9e x 4e x ) c
° 2 2 sin x cos x dx (A)
36 36
(cos x sin x) (cos x sin x) 3 35
° dx 2x
(B) x log(9e 4) c
2 2 sin x cos x 2 36
° dx ° dx 4 70 dx
2 2 sin x cos x 2 2 sin x cos x (C)
9
x °
9 9e 2 x 4
c
° dx ° 2 2
dx 4 70 dx
3 (sin x cos x) 1 (sin x cos x)
dt dz
(D)
9
x °
9 9e 2 x 4
c
°
3 t 2

1 z2 ° Solution: Let
where 4e x 6e x
I ° 9e x 4e x
dx
t sin x cos x
Write
and z sin x cos x
Answers: (B), (C) d
4 e x 6 e x L (9 e x 4 e x ) M (9 e x 4 e x )
dx
x3 3
L (9 e x 4 e x ) M (9 e x 4 e x )
4. ° ( x 1)( x 2 1)
dx equals
Equating the coefficients of e x and e x on both sides we
2 1
(A) x log e x 1 log e ( x 1) Cot x c get
(B) x log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1) Tan 1 x c 9L 9 M 4
2 1 4 L 4 M 6
(C) x log e x 1 log e ( x 1) Tan x c
(D) x log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1) Tan 1 x c Solving these equations we get
Solution: Let 19 35
L , M
36 36
x3 3
I ° (x 1)(x 2
1)
dx Therefore
9e x 4e x
x3 1 2 °
I L dx M ° dx
° (x 1)(x 2
1)
dx 9e x 4e x
19 35
x2 x 1 dx x log e (9e x 4e x ) c
36 36
° x2 1
dx 2 ° (x 1)(x 2
1)
So (A) is correct.
¥ x ´ ¥ 1 x 1 ´ In the above answer, if we write e x 1 / e x then we
§ °
¦1 2 µ
x 1¶
dx ¦ 2
§ x 1 x 1µ¶ °
dx
get that (B) is also correct.
1 1 Also
x log e ( x 2 1) log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1)
2 2 4e 2 x 6
Tan 1 x c I ° 9e 2 x 4
dx (4.31)
x log e x 1 log e ( x 2 1) Tan 1 x c That is

Hence (C) is correct. Also 4e 2 x 6 4 70

P 9e 4 9 9(9e 2 x 4)
2x
Tan 1 x Cot 1 x
2
Therefore from Eq. (4.31), we have
Therefore (A) is also correct.
4 70 dx
Answers: (A), (C) I
9
x 2x
9 9e 4°
4e x 6e x Hence (C) is also correct.
5. ° 9e x 4e x
dx equals
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¥ 1´
6. If
° sin x(sec x tan x) dx f (x) g(x) c, then f a¦ µ 0
§ 3¶
and f a(1) 0
(A) f ( x) tan x (B) f ( x) sec x Now,

(C) g( x) 2 x (D) g( x) x
f a( x) 3 x 2 2ax b
Solution: We have
Therefore
2
° sin x sec x tan xdx ° tan xdx ¥ 1´
f a ¦ µ 0 2a 3b 1
§ 3¶
(4.32)
2
° (sec x 1) dx
and f a(1) 0 2a b 3 (4.33)
tan x x c
From Eqs. (4.32) and (4.33), we obtain a 1, b 1.
Answers: (A), (D) Further
7. If f (2) 0 8 4a 2b c 0
cos 4 x 1 c 2 (∵ a 1, b 1)
° cot x tan x dx L f (x) c Therefore
then f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2
1 Hence (B) is correct. Also
(A) L , f ( x) cos 4 x
8
1
F ( x) ° f (x)dx c
(B) L , f ( x) sin 4 x 1 4 1 3 1 2
8 x x x 2x c
P 4 3 2
(C) Least period of f ( x) is
2 so that
(D) f ( x) is an even function 1 1 1
F (1) F ( 1) (1 1) (1 1) (1 1) 2(1 1)
Solution: We have 4 3 2
cos 4 x 1 2 cos2 2 x sin x cos x 2 14
4
° cot x tan x
dx ° cos 2 x
dx 3 3
° cos 2 x sin 2 xdx Hence (D) is correct.

Answers: (B), (D)
1
° sin 4 xdx
2 1 cos x

1
cos 4 x c
9. ° cos x (1 cos x) dx is equal to
8
x
Answers: (A), (C), (D) (A) log e sec x tan x 2 tan c
2
8. Let f ( x) x 3 ax 2 bx c where a, b, c are real num- x
(B) log e tan 2 (sec x tan x) c
bers. If f ( x) has local minimum at x 1 and a local 2
maximum at x 1/3 and f (2) 0, then
x ¥ P x´
(A) f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2 (C) 2 tan log e tan ¦ µ c
2 § 4 2¶
(B) f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2 x ¥ P x´
(D) 2 tan log e tan ¦ µ c
3
(C) f ( x) x x x 22 2 § 4 2¶
14 Solution: Let
(D) If F ( x) ° f (x) dx, then F (1) F ( 1) 3
1 cos x
Solution: Since f ( x) has local maximum and local I ° cos x (1 cos x) dx
minimum at x 1 / 3 and x 1, respectively, we have
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¥ x´ x
¦ 1 tan
2
µ (D) a Cos 1 a2 x 2 c
¥ 2 ´ §
x 2¶ a
§ °
¦ tan µ
2 ¶ 1 tan 2 x
dx
(IIT-JEE 2004)
2
Solution: We have
Put tan( x/2) t so that sec 2 ( x/2)dx 2dt . Therefore
a x
2t 2
I ° a x
dx
I °
1 t2
dt
a x
¥ 1 ´
° a2 x 2
dx
§ °
2 ¦ 1 µ dt
1 t2 ¶ dx x
¥1 1 t ´
a °2
a x 2
°
a x2
2
dx
2t 2 ¦ log e c
§2 1 t µ¶ x
a Sin 1 a 2 x 2 c
x a
x 1 tan
2 tan log e 2 c Hence (B) is correct.
2 x Also
1 tan
2
a x
x ¥ P x´
2 tan log e tan ¦ µ c
I ° a x
dx
2 § 4 2¶
Also Note that a < x < a. Put x acosP so that dx = ( a sinP) dP.
Therefore
¥ 1 2 ´
I ¦°
§ cos x 1 cos x µ¶
dx 1 cos Q
I °1 cos Q
( a sin Q ) dQ
¥ x´ cos(Q/2) ¥ Q Q´
¦ sec x sec 2
° µ dx
§ 2¶ a °
sin(Q/2)
¦§ 2 sin cos µ¶ dQ
2 2
x Q
log e sec x tan x 2 tan c a 2 cos2 dQ
2 ° 2
Note: a° (1 cosQ ) dQ
x x x aQ a sin Q c
1 tan cos sin
log e 2 log e 2 2
x
1 tan
x x
cos sin
x a Cos 1 a 1 cos2 Q c
2 2 2 a
1 sin x x x2
log e a Cos 1 a 1 2 c
cos x a a
x
log e | (sec x tan x) | a Cos 1 a 2 x 2 c
a
Answers: (A), (C)
So (D) is correct.
a x Note: In (B), if we replace Sin 1 ( x/a) by (O /2) Cos 1 (x/a)
10. ° a x
dx equals
we obtain (D). But the procedure is different.
x a2 x 2 Answers: (B), (D)
(A) a Sin 1 c
a 2
1 x
x3
(B) a Sin
a
a2 x 2 c 11. ° x8 1
dx can be evaluated by using one (or more)
x substitutions.
1
(C) a Sin a2 x 2 c (A) x 4 t (B) x 4 t 2 1 x 8
a
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Also,
(C) t 2 x 8 1 x 8 (D) t 4 x 8 1 x 8
x L (8 2 x ) M
Solution: Let
1
x3 L and M 4
I ° x8 1
dx 2
Therefore
4 3
Put x t so that x dx (1/4)dt . Therefore 1 8 2x dx
1 dt
I
2 ° 9 8x x2
dx 4 ° 9 8x x2
I
4 ° t2 1 1 dx
s 2 9 8x x2 4 °
1 2 25 ( x 4)2
Sinh 1t

4 ¥ x 4´
9 8 x x 2 4 Sin 1 ¦ c
1
log(t 1 t 2 ) § 5 µ¶
4
Answers: (A), (B)
1
log( x 4 1 x )
4 13. The indefinite integral
Hence x 4 t is useful. Also
sin x cos x
3 8 1/ 2 °a 2
cos2 x b2 sin 2 x
dx
°
I x (1 x ) dx
can be evaluated by means of the following substitu-
According to integration of Binomial differential, m 3, tions. Identify them. Given that ab x 0 and b2 a2 0.
n 8, p 1/2 so that
(A) tan t (B) a 2 cos2 x b2 sin 2 x t
m1 4 1
p 0 (integer) (C) t cos2 x (D) t sin 2 x
n 8 2
Solution: We have
Hence the substitution x 8 t 2 1 x 8 can be used.
Answers: (A), (C) sin x cos x
I °a 2
cos2 x b2 sin 2 x
dx
12. Which of the following methods are handy to evalu- tan x

x °
a b2 tan 2 x
2
dx
ate the indefinite integral ° 9 8x x 2
dx ?
(i) Put t tan x so that dt sec 2 x dx and hence
(A) The substitution x 4 t 1
dx dt
(B) Writing x L (8 2 x) M 1 t2
(C) Substitution 9 8 x x 2 t 2 Thus
(D) Both (A) and (B)
t
Solution: We have
I ° (a 2
b t )(1 t 2 )
2 2
dt
x Now, use partial fractions. Therefore t tan x is

I ° 9 8x x 2
dx
workable.
x (ii) We have
° 25 ( x 4)2
dx
t a 2 cos2 x b2 sin 2 x
t4 So
° 25 t 2
dt where t x 4
dt 2(b2 a 2 )sin x cos xdx
t dt Therefore
° 25 t 2
dt 4
25 t 2
° 1 dt
¥ t´
I 2 2
2(b a ) t °
25 t 2 4 Sin 1 ¦ µ c
§ 5¶ 1
log e (a 2 cos2 x b2 sin 2 x) c
¥ x 4´ 2(b2 a 2 )
9 8 x x 2 4 Sin 1 ¦ c
§ 5 µ¶
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Hence t a 2 cos2 x b2 sin 2 x is useful. 1 dt

(iii) Let t cos2 x so that dt ( 2 sin x cos x)dx. There-
°
2 b (b 2 a 2 ) t
2
fore Therefore t cos2 x is also useful. Similarly, t sin 2 x is

also workable.
1 dt
I °
2 a 2 t b2 (1 t ) Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)

1. Match the integrals of Column I with their values in 1 ¥ P´
2°
Column II. cosec ¦ x µ dx
§ 4¶
1 ¥ x P´
Column I Column II log e tan ¦ µ
2 § 2 8¶
dx ¥ x´ Answer: (B) m(s)
(A) ° 1 sin x
(p) log e ¦ tan x tan µ c
§ 2¶ (C) Let
dx ¥ P x´ dx
(B) ° sin x cos x (q) 2 log tan ¦ µ c
§ 8 4¶ I ° sin x 3 cos x
dx 1 ¥ ¥ x P ´´ 1 dx
(C) ° sin x 3 cos x
(r) log ¦ tan ¦ µ µ c
2 § § 2 6¶¶

2 °1 3
sin x
cos x
2 2
1 cos x 1 ¥ x P´
(D) ° sin x cos x dx (s)
2
log tan ¦ µ c
§ 2 8¶
1
°
¥ P´
cosec ¦ x µ dx
2 § 3¶
Solution: 1 ¥ x P´
log e tan ¦ µ c
(A) Let 2 § 2 6¶
dx Answer: (C) m(r)
I °1 sin x (D) Let
dx
° x
sin cos
x I
1 cos x
° sin x cos x dx
2 2
1 dx 2° cosec 2 xdx ° cosecxdx

2 °
1 x
sin
1
cos
x
¥ 1´ ¥ x´
2 2 2 2 2 ¦ µ log(tan x) log e ¦ tan µ c
§ 2¶ § 2¶
1 ¥ x P´ ¥ x´

2 °
cosec ¦ µ dx
§ 2 4¶
log e ¦ tan x tan µ c
§ 2¶
1 ¥ ¥ x P ´´ Answer: (D) m(p)
( 2 )2 log ¦ tan ¦ µ µ c
2 § § 4 8¶¶
2. Match the integrals of Column I with their corre-
¨ ¥ x´ · sponding values in Column II.
©∵cosecx dx log tan ¦§ 2 µ¶ c ¸
ª ¹
Answer: (A) m (q) Column I Column II
(B) Let 3 2 2 ¥ 1´
dx
(A) ° x cos (x ) sin(x ) dx (p) tan ¦ µ c
§ x¶
I °
sin x cos x
1 (q) 2 cos x c

1
°
dx (B) °2 x
tan x sec xdx
2 1 sin x 1 cos x
2 2 (Continued)
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Column I Column II Put 1/x t so that

1
1 dx dt
(C) °
sin x
dx 8
4 2

(r) cos x c x2
x
Therefore
1 (s) sec x c
(D) °x 2 ¥ 1´
cos2 ¦ µ
dx I sec 2 tdt
°
§ x¶ tan t
1
Solution: tan
x
(A) Let
Answer: (D) m (p)
I x cos3 ( x 2 ) sin( x 2 ) dx
° 3. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
Put cos( x 2 ) t . Then
Column I Column II
2 x sin( x 2 ) dx dt
Therefore 1 log e x 1 x 1
(A) ° 1 x log ex
dx equals (p)
6
log e
x5
1 3
I
2
t dt ° dx (q) log e 1 log e x c
1
(B) °x 2
4x 5
is
t4 c
8 (C) (r)
1 1/ 2 log e sec x(sec x tan x)
cos4 ( x 2 ) c ° ª̈1 2 tan x tan x sec x ·¹ dx
8
is
Answer: (A) m (r)
dx (s) log e 1 x log e x c
(B) Let (D) ° x(1 log e x)
equals
1
I °2 x
tan x sec xdx
Solution:
Put sec x t . Then (A) We have
1 d
sec x tan x dt (1 x log e x)
1 log e x dx
2 x ° 1 x log e x
dx ° 1 x log e x
dx
Therefore log e (1 x log e x) c
°
I dt t c sec x c Answer: (A) m(s)
Answer: (B) m(s) (B) We have
(C) Let dx dx
sin x
°x 2
4x 5
°
( x 5)( x 1)
I ° x
dx 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
¦§ °
6 x 1 x 5¶
µ dx
Put t x so that dt (1 / 2 x )dx . Therefore 1 x 1
log c
6 x5
°
I 2 sin tdt 2 cos t c 2 cos x c Answer: (B) m(p)
Answer: (C) m (q) (C) We have
1/ 2
(D) Let
° ;1 2 tan x(tan x sec x)= dx
dx
I °x 2
cos2 x
2 2
° (1 tan x tan x 2 tan x sec x) 1/ 2
dx
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(sec 2 x 2 tan x sec x tan 2 x)1/ 2 dx ¥1 x x´

° e x ¦ sec 2 tan µ dx
° §2 2 2¶
° (sec x tan x)dx x
e x tan c
log e sec x tan x log e sec x c 2
log e sec x(sec x tan x) c Answer: (C) m (p)
Answer: (C) m(r) (D) We have
(D) We have 1 sin x

I e x/2
° dx
1 cos x
dx (1/x)dx
° x(1 log e x)
° (1 log e x)
Put x/2 t so that
log e 1 log e x c 1 sin 2t
I 2 e t
° 1 cos 2t dt
Answer: (D) m(q)
(sin t cos t )
t
2° e dt
2
4. Match the entries of Column I with those of Column II. 2 cos t
t
° e (sec t sec t tan t )dt
Column I Column II
e t sec t c
(2 sin 2 x) x
(A)
° ex dx x
(p) e tan c e x / 2 sec( x/2) c
1 cos 2 x 2
Answer: (D) m (q)
(2 sin 2 x) x/ 2 x
(B) ° ex dx (q) e sec c
1 cos 2 x 2 5. Match the entries of Column I with those of Column II.
x (1 sin x) x
(r) e tan x c
(C) °e 1 cos x
dx
Column I Column II
1 sin x (s) e x cot x c ( x 3 x 1) x ¥ x 1´

e x/2 ° ex (p) e ¦ c
(D) ° 1 cos x
dx (A)
(1 x 2 )3/ 2
dx § x 2 µ¶
e x ( x 3 x 2) ex
Solution: (B) ° ( x 2 1)2
dx (q)
1 x2
c
(A) We have
¨ 1 x ·
2
ex x
2(1 sin x cos x)
x (C) ° ex © dx (r) c
°
I e
2 cos2 x
dx ª 1 x 2 ¸¹ 1 x2
x
° e (tan x sec 2
x)dx e x tan x c ( x 2 3 x 3) e x ( x 1)
(D) ° ex dx (s) c
( x 2) 2 x2 1
Answer: (A) m (r)
(B) We have Solution:
2(1 sin x cos x) (A) We have
I ex
° dx 2
2 sin x e x ( x 3 x 1) e x [ x( x 2 1) 1]
x 2
° e (cosec x cot x)dx e ( cot x) c x ° (1 x 2 )3/2
dx °
(1 x 2 )3/2
dx
Answer: (B) m (s) ¨ x 1 ·

ex ©
° 2 3/ 2 ¸
dx
(C) We have ©ª 1 x 2 (1 x ) ¸¹
(1 sin x)
I ex ° dx e x [ f ( x) f a( x)] dx
°
1 cos x
x
¥ x x´ where f ( x)
¦§ 1 2 sin cos µ¶ 2
x 1
2 2
ex ° dx
x
2 cos2
2
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e x f ( x) c (cos 5 x cos 4 x)
I ° 1 2 cos 3x dx
ex x
c (cos 5 x cos 4 x)sin 3 x
x2 1 ° dx
sin 3 x sin 6 x
Answer: (A) m (r) ¥ 9x x´
(B) We have ¦§ 2 cos cos µ¶ sin 3 x
2 2
( x 3 x 2) [( x 1)( x 2 1) 1 2 x x 2 ]
° 9x
2 cos sin
3x
dx
° ex 2 2
dx e x ° dx 2 2
( x 1) ( x 2 1)2
x¥ 3x 3x ´
cos ¦ 2 sin co os µ
¨ x 1 1 2x x2 · 2§ 2 2¶
ex © 2
° 2 2 ¸
ª x 1 ( x 1) ¹
dx ° sin
3x
dx
2
e x ( x 1)
c
x2 1 °
(cos 2 x cos x)dx
Answer: (B) m (s) ¥1 ´
¦ sin 2 x sin xµ c
(C) We have §2 ¶
2
1
x¨ 1 x · ¨ 1 2x · (2 sin x sin 2 x) c
° e © 2¸
dx e x © 2° ¸ dx 2
ª1 x ¹ ª1 x (1 x 2 )2 ¹
Answer: (A) m (r)
ex
c (B) We have
1 x2
(cos 7 x cos 8 x)sin 5 x
Answer: (C) m (q) I ° sin 5 x sin 10 x
dx
(D) We have
¥ 15 x x´ ¥ 5x 5x ´
( x 2 3 x 3) ( x 1)( x 2) 1 ¦§ 2 sin sin µ ¦ 2 sin cos µ
¶ §
x
dx e x 2 2 2 2¶
° e
( x 2) 2 ° ( x 2)2
dx ° 15 x 5x
dx
2 sin cos
2 2
¨x1 1 ·
ex ©
° 2¸
dx x 5x
ª x 2 ( x 2) ¹ °
2 sin sin dx
2 2
x
e ( x 1) ° (cos 2 x cos 3 x)dx
c
x2
1 1
Answer: (D) m (p) sin 2 x sin 3 x c
2 3
6. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II. Answer: (B) m (s)
(C) We have
Column I Column II
I tan 3 2 x sec 2 x dx
°
cos 5 x cos 4 x 1 3
(A) ° 1 2 cos3 x
dx (p) (sec 2 x 3 sec 2 x)
6
2
° tan 2 x(sec 2 x tan 2 x) dx
2
cos 7 x cos 8 x 2 ° (sec 2 x 1)sec 2 x tan 2xx dx
(B) ° dx (q) (2 sin 3 x)3/2
1 2 cos 5 x 9
Put t sec 2 x, so that
tan 3 2 x sec 2 x dx 1
(C) ° (r)
2
(2 sin x sin 2 x)
dt
(sec 2 x tan 2 x)dx
1 1 2
(D)
° 2 sin 3 x cos 3 xdx (s)
2
sin 2 x sin 3 x c
3 Therefore
1
Solution: I (t 2 1) dt
°
2
(A) We have
1¥1 ´
¦ t 3 tµ c
2§3 ¶
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1 1 1 1
sec 3 2 x sec 2 x c c
6 2 3 sin 3 Q
Answer: (C) m (p) 1 1
c
3 (sin 2 Q )3/2
(D) We have
1
(cosec 2Q )3/2
I ° 2 sin 3 x cos 3 x dx
3
Put 2 sin 3 x t . Therefore 3 cos 3 xdx dt . Now 1
(1 cot 2 Q )3/2
3
1 3/ 2
I ° t dt
3
1 ¥ 1´
¦ 1 2 µ¶
2 3 § x
(t )3/2 c
9 1 ( x 2 1)3/2

2 3 x3
(2 sin 3 x)3/2 c
9 Therefore k 3.
Answer: (D) m (q) Answer: (A) m (p)
7. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II. (B) We have
2 x
Column I Column II
I ° (x x 1)2
x2 1 1 (1 x 2 )3/2 2 x
(A) If ° x4
dx
3 xk
, then (p) 3 ° 2¥1 1´
2
dx
x ¦1 µ
k equals § x x¶
2 1
2 x Kx
(B) If
° (x x 1) 2
dx
x x 1
, (q) 2
°
x 2
x x dx
2
then K is ¥ 1 1´
¦§ 1 µ
x x¶
x 10 2 1 ( x 10 2)3/2 (r) 15
(C) If ° x 16
dx
30 xm
c, Put
then m is 1 1
1 t
x x
dx
(D) If ° x x
n log e (1 x ), then n (s) 5 so that
is equal to ¥ 1 1´
¦§ 2 µ dx dt
2x x x ¶
Solution:
(A) Let ¥ 2 1 ´
¦ 2 µ dx 2dt
§x x x¶
x2 1
I ° x4
dx Therefore
Put x tan Q . Then 1

2
I °t 2
( 2)dt
sec Q sec Q
I °
tan 4 Q
dQ

2
t
c
cosQ 2
°
sin 4 Q
dQ
1 1
c
1
4 x
°t dt where t sin Q x
2x
t 41 1 3 c
c t c 1 x x
4 1 3
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Therefore K 2. 1 ¥ 2 ´
3/ 2
Answer: (B) m (q) ¦ 1 10 µ¶ c

30 § x
(C) We have 1 ( x 10 2)3/2
c
30 x 15
x 10 2
I ° x 16
dx
So m 15.
x 10 2 Answer: (C) m (r)
° x 11 x 5
dx
(D) We have
2 dx
1 10
x
I ° x x
° x 11
dx
dx
Put
° x ( x 1)
2 Put x t so that
1 t2
x 10
1
dx 2dt
so that x
20 Therefore
dx 2tdt
x 11
2
dx 1
11 tdt
I ° t 1 dt
x 10
2 log(t 1)
Therefore 2 log( x 1) c
¥ 1´ So n 2.
°
I t ¦ µ t dt
§ 10 ¶ Answer: (D) m (q)
3
t
c
30
1. Passage: (C) x log e (1 tan x) c
Using the formula
answer the following questions.
° udv uv ° vdu,
(D) x log e (1 sin x) c
(i) sec 3 xdx is equal to
° (iii) x
1 °e sin xdx is equal to
(A) (sec x tan x log e sec x tan x ) c
2 ex
(A) (sin x cos x) c
1 2
(B) (sec x log e sec x tan x ) c
2 e x
1 (B) (sin x cos x) c
(C) (sec x tan x log e sec x tan x ) c 2
2
ex
(D) sec x tan x 2 log e sec x tan x c (C) (sin x cos x) c
4
x
(ii) ° log (1 cos x)dx ° x tan 2 dx equals
e ex
(D) (cos x sin x) c
4
(A) x log e (1 cos x) c Solution:
(B) x log e (1 cos x) c
(i) We have
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Answer the following questions:

I sec 3 xdx
° (i) If
2
° sec x sec xdx
2 12
°x 1/ 3
(2 x 2 / 3 )1/ 4 dx (2 x 2 / 3 )@ 1 (2 x 2 / 3 )@ 2 c
2 3 5
°
sec x tan x sec x tan x dx
then @ 1 @ 2 is equal to
2
sec x tan x ° sec x(sec x 1)dx
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
sec x tan x I ° sec x dx (ii) If
@ A
Therefore dx 5¥ 1´ 5¥ 1´
2I sec tan x log sec x tan x
°x 35
1 (1 / x)
¦ 1 µ¶ ¦§ 1 µ¶ c
4§ x 9 x
then A @ equals
Answer: (A)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
(ii) We have
Solution:
°
I log e (1 cos x) dx
(i) Let
¥ sin x ´
x log e (1 cos x) x ¦ °
§ 1 cos x µ¶
dx
I x 1/ 3 (2 x 2 / 3 )1/ 4 dx
°
x
2°
x log e (1 cos x) x tan dx
Now m 1/ 3, n 2 / 3, p 1/ 4. Therefore
Therefore m 1 (1 / 3) 1
2 (integer)
x n 2/3
°
I x tan dx x log e (1 cos x)
2 So put
Answer: (B)
2 x 2/3 t 4
(iii) We have
so that
I e x sin x
° x (t 4 2)3/2
e x sin x e x cos x dx
° Therefore
e x sin x ¨©e x cos x e x ( sin x)dx ¸· 3

ª ° ¹ dx (4t 3 )(t 4 2)1/ 2 dt
2
e x sin x e x cos x I 6t 3 (t 4 2)1/ 2 dt
Therefore So
x
2I e (sin x cos x)
I (t 4 2)1/ 2 (t )(6t 3 )(t 4 2)1/ 2 dt
°
x
e
I (sin x cos x)
2 6 t 4 (t 4 2) dt
°
Answer: (A) ¨ t9 2 ·
6 © t5 ¸ c
2. Passage: If m, n, p are rational numbers, then the in- ª9 5 ¹
p
m
definite integral
°x (a bx n ) dx can be evaluated 2 12
(2 x 2 / 3 )9 / 4 (2 x 2 / 3 )5/ 4 c
in the following cases with the help of the substitu- 3 5
tion suggested. Hence
m1 9 5
Case 1: If is an integer, put a bx n t@ , where @1 @2 1
n 4 4
@ is the denominator of p.
m1 Answer: (D)
Case 2: If p is an integer, put a bx n t@ x n ,
n
where @ is the denominator of p. (ii) Let
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I x 14 / 5 (1 x) 1/ 5 dx sin x 2 cos x
° (ii) If
° 2 sin x cos x dx is equal to px +
Now m 14 / 5, n 1, p 1/ 5. Therefore qloge 2 sin x cos x c, then p q equals
m1 14 1 8 6 7
p 1 2 (integer) (A) (B) (C) (D) 1
n 5 5 5 5 5
Put (1 x) xt 5 so that Solution:
1 (i) Let
x 5
(t 5 1) 1
t 1 2 sin x 3 cos x
So
I ° 3 sin x 4 cos x dx
dx ( 1) (5t 4 ) (t 5 1) 2 dt Let
Hence 2 sin x 3 cos x K (3 sin x 4 cos x) L (3 cos x 4 sin x)
I (t 5 1)14 / 5 [t 5 (t 5 1) 1 ] 1/ 5 ( 5t 4 )(t 5 1) 2 dt
° Now equating the coefficients sin x and cos x on
both sides we get
(14 / 5)(1/ 5) 2
5 (t 5 1) (t 3 )dt 3K 4 L 2
°
3 5 4K 3 L 3
5° t (t 1) dt
Solving these equations, we get that K = 18/25 and L
¨ t9 t4 · = 1/25. Therefore
5 © ¸ c
ª9 4¹ 18 1 3 cos x 4 sin x
5 ¥ 1 x´
4/5
5 ¥ 1 x´
9/5 I ° 25 dx 25 ° 3 sin x 4 cos x dx
¦ µ ¦ µ c
4§ x ¶ 9§ x ¶ 18 1
x log e 3 sin x 4 cos x c
Therefore 25 25
Answer: (A)
9 4
A @ 1 (ii) Let
5 5
Answer: (A) sin x 2 cos x
I ° 2 sin x cos x dx
3. Passage: To evaluate
Let
a sin x b cos x
° c sin x d cos x
dx sin x 2 cos x K (2 sin x cos x) L (2 cos x sin x)
2 2 Therefore
where c d x 0, express the numerator as
a sin x b cos x K (Denominator) L (Derivative 2K L 1
of the denominator) K 2L 2
Answer the following questions so that K 4 / 5 and L 3 / 5. Hence
2 sin x 3 cos x 4 3
(i) ° 3 sin x 4 cos x dx equals p
5
and q
5
18 1 and so
(A) x log e 3 sin x 4 cos x c
25 25
7
18 1 pq
(B) x log e 3 sin x 4 cos x c 5
25 25
Answer: (C)
x 18
(C) log e 2 sin x 3 cos x c
25 25 4. Passage: To evaluate
x 18 1
(D) log e 3 sin x 4 cos x c
25 25 ° (Linear) Linear
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1 1 ¥ 2t ´
and ° (Quadratic) Linear
I °¥t 2
4
¦ µ dt
´ § 3¶
¦ 2µ t
put Linear t. Answer the following questions. § 3 ¶
dx dt
(i) If ° ( x 2) 3x 4
2 f ( x) c, then f ( x) 2 °t 2
2
equals 2 t
1/ 2 ´
Tan 1
1 ¥ 3 x 4 ´
¥
1 ¥ 3 x 4 ´ 2 2
(A) Tan ¦ (B) Tan ¦ ¦
§ 2 µ¶ §§ 2 ¶ ¶
µ µ ¥ 3x 4 ´
2 Tan 1 ¦ c
§ 2 µ¶
1 ¥ x 2 ´ 1 x2
(C) Tan ¦ (D) Tan c
§ 2 µ¶ 2 So
(ii) If 3x 4
f ( x) Tan 1
2
dx x1 3
° (x 2
p log e qTan 1 x 1 c Answer: (B)
4) x 1 x1 3
(ii) We have
then pq is equal to
dx
(A)
1
4 3
(B)
1
8
I ° (x 2
4) x 1
1 1 Put x 1 t 2 . So dx = 2tdt. Therefore

(C) (D)
3 3 8 3 1
dx
I ° [(t 2
1)2 4]t
(2t ) dt
(iii) If ° (x 3) x2
is equal to dt
2 2 °
(t 1 2) (t 2 1 2)
1 x2 5 dt
(A) log e c
5 x2 5 2 2 °
(t 1) (t 2 3)
1 x2 5 2 ¥ 1 1 ´
(B)
5
log e
x2 5
c °
¦§ 2 2 µ dt
4 t 3 t 1¶
1¨ 1 t 3 ·
1 x2 5 © log e Tan 1t ¸ c
(C) log e c 2 ©ª 2 3 t 3 ¸¹
5 x2 5
1 x1 3 1
log e Tan 1 x 1 c
1 x2 5 4 3 x1 3 2
(D) log e c
5 x2 5 Therefore
Solution: 1 1 1
pq s
(i) We have 4 3 2 8 3
dx Answer: (D)
I ° ( x 2) 3x 4 (iii) Let
Put 3 x 4 t 2 so that dx
x
2
t 4
I ° (x 3) x2
3
Put x 2 t 2 . Then
2t
and dx dt 1
3 I ° (t
5)t
(2t ) dt
2
Therefore dt
2 2 °
t 5
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2
log e
t 5
c I ° t 2 1 dt
where t x 2
2 5 t 5
t t2 1 1
1 x2 5 Sinh 1t c
log c 2 2
5 x2 5
sec x sec 2 x 1 1
Sinh 1 (sec x) c
Answer: (C) 2 2
5. Passage: So
° f (g(x)) g a(x) dx ° f (t) dt where t = g(x).
This rule is called substitution rule. Answer the fol- f ( x) sec x sec 2 x 1
lowing questions: Answer: (B)
(i) If (ii) Let
1 1 x 2 1 dx
° sec x tan x sec 2 x 1 dx Sinh 1 (sec x) f ( x) c
2 2 I ° x2 1 x4 1
then f ( x) is
Dividing numerator and denominator with x 2 we
get
(A) tan x sec 2 x 1 (B) sec x sec 2 x 1
2 1 (1/ x 2 )
(C) sec x tan x (D) sec x tan x I °¥ 1´ 2 1
dx
x 2 1 dx ¦§ x µ¶ x 2
(ii) x x
° x2 1 1 x4

dt 1
1 x 2
°t 2
t 2
where t x
x
(A) Cosh 1 c
2 1 x2
t
1 x 2
°t 2
t2 2
dt
(B) Sinh 1 c
2 1 x2
Put t 2 2 z2 so that tdt zdz . Therefore
1 ¥ x 2 ´
(C) Tan 1 ¦ µ c 1
2 § 1 x2 ¶ I ° (z 2
2) z
(z) dz
1 x 2 1 ¥ z ´
Cos 1 Tan 1 ¦ c
(D)
2 1 x2 2 § 2 µ¶
(iii) If 1 ¥ t2 2 ´
Tan 1 ¦ µ c
2 § 2 ¶
dx x2 2x 3 1
° (x 1) 3
x2 2x 3

8( x 1)2

16
f ( x) c

1
Tan 1
x 2 (1/x 2 )
c
2 2
then f ( x) is equal to
If
2 ´ 1 ¥ x 1´
1 ¥
(A) Sin ¦ (B) Cos ¦
§ x 1µ¶ § 2 µ¶ x 2 (1/ x 2 )
Tan 1 Q
2
1 ¥ x 1 ´ 1 ¥ x 1 ´
(C) Sin ¦ (D) Sec ¦
§ 2 µ¶ § 2 µ¶ then
Solution: x 2 (1/x 2 )
tan 2 P
(i) Let 2
I sec x tan x sec 2 x 1 dx [ x (1/x)]2

° or sec 2 P
2
Put sec x t so that sec x tan x dx dt . Therefore
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so that
t2
cosP
2

x 2 ° 1 4t 2
x (1/ x) x 2 1
1 1 4t 2 1
Hence
4 °1 4t 2
dt
x 2
P Cos 1 1 1 dt
x2 1 ° 1 4t 2 dt °
4 4 1 4t 2
Therefore
1 1 2 1 dt
I
1 ¥ x 2 ´
Cos 1 ¦ 2 µ c

4
s2 ° 4
t dt
8 ° (1/ 4) t 2
2 § x 1¶
Answer: (D)
1 ¨ t (1/ 4) t · 1
2
1
© Sin 1 2t ¸ Sin 1 (2t ) c
(iii) Let 2© 2 8 ¸ 8
ª ¹
dx ¨ ·
I ° (x 1) 3
x2 2x 3
1 ¥ 1 ´
©¦
§ µ¶ 1
4
2 ¸
1 1
Sin 1 (2t ) Sin 1 (2t ) c
8 ©ª x 1 ( x 1) ¸¹ 16 8
Put x 1 1/ t so that
x2 2x 3 1
1 2
Sin 1 (2t ) c
dx 2 dt 8( x 1) 16
t
Therefore
Therefore ¥ 2 ´
f ( x) Sin 1 ¦
t 3
¥ 1´ § x 1µ¶
I ° 1
¦§ 2 µ¶ dt
t Answer: (A)
2
4
t

x4 p (Tan 1 x)2 1
1. If ° dx 4 x 5 c, then p q _____. 2. ° 2
dx (Tan 1 x)n c
4 x5 q 1 x m
Solution: Let where m n is _____.

x4 Solution: We have
I ° 4 x 5
dx
(Tan 1 x)2
° dx t 2 dt ° where t Tan 1 x
Put 4 x 5 t 2 so that 1 x2
2 1
x 4 dx tdt t3 c
5 3
1
Therefore (Tan 1 x)3 c
3
2
I
5
dt ° So m n 3 3 6.
2
tc Answer: 6
5
2 3. If
4 x5 c
5 ¥ x 2 1 x 4 3x 2 1 ´
x2 1
So ° x x 4 3x 2 1
dx log e ¦
§ xk
µ c,
¶
p 2
pq 7 then the value of k is _____.
q 5
Answer: 7
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Solution: Let
( cot x)sec 7 x ( cot x)7 sec 6 x(sec x tan x) dx
°
1
1 7
I °x
x2 1
° x2 dx °
7 sec x dx
4 2 1
x 3x 1 2
x 2 3 cot x sec 7 x 7 sec 7 x dx 7 sec 7 x dx
° °
x 7
cot x sec x c
Put x (1/ x) t. Therefore Therefore
dt A @ 7 1 6
I ° t 12 Answer: 6
1
Sinh t c
6. If
log e (t t 2 1) c k
2x ¥ x 2 1´
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
2 ° (1 x 2 ) x 4 1
dx ¦ 2
§ x 1¶
µ c
log e ¦ x µ ¦ x µ 1 c
§ x¶ § x¶
then 1/k is equal to_____.
2 4 2
( x 1 x 3 x 1) Solution: We have
log e c
x
2 x
Therefore k = 1. I ° (x 2
1)3/2 x 2 1
dx
Answer: 1
2 x
4. If
° 2 2 x2 1
dx
sin 2 x 1 1 ( x 1)
° sin 3x sin 5x dx p log e sin 3 x log e sin 5 x c x2 1
q
Put
then |p q| is _____.
x2 1 2
t
Solution: We have x2 1
sin 2 x sin(5 x 3 x) Therefore
° sin 3x sin 5x dx ° sin 3x sin 5x dx 2 x( x 2 1) 2 x( x 2 1)
dx 2t dt
sin 5 x cos 3 x cos 5 x sin 3 x ( x 2 1)2
° sin 3 x sin 5 x
dx
2 x
dx t dt
° (cot 3 x cot 5 x)dx ( x 1)2
2
1 1 So
log e sin 3 x log e sin 5 x c
3 5 1
Therefore
I ° t (t) dt
tc
p q 3 5 2
x2 1
Answer: 2 c
x2 1
5. If Hence
cosec 2 x 7 1 1
dx (cot x)@ (sec x)A c k or 2
° cos7 x 2 k
Answer: 2
then the value of A @ is _____.
Solution: We have 7. If
2
cosec x 7 cot 3 x cos x 1 (1 tan 5x)2/5
° dx sec 7 xcosec 2 xdx 7 sec 7 x dx
° °
cos7 x ° (sin 5
x cos5 x)3/2
dx
2 tan@ x
c
then @ is equal to _____.

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Solution: Let 8. If
cot 3 x cos x x2 1
I ° dx ° 6
Tan 1 ( x 3 )dx [Tan 1 ( x m )]n c
(sin 5 x cos5 x)3/ 5 1 x k
cos4 x then mn k is equal to _____.

° sin 3 x(sin 5 x cos5 x) 3/5
dx
Solution: Let
4
cos x x2
° sin 6
x(1 cot 5 x)3/5
dx I ° 1 x6
Tan 1 ( x 3 )dx
2
sec x
° tan 6
dx Put Tan 1 ( x 3 ) t so that
x(1 cot 5 x)3/5
3x 2
Put tan t . Then dx dt
1 x6
1 Therefore
I ° t [1 (1/ t )]
6 5 3/5
dt
t
1 I ° 3 dt
° t (1 t )
3 5 3/5
dt
1 2
t c
3 5 3 / 5 6
°
t (1 t ) dt
1
(Tan 1 x 3 )2 c
Here 6
m1 3 1 3 So
p 1 (integer)
n 5 5 mn k 6 6 0
5 5 5
Put 1 t z t (Binomial differential). Then Answer: 0
1
t5 9. If
z5 1
ex 1 ¥ ex a ´
z5
1 t 5 z5 t 5 5 ° e 2 x 6e x 5
dx
4
log e¦ x
§ e b¶
µ c
z 1
then a b is _____.
and
Solution: We have
1
dt (z5 1)( 1/ 5) 1 (5z4 )dz
5 ex
z4 (z5 1) 6 / 5 dz
I °e 2x
6e x 5
dx
dt
So ° where t e x
(t 1)(t 5)
3 / 5
¥ z5 ´ 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
I (z5 1)3 / 5 ¦ 5
° µ ( z4 )(z5 1) 6 / 5 dz ¦§° µ dt
§ z 1¶ 4 t 1 t 5¶
1 ¥ ex 1´
zdz °
4
log e ¦ x
§ e 5¶
µ c
z2
c Therefore
2
2/5 a b 4
1 ¥ 1 t 5 ´
c
2 ¦§ t 5 µ¶ Answer: 4
1 (1 tan 5 x)2/5 10. If

c
2 tan 2 x 2x ¥ x2 a ´
Therefore @ 2. ° ( x 2 1)( x 2 2)
dx log e ¦ x2 bµ c
§ ¶
Answer: 2 then b a is _____.
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2x dt b a 2 1 1
° (x 2
1)( x 2 2)
dx °
(t 1)(t 2)
where t x 2
Answer: 1
¥ 1 1 ´
°
¦
§ t 1 t 2 µ¶
dt
¥ x2 1´
log e ¦ 2 µ
§ x 2¶
EXERCISES
To have a grip over integration, the student has to practice 9. Show that
problems on various methods. That is why we are supply-
x4 1 x3 x
ing the student with a number of problems for evaluation. ° x 3 Tan 1 x dx Tan 1 x c
Hence, the exercise contains only subjective problems. 4 12 4
xe x Hint: Use integration by parts.

1. Evaluate ° 1 x 2
dx.
Sin 1 x
xe x
10. Evaluate
° 1 x
dx.
2. Evaluate ° 1 ex
dx
11. Show that
x
e
Hint: Take u x, dv so that v 2 1 e x x2 1
1 ex ° [log e ( x 2 1) 2 log e x]dx
x4
and use integration by parts.
( x 2 1)3/2 ¨ ¥ 1 ´·
3. Show that 3 © 2 3 log e ¦ 1 2 µ ¸ c
9x ª § x ¶¹
dx ¥ 1 e x 1 e x e 2 x ´ 1
° 1 e x e2 x
log e ¦ µ c
¦§ 1 e x 1 e x e 2 x µ¶
Hint: Put 1
x2
t.
4. Show that 12. Compute

° sin x log e tan xdx
¥ tan x ´ x 3 3x 2 5x
° 2 tan 2 xdx Tan 1 ¦ µ 13. Evaluate ° dx.
§ 2 tan 2 x ¶ 1 x2
x2 1
log e (tan x 2 tan 2 x ) c 14. Evaluate ° dx .
3
x 3 3x 1
Hint: Put t tan x .
log e x
3
2 x 2 5)e 3 x dx.
15. Evaluate ° dx.
5. Evaluate
° (x x 1 log e x
log e x 1 16. Show that

6. Evaluate ° (log e x)2
dx.
dx 1 ¥a ´
°a 2 2 2 2
Tan 1 ¦ tan xµ c
sin x b cos x ab §b ¶
7. Show that
x log x log e x Hint: Divide numerator and denominator with cos2 x

° (x 2
dx Tan 1 x 2 1 c and put t tan x .
1)3 / 2 x2 1
x2 1
8. Prove that 17. Compute
° (x 4 2 1´
1 ¥
3 x 1)Tan ¦ x µ
dx .
1 x2 1 ¥ 2 2x2 x ´ § x¶
° 2 x2
dx
2 2
log e¦ µ
§ 2 2x2 x ¶ Hint: Divide numerator and denominator with x 2
1 ¥ 1´
log e ( x x 2 1) c and put t Tan ¦ x µ .
§ x¶
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Exercises 449
dx 28. Show that

18. Evaluate ° 2 . 7x 1 2 1
x 6 x 13
° 6x 2
x 1
dx
3
log e (3x 1) log e (2 x 1) c
2
19. Show that
dx
2/3 3
dx ( x 4) x 1/ 3 c
29. Compute I ° 1 sin 4 .
° (x 1)x 4
x
Hint: Divide numerator and denominator with
20. Show that cos4 x and put t tan x . Then
dx x 1
° x 1 2
x 1

x1
c
I ° 2t 4
t2 1
dt
2t 2 1
21. Prove that 1
1 2
dx 1 ¥ u 3´ 1 t
° (x 2

4) x 1 4 3
log e ¦ µ
§ u 3¶ 2
Tan 1u ° 2 1
2t 2 2
dt
t
where u x 1.
Now write
22. Show that
1 ¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
1 2
a¦ 2 2 µ b¦ 2 2 µ
t § t ¶ § t ¶
(1 1 x x 2 )2 2
° dx ( 1 x x 2 1)
x 2
1 x x 2 x Find a, b and then use the substitutions
log e 2 x 1 2 1 x x 2 c 1 1
2t u and 2t z
t t
Hint: Use Euler’s substitution 1 x x 2 tx 1 Note: This is a very interesting case and the one who
and carefully simplify. attempts the problem is generally considered to be a
dx good student. Do not mind the answer. The proce-
23. Evaluate ° 2
x 3x 4
. dure is required.
30. Show that
Note: To evaluate this integral, you can use Euler’s
substitution dx 1
° 2
3x 5x

3
log e 6 x 5 12 x(3 x 5) c
( x 4)( x 1) ( x 4)t
31. Show that
But it is easy to see that the given integral is
dx 1 ¥ x 2´
dx °x Sin 1 ¦ c
° 2
x 4x 4 2 § x 2 µ¶
2
¥ 3´ 25
¦§ x µ¶ Hint: Put x 1/t.
2 16
2 3/ 2
which is a standard integral. 32. Compute
° (2 x x ) dx.
sin 3 x Hint: Put 2 x t 2 x .
24. Compute ° 2 cos x dx .
cos3 x x2 2x
25. Evaluate ° sin 4 x
dx . 33. Evaluate ° x
dx .
dx 34. Show that

26. Evaluate ° 5 7 x 3x 2
.
° 2 x x 2 dx
( x 1) 1
2 x x 2 Sin 1 ( x 1) c
2 2
27. Show that 35. Show that
dx ¥ 2x 3´ x
° Sin 1 ¦ c tan 2
§ 17 µ¶ dx 1 2
2 3x x 2
° log e
4 5 sin x 3 x
2 tan 1
c
2
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Hint: Put t tan( x/2) . x2 x 1

2
x Tan 1
x
43. Compute ° (x 2
1)2
dx.
36. Evaluate° 1 x 2
dx .
1 x sin x cos x
37. Compute ° x (log
3 2
e x) dx .
44. Evaluate ° x(1 cos x)
dx .
cos x x sin x
38. Show that 45. Compute ° x( x cos x)
dx .
x6 1 ¨ ¥ x 6 1´ ·
° © log e ¦ 6 µ ¸ dx x2 1
x 10
©ª § x ¶ ¸¹ 46. Evaluate ° x3 1
dx.
1 ¨ 2 3/ 2 4 ·
t log e t t 3/ 2 ¸ c x2 1 A Bx c
©
6 ª3 9 ¹ Hint:
x3 1 x 1 x2 x 1
x6 1 47. Show that
where t .
x6 x2 1 ¥ x 2 1´
(a) ° 4 2
dx Tan 1 ¦ µ c
log e x x x 1 § x ¶
39. Evaluate ° (1 log e x)
2
dx.
x2 1 1 x2 x 3 1
Hint: Put log e x t (b)
°x 4 2
x 1
dx
2 3
log e 2
x x 31
c
cos 2x Hint: For (a), divide numerator and denominator by

40. Evaluate
° sin x
dx.
x 2 and put x (1/ x) t.
1 tan 2 x For (b), put x (1/ x) t.
Hint: Write cos 2 x and put t 2=1 tan2x
1 tan 2 x
48. Show that
dx
41. Evaluate ° ( x 2 1)2
. x4 1 x4 x2 1
°x 2
x4 x2 1
dx
x
c
Hint: Use integration by parts or put the substitu-
tion x tanP . Hint: Divide numerator and denominator by x 3 and
2 1 2
x4 put substitution x 2 1 t .
42. Evaluate ° (x 2
1)2
dx. x
1 x2 dx
Hint: We have
4 4
49. Evaluate ° 1 x2 x4 1
.
x x 1 1

( x 2 1)2 ( x 2 1)2 1 x2 dx
x 12
1
50. Compute ° 1 x2 1 x2 x4
.

x 2 1 ( x 2 1)2
2 1
1 2 2
x 1 ( x 1)2
ANSWERS
ex ¥1 3
5. e 3 x ¦
2 13 ´
x x2 x µ c
1. c §3
x1 3 9¶
¥ 1 e x 1´ x
6. c
2. 2 x 1 e x 4 1 e x 2 log e ¦ µ c log e x
§ 1 e x 1¶
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Answers 451
1 1 1
10. 2 1 x Sin x 4 1 x c 36. x Tan
1
x log e (1 x 2 ) (Tan 1 x)2 c
2 2
x
12. cos x log e (tan x) log e tan c
2 x4 x4 x4
37. (log e x)2 log e x c
4 8 32
x2
13. 3 x 2 log e ( x 2 1) 3Tan 1 x c x
2 39. c
1 log e x
1 3
14. ( x 3 x 1)2/3 c
2 1 1 t 1 2 t
40. log e log e where t = 1 tan 2 x
2 2 1 t 2 2 t
15. (log e x 2) 1 log e x c
3
x 1
41. Tan 1 x c
1 ¥ 1´ 2
2( x 1) 2
17. log e Tan ¦ x µ c
§ x¶
3 x
1 ¥ x 3´ 42. x Tan 1 x c
18. Tan 1 ¦ c 2 2(1 x 2 )
2 § 2 µ¶
1 1
x4 x 1 43. Tan x
23. log e c 2
2( x 1)
x4 x 1
x
cos2 x 44. log e x 2 log e sec c
24. 2 cos x 3 log e (2 cos x) c 2
2
1 1 x
25. c 45. log e c
3
3 sin x sin x x cos x
1 ¥ 6x 7 ´ 46.
26. Sin 1 ¦ c
3 § 109 µ¶ 2 1 1 ¥ 2 x 1´
log e x 1 log e ( x 2 x 1) Tan 1 ¦ c
3 6 3 § 3 µ¶
x 1
32. c
2x x2 1 x4 1
49. Tan 1 c
2 x 2
33. x 2 2 x log e x 1 x 2 2 x c
1 x
50. Sin c
1 x2
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Definite Integral,
Areas and Differential
Equations
5
Contents
5.1 Definite Integral
5.2 Areas
5.3 Differential
Equations
q
Definite Integral, Areas and
Worked-Out Problems
Exercises
Answers
Differential Equations
A diff ti l equation
differential ti is a
mathematica
mathematicall equatio
equation n for
an unknown functio
function n of one
or several variable
variabless that
relates the values of the func-
tion itself and its derivative
derivativess
of various orders.
Integration
Integration
Integratioonnisisan
an important
f (x) y concept in mathematic
mathematicss and,
together with its inverse, dif-dif
dif-
ferentiatio n, is one of the two
ferentiation,
ferentiatio n
+
main operations in calculu s.
calculus.
a O − b x
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454 Chapter 5 Definite Integral, Areas and Differential Equations
5.1 Definite Integral

To find the area of a region bounded by an irregular curve, we subdivide the region into rectangles of small width; the
sum of the areas of these rectangles gives an approximate value to the area of the given region. As we reduce the width
of the rectangle, the sum of the areas gives a good approximation to the area of the region. This idea led to the defini-
tion of definite integral by Bernard Riemann (1826–1866), a nineteenth century mathematician. In this chapter, we
state the theorems (without proofs) and provide many problems to improve the working skills of the student.
DEFINITION 5.1 Let a, b , a b and f : [a, b] m be a function. Suppose

P {a x0 x1 x2 xn b}
is a partition of [a, b]. Suppose ti [ xi 1 , xi ], i 1, 2, 3, {, n. Then
n
S( f , P ) ¤ f (t ) ( x x
i 1
i i i 1 )
(it is customary to write $

$xi for xi xi 1 ) is called a Riemann intermediate sum of f associ-
f P) converges to a limit @ as max {$
ated with the partition P. If S( f, $xi , i 1, 2, , n} tends to
zero then we say that f is Riemann integrable, or simply integrable, over [a, b] and @ is the
(Riemann) integral of f over [a, b]. We denote @ by
b b
°f
a
° f (x) dx
a
d
Here x is only a dummy variable and can be replaced by any other variable. For example
b b
° f (t) dt
a
or ° f ( y) dy
a
b
In this case, f is called the integrand
d and ° f (x) dx is called the (definite) integral of f over [a, b].
a
T H E O R E M 5.1 If f : [a, b] m is an integrable function, then f is bounded.
DEFINITION 5.2 Suppose f : [a, b] m is integrable so that f is bounded (by Theorem 5.1). Let
P {a x0 x1 x2 xn b}
be a partition of [a, b]. Write
Mi b { f ( x) | x [ xi 1 , xi ]}
and mi {ff ( x) | x [ xi 1 , xi ]}
Then
n
L( f , P ) ¤ m (x
i 1
i i xi 1 )
is called the (Riemann) lower sum of f overr [a, b] and

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5.1 Definite Integral 455
n
U ( f , P) ¤ M (x
i 1
i i xi 1 )
is called the (Riemann) upper sum of f overr [a, b].

(f, P) b S (f
It may be noted that L (f (f, P) b U (f
(f, P).
From the definition of integrability, the following can be easily proved.
T H E O R E M 5.2 Suppose f and g are defined and Riemann integrable over [a, b]. Then
b b
(i) L L f is integrable over [a, b] and ° Lf °
L f.
a a
b b b
(ii) f g is integrable and °( ) f ° ° g.
a a a
b b
(iii) f ( x) b g(
g( x) x [[a, b] ° f ° g.
a a
Note: If f1, f2, {, fn are integrable over [a, b], then from (ii) of Theorem 5.2, it follows that f1 f2 fn is integrable
over [a, b] and
b n b
°
a
( 1 2 n)
i 1 a
°f i
Examples
1. The constant function 1 is integrable over [a, b] and b

b2 a 2
b °
a
f
2
°
a
1 (b a) (S( f , P )) b a
Proof: Let P {a x0 x1 x2 xn } be a partition
of [a, b] and ti [ xi 1 , xi ] so that
for every partition P of [a, b] and hence S (f, p) m b
a as Max {$x1 , $x2 ,… , $xn } m 0. n n
2. Suppose a b and f : [a, b] m is defined by S( f , P ) ¤

i 1
f (ti )( xi xi 1 ) ¤ t (x x
i 1
i i i 1 )
f ( x) ¬ Now
Then f is not integrable over [a, b]. This is because b2 a 2 ¥ b a ´
¦ (b a)
2 § 2 µ¶
«0 if wetake ti [ xi 1 , xi ] as irrational
S( f , P ) ¬ ¥ x x0 ´
b a if wetake ti [ xi 1 , xi ] as rational ¦ n ( x x0 )
§ 2 µ¶ n
so that S (f, P) does not converge as Max {$x1, xn2 x02
$x2 , {, $xn } tends to zero.
2
3. The identify function f : [a, b] m given by f (x) x
for all x [a, b] is integrable over [a, b] and
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n 2 2 n
( i 1 )
¤
i 1
i
2
b ¤ 2 (x i xi 1 ) if $xxi
2
i 1
n
xi xi 1
¤
i 1
2
( i i 1 )
(b a)
2
Hence
Hence
b2 a2
2 2 n S( f , P ) m
b a ¥ xi xi ´ 2
S( f , P )
2 ¤§t
i 1
i
2
1
( xi xi 1 )µ
¶
5.1.1 Geometrical Interpretation of the Definite Integral

y y
y f (x )
f (t1)
f (tn)
f (t2)
O a x0 t1 x1 t2 x2 xn 1 tn xn b x O xi 1 ti xi x
xi
(a) (b)
FIGURE 5.1
Let f : [a, b] m [0, d) be a function, P {x0, x1, x2, {, xn} be a partition of [a, b] and ti [ xi 1 , xi ] for i 1, 2,…, n. Then
(see Fig. 5.1)
f (ti ) $xi f (ti )( xi xi 1 )
Area of the rectangle with width $xi and height f (ti)
Hence
n
S( f , P ) ¤ f (t ) $x
i 1
i i
Sum of the areas of the rectangles with width $xi xi xi 1 and height f (ti)
Thus, the area A enclosed by the x-axis, the lines x a, x b and the curve y f (x) is approximately equal to S (f, P).
When the width of the rectangles becomes smaller, that is when Max {$x1, $x2, {, $xn} is small, the sum of the areas
b
or S (f, P) is very nearly equal to A. If f is integrable, then S (f, P) converges to ° f (x) dx and hence
a
b
A ° f (x) dx
a
Thus, definite integral of a non-negative function f, when integrable, maybe interpreted over [a, b] as the area enclosed
by the curve y f (x), the lines x a, x b and the x-axis.
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As already mentioned in the beginning of this section, we are going to state some theorems (without proofs) whose
validity, we assume.
T H E O R E M 5.3 Suppose a b c d b b d f [a, b] m is defined by

«1 if x [c, d]
f ( x) ¬
0 otherwise
Then f is integrable over [a, b] and

b d
°f °
a c
d c
From Theorem 5.3 it follows that every step function f on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b]. In fact we have the following
theorem.
T H E O R E M 5.4 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a step function. Hence, f can be written as

m
f ¤L x
i 1
i Ji
where Ji is a sub-interval of [a, b] and J1, J2, {, Jm are disjoint. Then f is integrable and
b m
° ¤L
a
f
i 1
i ( Ji )
m
¤ L (d
i 1
i i ci ) if Ji [ci , di ]
where ( i ) is the length of the interval Ji.
Note: In part (2) of the example given after Theorem 5.2, the function is not a step function, even though it has two
values. That is,
f ( x) ¬
is not a step function.
T H E O R E M 5.5 Suppose a c b and f is integrable over [a, c] and [c, b]. Then f is integrable over [a, b] and
b c b
° f ° f ° f
a a c
In fact, if a0 a1 a2 an and f is integrable over each of [ i , ai ] (i 1, 2, 3, , n), then f is

integrable over [a0, an] and
an a1 a2 an
°
a0
f °
a0
f °
a1
f °
an 1
f
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T H E O R E M 5.6 Suppose f : [a, b] m is integrable and K1, K2, {, Kn (a, b). Suppose g(x) f (x) for x x K1,
K2, {, Kn. Then g is integrable over [a, b] and
b b
° °f
a
g
a
In other words, if two functions f and g differ only at a finite number of points in [a, b] and if one
of them is integrable, then the other function is also integrable and will have the same integral.
The following theorem is useful to decide the integrability of a function.
T H E O R E M 5.7 f : [a, b] m is integrable over [a, b] if and only if to each 0, there exists a partition P of [a, b]
(R I E M A N N such that
INTEGRABILITY
CRITERION) P))
U ( f , P ) L( f , P
A good application of Riemann integrable criterion is the following.
T H E O R E M 5.8 Every continuous function on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
Theorem 5.8 is very important, application wise, since many of the functions we come across are continuous.
QUICK LOOK 1
1. Every polynomial function being continuous for all 3. The function log x is continuous on any closed in-
real x, is integrable over any interval [a, b]. terval [a, b], 0 a b. Hence, log x is integrable
2. The functions sin x and cos x being continuous on over [a, b].
any interval [a, b], are integrable over [a, b]. 4. Since ex is continuous for all real x, ex is integrable
over any closed interval [a, b].
Note:
1. Even though Theorem 5.8 is useful application wise, it suffers from one drawback, namely it does not give the value
b
of the integral ° f.
a
2. Theorem 5.8 remains true even if f is discontinuous at a finite number of points in (a, b).
T H E O R E M 5.9 (i) Every increasing function on [a, b] is integrable.

(ii) Every decreasing function on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
b
Note: Here again, the integrability of a monotonic function f is guaranteed, but does not specify the value of ° f.
a
T H E O R E M 5.10 Suppose f : [a, b] m is a function and a c b. Then f is integrable over [a, b] if and only if f is
(A D D I T I O N integrable over [a, c] and [c, b]. In this case,
THEOREM)
b c b
° f ° f ° f
a a c
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C O R O L L A R Y 5.1 If a b c d b b and f is integrable over [a, b], then f is integrable over [c, d].
DEFINITION 5.3 Suppose a b and f is integrable over [a, b]. Then, we define
a b a
°f
b
°f
a
and °f 0
a
As a consequence of this definition and earlier results, we have the following theorem.
T H E O R E M 5.11 Suppose f is integrable over [a, b] and @,

@ A,
A F [a, b]. Then
B G A A
° ° °
A
f
B
f
G
f °f 0
A
Note:
1. Suppose f : [0,, ] m is defined as
«1/x i x x 0
f ( x) ¬
0 if x 0
Then f is continuous on [c, 1] for every c (0, 1] and hence it is integrable over (c, 1] if 0 c b 1. But f is nott inte-
grable over [0, 1], since it is not bounded on [0, 1].
2. Define f : [0,, ] m by
« 1
®sin , x x 0
f ( x) ¬ x
®0, x0
This function f is bounded on [0, 1] and is continuous on [0, 1] except at x 0 and hence it is integrable over [0, 1].
The following theorem is called mean value theorem for integrals.
T H E O R E M 5.12 Suppose a b and f be continuous on [a, b]. Then there exists c [a, b] such that
(M E A N V A L U E
THEOREM FOR b
INTEGRALS) °f
a
f ( c ) ( b a)
The following theorem is very important in view of its applicability. This theorem is useful in evaluating definite inte-
grals. It is also known as Newton–Leibnitz theorem.
(F U N D A M E N T A L (i) f : [a, b] m is integrable.
THEOREM OF
INTEGRAL (ii) F : [a, b] m is continuous.
CALCULUS) (iii) F a( x) f ( x) in (a, b).
Then
b
°f a
F(
F b) F (a)
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Note:
1. It is customary to denote F (b) F (a) by [ ( x)]ba .
2. Theorem 5.13 can also be stated as follows: If F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x) on [a, b], then
b
°f
a
F (b) F (a)
b
3. ° F a F (b) F (a) if F a is integrable.
a
4. Theorem 5.13 remains true if F a(x) f(
f x) on [a, b] except at a finite number of points in [a, b].
Using Theorems 5.8 and 5.13 we can prove the following examples.
Examples
x2 « 1 if x 0
1. is an antiderivative of x on [a, b] so that ®
2 5. Let sign x ¬ 0 if x 0
® 1 if x 0
b b
¨ x2 · b2 a 2
°
a
x dx © ¸
ª 2 ¹a 2 Now | x | is an antiderivative of sign x except at x 0
and sign x is a step function and hence is integrable.
x n1 Therefore, from Theorem 5.13 and Note (4) under it,
2. (n x 1) is an antiderivation of xn so that we have
n1
2
b b 2
°
¨ x n1 ·
x n dx © ¸
1
(b n 1 a n 1 ) ° sign x dx ;| x |= 2
2 20
ª n 1 ¹a n 1 2
a
6. Suppose F ( x) x on [0, 1] so that
where a 0, b 0.
3. Antiderivative of ex is ex. This implies 1
F a( x ) on (0, 1]
b 2 x
x b
ea Let
° e dx e
a « 1
® if 0 x b 1
4. sin x is an antiderivative of cos x. This implies f ( x) ¬ 2 x
® 0 if x 0

b
Then F a(x) f (x) on (0, 1) and f is not integrable over
° cos xdx sin b sin a
a [0, 1] since it is not bounded. Hence, Fundamental
Theorem of Integral Calculus (Theorem 5.13) is not
applicable in this situation.
DEFINITION 5.4 Suppose f : [a, b] m is integrable and x [a, b]. Then f is integrable over [a, x]. We define
x
F ( x) °f
a
x [a, b]
F (x) is called the indefinite integral of f over [a, b].
x
Note: We may choose any c [a, b] and define G( x) °f c
which is also an indefinite integral. Also F and G differ by
a constant.
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We have the following theorem about the indefinite integral.
x
T H E O R E M 5.14 Suppose f : [a, b] m is integrable. Then the indefinite integral F ( x)
[a, b].
° f is continuous over
a
T H E O R E M 5.15 If f is continuous on [a, b], then

(F U N D A M E N T A L x
THEOREM OF (i) F ( x)
INTEGRAL ° f (t) dt is differentiable.
a
CALCULUS –
SECOND FORM) (ii) F a( x) f ( x) x [a, b].
Note: This theorem gives the impression that the indefinite integral F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x). But this is not
true in view of the following example.
Example
x signum function “sign x” on [ 1, 1]. But F (x) is not
F ( x) ° sign t dt x 1 is the indefinite integral of the differentiable at “0” and hence is not an antiderivative of
1 sign x on [ 1, 1].
As an application of the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus – Second Form, we have the following theorem
known as substitution theorem which is useful in the evaluation process of definite integrals.
(S U B S T I T U T I O N
(i) g : [a, b] m is continuously differentiable.
THEOREM)
(ii) g ([a, b]) [c, d].
(iii) f : [c, d] m is continuous.
Then ( f g ) g a is integrable over [a, b] and
b g ( b)
° ( f g )g a ° f
a g (a)
That is,
b g ( b)
° f g(t ) g a(t ) dt ° f ( x) dx
a g (a)
As a consequence of Theorem 5.16, we have the following properties of definite integral listed below as P1, P2, {, P6.
5.1.2 Some Properties of the Definite Integral

P1: If f is integrable over [0, a], then
a a
°
0
f ( x) dx ° f (a x) dx
0
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Proof: Write g (x) a x. Then

a 0
°
0
f (a x) dx
d ° f (a(a
a
x) dx
0
° f (g(x))g a((x)
a
( g ( x) )
g( )
°
g (a)
f ( x) dx
a
° f (x) dx
0
Example 5.1
1 1
Evaluate ° x(1 x) dx. 9
( x 9 x 10 ) dx
°
0 0
1 10 1 1 11 1
Solution: Let [ x ]0 [ x ]0
10 11
1 1 1

I x(1 x)9 dx
° 10 11
0 1

1
110
(1 x)[1 (1 x)]9
°
0
1
(1 x) x 9
°
0
Example 5.2
P /2 Therefore
sin n x
Evaluate °
0
sin n x cosn x
dx where n is rational.
P /2
¥ sin n x cosn x ´
2I ° ¦§ sin
0
n n
n n µ
x cos x cos x sin x ¶
dx
Solution: Let
P /2
P
P /2
sin n x
° 1 dx 2
I ° sin
0
n
x cosn x
dx 0
P /2 This implies
sin n ( P2 x)
° sin ( n P
2
x) cosn ( P2 x)
dx
I
P
0 4
P /2
cosn x
° cos
0
n
x sin n x
dx
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Example 5.3
Show that P
P
P
P /2 °
P f (sin x) dx I
0
°
0
x f (sin x) dx
2 °
0
f (sin x) dx
Therefore
P
Solution: Let
P
°
2 I P f (sin x) dx
0
°
I x f (sin x) dx
P
P /2
0
P
I
2 °
0
f (sin x) dx
°
(P x) f [sin(P x)] dx
0
P2: If f is integrable over [0, 2a] then

2a a a
°
0
f ( x) dx °
0
°
f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx
0
and further
2a
« a
° f ( x) dx ¬
0
°
®®2 f ( x) dx if f (2a x) f ( x)
0 ®
®0 if f (2a x) f ( x)
Proof: Let
2a
I ° f (x) dx
0
a 2a
°
0
f ( x) dx ° f (x) dx
a
(By Theorem 5.10)
a 0
° f (x) dx ° f (2a t)( 1) dt
0 a
where t 2a x
a a
° f (x) dx ° f (2a t) dt
0 0
a a
° f (x) dx ° f (2a x) dx
0 0
« a
¬
0
°
®®2 f ( x) dx if f (2a x) f ( x)
®
®0 if f (2a x) f ( x)
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Example 5.4
P P /2
x sin x sin x ¥ sin(2 P2 x) sin x ´
Evaluate °
0
1 cos2 x
dx. 2P ° 2
1 cos x
dx ¦
§
∵ 2 P
µ
1 cos (2 2 x) 1 cos2 x ¶
0
0
Solution: Let 1
2P ° 1 t
1
2
( 1)dt where t cos x
P
x sin x
I ° 1 cos2 x
dx 1
dt
0 2P ° 1 t
0
2
P
(P x)sin(P x) 1
°
0
1 cos2 (P x)
dx 2P ¨ª Tan 1t ·¹
0
P 2P (Tan 1 1 Tan 1 0)
sin x
P ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx I

P2
2
Therefore
Hence
P
sin x
P2
2I P ° 1 cos
0
2
x 2I
2
2P / 2
sin x P2
I
P °
0
1 cos2 x
dx 4
P3: Suppose f is integrable over [ a, a]. Then
a
« a
° f ( x) dx ¬
0
°
®®2 f ( x)dx if f is an even function
a ®
® 0 if f is an od
dd function
Proof: We have
a
I ° f (x) dx
a
0 a
°
a
°
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx (By Theorem 5.10)
0
Therefore
0 a
I ° f ( t)( dt) ° f (x) dx
a 0
where x t
a a
°
0
°
f ( t ) dt f (x) dx
0
If f is even
a a a
I ° f (t) dt ° f (x) dx 2° f (x) dx
0 0 0
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If f is odd, then
a a
° °
I f (t )dt f ( x)dx 0
0 0
Example 5.5
1 1
dx dx
Evaluate °
1
1 x2
. I2 ° 1 x 2
0
1
Solution: Let 2 ¨ª Tan 1 x ·¹
0
1 2(Tan 1 1 Tan 1 0)
dx
I °
1
1 x2 ¥P ´
2 ¦ 0µ
§4 ¶
P
We know that 1/(1 x 2 ) is an even function. Therefore
2
Example 5.6
Show that cos x ; log e (1 x) log e (1 x)=

1/ 2 ¥ 1 x´
¥ 1 x´ cos x log e ¦
° cos x log e ¦ dx 0 § 1 x µ¶
§ 1 x µ¶
1/ 2 f ( x)
Solution: Let Therefore, f is an odd function and hence

1/ 2
¥ 1 x´ 1 1
f ( x) cos x log e ¦ for bxb
§ 1 x µ¶ 2 2 ° f ( x) dx 0
1/ 2
Now
¥ 1 x´
f ( x) cos( x)log e ¦
§ 1 x µ¶
Example 5.7
If f : m and g : m are continuous functions so that

then show that
Q( x) ; f ( x) f ( x)=; g( x) g( x)=
P /2 Q( x)
° ; f ( x) f ( x)=; g( x) g( x)= dx 0
Therefore Q is an odd function. Hence
P / 2
P /2
Solution: Let
° Q( x) dx 0
Q( x) ; f ( x) f ( x)=; g( x) g( x)= P / 2
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P4: Suppose f is a periodic function on with period T. That is
f ( x T ) f ( x) x
Then for any positive integer n,
nT T
°0
°
f ( x) dx n f ( x) dx
0
Proof: We have
nT T 2T mT nT
° f (x) dx ° f (x) dx ° f (x) dx °

0 0 T ( m 1)T
f ( x) dx °
( n 1)T
f ( x) dx
Let
mT
Im ° f ( x) dx, m 1, 2, 3, …, n
( m 1)T
Put t x (m 1)T . Then
x (m 1)T t 0
x mT t T
Hence
T
Im ° f [t (m 1)T ] dt
0
T
° f (t) dt [∵ (m 1)T is also period of f when m = 2, 3, … , n]
0
Therefore
nT n
° f ( x) dx ¤I
m 1
m
0
n mT
¤ °
m 1 ( m 1)T
f ( x) dx
n T
¤ ° f (x) dx
m 1 0
T
°
n f ( x) dx
0
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3.4
5.1 Maxima–Minima
Definite Integral 467
Example 5.8
100 100 1
Evaluate ° x [ x] dx.
0
° x [ x] dx 100° x [ x] dx
0 0
1
Solution: Since x [x] is of period 1, we have
°
100 x dx 50
0
P5: If f is integrable over [a, b], then

b b
°
a
f ( x) dx ° f (a b x) dx
a
Proof: Let t a b x so that dx dt. Now

xatb
and xbta
Therefore
b a b
°
a
f (a b x) dx °b
f (t )( 1) dt ° f (t) dt
a
P6: This property implies

b
f ( x) b a
° f (x) f (a b x) dx
a
2
Proof: Using P5 we have
b b
f ( x) f ( x b x)
I °
a
f ( x ) f (a b x )
dx ° f (a b x) f (x) dx
a
Therefore
b
°
2 I 1 dx b a
a
b a
I
2
Example 5.9
100 Solution: We have

log e x
Evaluate ° log
10 e x log e (110 x)
dx.
100
log e x 100 10
° log
10 e x log e (110 x)
dx
2
45
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T H E O R E M 5.17 Suppose f : [a, b] m is integrable, f ([a, b]) [c, d] and g : [c, d] m is continuous. Then g f
(C O M P O S I T E is integrable over [a, b].
THEOREM)
As an application of Theorem 5.17, we have the following theorem.
T H E O R E M 5.18 If f : [a, b] m is integrable, then | f | is integrable over [a, b]. Further, if | f ( x) | b M x [a, b],
then
b b
°
a
°
f b | f | b M ( b a)
a
PROOF Let g( x) | x | so that

f ( x) f ( x) g( f ( x))
Hence by Theorem 5.17, the result follows.
Note: The converse of Theorem 5.18 is not true. That is, if | f | is integrable, then f need not be integrable. For this,
consider
f ( x) ¬
on [0, 1]. Then f is not integrable over [0, 1] whereas f ( x) 1 x [0, 1] is integrable.
The following is another important application of the Composite Theorem.
T H E O R E M 5.19 Suppose f and g are defined and integrable over [a, b]. Then f 2, g2 and fg are integrable over
(P R O D U C T [a, b].
THEOREM)
PROOF Define h (t) t2. Then
f 2 ( x) (h f )( x)
Hence, by Composite Theorem, f 2 is integrable. Similarly, g2 is integrable and
1
f g [( f g )2 f 2 g 2 ]
2
is integrable.
As a nice application of the product theorem, we have the following important theorem known as Integration by parts
which is very useful in evaluating definite integrals.
T H E O R E M 5.20 Suppose F and G are differentiable on [a, b], f F a, g Ga and f, g are integrable over [a, b].
(I N T E G R A T I O N Then
BY PARTS) b b
b
° ( f G)(x)dx ;(FG)(x)= ° (Fg)(x)dx
a
a
a
°
[F (b) G(b) F (a) G(a)] (Fg )( x)dx
a
Note: In the integration by parts formula, if we take u G and dv f, we have

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3.4
5.1 Maxima–Minima
b b
b
° udv
a
u xv x a ° vdu
a
Hence, the student can follow the usual formula for integration by parts in the indefinite integration with a and b as
limits of integration.
Examples
1 1 e e e
1 ¨ x2 · x2 1
2.
1. ° xe dx ¨ª xe x ·¹ e x (1) dx
x
0 ° °
1
x log x dx © log x ¸
ª 2 ¹ 1 1
2
dx
x °
0 0
e 0 ¨ªe x ·¹
1 e2 1 2 e
¨x ·
0
2 4 ª ¹1
e (e 1) 1
e2 ¨ e2 1·
© ¸
2 ª 4 ¹
e2 1

4 4
The following theorem, called Leibnitz Rule, is useful in many problems.
T H E O R E M 5.21 Suppose f : [a, b] m Z is continuous and g, h : [a, b] m [a, b] are differentiable. Then
(L E I B N I T Z
RULE) ¥ h( x ) ´
d
¦
dx ¦
§ g( x)
°
f (t ) dt µ f (h( x))ha( x) f ( g( x))g a( x)
µ¶
That is, if
h( x )
Q( x) °
g( x)
f (t ) dt
then
Qa( x) f (h( x))h a( x) f ( g( x))g a( x)
t
PROOF Write F (t ) ° f (x) dx so that F is the indefinite integral of f (see Definition 5.4). Now
a
F a (t) f (t). Hence
h( x ) h( x ) g( x)
°
g( x)
f °a
f °
a
f F (h( x)) F ( g( x))
Therefore
¥ h( x ) ´
d
¦
dx ¦ ° f µ F a(h( x))h a( x) F a( g( x))g a( x)
§ g ( x ) µ¶
f (h( x))h a( x) f ( g( x))g a( x) (∵ F a f )
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Example
Let x [0, 1]. Take g( x) 0, h( x) x 2 and ¥ x2 ´

d dt 1
f ( x) 1/( x 3 1). Then
¦
° µ
dx ¦ 1 t µ 1 x 6
§0
3
¶
(2 x) 0
2x

1 x6
Some of the important consequences of Leibnitz Rule are listed in the following theorem.
x 1
T H E O R E M 5.22 (i) If f : [0, 1] m Z is continuous and °f °f x [0, 1], then f ( x) 0 x (0, 1).
0 x
b
(ii) If f : [a, b] m Z is non-negative and continuous such that ° f (x) dx 0, then
a
f ( x) 0 x [a, b].
b b
2
(iii) If f and g are integrable over [a, b] and °f ( x) dx 0, then ° ( fg)(x)dx 0.
a a
x
PROOF (i) Write h( x) ° f (t) dt so that ha(x) f (x). Now
0
1 x 1
°0
f ( x) dx °
0
°
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
x
h( x) h( x) (By hypothesis)
2 h( x)
Therefore, 2h(x) is constant. Hence

0 2 h a( x ) 2 f ( x )
f ( x) 0 x (0, 1)
x
(ii) Let F ( x) ° f (t) dt be the indefinite integral of f. Then F is continuous (Theorems 5.14
a
and 5.15) and F a (x) f (x) r 0. Hence F (x) is increasing on [a, b]. Further
F (a) 0 F (b) (By hypothesis)
Hence F ( x) 0 x [a, b]. Consequently, f ( x) F a( x) 0 for all x [a, b] [since F (x) is
the constant function 0].
(iii) Suppose f and g are integrable over [a, b] and
b
2
°f
a
( x)dx 0
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3.4
5.1 Maxima–Minima
Now, K 0 implies
b
°( )2 r 0
a
b b b
2
°f
a
°g
a
p L fg °
a
0
Therefore
b b ¥ b ´
L 2
° 2
g p 2 L fg ° 0 ° f 2 0µ
§ µ¶
a a a
b b
L g2
° 2 ° fg
a a
Since this is true for every K 0, it follows that

b
° fg 0
a
1
Even though is not defined at x 1, we write
1 x2
1
dx Sin 11 1 S 1 P
°
0
1 x2
0
2
To overcome this, the following concept is being introduced.
DEFINITION 5.5 (i) Suppose f : (a, b] m Z is defined and is integrable over [c, b] for every c (a, b] and let
b
F (c ) ° f (x) dx
c
for c (a, b]. If lim F(( ) exists finitely (that is the limit is finite), then we say that f is inte-
cma
grable over [a, b] and write
b
° f (x)dx lim F (c)

a
cma
(ii) Suppose f : [a, b) m Z is defined and is integrable over [a, c] for every c [a, b) and let
c
F (c ) ° f (x) dx
a
If lim F(( ) exists finitely, then we say that f is integrable over [a, b] and write
cmb
° f (x)dx lim F (c)

a
cmb
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Example
Suppose Sin 1c Sin 1 0

f ( x) 1 , x [0, 1) Sin 1c
1 x2
Then f is integrable over [0, c) for all c [0, 1) and Also F (c) Sin 1c m Sin 1 1 P / 2 as c m 1 0. There-
c
fore
dx
F (c ) ° 1 x2
1
dx P
0
c ° 1 x 2

2
¨ªSin 1 x ·¹ 0
0
Example
Suppose f ( x) 1/x 2 , x (0, 1]. Then f is integrable over Thus lim F (c) is not finite and hence f ( x) 1/ x 2 is not
cm0
(c, 1] c (0, 1] and
integrable over [0, 1]. Since lim F (c) d, in this case
cm0
1
1 we write
F (c ) °x 2
dx
1
c 1
¨ 1 ·
1 °x 2
dx d
© ¸ 0
ª x ¹c
;1 (1/c)=
(1/c) 1 m d as c m 0 0
P /2 P /2
The value of ° sin n x dx ° cos n
x dx can be evaluated by repeating the integration by parts which is given in the
0 0
following theorem. This formula is also known as Wallis Formula and is useful in some of the area problems.
T H E O R E M 5.23 (i) If n r 2 is an integer, then

(W A L L I S
P /2
FORMULA) n [(n 1)(n 3)(n 5) 2 or 1]
° sin
0
x dx
[n(n 2)(n 4) 2 or 1]
sq
where q O / 2 if n is even, otherwise q 1.

(ii) If m, n are positive integers, then
P /2
m [(m 1)(m 3) 2 or 1][(n 1)(n 2) 2 or 1]
° sin x cosn x sp
[(m n)(m n 2)(m n 4)2 or 1]
0
where p O / 2 if both m and n are even, otherwise p 1.
Note: Actually (i) is a consequence of (ii) if we take n 0 in (ii).
! Caution: In writing the factors in the Numerator and Denominator of the Wallis Formula, one should stop
before entering into zero factor or negative factor.
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3.4
5.1 Maxima–Minima
Examples
P /2 3.
(7 1)(7 3)(7 5) 6 4 2 16
1. ° sin 7 x dx
7(7 2)(7 4)(7 6) 7 5 3 35 P /2
0 6
x cos4 x dx
;(6 1)(6 3)(6 5)=;(4 1)(4 3)= s P
P /2
° sin
0
10(10 2)(10 4)(10 6)(10 8) 2
(8 1)(8 3)(8 5)(8 7) P
2. ° 8
sin x dx s (5 3 1)(3 1) P
8(8 2)(8 4)(8 6) 2 s
0 10 8 6 4 2 2
7 5 31 P 3P
s
8642 2 512
35P

256
5.1.2 Definite Integral as a Limit of a Sum

Sometimes definite integral can be used to find the limit of a sum. This is because, for a given function f on [a, b] and
a partition P of [a, b], S(f, P) (see Definition 5.1) is a finite sum and as the maximum of $xi of P tends to zero, the sum
b
tends to ° f . For example, suppose f : [0, 1] m Z
b
is integrable. Let n be a positive integer. Consider the partition
« 1 2 3 n 1 nº
P ¬0, , , , {, , »
n n n n n¼
of [0, 1]. That is the interval [0, 1] is divided into n equal parts. Here xi i/n for i 1, 2, {, n and xr 1 xr 1/n for r
1, 2, {, n so that
P max [$xi , $x2 , ..., $xn ] (where $xi xi xi 1 )

1

n
The division points xr are equally spaced in [0, 1]. We select tr 1/r in [ xr 1 , xr ] ;(1/(r 1)), 1/r = . Hence,
S( f , P ) f (t1 )( x1 x0 ) f (t2 )( x2 x1 ) f (tn )( xn xn 1 )

¥ 1´ 1 ¥ 2´ ¥ 1´ ¥ n´ ¥ 1´
f ¦ µ f ¦ µ ¦ µ f ¦ µ ¦ µ
§ n¶ n § n¶ § n¶ § n¶ § n¶
1 ¨ ¥ 1´ ¥ 2´ ¥ n´ ·
f ¦ µ f ¦ µ ¦ µ ¸
n ©ª § n ¶ § n¶ § n¶ ¹
Since f is integrable over [0, 1,],
b
S( f , P ) m f ° a
Thus
b
1 ¨ ¥ 1´ ¥ 2´ ¥ n´ ·
lim © f ¦ µ f ¦ µ f ¦ µ ¸ °f
nmd n ª § n ¶ § n¶ § n¶ ¹
a
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5.1.3 Method of Finding the Limit of a Sum as a Definite Integral

Here, we give a procedure which can be done mechanically to obtain limit of a sum.
Step 1: Write the general term rth or (r 1)th term of the sum whichever contains r.
Step 2: Replace n with 1/h in the general term and simplify it.
Step 3: Alot one h in the numerator to dx and in the remaining replace rh with x.
Step 4: (i) If the number of terms in the sum is n 1 or n or n 1, then the limits of integration are from 0 to 1.
(ii) If the number of terms in the sum is 2n 1 or 2n or 2n 1, the limits of integration are from 0 to n.
In this way we find the function and its limits of integration so that the definite integral obtained is the limit
of the sum.
Example 5.10
1 ¥ 1 1 1 ´ Step 3: Replace rh with x.

Evaluate lim ¦§ 1 µ. Step 4: Since there are 4n terms in the sum, the required
nmd n 2 3 4n ¶
limit is
Solution: 4 4
dx dx ¥ 1 ´
¦§∵ is not defined at x 0µ
Step 1: Tr rth term
1

1 °
0
x
lim
t m 0°
t
x x ¶
n r
1 4
Step 2: Put n so that lim ¨ª 2 x ·¹
h t m0 t
2 4 0
h h
Tr 4
r rh
Example 5.11
¥1 1 1 1 ´ Step 3: Put rh x.
Evaluate lim ¦ µ.
nmd § n n1 n2 n 2n ¶ Step 4: Since there are 2n + 1 terms in the given sum, the
required limit is
Solution: 2
dx 2
Step 1: (r + 1)th term Tr 1

1
.
° 1 x ;log (1 x)=
0
e 0
nr
1 h log 3 log 1
Step 2: Put n so that Tr 1 . log 3
h 1 rh
Note: If the sum contains kn terms, then the limit is log e (k 1).
Example 5.12
1 4 Therefore
Show that lim
nmd n
;(n 1)(n 2)(n n)=1/n e .
1¨ ¥ 1´ ¥ 2´ ¥ n´ ·
log A lim © log ¦ 1 µ log ¦ 1 µ ¦ 1 µ ¸
nmd nª § n ¶ § n ¶ § n¶ ¹
Solution:
Let Now
1 1 ¥ r´
rth term log ¦ 1 µ
A lim
nmd n
;(n 1)(n 2)(n n)=1/n n § n¶
1/n Put n 1/h so that
¨¥ 1´ ¥ 2´ ¥ n´ ·
lim ©¦ 1 µ ¦ 1 µ ¦ 1 µ ¸
nmd ª § n¶ § n¶ § n¶ ¹
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5.2 Areas 475
rth term h log (1 x) 1

¥ 1 ´
where x rh. Therefore §°
log e 2 ¦ 1
0
µ dx
1 x¶
1 log 2 (1 log e 2)
°
log e A log e (1 x) dx
0
2 log e 2 1
1 So
x 1
; x log e (1 x)= dx ° 4
1 x 0 A e 2 loge 2 1
0 e
Example 5.13
1 1 1 1 1
If Sn , then dx
1 n 2 2 n 3 3n n n2 ° x ( x 1)
find lim Sn . 0
nmd 1
dx
Solution:
lim
t m0 °
t
x ( x 1)
1 2 log e ( 1 1) lim 2 log e ( t 1)
Tr rth term t m0
r rn
¥ 1 ´
Put n 1 / h, so that ¦§∵ is not defined at x 0µ
¶
x x
h h h
2 log e 2 2 log e 1 2 log e 2
r h r rh rh x x
Therefore
Now
lim Sn log e 4
1 nmd
dx
Required limit
° x
0
x
Example 5.14
¥1 n2 n2 1´ 3 Therefore, the required limit is

Show that lim ¦ 3
3
µ
nmd § n (n 1) ( n 2) 8n ¶ 8 1 1
dx ¨ (1 x) 31 ·
Solution:
°
0
(1 x) 3
©
ª 3 1 ¹ 0
¸
n2 1 ¨ 1 ·
Tr 1 (r 1)th term s© 1¸
(n r ) 3 2 ª (1 1)2 ¹
Put n 1 / h so that 1 (1 4)

2 4
h h 3
Tr 1 3

(1 rh) (1 x)3 8
5.2 Areas
We have already observed that the area enclosed by the x-axis, the lines x a, x b and a curve y f (x) represented
b
by a non-negative function f (x) can be regarded as the definite integral
continuous.
° f (x) dx. This is definitely the case when f is
a
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1. In other words, if f : [a, b] m Z is continuous and non-negative, then the area A of the region enclosed by the lines
x a, x b, the x-axis and the curve y f (x) is given by (see Fig. 5.2)
b
A ° f (x) dx
a
y
y = f (x )
O a b x
FIGURE 5.2
2. If f : [a, b] m Z is continuous and non-positive, that is f (x) b 0 for all x [a, b], then the area B of the region en-
closed by the x-axis, the lines x a, x b and the curve y f (x) is same as the area of the region enclosed by the
curve y f (x) and the lines x a, x b and x-axis, since both the regions are mirror reflections of each other about
the x-axis. Hence
b b b
° °
B f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a a
° f (x) dx
a
See Fig. 5.3.
y = −f (x )
O a B b x
y = f (x )
FIGURE 5.3
3. Suppose a c b, f : [a, b] m Z is continuous, f ( x) r 0 x [a, c] and f ( x) b 0 x [c, b]. Then, the area of the
region enclosed by the x-axis, the lines x a, x c and x b and the curve y f (x) can be split into two parts (see
Fig. 5.4).
(a) Area A enclosed by the x-axis, the lines x = a, x = c and the curve y f ( x), a b x b c [so that f ( x) r 0 ]
y = f (x)
A
c b
O a B x
y = f (x)
FIGURE 5.4
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5.2 Areas 477
(b) Area B enclosed by the x-axis, the lines x = c, x = b and the curve y f ( x ), c b x b [so that f ( x) b 0 ].
Hence the area of the total region is
c b
A B °f
a
°
x dx f ( x) dx
c
c b
°
a
f x dx ° f (x) dx
c
c b
°
a
° f (x) dx
c
b
° f (x) dx
a
4. The area A enclosed between the y-axis, the lines y a, y b and the curve x f (y) is given by (Fig. 5.5)
b b
A °
a
f y d
dyy ° x dy
a
A x = f (y )
O x
FIGURE 5.5
5. Suppose f : [a, b] [a, b] m Z are continuous functions and 0 b f ( x) b g( x) for x [a, b]. Then the area A
g : [a
of the region bounded by the curves y g (x), y f (x) and the lines x a, x b is given by (see Fig. 5.6)
b b
A °
a
g x d
dxx ° f (x) dx
a
d
b
(g°
a
f )( x) dx
d
y
y = g (x )
y = f (x )
O a b x
FIGURE 5.6
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Note: If the two curves intersect in the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then
x2
A ° (g f )(x) dx
x1
While computing areas, it is always useful if a rough diagram (figure) is drawn. For this the following tips will be helpful.
1. Symmetry:
(a) If the powers of x in the curve equation are all even, then the curve is symmetric about y-axis. That is, the equa-
tion of the curve does not change if x is replaced by x.
(b) If the equation of the curve does not change by replacing y with y, then the curve is symmetric about x-axis
(i.e., the powers of y are all even).
2. Find the points of intersection of the curve(s) with the coordinate axes.
3. Observe whether there are any limitations for the abscissa (ordinate) of points on the curve.
4. If for any point (x, y) on the curve, lim y 0 and y x 0 for all points on the curve, then the curve approaches nearer
xmpd
and nearer to x-axis but will never meet it. Similarly, if lim x 0 and x x 0 for all points, the curve approaches
ympd
y-axis without meeting it.
Example 5.15
Show that the area bounded by the curve (ii) −a b x b a and −b b y b b.
2 2 (iii) Curve meets the axes in (p a, 0) and (0, pb).
x y
2
2 1 (called ellipse)
a b Therefore
is O ab square units. Area bounded by the curve
4(Area in the first quadrant)
Solution: See Fig. 5.7. a
b
y
4 °a a 2 x 2 dx
(0, b) 0
« a
aº
4b ® ¨ x a 2 x 2 · a2 ¨ 1 x· ®
¬© ¸ ©ªSin »
O (a, 0) x a ®© 2 ¸¹ 2 a ¸¹ 0 ®
ª 0 ¼
4b ®« a2 1 1 º
®
¬(0 0) (Sin 1 Sin 0)»
a ® 2 ®¼
FIGURE 5.7
(i) Since powers of both x and y are even, the curve is 4b a 2 ¥ P ´

s ¦ µ P ab
symmetric about both coordinate axes. a 2 § 2¶
Example 5.16
Find the area included between the parabola y 2x x2 y

and the x-axis.
(1, 1)
Solution: We have
y 2 x x 2 1 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)2 ( y 1) O 2 x
This is a downward parabola with vertex at (1, 1) and

meeting the x-axis in (0, 0) and (2, 0). The required area FIGURE 5.8
(shaded region in Fig. 5.8) is
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5.2 Areas 479
2 2 8 4
4
° ydx (2 x x 2 ) dx
° 3 3
0 0
2 1 2
¨ª x 2 ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹
0 3 0
Example 5.17
Compute the area bounded by y ex, x-axis and the lines y

x 1 and x 2. y = ex
Solution: The required area is (see shaded region in

Fig. 5.9) x
O 1 2
2
x x ·2 2
° e dx ¨ªe ¹1 e e
1 FIGURE 5.9
Example 5.18
Show that area enclosed between the parabolas y2 4ax Therefore the required area (shaded one in Fig. 5.10) is
and x2 4by is 16ab / 3 square units. h
2 h h
°( 4ax x ) dx 2 a s 23 ¨ª x 3 / 2 ·¹ 1 ¨ª x 3 ·¹
Solution: The two curves intersect in the points (0, 0) 4b 0 12b 0
0
and (h, k) where h 4a1/ 3b2 / 3 and k 4a 2 / 3b1/ 3 (see Fig.
5.10). Now 4 a 3/ 2 h3
h
3 12b
x2
0 b x b h y 4ax r y 4 a ( 4 a 1/ 3 b 2 / 3 )3
4b ( 4 a 1/ 3 b 2 / 3 )3 / 2
3 12b
y 4 a 64ab2
s8 ab
3 12b
P (h, k)
x 2 = 4by 32 16
(ab) (ab)
3 3
O M (h, 0) x 16
(ab)
y 2 = 4ax 3
FIGURE 5.10
Example 5.19
Compute the area enclosed between the curves y sin x y
and y cos x for P b x b 5P .

4 4 ) 4p , 12 )
Solution: See Fig. 5.11. Here ) 2p , 1)
(0, 1)
cos x b sin x for x ¨ P , 5P · y = sin x
ª4 4 ¹
O p p x
2
y = cos x ) 5p4 , −12 )

FIGURE 5.11
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Therefore, the required area is ¥ 1 1 ´ ¥ 1 1 ´

¦ µ ¦ µ
5P / 4 § 2 2¶ § 2 2¶
5P / 4
° (sin x cos x) dx ; cos x sin x =P / 4
2 2
P /4
¥ 5P 5P ´ ¥ P P´ 2 2
¦ cos sin µ ¦ cos sin µ
§ 4 4¶ § 4 4¶
Example 5.20
Compute the area of the whole region enclosed by the 3. The curve meets y-axis at (0, 0) only.
curve a 2 y2 x 2 (a 2 x 2 ).
2 x2
4. y 2
(a 2 x 2 ) a b x b a.
Solution: a
A rough diagram is shown in Fig. 5.12. Therefore, the
1. Since the powers of x and y are even, the curve is required area is
symmetric about both the axes.
2. The curve meets x-axis in ( a, 0), (0, 0) and (a, 0). a
x 2 2 a
y 4 °a a 2 x 2 dx s ¨(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 ·¹
a 3ª 0
0
4 4a 2
¨0 a 3 ·
3a ª ¹ 3
−a 0 a x
FIGURE 5.12
5.3 Differential Equations

Differential equations have applications in many branches like Physics, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Biology,
Economics, Geology, etc. Therefore in-depth study of differential equations assumed great importance in all modern
scientific research. James Bernoulli (1654–1705), Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), and Leibnitz (1646–1716) are
some of the early mathematicians responsible for the development of differential equations.
In this section, we will study some basic concepts regarding differential equations, learn how to form differential
equations and find the solutions of ordinary differential equations. We strictly confine to the types of differential equa-
tions which are included in IIT-JEE syllabus.
DEFINITION 5.6 Equation involving derivative (derivatives) of a dependent variable with respect to one or
more independent variable(s) is called a differential equation.
If there is only one independent variable, then the equation is called an ordinary differential
equation.
Examples
The following are ordinary differential equations: d2 y

3. y0
1.
dy
cos x 0 dx 2
dx
dy
2. x y0
dx
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5.3 Differential Equations 481
DEFINITION 5.7 Order and Degree The highest order of the derivatives that are present (or occur) in the dif-
ferential equation is called the order of the differential equation and the degree of the highest
order derivative present in the equation (when the equation is a polynomial equation in de-
rivatives) is called the degree of the differential equation.
Examples
2
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´ d2 y ¥ dy ´
1. ¦ µ ¦ µ 1 0 is of order 1 and degree 2. 4. 2
sin ¦ µ 0 is of order 2 but the degree is not
§ dx ¶ § dx ¶ dx § dx ¶
defined because the given equation is not a polyno-
d2 y mial equation in derivatives.
2. y 0 is of order 2 and degree 1.
dx 2 ¥ d2 y´
3
¥ ¥ dy ´ 2 ´
4
5. 1 ¦ 2 µ ¦ 1 ¦ µ µ is of order 2 and degree 3.

¥ d2 y´
3
¥ dy ´
2
dy § dx ¶ § § dx ¶ ¶
3. ¦ 2 µ 2 ¦ µ y0 is of order 2 and
§ dx ¶ § dx ¶ dx
degree 3.
DEFINITION 5.8 Solution, General Solution, Particular Solution

1. Any relation between the independent and dependent variables satisfying a differential
equation is called a solution of the differential equation.
2. A solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the equation is called
general solution of the given equation.
3. Any solution obtained from the general solution by giving values to arbitrary constants (i.e.,
solution free from arbitrary constants) is called a particular solution.
5.3.1 Procedure to Form Differential Equation When General Solution is Given

Step 1: Write the general solution or the equation representing the family of curves.
Step 2: Differentiate the given equation as many times as the number of arbitrary constants that are present in the
given equation.
Step 3: Eliminate the arbitrary constants from the equations written in Step 1 and Step 2. Then the differential equa-
tion obtained is the equation representing the curves mentioned in Step 1.
Example 5.21
Form the differential equation of all lines of the form Substituting the value of m dy/dx in y mx, we have
y mx.
dy
x y
dx
Solution: Given that y mx (m is arbitrary constant).
Therefore which is the differential equation representing the set of
all lines y mx.
dy
m
dx
Example 5.22
Find the differential equation of all circles in xy-plane Solution: Since y-axis is a tangent to a circle at (0, 0),
touching y-axis at the origin. the centre of the circle lies on the x-axis. Hence any circle
touching y-axis at (0, 0) is of the form
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( x a) 2 y 2 a 2 Eliminating a from Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2) we have

¥ dy ´
or x 2 y2 2ax 0 (5.1) x 2 y2 2 x ¦ x y µ 0
§ dx ¶
where “a” is the arbitrary constant. Differentiating Eq.
(5.1) w.r.t. x, we get Therefore
dy dy y2 x2
x y a (5.2)
dx dx 2 xy
is the differential equation of all circles touching y-axis at
the origin.
QUICK LOOK 2
The equation is the differential equation of all circles touching the

dy 2 xy x-axis at the origin because equation of such a circle is
2 of the form
dx x y2
x 2 ( y a)2 a2
Example 5.23
Form the differential equation whose general solution is

d2 y
y = Aex + Be x (A, B are arbitrary constants). and Ae x Be x y (5.4)
dx 2
Solution: We have From Eqs. (5.3) and (5.4) we have
x x
y Ae Be (5.3) d2 y
y0
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get dx 2
dy which is the differential equation whose general solution

Ae x Be x is y = Aex + Be x.
dx
Example 5.24
Form the differential equation whose general solution is

d2 y
y = A cos x + B sin x, where A and B are arbitrary con- and A cos x B sin x y (5.6)
stants. dx 2
From Eqs. (5.5) and (5.6), we get that
Solution: We have
d2 y
y = A cos x + B sin x (5.5) y0
dx 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
is the differential equation whose general solution is
dy y = A cos x + B sin x.
A sin x B cos x
dx
Example 5.25
Form the differential equation from the equation y2 = 4ax Solution: We have
(a is an arbitrary non-zero constant).
y2 = 4ax (5.7)
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Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have Eliminating a from Eqs. (5.7) and (5.8), we have
dy ¥ dy ´ dy
y 2a (5.8) y2 2 x ¦ y µ 2 xy
dx § dx ¶ dx
5.3.2 Variables Separable or Separation of Variables

In this section we solve equations of the form f (x)dx + g (y)dy = 0. The solution is
an arbitrary constant.
° f (x)dx ° g( y)dy c where c is
Example 5.26
Solve sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan xdy = 0. Therefore
Solution: The given equation can be written as sec 2 x sec 2 y

° tan x
dx °
tan y
dy c
sec 2 x sec 2 y
dx dy 0 (Variables Separable) log tan x log tan y c
tan x tan y
tan x tan y e c orr tan x tan y c
Example 5.27
dy Integrating we get
Solve ex y .
dx
y
°e dy e x dx c
°
Solution: We have
y x
e e c
dy
e x y e x e y e e y ca
x
dx
Therefore
e y dy = exdx (Variables Separable)
Example 5.28
Solve (y log y) dx – xdy = 0. dy dx

° y log y ° x
c
Solution: We have
log log y log x c
dy dx
0 ¥ log y ´
log ¦ c
y log y x § x µ¶
Integrating both sides, we get log y cx
y e cx
Example 5.29
dy 1 y2 Solution: We have
Solve
dx 1 x 2
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dy dx Integrating we get
2
(Variables Separable)
1 y 1 x2 dy dx
° 1 y ° 1 x
2 2
c
Tan 1 y Tan 1 x c
Example 5.30
dy xy y Integrating both sides we get

Solve .
dx xy x ¥ y 1´ x1
Solution: We have
° ¦§ y µ¶
dy ° x
dx c
y log y x log x c
dy y( x 1)
¥ x´
dx x( y 1) y x log ¦ µ c
§ y¶
¥ y 1´ ¥ x 1´
¦ dy ¦ dx (Variables Separable)
§ y µ¶ § x µ¶
Example 5.31
Solve x tan( y x) 1 .
dx
° cot zdz ° x dx c
Solution: Put y – x = z. Differentiating w.r.t. x we have 1 2
log(sin z) x c
dy dz 2
1 2
dx dx sin z ke x /2
dz 2
x tan z sin( y x) ke x /2
dx
(cot z) dz x dx (Variables Separable)
5.3.3 Homogeneous Differential Equation
DEFINITION 5.9 (Homogeneous Function) A function f (x, y) is called a homogeneous function of degree n
(n need not be an integer) if
f (tx, ty) = tn f (x, y)
for any non-zero t.
Examples
1. f (x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2, where at least one of a, h, b x 2 xy y2

is non-zero, is a homogeneous function of degree 2. 3. f ( x, y) is a homogeneous function of
x 2 y2
x 3 / 2 y3 / 2 degree zero.
2. f ( x, y) is a homogeneous function of
x y x y
4. f ( x, y) 3 is a homogeneous function
degree 1/2. x y3 x 2 y
of degree 2.
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DEFINITION 5.10 Homogeneous Differential Equation Equation of the form
dy f ( x, y)

dx g( x, y)
where both f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree is called a homogeneous
differential equation.
To solve a homogeneous differential equation, use the substitution y = vx so that the equation will reduce to Variables
Separable form which can be solved. Finally in the solution replace v with y/x.
Example 5.32
Now
dy y2 x 2
Solve .
dx 2 xy ¥ 2v ´ dx
¦§ µ dv 0 (Variables Separable)
1 v2 ¶ x
Solution: Put y = vx. Therefore
Integrating both sides we get
dv dy v2 1
v x 2v dx
dx dx
2
2v ° 1 v 2
dv ° x
c
dv v 1
x v log(1 v2 ) log x c
dx 2v
(1 v2 ) (1 v2 ) x k

2v x 2 y2 kx
Example 5.33
dy x2 y Integrating we get
Solve 3 .
dx x y3 1 v3 dx
° v 4
dv
x
c °
Solution: Put y = vx so that
1
dv v log v log x c
v x 3v3
dx 1 v3 3
vx k e1/ 3v
dv v v4
x v y k ex
3
/ 3 y3
dx 1 v3 1 v3
¥ 1 v3 ´ dx
¦ 4 µ dv 0
§ v ¶ x
Example 5.34
Given that y = O / 2 when x = 1, solve Re-arranging the terms we get

y y dy ¥ y y´ y y
y cos ( x dy y dx) x sin ( x dy y dx) 0 2 2
¦ xy cos x sin µ¶ y cos xy sin
x x dx § x x x x
Solution: We have
y ¥ dy ´ y ¥ dy ´
y cos ¦ x yµ x sin ¦ x yµ 0
x § dx ¶ x § dx ¶
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Put y = vx. Then Integrating we get

¥ dv ´ v cos v sin v dx
2
¦§ v x µ¶ (v cos v sin v) v cos v v sin v
dx ° v sin v
dv 2
x
c °
dv v2 cos v v sin v ¥ cos v 1 ´ dx
v x
dx

v cos v sin v
¦ °
§ sin v v µ¶
dv 2
x
c °
dv 2v sin v log(sin v) log v 2 log x c
x
dx v cos v sin v (vx 2 )sin v k
¥ v cos v sin v ´ 2 ¥ y´
¦ µ dv dx 0 ( xy)sin ¦ µ k
§ v sin v ¶ x § x¶
Since y = O / 2 when x = 1, we have k = O/ 2. Therefore, the
solution is (xy) sin(y/x) = O / 2.
Example 5.35
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point y ¥ y ´ d( xy)
(4, 2) and satisfying the equation d¦ µ 0
x § x ¶ x 2 y2
dy y( x y3 )
On integration we have
dx x( y3 x) 2
1 ¥ y´ 1
¦§ µ¶ c
Solution: The given equation can be written as 2 x xy
Since the curve passes through the point (4, 2) we have
( xy3 x 2 ) dy ( xy y4 ) dx 0
1¥ 4 ´ 1
y3 ( x dy y dx) x( x dy y dx) 0 ¦ µ c
2 § 16 ¶ (4)( 2)
( x dy y dx)
1
y3 ( x dy y dx) 0 Therefore c = 0. Hence the equation of the curve is
x2 x
¥ y´ 1 y2 1
y3 d ¦ µ d( xy) 0 0
§ x¶ x 2x2 xy
y3 ¥ y´ 1 y3 2 x
d µ 2 2 d( xy) 0
2 ¦
xy § x ¶ x y
Example 5.36
dy y3 3 x 2 y Integrating we get
Solve .
dx x 3 3 xy2 1 3v2 dx
° v(1 v)(1 v)
dv 2
x
c °
Solution: Put y = vx. Therefore
¥1 2 2 ´ dx
v x
dv v3 3v
°
¦ µ
§ v 1 v 1 v¶
dv 2
x
c °
dx 1 3v2
log v 2 log(1 v) 2 log(1 v) 2 log x c
dv v3 3v
x v ¥ (1 v)2 (1 v)2 x 2 ´
dx 1 3v2 log ¦
v µ c
2v 2v 3 § ¶

1 3v2 (1 v2 )2 x 2 k v
Hence ( x 2 y 2 )2 x 2 ky
2
¥ 1 3v ´ 2 x 4
x
¦ v(1 v2 ) µ dv x dx 0
§ ¶ ( x y2 )2 k xy
2
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Example 5.37
dy y2 dv dx
Solve x y. 2
0
dx x v x
Integrating both sides we get
Solution: The given equation can be written as
dv dx
dy y2 y

° v °
2
x
c
dx x 2 x 1
log x c
Put y = vx. We have v
x k ex/ y
dv
v x v2 v
dx
Example 5.38
dy y( x y) Integrating we get
Solve 0.
dx x2 1 dx
° v(2 v) dv ° x
c
Solution: Put y = vx. We have
1 ¥1 1 ´ dx
v x
dv
v(1 v) 0
°¦
2 § v 2 v¶
µ dv
x° c
dx log v log(2 v) 2 log x c
dv
x 2v v 2 0 vx 2 k (2 v)
dx
1 dx ¥ y´
dv 0 yx k ¦ 2 µ
v(2 v) x § x¶
yx 2 k (2 x y)
5.3.4 Linear Differential Equation

Suppose P and Q are integrable functions of x. Then the differential equation
dy
Py Q
dx
is called linear equation of first degree. To solve linear equations, multiply both sides with e ° P dx so that we have
d
( ye ° P dx ) Qe ° P dx
dx
Therefore
ye ° Pdx Qe ° Pdx dx c
°
is the solution. Here, e ° P dx is called the integrating factor (I. F.)
Note: If P and Q are integrable functions of y, then the equation
dx
Px Q
dy
is also called a linear equation whose solution is
x e ° P dy Q e ° P dy dy c
°
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Example 5.39
dy Therefore the solution is

Solve xy x.
dx
ye ° P dx Qe ° P dx dx c
°
Solution: Here P = x, Q = x so that integrating factor is 2
x2 /2 2
ye x /2
° xe dx c e x /2
c
° P dx ° x dx x2 /2
I.F. e e e
2
Therefore y 1 c e x /2
is the solution.
Example 5.40
dy 2x 1 The solution is
Solve 2
y .
dx 1 x (1 x 2 )2
ye ° P dx Qe ° P dx dx c
°
Solution: Here
This implies
2x 1
P , Q 1
1 x2 (1 x 2 )2 y(1 x 2 ) ° (1 x ) 2 2
(1 x 2 ) dx c
The integrating factor is dx
I.F. e ° P dx
° 1 x 2
c
2x Tan 1 x c
° 2 dx
e 1 x
So, the solution is
2
e log(1 x )
y (1 x 2 ) Tan 1 x c
1 x2
Example 5.41
dy t 2 e 2 t dt c
Solve (sin y)
dx
cos x(2 cos y sin 2 x). ° where t sin x
1 2 2t 1 2t
Solution: Put cos y = z. Therefore

2
t e
2 °
e (2t ) dt c
t 2e2t
dy dz t e 2 t dt c
°
(sin y) 2
dx dx
t 2e 2t 1 2t 1 2t

dz
cos x(2z sin 2 x)

2
te
2 2
e dt c °
dx t 2 e 2 t te 2 t e 2 t
c
dz 2 2 4
(2 cos x) z cos x sin 2 x (Linear equation)
dx e2t
(2 2t 2 2t 1) c
Here the integrating factor is 4
So the final solution is
I.F. e ° 2 cos x dx e 2 sin x
Therefore the solution is e 2 sin x
(cos y) e 2 sin x (2 sin 2 x 2 sin x 1) c
4
ze 2 sin x (cos x sin 2 x) e 2 sin x dx c
°
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Example 5.42
3 dy The solution is
Solve cos x y cos x sin x.
dx
ye tan x tan x sec 2 x e tan x dx c
°
Solution: Given equation can be written as t
° t e dt c where t tan x
dy
y sec 2 x tan x sec 2 x (Linear equation) t t
dx t e ° e (1) dt c
The integrating factor is e t (t 1) c

2
I.F. e ° sec x
e tan x Hence
ye tan x e tan x (tan x 1) c
Example 5.43
2 dy P P The integrating factor is

Solve (cos x) (tan 2 x) y cos4 x, x .
dx 4 4
I.F. e ° P dx
Solution: We have 2
e log(1 t )
dy ¥ 2 tan x ´ 2 2 1 t2
¦ µ sec x y cos x
dx § 1 tan 2 x ¶
1 tan 2 x
Here
Therefore, the solution is
2 tan x
P sec 2 x
1 tan 2 x y(1 tan 2 x) cos2 x(1 tan 2 x) dx c
°
2 2
Therefore ° (cos x sin x) dx c
2t
° cos 2 x dx c
° P dx ° 1 t 2
dt where t tan x
1
log(1 t 2 ) (Note that t 1) sin 2 x c
2
Example 5.44
d Therefore the solution is

Solve y ( xy) x(sin x log x).
dx
yx 2 x 2 (sin x log x) dx c
°
Solution: The given equation is 2
°x sin x dx x 2 log x dx c
°
dy
y y x x(sin x log x) x3 x3 1
dx x 2 ( cos x) ( co
° os x) 2 x dx log x dx c °
dy 2 y 3 3 x
sin x log x (Linear)
dx x x3 1
x 2 cos x 2 x cos x
° log x x 3 c
3 9
The integrating factor is
x3 x3
2
° x dx x 2 x 2 cos x 2(cos x x sin x) log e x c
I.F. e 3 9
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Example 5.45
Solve dx x dy e y sec 2 y dy. The integrating factor is

I.F. e ° 1dy e y
Solution: The given equation is
dx
x e y sec 2 y (Linear)
dy xe y (e y sec 2 y) e y dy c tan y c
°
Example 5.46
dy Therefore, the solution is

Solve (1 xy) y3 0.
dx 1 (1/ y)
x e (1/ y)
° e dy c
y3
1
dx 1 xy t e t dt c
° where t
0 y
dy y3
e t (t 1) c
dx x 1 (Linear)
2 3 Hence
dy y y
¥ 1 ´
The integrating factor is x e (1/ y) e (1/ y) ¦ 1µ c
§ y ¶
dy / y2
I.F. e ° e (1/ y)
¥ 1´
or x c e1/ y ¦ 1 µ
§ y¶
5.3.5 Extended Form of Linear Equation (Bernoulli’s Equation)

The equation
dy
P y Q yn
dx
where n is rational, is called Bernoulli’s equation. The value n = 0 gives linear equation. To solve it, divide the equation
by yn and then use the substitution y1 n = z so that the resulting equation is linear in z.
Example 5.47
dy 2y x3 The integrating factor is

Solve 3 2.
dx x 1 y 2
I.F. e
° x1 dx e 2 log x1 ( x 1)2
Solution: Multiplying both sides with y2 we get Therefore we have
3
dy 2 y
3 y2 x3 z( x 1)2 x 3 ( x 1)2 dx c

dx x 1 °
3 2
Put y3 = z. Therefore ° x (x 2 x 1) dx c
dz 2 So the solution is
z x3 (Linear)
dx x 1
1 6 2 5 1 4
y3 ( x 1)2 x x x c
6 5 4
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Example 5.48
dy The integrating factor is

Solve x y log y xy e x .
dx 1
° dx
I.F. e x x
Solution: Dividing both sides with xy we get Therefore
1 dy log y
ex zx x e x dx c e x ( x 1) c
y dx x °
Put log y = z. Therefore The solution is
dz z x log y = ex(x 1) + c
ex (Linear)
dx x
Example 5.49
dy The integrating factor is
Solve y cot x y2 sin 2 x.
dx 1
I.F. e ° cot x dx
sin x
Solution: Dividing both sides with y2, we have
Hence the solution is
2 dy 1
y cot x sin 2 x
dx y ¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 ´
z¦ sin 2 x ¦
° dx c
§ sin x µ¶ § sin x µ¶
Put 1/y = z. Therefore
cos x c
dz
z cot x sin 2 x So
dx
dz 1
( cot x)z sin 2 x (Linear) sin x cos x c sin x
dx y
Example 5.50
dy 1 The integrating factor is

Solve sin 2 y x 3 cos2 y.
dx x 2
I.F. e
° x dx
Solution: Dividing both sides with cos2 y, we have
2
e log( x )
2 dy 1
sec y (sin 2 y)sec 2 y x 3
dx x x2
dy 2 The solution is
(sec 2 y) (tan y) x 3
dx x
z x 2 x 3 ( x 2 ) dx c
°
Put tan y = z. Then
1 6
dz ¥ 2 ´ x 2 tan y x c
¦ µ z x3 (Linear) 6
dx § x ¶
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WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS
10 P
x 2 sin 2 x sin[(P / 2)cos x]
1. ° e x [ x ] dx ([·] denotes integral part) is equal to 3. ° dx
2x P
0 0
10 10
e 1 e 1 e 1 4 O2 O2 8
(A) 10(e 1) (B) (C) (D) ( A) (B) (C) (D)
10 10 e 1 O 2
4 8 O
Solution: Let
Solution: Let I be the given integral. Note that for
10 x O / 2, the integrand is not defined. Put
x [ x ]
I °e
0
dx
t
P
x
2
Since x [x] is a function with least period unity, we have
Then
(by P4)
2
¥P ´ ¥P ¥ P ´´
P / 2 ¦ t sin(P 2t )sin ¦ cos ¦ t µ µ ( 1) dt
§ 2 µ¶
1
§2 § 2 ¶¶
I 10 e x [ x ] dx
°
0
I °
P /2
2t
1
¥ 2 P2 ´ ¥P ´
10 e x dx (∵ 0 b x 1 [ x] 0)
° ¦ t tP sin 2t sin ¦ sin t µ
4 µ¶
P /2
§ §2 ¶
0
10(e 1)
°
P / 2
2t
dt
Answer: (A)
Observe that
O
e cos x ¥ 2 P2 ´ ¥P ´
2. ° dx is equal to ¦ t 4 µ sin 2t sin ¦§ 2 sin t µ¶
e cos x
e cos x § ¶
0
O 2t
( A) O (B) (C) 0 (D) O
2 is an odd function (see P3). Therefore
Solution: Let P /2
1 ¥P ´
O
e cos x I
2 ° ( P )sin 2t sin ¦ sin t µ dt
§2 ¶
I °e
0
cos x
e cos x
dx P / 2
P /2
1 ¥P ´
O
e cos(O x )

2
s 2P ° sin 2t sin ¦§ 2 sin tµ¶ dt
e°
cos(O x ) cos(O x ) dx (By P1 )
0
e P /2
0
¥P ´
O
e cos x
P ° 2 sin t cos t sin ¦§ 2 sin tµ¶ dt
e°
cos x
0
e cos x
dx 0
Put (O / 2) sin t z so that cos t dt (2/O) dz. Therefore

Therefore
O /2
P P ¥ 2z ´ ¥ 2´
2I °e
e cos x
e cos x
°
dx 1dx P
I O ° 2 ¦§ P µ¶ sin z ¦§ O µ¶ dz
0
cos x
e cos x 0
0
O /2
8
This implies
O ° z sin zdz
0
P 8
I O /2 O /2
2 ¨;sin z=0 ;z cos z=0 ·
O ª ¹
Answer: (B)
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8 e x 1 e x 1
(1 0) 1 dz
O
8
°
1
2
(z 1)z
(2z) dz 2 °1
2
z 1

O
2(Tan 1 e x 1 Tan 1 1)
Answer: (D) P
(By hypothesis)
x 6
dt P
4. If °t 2
t 1

12
, then x equals Hence
2 2
¥ P´
e x 1 ¦ tan µ 3
(A) 4 (B) log 2 (C) 2 (D) 2log 2 § 3¶
Solution: Let e x 4 or x log e 4
x Answer: (D)
dt P
°t t2 1

12 6. The value of the integral
2
x P 1
¨ªSec 1t ·¹ x 7 3x 5 7 x 3 x
2 12
P
°
1
cos2 x
dx
1 1
Sec x Sec 2
12 is
P P 1
Sec x O O
4 12 ( A) (B) 0 (C) (D) 2
P P P 2 4
1
Sec x
4 12 3 Solution: We know that x 7 3 x 5 7 x 3 x is an odd
P function and cos2 x is an even function. Hence the
x sec 2 integrand is an odd function. Therefore, the value of the
3
integral is zero.
Answer: (C)
Answer: (B)
5. Solution of the equation
e3
x dx
°
dt

P 7.
°x
1
1 log e x

log e 2 e 1 6
t
( A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 2 2 (D) 4 2

is
Solution: Let
( A) 4 (B) 2 (C) log e 2 (D) log e 4
e3
Solution: Let dx
x
I °x
1
1 log e x
dt
I °
log e 2 et 1 Put logex = t. Therefore x = et so that dx e t dt. Now
x x 1 t 0
et
°
log e 2 e
t
et 1
dt x e3 t 3
So
Put e t 1 z2 . Then e t dt 2zdz. Now 3
1
t log e 2 z 1 I °e t
e t dt
1 t
0
t x z ex 1 3
dt
Therefore °
0
1 t
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3 So
¨ (1 t ) (1/ 2) 1 ·
© ¸ P
ª (1/2) 1 ¹ 0
3 °
2 I P f (sin x) dx
2 ¨ª 1 t ·¹ 0
0
P /2
2( 1 3 1) [∵ sin(P x) sin x]
2(2 1)
P s2 ° f (sin x) dx
0
2
Hence
Answer: (A)
P /2
e
1 log 10 x
I P ° f (sin x) dx
8. ° x
dx 0
1 So k O .
1 1 log 10 e Answer: (B)
( A) log 10 e (B)
2 2
P
1 x sin x
(C) log 10 e 1 (D) 2 log 10 e
2
10. ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx
Solution: We have
P2 P2 P2 P2
e
( A) (B) (C) (D)
1 log 10 x 4 2 2 2 4 2
I ° x
1 Solution: We have
e e
1 log e x log10 e P
° x dx ° dx x sin x
1 1
x I ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx
e 1 e
; log e x =1 (log 10 e) ¨ª(log e x)2 ·¹ P
2 1 (P x)sin(P x)
1
(1 0) log 10 e [(log e e)2 (log e 1)2 ]
°
0
1 cos2 (P x)
dx
2 P
1 P sin x
1 log 10 e
2
° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx I
Answer: (C)
Therefore
P
P P /2 sin x
9. If ° x f (sin x) dx k ° f (sin x) dx, the value of k is
2I P ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx
0 0 P /2
sin x
P P P s2 ° 1 cos 2
dx [∵ f (2a x) f ( x)]
( A) (B) P (C) (D) 2P x
2 3 0
Solution: We have Hence

P P /2
sin x
°
I xf (sin x) dx
0
I P ° 1 cos 2
x
dx
0
P 0
dt
°
(P x) f (sin(P x)) dx
0
P ° 1 t 2
where t cos x
1
P 1
dt
°
P f (sin x) dx I
0
P ° 1 t 2
0
1
P ¨ª Taan 1t ·¹
0
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P (Tan 1 1 Tan 1 0) (Cos 1 cos2 x )( 2 sin x cos x)

P2 2 x sin x cos x 2 x sin x cos x

4 0
Answer: (A)
So F(x) is a constant function. Now
tan x cot x
t dt 1/ 2 1/ 2
11. ° 1 t2
dt ° t(1 t 2 )
¥P´
F¦ µ ° Sin 1 t dt ° Cos 1
t dt
1/ e 1/ e § 4¶
0 0
(A) 2(tan e 1) (B) 2 tan e 1/ 2
1
(C) 1 (D) tan e cot e ° (Sin t Cos 1 t )d
dt
0
Solution: Let 1/ 2
P
tan x
t
cot x
dt
° 2 dt
F ( x) °
1/ e
1 t2
dt °
1/ e
t(1 t 2 ) P
0

4
Then
Therefore
¥ tan x ´ 1
F a( x ) ¦ sec 2 x ( cosec 2 x)
§ 1 tan 2 x µ¶ 2
cot x(1 cot x) P
F ( x)
tan x (1/cot x) 4
0 Answer: (C)
Therefore F is a constant function. Now log e 5 x

e ex 1
¥P´
1 1
13. ° x
e 3
dx
± t dt 1 0
F¦ µ
§ 4¶ ³ 1 t2 °1/e t(1 t 2 ) dt
1/ e ( A) 3 P (B) 3 P (C) 4 P (D) 4 P
1 2
t 1
° t(1 t
1/ e
2
)
dt Solution: Let
log e 5 x
; log e t =1/ e
1
e ex 1
0 (0 log e e)
I ° 0
ex 3
dx
1 Put e x 1 t 2 (∵ e x 1 for x 0) . Therefore

Hence F(x) 1. e x dx 2t dt
Answer: (C)
Now
2 2 2
sin x cos x
t
12. ° (Sin 1 t ) dt ° (Cos 1 t ) dt I °t 2
(2t ) dt
0
4
0 0
2
( A) P
P P P t2
(B)
2
(C)
4
(D)
2 2
2 °t
0
2
4
dt
Solution: Let 2 2
t 4 4
sin 2 x cos2 x
2 °
0
t2 4
dt
1 1
F ( x) °
0
(Sin t ) dt °
0
(Cos t ) dt
¥
2
4 ´
Then
2 ¦1 2
§ °µ dt
t 4¶
0
2
F a( x) (Sin 1 sin 2 x )(2 sin x cos x) 8¨ ¥ t ´·
4 Tan 1 ¦ µ ¸
2 ©ª § 2 ¶ ¹0
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15. If
4 4 (Tan 1 1 Tan 1 0)
x x
¥P ´
4 4 ¦ 0µ 2
e zx e z dz f ( x) e z
2
/4
§4 ¶ °
0
°
0
dz
4 P
Answer: (D) then
x ¥ x´
P /6
dx
°e ¦§ log e ( f ( x)) µ dx
2¶
14. °
P / 3
1 tan 4 x

x ex x2e x
( A) c (B) c
2 4
P P P P
( A) (B) (C) (D) x2e x x ex
4 6 12 2 (C) c (D) c
2 4
Solution: Let
Solution: Let
P /6 x
dx 2
I ° I e zx e z dz
°
1 tan 4 x
P / 3 0
P /3 x
dx 2
° 1 tan ( x) 4
e zx z dz
°
P /6 0
P /3 x x2 ¥ x ´
2
dx ¦ z µ
°
P /6
1 tan 4 x
e ° 4 § 2¶
dz
0
2
P /3 x ¥ x´
cos4 x 2 ¦ z µ
°
P /6
cos4 x sin 4 x
dx ex /4
°e
§ 2¶
dz
0
¥P P ´
P /3 cos4 ¦ xµ Put z ( x/2) t so that dz dt. Also
§3 6 ¶
° 4 ¥P
P / 6 sin ¦
P ´ 4 ¥P P ´
xµ cos ¦ xµ
dx
z 0 t x/2
§3 6 ¶ §3 6 ¶ and z x t x/2
P /3 4
sin x Therefore
°
P /6
cos x sin 4 x
4
dx
x/2
2 2
I ex /4
° e t dt
Therefore
x/2
P /3
cos 4 x sin 4 x x/2
2I
° cos 4
x sin 4 x
dx ex
2
/4
(2) °e t2
dt
P /6 0
P /3 x
2 2
/4 ¥ 1´ u
ex /4
(2) e u
°

° 1 dx
0
¦§ µ¶ du where t
2 2
P /6
x
P P 2
u2 / 4
ex /4
°e du
3 6 0
P x
2
z2 / 4
6 ex /4
°e dz
Hence
0
P Therefore
I
12 2
f ( x) e x /4
Answer: (C)
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so that
QUICK LOOK
2
x¥ x´ x¥x x´
° e ¦ log e ( f ( x))
§ 2
µ¶ dx e ¦
§ 4 2¶ °
µ dx Generally, if a relation between two integrals is
being asked, try to transform both the integrals to
x2ex have same limits of integration.
c
4
Answer: (B) 1 a
et e t
16. If
17. If I
t1°dt, then
0
°
a 1
t a 1
dt
5
2 ( A) I e a (B) ( I ) e a (C) ( I ) e a (D) I e a
I1 ° e( x 5) dx
4 Solution: Let
2/3 a
and 9[ x ( 2 / 3)]2 e t
I2 3 °
1/ 3
e dx J ° t a 1
dt
a 1
then the value of I1 I 2 is Put t = x + a 1 so that

( A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e 1 (D) e t a 1 x 0
Solution: Given and t ax1
5 Therefore
2
I1 ° e( x 5) dx 1
e ( x a 1)
4 J ° x 2
dx
Put t x + 5 so that 0
1
0 1 e1 x
2 2 e a ° dx
I1 e t dt e t dt
° ° 0
x 2
1 0
Again, put z 1 x so that
Again
0
ez
2/3 2/3 J e a ° (1 z) ( 1) dz
9[ x ( 2 / 3)]2 ( 3 x 2 )2
I2 3 °e 3 °e dx 1
1
1/ 3 1/ 3
a ez
Put t 3x + 2 so that dx (1/3)dt. Also
e °
0
z1
dz
1 a
e (I )
x t1
3
( I ) e a
2
and x t0 Answer: (C)
3
Therefore 2
0 1
18. ° x(x 1) dx
¥ 1´ 2 2 2
I 2 3 e t ¦ µ dt e t dt
° °
§ 3¶ 17 11 13 16
1 0
( A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
So
Solution: We have
1 1
2 2
2
I1 I 2 e t dt e t dt 0
° °
0 0
I
2
° x(x 1) dx
Answer: (A) 0 1 2
° x( x 1) ( x x 2 ) dx ( x 2 x) dx
° °
2 0 1
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1 3 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Solution: Let
¨ x · ¨ x2 · ¨ x2 · ¨ x3 ·
3 ª ¹ 2 2 ª ¹ 2 2 ª ¹ 0 3 ª ¹ 0
1 2 1 2 P /2
¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 2 ·¹
3 1 2 1 I ° f (sin 2 x)sin x dx (5.9)
8 1 1 7 3 0
2 P /2
3 2 3 3 2 ¥ ¥P ´´ ¥P ´

8
2
3 2 14 9 °
0
f ¦ sin 2 ¦ xµ µ sin ¦ xµ dx
§ § 2 ¶ ¶ § 2 ¶
3 6
P /2
8
21
3
°
0
f (sin 2 x)cos x dx (5.10)
17

3 From Eqs. (5.9) and (5.10), we have
Answer: (A) P /2
a1
2I °
0
f (sin 2 x)(sin x cos x) dx
2
19. The maximum value of ° e ( x 1) dx is attained (a is P /2
¥ P´
real) at a 1 2 °
0
f (sin 2 x)sin ¦ x µ dx
§ 4¶
(A) a 2 (B) a 1
(C) a 1 (D) a 0 Now, put
P
Solution: Let t x
4
a1
( x 1)2 so that
F ( a) °e dx
a 1 P
x0t
Now by Leibnitz Rule (Theorem 5.21), we have 4
2
F a(a) e (a1 1) e (a 1 1)
2
P P
and x t
2 2 2 4
e a e (a 2)
So and dx dt. Therefore
P / 4
F a ( a) 0 ¥ ¥ P ´´ ¥P P´
e ea2 ( a 2 )2
2I 2 °
P /4
f ¦ sin 2 ¦ t µ µ sin ¦ t µ ( dt )
§ § 4 ¶ ¶ § 4 4¶
a1 P /4
Also
2 °
P / 4
f (cos 2t )cos t dt
2 2 P /4
F aa(a) 2a e a 2(a 2) e (a 2)
F aa(1) 2e 1 2e 1 0
2 2 ° f (cos 2t)cos t dt
0
Therefore F is maximum at a 1. (∵cos x is an even function). Therefore

Answer: (B)
P /4
P /2 P /4 I 2 ° f (cos 2 t)cos t dt
20. °
0
f (sin 2 x)sin x dx k °
0
f (cos 2 x)cos x dx where 0
Hence
k equals
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) (D) 2 2 k 2
2
Answer: (C)
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1 P /2
¥ 1 2 ´
21. ° sin 2P x dx
0
° ¦§ 1 2 sin
0
2 xµ dx
¶
P /2
1 2 4 ¥ 1 (1 cos 4 x) ´
( A)
P
(B)
P
(C)
P
(D) P ° ¦§ 1 2
0
2
µ¶ dx
P /2
Solution: Let 1
1

4 ° (3 cos 4 x) dx
0
I ° sin 2P x dx
0
1¨ P /2 1 P /2 ·
© 3 x 0 sin 4 x 0 ¸
4ª 4 ¹
Put t 2O x. Now 1 ¨ 3P 1 ·
© (0 0)¸
x0t 0 4ª 2 4 ¹
and x 1 t 2P 3P

8
Also
Answer: (B)
1
dx dt
2P
Try it out Since sin 4 x cos4 x is of period O / 2,
Therefore the value of the integral
2P a P 2
1
I
2P °
0
sin t dt
° (sin 4 x cos4 x) dx
a
P 2P
1 1 is also 3O / 8.

2P °
sin t dt
0
2P ° ( sin t) dt
P
1 P 1 23. If [t] stands for the integral part of t, then

2P
; cos t =0
2P
;cos t =P2P 5P /12

1
2P
( 1 1)
1
2P
[1 ( 1)] °
0
[tan x] dx
1 1 P P
( A) (B) P (C) (D) 2P
P P 2 4
2
Solution: We have
P
5P
Answer: (B) tan tan 75o 2 3
12
P /2 and tan 0 0
22. ° (sin 4 x cos4 x) dx
1, 2 and 3 are integers between 0 and 2 3. Therefore
0
P 3P 5P 7P 5P / 12 Tan 1 2 Tan 1 3
( A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 8 ° [tan x] dx ° [tan x] dx ° [tan x] dx
0 Tan 1 1 Tan 1 2
Solution: Let
Tan 1 ( 2 3 )
P /2
4
x cos4 x) dx
° [tan x] dx
I ° (sin
0
Tan 1 3
Tan 1 2 Tan 1 3 Tan 1 ( 2 3 )
P /2
° (1 2 sin 2
x cos2 x) dx
° 1 dx ° 2 dx ° 3 dx
Tan 1 1 Tan 1 2 Tan 1 3
0
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(Tan 1 2 Tan 1 1) 2 (Tan 1 3 Tan 1 2) ( A) A P P 2 (B) A P P 2

3 [Tan 1 (2 3 ) Tan 1 3] (C) A P P 2 (D) A 2P P 2
P ¥ 5P ´
(Tan 1 3 Tan 1 2) 3 ¦ µ Solution: Let
4 § 12 ¶
P
5P P ¥ ¥ 3 2´ ´ 2 x 2 cos2 ( x/2)
¦ Tan 1 ¦ (∵6 1)

4 4 § § 1 6
µ¶ P µ
¶
I °
0
(1 sin x)2
dx
P [Tan 1 ( 1) P ] P
x 2 (1 cos x)
P
P P
° (1 sin x)2
dx
4 0
P P P
x2 x 2 cos x
4 °
0
(1 sin x)2
dx
(1 sin x)2
dx °
0
Answer: (C) P
x 2 cos x
1
A ° (1 sin x)2
dx
¥ 1 x´ 0
24.
°
1
cos x log e ¦
§ 1 x µ¶
dx
Therefore
P
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 2 x 2 cos x
Solution: Let
I A ° (1 sin x)
0
2
dx (5.11)
1 Let
¥ 1 x´
I °
1
cos x log e ¦
§ 1 x µ¶
dx P
x 2 cos x
Let
I1 °
0
(1 sin x)2
¥ 1 x´ Take
f ( x) cos x log e ¦
§ 1 x µ¶ u x2
so that cos x
dv dx
(1 sin x)2
¥ 1 x´
f ( x) cos( x) log e ¦
§ 1 x µ¶ so that
1
¨ ¥ 1 x´ · v
cos x © log e ¦
ª § 1 x µ¶ ¸¹ 1 sin x
f ( x) Now using integration by parts, we have
P P
Therefore f is an odd function so that I 0. ¨ ¥ 1 ´ · ¥ 1 ´
I1 © x 2 ¦ µ (2 x) ¦ °dx
Answer: (A) ¸
ª § 1 sin x ¶ ¹ 0 0 § 1 sin x µ¶
P
25. If 2 x
P 2
I P ( 1) 0 2 ° 1 sin x dx
0
(5.12)
x
° (1 sin x) 2
dx A P
P x
0 I P 2 2 ° 1 sin(P x) dx
then 0
P P
P 2 P x
2
2 x cos ( x/2) 2 I P 2 2 ° dx ° (5.13)
°
0
(1 sin x)2
dx 1 sin x 1 sin x
0 0
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Adding Eqs. (5.12) and (5.13) we get

3 3 3 3
(A) 4 O (B) 2 O
P 2 2
dx
2 I1 2P 2 2P ° 1 sin x 3 3 3
0 (C) 4 O (D) 8 O
2 2
So
1 sin x
P
Solution: Put ( x 2)2/3 t. Therefore
2
I1 P P
cos2 x
dx °
0
x t 3/2 2
P P 3
P 2 P ¨tan x 0 sec x 0 · dx t 1/2 dt
ª ¹ 2
P 2 P [0 ( 1 1)] Now
2
P 2P (5.14) x 3t 1
2
Substituting the value of I1 [from Eq. (5.14)] 2P P and x 29 t 9
in Eq. (5.11), we get
Therefore
I A 2P P 2
29 3 ( x 2) 2
Answer: (D) I ° 3
3
3 ( x 2) 2
dx
26. If a and b are real numbers different from zero, 9

then t ¥3 ´
° 3 t ¦§ 2
1
t µ dt
¶
O /2
ab
°a 2
cos2 x b2 sin 2 x
dx
3 t t
9
0
2 3 t°
1
dt
O O 3O
(A) (B) O (C) (D) Now put t z 2
so that dt (2z) dz. Again
2 4 4
t 1 z 1
Solution: Let
O /2 and t 9z 3
ab
I °
0
a cos x b2 sin 2 x
2 2
dx Therefore
3
3 z3
O /2
ab sec x 2 I °
2 3 z2
(2z) dz
° a b
0
2 2
tan x 2
dx 1
3
z4
ab
O /2
sec x 2 3 ° z 3 dz
2

b 2 ° (a/b) tan
0
2 2
x
dx 1
3
z4 9 9
a
d
dt
3 ° z2 3
dz

b ° (a/b) t
0
2 2
where t tanx 1
3
¥ 9 ´
a
d 3 ¦ (z2 3) 2
° µ dz
1 ¨ 1 ¥ bt ´ · § z 3¶
s © Tan ¦§ a µ¶ ¸ 1
b a/b ª ¹0 3
¨1 3 3· 27 ¨ 1 z ·
1
Tan (d) Tan (0) 1 3 © ¨ªz3 ·¹ 3 ;z=1 ¸ © Tan ¸
ª 3 1 ¹ 3ª 3 ¹1
O
¨ 26 · 27 ¨ P P ·
2 3 © 6 ¸
ª3 ¹ 3 ©ª 3 6 ¸¹
Answer: (A)
3 3
8 O
29 2
3 ( x 2) 2
27. °
3 3 3 ( x 2) 2
dx Answer: (D)
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1/ 3
dx O 6 6 2O O 6
(A) (B) O (C) (D)
28. °
0 (2 x 2 1) x 2 1
2 7 7 7 7
O
(A) (B) Tan 1 2
2 Solution: Let
O /2
(C) Tan 1 1/2 (D) O 6
I ° 6 sin
0
2
x
dx
Solution: Let O /2
6 sec 2 x
1/ 3
dx
° 6 sec 2 x tan 2 x
dx
I ° (2 x 2 1) x 2 1
0
O /2
0
6 sec 2 x
Put t 1/x or x 1/t so that
°
0
7 tan 2 x 6
dx
1 d
dx 2 dt dt
t 6 ° 7t 6
0
2
where t tan x
Now
6 7 O O 6
x m 0 t m d s s
7 6 2 2 7
1
and xm t m 3 Answer: (A)
3
a
Therefore dx
3 3
30. ° x
0 a2 x 2

t ¥ 1´
I ° (2 t )
d
2
¦ 2 µ dt
1 t 2 § t ¶ (A)
O
(B)
O
(C) O (D)
3O
d 2 4 4
t
° (2 t ) 2
1 t 2
dt Solution: We have
3
a
2 2 dx
Now, put 1 t z , so that t dt z dz. Again I ° x
0 a2 x 2
t 3z 2
Put x a sin P so that dx a cosP dP. Therefore
and t m d z m d
O /2
Hence 1
d
dz I ° a sinQ a cosQ (a cosQ ) dQ
I 2°
(z 1) z
2
(z) 0
O /2
d cosQ O
¨ª Tan1z·¹ ° sinQ cosQ dQ 4
2
0
P
Tan 1 2 Answer: (B)
2
Cot 1 2 Tan 1 2 Tan 1 2 e
1 31. If I n (log e x)n dx (n is a positive integer), then
Cot1 2 Tan1
2
°
1
Answer: (C) I 2012 (2012)I 2011
O /2
(A) I 2011 (2010)I 2010 (B) I 2013 (2013)I 2012
dx
29. °
0
1 (1/6)sin 2 x
(C) I 2011 (2011)I 2009 (D) I 2012 (2012)I 2011
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Solution: We have x 2 1
2
e 33. If f ( x) ° e t dt, then f (x) increases in

I n (log e x)n
° x2
1 (A) ( 2, 2) (B) no value of x

Using integration by parts we get (C) (0, d) (D) ( d, 0)
e Solution: We have
e 1
I n ¨ª x(log e x)n ·¹ x(n log en 1 x) dx
°
1 x f a( x ) e ( x
2
1)2
(2 x) e x (2 x)
4
1
e 2
1)2 2
n 1 2 xe ( x [1 e 2 x 1
]
°
e n (log e x) dx
2
1 We know that 1 e 2 x 1 for all real x. Therefore f a( x) 0
e n I n 1 if x < 0. So f increases in ( d, 0).
Answer: (D)
Therefore
I n n I n 1 e 34. If f(x) is differentiable and
Hence t2
2 5
I 2012 (2012)I 2011 e ° xf (x) dx 5 t
0
I 2013 (2013)I 2012
then f(4/25)
Answer: (B)
2 5 5
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
1 5 2 2
2 3/2
32. ° (1 x )
0
dx Solution: Differentiating the given equation both sides
with respect to t we have
3O 3O 3O 3O t 2 f (t 2 )(2t ) 2t 4 f (t 2 ) t
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 16 32
Put t 2/5 so that
Solution: Put x sin P. Then
¥ 4´ 2
f¦ µ
1 O /2 § 25 ¶ 5
2 3/2 3
° (1 x )
0
dQ ° (cos Q )(cosQ ) dQ
0
Note: One may get the doubt why cannot we have t 2/5.
You should not take t 2/5 as t > 0.
O /2 2
¥ 1 cos 2Q ´ Answer: (A)
°
0
¦§
2
µ¶ dQ
35. Let f be a positive valued function. Let
O /2 2
1 2 cos 2Q cos 2Q k
° dQ
0
4 I1 ° x f [ x(1 x)] dx
1 k
O /2 O /2 O /2
1 1 1 1 cos 4Q

4 ° dQ
2 ° cos 2Q dQ
4 ° 2
dQ k
0
O /2
0 0 and I2 °
1 k
f [ x(1 x)] dx
3 1 O /2 1 1 O /2

8 ° dQ 4 ;sin 2Q =
0
0
s ;sin 4Q =0
8 4
then I1/I 2 is
3¥O ´ 1 1
¦ µ ;sin O sin 0 = ;sin 2O sin 0 = 1
8§ 2¶ 4 32 (A) 2 (B) k (C) (D) 1
2
3O 3O
0 0
16 16
Answer: (C)
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dx x
k
°
0 1 x 2
°
0 1 x2
dx
I1 ° (k 1 k x) f [(k 1 k x)(1 k 1 k x)] dx
1 k 1 1
¨ªSin 1 x ·¹ ¨© 1 x 2 ·
¥ b b ´ 0 ª ¹̧ 0
¦∵ f ( x) dx f (a b x) dxµ
° ° (Sin 1 1 Sin 1 0) ( 1 1 1 0 )
¦§ µ¶
a a
k O
1
° (1 x) f ((1 x)x) dx
1 k
2
Note: The above integral can also be evaluated by using
I 2 I1 the substitution x cosP
Therefore Answer: (B)
2 I1 I 2 38. Let f(x) x [x], where [x] is the integral part of x.

Then
Hence
1
I1 1

I2 2 ° f (x) dx
1
Answer: (C) 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D)
2
36. If
Solution: We have
x 1
1 0 1
° f (t)dt x ° t f (t) dt
0 x
° f ( x) dx ° f ( x) dx f ( x) dx°
1 1 0
then f(1) is 0 1
(A)
1
(B) 0 (C) 1 (D)
1 °
1
°
( x [ x]) dx ( x [ x]) dx
0
2 2
0 1
Solution: Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x,
we have
° (x 1) dx ° x dx
1 0
f(x) 1 + 0 x f (x) 1 0
Therefore
° x dx ° dx
1 1
f (x)(1+x) 1 1 1 0
¨ª x 2 ·¹ ; x = 1
1 2 1
or f (1)
2 0 + (0 + 1) 1
Answer: (A) Answer: (A)
1 39. If
1 x
37. ° 1 x
dx 1
0 I (m, n) t m (1 t )n dt
°
O O 0
(A) 1 (B) 1
2 2 then the expression for I(m, n) in terms of I(m + 1,
(C) 1 (D) 1 n 1) is
Solution: We have 2n n
(A) I (m 1, n 1)
1 1 m 1 m 1
1 x 1 x
°
0
1 x
dx °0 1 x2
dx
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n O
(B) I (m 1, n 1) sin nx
m 1 In ° sin x dx
0
2n n
(C) I (m 1, n 1) Now
m 1 m 1
m O
(D) I (m 1, n 1) sin (n 2) x sin nx
n 1 I n 2 I n °
0
sin x
dx
Solution: Take u (1 t )n an dv t m dt. Hence, using O

integration by parts we have 2 cos(n 1) x sin x
1 1
° sin x
dx
¨ t m1 · t m1 0
I (m, n) © (1 t )n ¸ n (1 t)n 1 dt
° O
ª m 1 ¹0 0 m 1
°
2 cos(n 1) x dx
2n n 0
I (m 1, n 1)
m 1 m 1 2 O

n 1
; sin(n 1) x =0
Answer: (A)
0
40. If Therefore
O I n 2 I n
sin nx
In °
O
(1 O x )sin x
dx, n 0, 1, 2, {
Answer: (A)
then O
10 cos2 x
(A) I n * n 2 (B) ¤I 2 m 1 (20)O 41. The value of ° 1 a
O
x
dx, a 0 is
m 1
10 O
(A) O (B) aO (C) (D) 2O
(C) ¤I
m 1
2 m (10)O (D) I n I n1 2
Solution: We have
Solution: We have
O
cos2 x
O
sin n (O O x) I ° 1 a x
dx
In ° (1 O
O
O O x
)sin(O O x)
dx O
O ¥ b b ´
cos2 ( O O x)
¥ b b ´ ° dx ¦∵ f ( x) dx ° ° f (a b x) dxµ
1 a O O x ¦§ µ¶
¦∵ f ( x) dx
° ° f (a b x) dxµµ¶ O a a
¦§ O
a a
cos2 x
O
sin nx
O
O x sin nx
° 1 a x
° (1 O x
)sin x
dx ° (O x
1)sin x
dx O
O
O O a x cos2 x
Therefore
°
O
a x 1
dx
O
(1 O x )sin nx Therefore
2In °
O
(1 O x )sin x
dx
O
(a x 1)cos2 x
O
sin nx
2I °
O
a x 1
dx
°
O
sin x
dx
O
2
O
sin nx
° cos
O
x
2 °
sin x
0
dx
O
2 cos2 x
°
This is because sin nx / sin x is an even function. Hence 0
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O 0
; x = 1/2
°
(1 cos 2 x) dx
0 ¥ 1´
¦ 0 µ
1 § 2¶
O
2
;sin 2 x =O0 1

O 0 2
O Answer: (A)
Therefore
x
O 44. If f ( x) cos4 t dt, then f(x + O) equals
I
2
°
0
Answer: (C) (A) f(x) + f(O) (B) f(x) f(O)
x f ( x)
(C) f(x) f(O) (D)
2 f (P )
42. Let f ( x) °1
2 t . Then the real roots of the
Solution: We have
equation x 2 f a( x) 0 are
xO
1 cos4 t dt
(A) p1 (B) p
2
f ( x O ) °
0
1 O xO
(C) p (D) 0 and 1
2 cos4 t dt
° ° cos4 t dt
0 O
Solution: We have xO
x 2 f a( x ) 0 f (O ) ° cos4 t dt (5.15)
O
x2 2 x2 0
Let
x4 2 x2
xO
x 4 x 2 2 0
I ° cos4 t dt
2 2
( x 1)( x 2) 0 O
2
x 1 or x p Put y t O so that dy dt. Now
Answer: (A) t O y0
43. If [x] represents integral part of x, then the value of and t x O y x

the integral Therefore
1/2 x
¥ ¥ 1 x ´ ´
°
1/2
¦§ [ x] log e ¦§ µ dx
1 x ¶ µ¶
I cos4 ( y P ) dy
°
0
x
is
cos4 y dy
°
1 0
(A) (B) 0
2 x
(C) 1 (D) 2 log e 2 cos4 t dt

°
0
Solution: One can notice that log e [(1 x)/(1 x)] is f ( x)
an odd function. Therefore the given integral is
Substituting the value of I f(x) in Eq. (5.15), we have
1/2 0 1/2
f(x + O) f(O) + f(x)
° [ x] dx ° ( 1) dx ° 0 dx
1/2 1/2 0 Answer: (A)
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45. Let a, b, c be non-zero real numbers such that ¥1 ´

(a 2 b2 ) f ( x) a ¦ 5µ b ( x 5)
1 2 §x ¶
8
° (1 cos x)(ax bx c) dx (1 cos8 x)
2
° Therefore
0 0
s (ax 2 bx c) dx
1 ¨ ¥1 ´ ·
f ( x) ©a ¦§ x 5µ¶ b ( x 5)¸
a b2
2
ª ¹
Then the quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 has
So
(A) no root in (0, 2)
2 2
(B) at least one root in (0, 2) 1 ¥a ´
(C) a double root in (0, 2)
°
1
f ( x) dx 2
a b 2 ¦
§ x °
bx 5(b a)µ dx
1
¶
(D) two imaginary roots 1 ¨ b ·

©ªa log e 2 2 (4 1) 5(b a)(2 1)¸¹
Solution: By hypothesis a b22
1 ¨ 3b ·
2 2 ©ªa log e 2 2
5(b a)¸
8
x)(ax 2 bx c) dx 0 a b2 ¹
° (1 cos
1 1 ¨ 7b ·
©ªa (log e 2 5) 2 ¸¹
Define a b2
2
x Therefore @ 5, A 7.
f ( x) (1 cos8 t )(at 2 bt c) dt
° Answer: (D)
1
47. For n > 0,
so that f is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable in
(1, 2) and f(1) 0 f(2). Therefore, by Rolle’s theorem 2P
x sin 2 n x
f a( x) 0 for at least one value of x in (1, 2). Thus
° sin x cos2 n x
2n
dx
(1 cos8 x)(ax 2 bx c) 0 0
2
for at least one x (1, 2). So ax 2 bx c 0 has at least O O2 O2
(A) (B) (C) O 2 (D)
one root in (1, 2). 2 4 2 2
Answer: (B) Solution: Let
46. If a x b and 2O
x sin 2 n x
¥ 1´ 1
I ° sin 2 n x cos2 n x
dx
af ( x) bf ¦ µ 5 0
§ x¶ x 2O
(2O x)sin 2 n x
for all x x 0, then °0
sin 2 n x cos2 n x
dx
2
1 ¨ ¥ b´ · Therefore
° f (x) dx a
1
2
b2 ©a(log 2 A ) B ¦§ 2 µ¶ ¸
ª ¹ 2O
sin 2 n x
where A @ is equal to
2 I 2O ° sin
0
2n
x cos2 n x
dx
(A) 12 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 2 O

sin 2 n x
Solution: We have 4O ° sin 2n
dx [∵ f (2a x) f ( x)]
0
x cos2 n x
¥ 1´ 1 O /2
a f ( x) b f ¦ µ 5 (5.16) sin 2 n x
§ x¶ x 8O ° sin 2n
dx [∵ f (2a x) f ( x)]
0
x cos2 n x
Replacing x with 1/x we get
¥O ´
8O ¦ µ 2O 2
¥ 1´ § 4¶
b f ( x) a f ¦ µ x 5 (5.17)
§ x¶
So I O 2 .
From Eqs. (5.16) and (5.17), we obtain Answer: (C)
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3 Solution: We have
x
48. °
2
5 x x
dx x
log t
1/x
log t
F ( x) °
1 t
dt ° 1 t dt
1 1 1 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 3 (D)
2 3 By Leibnitz Rule,
Solution: It is known that log x log(1/x) ¥ 1 ´
F a( x ) ¦ µ
b 1 x 1 (1/x) § x 2 ¶
f ( x) b a
a
2
log x

log x
1 x x(1 x)
Taking f ( x) x , a = 2 and b = 3 in this equation we log x

get x
3 Therefore
x 3 2 1
° 5 x x
dx
2

2 log x
2
F ( x) ° x
dx
Answer: (B) 1
(log x)2 c
2
2a
f ( x) But F (1) 0 c 0. Therefore
49. ° f (x) f (2a x) dx
0 1
F ( x) (log x)2
a 2
(A) 2a (B) a (C) (D) 1 1
2 F (e )
2
Solution: Since
Note: The solution to Problem 50 is quite different from
b the routine types of solutions.
f ( x) b a
a
2 Answer: (C)
Now in the present case a = 0 and b =2a. Therefore the 51. Let
given integral is
ex
2a 0 f ( x)
a 1 e x
2
f (a)
Answer: (B)
I1 °
f ( a)
xg( x(1 x)) dx
50. Let
f (a)
¥ 1´
F ( x) f ( x) f ¦ µ
§ x¶ I2 °
f ( a)
g( x(1 x)) dx
where
then I 2 /I1 is
x
log e t (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2
f ( x) ° 1 t
1
dt
Solution: We have
Then F(e) is equal to ea e a

f (a) f ( a)
1 1 e a 1 e a
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 0
2 ea 1

1 e a 1 e a
1
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Therefore 7 2 26
1 2 2
f (a)
3 3 3
1
I1 °
f ( a)
(1 x) g((1 x) x) dx (7 3 6 2 26 6)
3
f (a)
1
(39 11)
3
° g( x(1 x)) dx I1
28
f ( a)
I 2 I1 3
Answer: (D)
So
I2 54. Let
2 I1 I 2 2
I1 1
sin x
Answer: (D) I °
0
x
dx
6 1
x cos x
52. °
3
9 x x
dx and J ° x
dx
0
1 3 Then which of the following is true?

(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 1
2 2
2 2
(A) I and J > 2 (B) I and J < 2
2 2
b
f ( x) b a (C) I and J > 2 (D) I and J < 2
3 3
° f (x) f (a b x) dx 2
a Solution: We know that
Here f ( x) x , a 3, b 6. Therefore, the given inte- sin x
gral is 0 x 1 1 (See Theorem 1.27)
x
6 3 3
Therefore
2 2
sin x x
Answer: (B) x
x x
3 Integrating we get
53. ° 1 x 2 dx 1 1
2 sin x 2
1 14 7 28
°
0
x
dx °
0
x dx
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3 So I < 2/3. Also
Solution: Let sin x
0 x 1 cos x 1 (See Theorem 1.27)
3 x
2
I ° 1 x
2
dx

cos x

1
x x
1 1 3
( x 2 1) dx (1 x 2 ) dx ( x 2 1) dx Therefore
°
2
°
1
°1 1
cos x
1 1
2
1 1 1
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
¨ª x 3 ·¹ ; x = 2 ; x = 1 ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ; x =1
3
J °
0
x
dx
1 1 1 1
( 1 8) ( 1 2) (1 1) (1 1) (27 1) (3 1) 1
3 3 3 °
0
x
dx
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1 1 1 1 1
2 ¨ª x 1/2 ·¹ ¨ x n1 · ¨ n 2 ·
¹ 0 n 2 ª x ¹ 0
0 n 1 ª
2 1 1

So n 1 n 2
2 Answer: (D)
I and J<2
3
57. Let f(x) be a function satisfying f a( x ) f ( x )
Answer: (B)
with f(0) 1 and g(x) be a function which satisfies
55. Suppose [x] denotes the integral part of x. Then the
f ( x) g( x) x 2 . Then
value of 1
a
° f (x) g(x) dx
° [ x] f a( x) dx, a 1 0
is 1
e2 5 e2 5
(A) e (B) e
(A) a f (a) \ f (1) f (2) f ([a])^ 2 2 2 2
(B) [a] f (a) { f (1) f (2) f ([a])} e2 3 e2 3

(C) e (D) e
2 2 2 2
(C) [a] f ([a]) { f (1) f (2) f (a)}
Solution: We have
(D) a f ([a]) \ f (1) f (2) f (a)^
f a( x ) f ( x )
Solution: Let
a
f ( x) e x c
°
I [ x] f a( x) dx
1
Now
f (0) 1 c 0
Then
Therefore
2 3 a
f ( x) e x
I 1 f a( x) dx 2 f a( x)dx
° ° ° [a] f a( x)dx
1 2 [a] So
[ f (2) f (1)] 2 [ f (3) f (2)] [a][ f (a) f ([a])] g( x) x 2 e x [∵ f ( x) g( x) x 2 ]
[a] f (a) { f (1) f (2) f ([a])} Hence
Answer: (B) 1 1
° f ( x) g( x) dx e x ( x 2 e x ) dx
°
1
n 0 0
56. ° x(1 x) dx
0
1 1
x 2 e x dx e 2 x dx
° °
1 1 1 0 0
(A) (B)
n 1 n 2 n 1 1 1 1
¨ª x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x ·¹ ¨ª e 2 x ·¹
1 1 1 0 2 0
(C) (D)
n 2 n 1 n 2 1 2
(e 2e 2e) 2 (e 1)
2
Solution: We have
e2 3
1 e
2 2
I x(1 x)n dx
°
0
Answer: (D)
O
1 ¥ a a ´ 2 x(1 sin x)
(1 x) x n dx ¦∵ f ( x) dx
° ¦§ ° ° f (a x) dxµ
µ¶
58. °
O
1 cos2 x
dx
0 0 0
1 1
O2 O
x n dx x n1dx (A) (B) O 2 (C) 0 (D)
°0
°
0
4 2
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Solution: We have then lim n ( I n I n2 ) equals

nmd
O
2 x(1 sin x) 1
I °
O
1 cos2 x
dx (A)
2
(B) 1 (C) d (D) 0
O O
2x 2 x sin x Solution: Let
°
O
1 cos2 x
dx
O
° 1 cos 2
x
dx
O /4
n
2x
In ° tan x dx
Now is an odd function. This implies 0
1 cos2 x O /4
n 2
O
° tan x (sec 2 x 1) dx
2x 0
° 1 cos
O
2
x
dx 0
O /4
n 2
° tan x sec 2 x dx I n 2
Now 0
O 1 P /4
2 x sin x ¨tan n 1 x · I n 2
ª ¹
I °
O
1 cos2 x
dx n 1
1
0
I n 2
O n 1
x sin x ¥ x sin x ´
4 ° 1 cos dx ¦∵ is evenµ
2
x § 2
1 cos x ¶ Therefore
0
O 1
(O x)sin(O x) I n I n 2
4 °
0
1 cos2 (O x)
dx n 1
Replacing n with n + 2, we have
O
sin x
4O ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx I I n I n2
1
n 1
So Therefore
O n 1
sin x n ( I n I n2 )
2 I 4O
0
° 1 cos2 x
dx n 1 1 (1/n)
O /2
So
sin x
8O °
0
1 cos2 x
dx lim n ( I n I n2 ) 1
nmd
1 Answer: (B)
dt
8O
1 t2 °
0
b
8O ¨ª Tan 1t ·¹
1
where t cos x
60. If f(a + b x) f(x), then ° x f (x) dx
a
0
¥O ´ b b
8O ¦ µ a b a b
§ 4¶
2
(A)
2 °
a
f (a b x) dx (B)
2 ° f (b x)
a
2O
b b
This implies a b b a
(C)
2 ° f (x) dx (D)
2 °
f ( x) dx
I O2 a a
Answer: (B) Solution: Let

59. If b
O /4
n
°
I x f ( x) dx
a
In °
0
tan x dx
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b
f ( x) e x 1
°
(a b x) f (a b x) dx
a
and f ( x) 0 x 0
b Hence S has only one element.
(a b x) f ( x) dx [∵ f (a b x) f ( x)]
° Answer: (A)
a
Therefore 62. For each positive integer n, define

b b ¥ x n (1 x)n ´
fn ( x) Min ¦ ,
°
2 I (a b) f ( x) dx (a b) f ( x) dx ° § n! n! µ¶
a a
for 0 b x b 1. Let
This implies
1
b
I
a b
2 °
f ( x) dx
In ° f (x) dx
0
n
a
d
Answer: (C) for n r 1. Then the value of ¤I
n1
n is
61. Let f : Z m Z be a continuous function satisfying

(A) 2 e 3 (B) 2 e 2
x
(C) 2 e 1 (D) 2 e
°
f ( x) x f (t ) dt
0 Solution: Let
for all x Z. Then, the number of elements in the « xn 1
set S [ x Z | f ( x) 0] is ®® for 0 b x b
n! 2
fn ( x ) ¬
(A) 1 (B) 2 (c) 3 (D) 4 n
® (1 x) for
1
xb1
Solution: Using Leibnitz Rule, we get ® n! 2
f a( x) 1 f ( x) Therefore
If y f(x), then we have the differential equation 1/2 1
xn (1 x)n
dy
y1
In °
0
n!
dx °
1/2
n!
dx
dx
n 1 ¨ n 1 ·
which is a linear equation. The solution of the differential 1 ¥ 1´ 1 ¥ 1´
¦ µ ©0 ¦ µ ¸
equation is (n 1)! § 2 ¶ ©ª (n 1)! § 2 ¶ ¸¹
ye x 1 e x dx c e x c (1/2)n1
° 2
(n 1)!
This implies
Hence
y 1 c e x
d
or f ( x) 1 ce x ¨ (1/2)2 (1/2)3 (1/2)4 ·
¤I
n 1
n 2©
ª 2 !

3 !

4 !
d ¸
¹
Substituting the value of f(x) in the given equation, we
have ¨¥ (1/2) (1/2)2 (1/2)3 ´ 1·
x 2 ©¦ 1 dµ 1 ¸
©ª§ 1! 2! 3! ¶ 2 ¸¹
1 ce x x ( 1 ce t ) dt
°
0 ¨ 3·
x
2 ©e1/2 ¸ 2 e 3
x [ x c(e )] ª 2¹
ce x c Answer: (A)
This implies c 1. So
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63. Let f ( x) x 3 ax 2 bx c, where a, b, c are real 1

dx ¨ x·
1
numbers. If f(x) has a local minimum at x 1 and a ° ©Sin 1 ¸

4 x 2 ª 2 ¹0
local maximum at x 1/3 and f(2) 0, then 0
1
1 Sin 1
2
° f (x) dx
1
O
6
14 14 7 7 Answer: (D)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
65. If [t] denotes the integral part of t, then
Solution: We have 1
f (2) 0 4a 2b c 8 (5.18) ° cos(O x) cos([2 x]O ) dx

0
f a(1) 0 2a b 3 (5.19)
2 2
¥ 1´ (A) 1 (B) 1 (c) (D)
f a ¦ µ 0 2a 3b 1 (5.20) O O
§ 3¶
Solution: We have
Solving Eqs. (5.18)–(5.20), we have a 1, b 1, and
c 2. Therefore 1
«
f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2 ®®0 for 0 b x < 2
[ 2 x] ¬
Now ®1 for 1 b x 1
® 2
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 Therefore
° f (x) dx ° x
1 1
dx °x
1
dx ° x dx 2 ° dx
1 1 1 1/2 1
2
0 (1 0) 0 2(1 1)
3
°
0
cos(O x) cos ([2 x]O ) dx °
0
cos(O x) dx ° cos(O x)( 1) dx
1/2
2 1 1/2 1 1
4 ; sin(O x)=0 ; sin(O x)=1/2
3 O O
14
1 1
3 (0 1)
O O
Answer: (B) 2

O
¥ 1 1 1 ´
Answer: (D)
¦ 4 n2 12 2
4n 2 2 2 2 µ
4n 3 µ
64. lim ¦
nmd ¦ 1 µ ¥ 2x ´ ¥ 2x ´
¦§ µ¶ 1/ 3 Cos 1 ¦ Tan 1 ¦
4n2 n2 § 1 x 2 µ¶ § 1 x 2 µ¶
1 O
66. ° e x 1
dx
O O 1/ 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 4 6 O O O O
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Solution: We have 2 4 4 3 2 3
1 Solution: Let I be the given integral. Then
Tr rth term
2 2
4n r 1/ 3
[(O /2) 2 Tan 1 x] 2Tan 1 x
Put n 1/h so that I ° e x 1
dx
1/ 3
h
Tr 1/ 3
4 x2 O dx

2 ° x
e 1
where x r h. Since the sum contains n terms, the required 1/ 3
limit is
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1/ 3 ¥O 2 ´
O dx e¦ µ 1

2 ° e(1/ 3 ) (1/ 3 ) x
1
dx §6 3¶
1/ 3
1/ 3
Answer: (C)
O dx

2 ° x
e 1 68. The function
1/ 3
x
1/ 3
O ex

2 ° ex
1
dx F ( x) ° (4 sin t 3 cos t) dt
O /6
1/ 3
So attains least value on [O /4, 3O /4] at x equals

1/ 3 O O 3O O
O (A) (B) (C) (D)
2I
2 ° 1 dx 3 2 4 4
1/ 3 Solution: We have
O¥ 1 1 ´ O
¦ µ ¥ 3´
2§ 3 3¶ 3 F a( x) 4 sin x 3 cos x 5 sin ¦ x Tan 1 µ
§ 4¶
Hence Now
O
I O 3O
2 3 bxb
4 4
Answer: (D) O 1 3 3 3O 3
Tan b x Tan 1 b Tan 1
4 4 4 4 4
1/ 2
¥ x ´ O 3
x 1 x Tan 1 O
67. °e
0
¦§ Sin x (1 x 2 )3/ 2 µ¶ dx 2 4
Hence
¥O 1 ´ ¥O 2 ´
(A) e¦ µ 1 (B) e ¦ µ 1
§6 3¶ §6 3¶ ¥ 3´
F a( x) 5 sin ¦ x Tan 1 µ 0
§ 4¶
¥O 2 ´ ¥O 1 ´
(C) e ¦ µ 1 (D) e ¦ µ 1
§6 3¶ §6 3¶ So F is increasing in [O /4, 3O /4] and F is least at x O /4.
Answer: (D)
Solution: Let
¥O ´
1/2 O x sin 2 x sin ¦ cos xµ
¥ x ´ §2 ¶
I °e x 1
¦§ Sin x (1 x 2 )3/2 µ¶ dx
69. °
0
2x O
dx
0
1/2
¥ 1 1 x ´ 2 8 2 8
e x ¦ Sin 1 x (A) (B) (C) (D)
°
0
§ 1 x2
2 3/
1 x 2 (1 x ) ¶
2 µ dx O2 O2 O O
Solution: Let
1/2 1/2
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 x ´ ¥O ´
e x ¦ Sin 1 x
° x
µ dx e ¦ °
2 3/2 µ
dx O x sin 2 x sin ¦ cos xµ
§ 2
1 x ¶ § 1 x 2 (1 x ) ¶ §2 ¶
0 0
1/2
I °
0
2x O
dx
1/2 ¨ ex ·
¨ª e x Sin 1 x ·¹ © ¸ Put x (O /2) t so that dx dt. Therefore
0
©ª 1 x 2 ¸¹ 0
¥O ´ ¥O ¥O ´´
¥ O ´ ¨ e 1· O /2 ¦§ t µ¶ sin(O 2t )sin ¦ cos ¦§ t µ¶ µ dt
¦ e 0µ © ¸ 2 §2 2 ¶
§ 6 ¶ © 1 (1/4) 1 ¸
ª ¹
I °
O /2
2t
O e 2 e
1 ¥ O ´
6 3 O /2 ( sin 2t )sin ¦ sin t µ O /2
O § 2 ¶ 1 ¥O ´

2 °
O /2
2t
dt
2 °
sin 2t sin ¦ sin t µ dt
O /2
§ 2 ¶
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O /2 1
O 1 ¥O ´ dx
(0) s 2
4 2 °
0
sin 2t sin ¦ sin t µ dt
§2 ¶
° [5 2(1 x) 2(1 x )](1 e 2 2 4(1 x )
)
(By P5 )
0
O /2 1
¥O ´ dx
2 ° sin t cos t sin ¦§ 2 sin tµ¶ dt
0
° (5 2 x 2 x )(1 e
0
2 ( 2 4 x )
)
1
Now, put (O /2) sin t z, so that cos t dt (2/O ) dz. e 2 4 x
Therefore
°
0
(5 2 x 2 x 2 )(e 2 4 x 1)
dx
O /2
2z ¥ 2´ Therefore
I2 °
0
O
(sin z) s ¦ µ dz
§O ¶
1
1 e2 4 x
8
O /2 2I ° (5 2 x 2 x )(1 e 2 2 4 x
)
dx

O2 °
0
z sin zdz 0
1
dx

8
2;
O /2
z( cos z) sin z=0
° 5 2x 2x
0
2
O
8 This implies
(0 1 0)
O2
1
8 1 dx

O2
I °
4 (5/2) x x 2
0
Answer: (B) 1
1 dx
x
° 2
4 [ x (1/2)] (5/2) (1/4)
0
2
70. If f ( x) ° sin(t ) dt then
1/x
f a(1) is
1
1
dx
3 1 3
°
4 (11/4) [ x (1/2)]2
0
(A) (B) sin 1 (C) sin 1 (D) sin 1 1
2 2 2 ¨ ·
11 1
x
Solution: We have 1 1 © 2 2
¸
s © log e ¸
4 2 11/2 © 11 1 ¸
¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 ´¥ 1 ´ © x ¸
f a( x) [sin( x )2 ] ¦ µ sin ¦ 2 µ ¦ 2 µ ª 2 2 ¹0
§2 x¶ §x ¶§ x ¶
¨ 11 1 11 1
(by Leibnitz Rule, Theorem 5.21). Therefore © 1
1 2 2 log 2 2
© log e e
1 3 4 11 © 11 1 11 1
f a (1) sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 © 1
2 2 ª 2 2 2 2
Answer: (D) 1 ¨ ¥ 11 1´ ¥ 11 1´ ·
© log e ¦ µ log e ¦ µ¸
1 4 11 ©ª § 11 1¶ § 11 1 ¶ ¸¹
dx
71. ° (5 2 x 2 x )(1 e
2 2 4 x
)

1 ¥ ( 11 1)2 ´
log e ¦ µ
0
4 11 § ( 11 1)2 ¶
1 ¥ 11 2 ´ 1 ¥ 11 1´
(A) log e ¦ (B) log e ¦ 1 11 1
11 § 11 µ¶ 11 § 10 µ¶
2 11
log e
11 1
1 ¥ 10 2 ´ 1 ¥ 10 1´ 1 ¥ ( 11 1)2 ´
(C) log e ¦ (D) log e ¦ log e ¦ µ
10 § 11 µ¶ 10 § 11 µ¶ 2 11 § 11 1 ¶
1 ¥ 11 1´
Solution: Let log e ¦ µ
11 § 10 ¶
1
dx Answer: (B)
I ° (5 2 x 2 x )(1 e
0
2 2 4 x
)
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72. Let 2 2 3
¨ x3 · ¨ x3 · ¨ x3 ·
«x © 4 x¸ ©4 x ¸ © 4 x¸
ª3 ¹ 4 ª 3 ¹ 2 ª 3 ¹2
0
°
®® {5 | 1 y |} dy if x 2
f ( x) ¬ 1 1
® ( 8 64) 4( 2 4) 4(2 2) (8 8)
®5 x 1 if x b 2 3 3
1
Then (27 8) 4(3 2)
3
(A) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x 2. 1
(B) f (x) is not continuous at x 2. (56 16 19) 8 16 4
3
(C) f (x) is differentiable everywhere. 59 71
4
(D) The right derivative of f (x) at x 2 does not exist. 3 3
Solution: For x 2, Answer: (C)
x 1 x 74. If
° °
(5 | 1 y |) dy (5 1 y) dy (5 y 1) dy ° «®e cos x sin x for | x |b 2
0 0 1
f x ¬
1 x ®2 otherwise
°
0
°
(6 y) dy (4 y) dy
1
3
6
1 1
4( x 1) ( x 2 1)
then ° f (x) dx
2
2 2
1 2 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
x 4x 1 cos x
2 Solution: In [ 2, 2], the function e sin x is an odd
Therefore function. Therefore
3 2 3
®«5 x 1 for x b 2 cos x
f ( x) ¬ 2 ° f (x) dx ° e °
sin x dx 2 dx
®(1/2) x 4 x 1 for x 2 2 2 2
Now 0 2(3 1) 2
Answer: (C)
lim f ( x) 5(2) 1 11
xm 2 0
O /3
O 4x3 4O
4 75. If ° dx Tan 1 (k ), then k
and lim f ( x) 8 1 11 2 cos[ x (O /3)] 3
xm 2 0 2 O /3
equals
So f is continuous at x 2. Again
1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 2 (D)
Lf a(2) 5 and Rf a(2) 2 4 6 2 2
Therefore f is not differentiable at x 2. Solution: We know that
Answer: (A) 4x3
3 ¥ O´
2 cos ¦ x µ
2 § 3¶
73. °x 4 dx
4 is an odd function. Therefore, the given integral equals
55 55 71 71 O /3
(A) (B) (C) (D) dx
6 3 3 6 2O ° 2 cos ¥ x O ´
Solution: We have x 2 4 0 if either x 2 or x 2. 0 ¦§ µ
3¶
Also 2O /3
dt O
2
x 4 0 2 x 2 2O °
O /3
2 cos t
where t x
3
Therefore
¥ t´
3 2 2 3 2O /3 1 tan 2 ¦ µ
§ 2¶
°|x 2
4 | dx ° (x 2
4) dx 2
° (4 x ) dx ° (x 2
4) dx 2O °
O /3
¥ 2 t´ ¥ 2 t´
2 ¦ 1 tan µ ¦ 1 tan µ
dt
4 4 2 2
§ 2¶ § 2¶
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3 O
dz t dx
4O ° 1 3z 2
where z tan
2
O °a
0
2
cos x b2 sin 2 x
2
I
1/ 3
4O 3 So
¨ Tan 1z 3 ·
3ª ¹ 1/ 3 O
dx

4O
(Tan 1 3 Tan 1 1)
2I O °a 2
cos x b2 sin 2 x
2
3 0
O /2
4O 1 dx
Tan 1
3 2 O s2 °a
0
2
cos x b2 sin 2 x
2
So k 1/2. Therefore
Answer: (B) O /2
dx
O /2
sin 8 x log e (cot x)
I O °a
0
2
cos x b2 sin 2 x
2
76.
°
0
cos 2 x
dx O /2
sec 2 x
O O
O °
0
a b2 tan 2 x
2
dx
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4 O /2
O sec 2 x
Solution: We have

b2
0
° (a/b)2 tan 2 x
dx
O /2 d
sin 8 x log e (cot x) O dt
I °
0
cos 2 x
dx °
b2 (a/b)2 t 2
where t tan x
0
¥ ¥O ´´ O 1 ¨ tb ·
d
O /2 sin(4O 8 x)log e ¦ cot ¦ xµ µ
§ § 2 ¶¶ 2
s © Tan 1 ¸
b a/bª a ¹0
° ¥O
cos 2 ¦ xµ
´
dx
0 O ¥O ´
§2 ¶ ¦ 0µ¶
O /2
ab § 2
sin 8 x log e (tan x) O2
°
0
cos 2 x
dx
2ab
O /2 Answer: (D)
sin 8 x log(1/cot x)
°
0
cos 2 x
dx
78. If
I x2
cos x cos t
Thus, 2I 0 or I 0. f ( x) ° 1 sin 2 t
dt
Answer: (A) O 2 /16
O then f a(O ) is equal to

x
77. °
0
a cos x b2 sin 2 x
2 2
dx
(A) 0 (B) O (C) 2O (D)
O
2
O2 O O2 O2 Solution: We have
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab 2ab 2 2ab x2
cos t
Solution: f ( x) cos x ° 1 sin 2 t
dt
O O 2 /16
x
I °a
0
2
cos2 x b2 sin 2 x
dx Then
O x2
O x cos t ¨ cos x ·
°a 2 2
cos x b sin x 2 2
dx f a( x) sin x ° 1 sin 2 t
dt cos x ©
ª 1 sin 2 x ¸¹
(2 x)
0 O 2 /16
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Hence (B) f (x) is defined for all x 0 but is not

continuous at x 1, 2, 3, . . .
¨ cos O ·
f a(O ) 0 cos(O ) © ¸¹ (2O ) 2O (C) f (x) is continuous for all x 0 but is not
ª 1 sin 2 O differentiable for x 1, 2, 3, . . .
Answer: (C) (D) f (x) is differentiable for all x 0
1 Solution: We have
79. ° Cot 1 (1 x x 2 ) dx
1 2 3 x
0
f ( x) 0 dt 1 dt 2 dt
° ° ° ° ([ x]) dt
O O 0 1 2 [ x]
(A) log e 2 (B) log e 2
2 2 0 (2 1) 2(3 2) 3(4 3) [ x]( x [ x])
(C) O log e 2 (D) O log e 2 (1 2 3 [ x] 1) x[ x] [ x]2
Solution: We have ([ x] 1)([ x])
x[ x] [ x]2
1 2
I Cot 1 (1 x x 2 ) dx
° Let n 0 be an integer. Then
0
1 f (n 0) lim f (n h)
1 hm0
1 ¥ ´
°
Tan ¦
0
§ 1 x x 2 µ¶
dx

(n 2)(n 1)
lim(n h)(n 1) (n 1)2
2 hm0
1
¥ x ( x 1) ´ (n 2)(n 1)
Tan 1 ¦ n(n 1) (n 1)2
°
0
§ 1 x( x 1) µ¶
dx
2
n 1
1 [n 2 2 n 2(n 1)]
Tan 1 x Tan 1 ( x 1)] dx 2
°
[T
(n 1)n
0
1 1 2
Tan x dx Tan 1 ( x 1) dx
° 1
° Now
0 0
1 1
f (n 0) lim f (n h)
hm0
1 1
°
0
°
Tan x Tan (1 x 1) dx
0

(n 1)n
lim(n h)n n2
2 hm0
1
(n 1)n
2 Tan 1 x dx n2 n2
°
0
2
(n 1)n
1
«® x dx º® 2
1 · 1
®
¨
2 ¬ ª xTan x ¹
0 °
»
1 x2 ® Therefore f is continuous at all positive integers. We can
0 ¼
see that
¥O ´ 1 1
2 ¦ 0µ 2 s ¨ª log e (11 x 2 )·¹
§4 ¶ 2 0 f a (n 0) n 1
O and f a (n 0) n
log e 2
2
So f is not differentiable at positive integers.
Answer: (A)
Answer: (C)
80. Consider the function
x2
2
x
° cos t dt
°
f ( x) [t ] dt
81. lim 0

0 x m0 x sin x
where x 0 and [t] is the integral part of t. Then 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
2
(A) f (x) is not defined for x 1, 2, 3, . . .
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Solution: We have Solution: We know that

1
x2 1
r 2
°
2
cos t dt °x dx
r3
0 ¥ 0´ (cos x 2 )(2 x) 0
lim lim
¦§ µ¶ xm0
x m0 x sin x 0 sin x x cos x Therefore
cos( x 2 )(2) n n 1
lim n
Cr 1
xm0 (sin x/x) cos x lim
nmd
¤ lim
nr (r 3) nmd r 0
n
Cr r
n
¤ °x r2
dx
2 r 0 0
1 n
1 1 ¥ r
¥ x´ ´
1 x 2 ¦ lim
°§ nmd r 0
n
¤
Cr ¦ µ µ dx
§ n¶ ¶
0
Answer: (B) 1 n
¥ ¥ x´ ´
x 2 ¦ lim ¦ 1 µ µ dx
°
82. If
0
§ nmd § n¶ ¶
1 1 1 1
Sn
1 n 2 2n x2e x
°
n n2
0
then lim Sn is equal to 1
nmd ¨ª x 2 e x (2 x)e x 2e x ·¹
0
(A) log e 2 (B) 2 2 log e 2 ( e 2 e 2 e ) ( 0 0 2)
(C) 2 log e 2 (D) 2 log e 2 e 2
1 3/2
Tr rth term
r rn 84. ° x sin O x dx
1
Put n 1/h. Then
O 1 3O 1 3O 1 3
h (A) (B) (C) (D)
Tr O2 O2 O2 O2
r h r
h Solution: Let

rh rh 3/2
Therefore I ° x sin O x dx
1
1
dx Put t O x so that
lim Sn
nmd ° x x
0 x 1 t O
1
dx 3 3O
°
0
x ( x 1)
and x
2
t
2
1 Therefore
1
°0
t(t 1)
(2t )dt where t x 3O /2
t 1
2 ; log e (t 1)=
1
I °
O
O
sin t dt
O
0
3O /2
2 log e 2 1
Answer: (D)

O2 °
O
t sin t dt
n n 3O /2
Cr O
83. lim ¤ n (r 3) 1 ¨ ·
nmd
r 0
r 2
O ©
©
°
(t sin t ) dt °
( t sin t) dt ¸
¸
ª O O ¹
(A) e 1 (B) e (C) e 2 (D) e 1 3O /2
1 ¨ O ·
2
O © °
© 2 t sin t dt
°
t sin t dt ¸
¸
ª 0 O ¹
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1 ¨ O 3O /2 area is shown as the shaded portion in Fig. 5.13. Math-

2 sin t t cos t =0 ;sin t t cos t =O ·
2 ª ; ematically, it is given by
O ¹
1 Area required Area of the triangle with vertices
2 [2( O cos O 0) [ 1 0 (0 O cos O )] 0
O 2
1
2 (2O 1 O )
( 1, 1), ( 2, 0), ( 1, 0) °x
1
dx
O
3O 1 1 1 0
(1)(1) ¨ª x 3 ·¹
O2 2 3 1
1 1
Answer: (B) [0 ( 1)]
2 3
1.5 1 1
2
85. ° [ x ] dx ([x] is the integral part of x) is equal to 2 3
0 5

(A) 2 (B) 2 1 (C) 2 2 (D) 2 1 6
Solution: We have Answer: (D)
3 9 87. The area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed

0bxb 0 b x2 b
2 4 by the circle x 2 y2 4, the x-axis and the line
so that [ x 2 ] 0, 1 or 2. Therefore y x/ 3 is
O O O
1.5 1 2 3/2 (A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 4
° [ x ] dx ° [ x ] dx ° [ x ] dx ° [ x ] dx
0 0 1 2 y 3
y
2 3/2 =
x
0 °
1
1 dx ° 2 dx P ( 3 , 1)
2
¥3 ´ O M (2, 0) x
0 ( 2 1) 2 ¦ 2 µ
§2 ¶
2 1 3 2 2
2 2
Answer: (C)
86. Area of the region bounded by the curves
2
y x , y x 2 and the x-axis is Solution: The line y x/ 3 meets the circle in the
4 5 5 5 first quadrant at P( 3, 1). Therefore
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 4 6 2
Area required $OPM ° 4 x 2 dx
y
3
2
1 ¨ x 4 x2 4 x·
s 3 s 1 © Sin 1 ¸
2 ©ª 2 2 2¸
2 ¹ 3
3 ¨ 3 3·
( −1, 1) © 2Sin 1 1 2Sin 1 ¸
2 ª 2 2 ¹
−2 −1 O x
3 3 O
O 2s
2 2 3
FIGURE 5.13 Single correct choice type question 86. O

3
Solution: The line y x 2 and the parabola y x 2
intersect in the two points ( 1, 1) and (2, 4). The required Answer: (B)
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88. For which values of m, does the area of the region

bounded by the curve y x x 2 and the line y mx
equals 9/2? (1 m)3 9

(A) 4, 1 (B) 2, 1 6 2
1 m 3
(C) 2, 1 (D) 4, 2
m4
Solution: We have
Hence m 2, 4.
2
1 ¥ 1´ Answer: (D)
y x x2 ¦ x µ
4 § 2¶
89. The area of the figure bounded by the straight lines
Therefore
x 0, x 2 and the curves y 2 x , y 2 x x 2 is
2
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´ 4 3 4
¦§ x µ¶ ¦§ y µ¶ (A) (B) log e 2
2 4 3 log e 2 3
This equation represents downward parabola with vertex 3 4 3 2
at (1/2, 1/4) and y b 1/4 (see Fig. 5.15). The parabola (C) (D)
log e 2 3 log e 2 3
y x x 2 meets the x-axis in (0, 0) and (1, 0). The line
y mx meets the curve in (0, 0) and (1 m, m m2 ). Solution: We have
Note that 1 m L 0. Therefore
y 2 x x 2 1 ( x 1)2 ]
1 m
2 ( x 1)2 ( y 1)
Required area ° (x x mx) dx
0 This is the equation of a downward parabola with vertex
¥ 1 m ´ ¨ 2 · 1 m 1 ¨ 3 · 1 m at (1, 1) meeting the x-axis in (0, 0) and (2, 0). See Fig.
¦ x ªx ¹
§ 2 µ¶ ª ¹ 0 3 0 5.16. Hence
1 m 1 2
[(1 m)2 0] (1 m)3
2 3 Required area (shaded portion) [2 x (2 x x 2 )] dx
°
(1 m)3 0
2
6 ¨ 2x · 2 2 1 3 2
© ¸ ¨ª x ·¹ 0 ¨ª x ·¹ 0
Now ª log e 2 ¹ 0 3
4 1 8
(1 m)3 9 4
(Given) log e 2 3
6 2
3 4
(1 m)3 27
log e 2 3
1 m 3
m 2 y
Also, if 1 m 0, then we have

y
y = 2x
) 12 , 14 ) y = mx O 2 x
1
4
1 1−m 1 x
2
Answer: (C)
90. The area bounded by the curve y 2 x x 2 and the

straight line y x is
7 9
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D) 4
2 2
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y dy
8x3 2x
dx
y = −x Now
A (1, 1)
dy
B 0
O (2, 0) x dx
x(4 x 2 1) 0
1
x 0, p
(3, −3) 2
Differentiating again we get
d2 y
Solution: We have 24 x 2 2 2(12 x 2 1)
dx 2
y 2 x x 2 1 ( x 1)2 ¥ d2 y´ ¥ 1 ´
¦ 2µ 2 ¦ 12 s 1µ
( x 1)2 ( y 1) § dx ¶ x p 1 § 4 ¶
2
This implies that the curve meets the x-axis in (0, 0) 2s20
and (2, 0). The line y x meets the parabola
y 2 x x 2 in (0, 0) and (3, 3). See Fig. 5.17. Therefore So y is minimum at x 1/2 and 1/2, and y is maximum
at x 0. The required area is shown as the shaded por-
3 tion in Fig. 5.18.
Required area (shaded portion) [(2 x x 2 ) ( x)] dx
° 1/2
0
3 3
2
°
Required area 2 ( y) dx
0
°
3 x dx x dx
0
°
0
1/2
2 x2 2x4
°
3 2 3 1 3 3
¨x · ¨x · 0
2 ª ¹0 3 ª ¹0
¨1 1/2 2 1/2 ·
3 27 2 © ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 5 ·¹ ¸
s9 ª3 0 5 0 ¹
2 3
81 54 ¨1 2 1·
2© s ¸
6 ª 24 5 32 ¹
27 1 1

6 12 40
9 10 3

2 120
Answer: (C) 7

120
91. The area between the curve y 2 x 4 x 2 , the x-axis y
and the ordinates of the two minima of the function
y 2 x 4 x 2 is
−1 1
7 7 3 1 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
120 60 40 20 x
O
Solution: We have
y 2x4 x2
which is symmetric about y-axis. The curve meets the
x-axis in ( 1/ 2 , 0), (0, 0) and (1/ 2 , 0). Differentiating FIGURE 5.18 Single correct choice type question 91.
the equation of the curve w.r.t. x we get
Answer: (A)
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92. The area of the bounded region enclosed between 2

¥ x2´
the curves y3 x 2 and y 2 x 2 is Area 2 ¦ 2 µ dx
0
§ 2 ¶ °
1 2 4 14
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2 2 1 2
15 15 15 15 4 ; x =0 ¨ª x 3 ·¹
3 0
Solution: The curve y3 x 2 is symmetric about y-axis. 8
Also y r 0. Now 8
3
y 2 x2 16

x 2 ( y 2) 3
This represents parabola with vertex (0, 2) and y b 2 (see y

Fig. 5.19). Again
y3 x 2 2 y 2
y=2
3
y y 2 0
( y 1)( y2 y 2) 0
−2 O 2 x
This implies y 1, x p 1. Therefore
1
Required area (shaded portion) 2 [(2 x 2 ) x 2/3 ] dx
° FIGURE 5.20 Single correct choice type question 93.
0
2 2 s 3 5/3 1 Answer: (C)
4[ x]10 [ x 3 ]10 [ x ]0
3 5
94. The area enclosed between the curves y2 4x and x2
2 6
4 4y inside the square formed by the lines x 1, y
3 5 1, x 4, y 4 is
60 10 18
8 16 13 11
15 (A) (B) (C) (D)
32 3 3 3 3

15 Solution: The two curves intersect at (4, 4) which is a
2 vertex of the given square (see Fig. 5.21). Therefore
2
15 4
y
Required area (shaded portion) 2 x °
1
(0, 2) 4
x2
(−1, 1) (1, 1)
°
2
4
dx (2 1) s 1
2 1
2 s [ x 3/2 ]14 [ x 3 ]42 1
− 2 O 2 x 3 12
y
FIGURE 5.19 Single correct choice type question 92. (1, 4) (4, 4)
4x
Answer: (B) 2 =
y
y
=4
93. The area of the region enclosed between the curve

2
x
x 2 2 y and the straight line y 2 equals (1, 1)

(2, 1)
4 8 16 32
(A) (B) (C) (D) O 1 2 4 x
3 3 3 3
Solution: The line y 2 meets the curve x 2 2 y in
the points ( 2, 2) and (2, 2) (see Fig. 5.20). Therefore
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4 1 19 3 14 19
s [8 1] (64 8) 1
3 12 81 9 81 81
28 56 19 27 14 19 51 17
1
3 12 81 81 27
112 56 12 Answer: (B)

12
44 96. The area of the bounded region enclosed between the

12 lines x 1/2, x 2 and the curves y log e x and y 2 x
11 is

3 1 5 3
(A) (4 2 ) log e 2
Answer: (D) log e 2 2 2
1 5
95. Let f ( x) Max{x 2 , (1 x)2 , 2 x(1 x)} where 0 b x (B) (4 2 ) log e 2
log e 2 2
b 1. Then the area of the region bounded by the curve
y f (x), the x-axis and the lines x 0, x 1 is 1 5 3
(C) (4 2 ) log e 2
17 17 14 14 log e 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 27 17 27 1 5
(D) (4 2 ) log e 2
Solution: See. Fig. 5.22. The colored arcs represent log e 2 2
the graph of y f (x). Let C1 : y x 2 ; C2 : y (1 x)2 ;
C3: y = 2x (1 x). Then C2 and C3 intersect in (1/3, 4/9)
y
and C1 intersect C3 in (2/3, 4/9). Now
«(1 x)2 y = logex

for 0 b x b 1/3
®
f ( x) ¬2 x(1 x) for 1/3 b x b 2/3 y = 2x
® 2
x for 2/3 b x b 1
1 O 1 1 2 x
2 2
Required area (shaded portion)
1/3 2/3 1
2
x 2 dx ) 12 , −log2 )
°
0
(1 x) dx °
1/3
2 x(1 x) dx °
2/3
1 1/3 2/3 2 2/3 1 1
¨ª(1 x)3 ·¹ ¨ª x 2 ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹ Solution: See Fig. 5.23. The shaded portion is the
3 0 1/3 3 1/3 3 2/3
required area. Now
1¨ 8 · ¥ 4 1´ 2 ¥ 8 1 ´ 1¥ 8´
© 1¸ ¦ µ ¦ µ ¦ 1 µ
3 ª 27 ¹ § 9 9 ¶ 3 § 27 27 ¶ 3 § 27 ¶ 2
x
Required area ° (2
1/2
log e x) dx
y
1
1 (1, 1) [2 x ]12/2 [ x log e x x]12/2
log e 2
1
(2 2 21/2 )
( 13 , 49 ( ( 23 , 49 ( log e 2
¨ ¥1 ¥ 1´ 1´ ·
©(2 log e 2 2) ¦ log e ¦ µ µ ¸
ª §2 § 2¶ 2¶ ¹
( 12 , − 12 ( 4 2 ¨ 1 1·
2 log e 2 log e 2 2 ¸
log e 2 ©ª 2 2¹
O 1 2 1 x
3 3 4 2 5 3
log e 2
log e 2 2 2
FIGURE 5.22 Single correct choice type question 95. Answer: (C)
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97. The x-axis divides the region bounded by the parab- Now
olas y 4 x x 2 and y x 2 x in the ratio
125 1
A B
121 111 81 91 24 6
(A) (B) (C) (D) 125 4 121
4 4 4 4
24 24
Solution: Let
Therefore
P1 : y 4 x x 2 4 ( x 2)2
A B 121 6 121
s
Therefore P1 is a parabola with vertex at (2, 4) and y b 4. B 24 1 4
Also Answer: (A)
2
¥ 1´ 1 98. The area of the figure enclosed by the curve
P2 : y x 2 x ¦ x µ
§ 2¶ 4 ( y Sin 1 x)2 x x 2 is
It is a parabola with vertex at (1/2, 1/4) and y r 1/4.
O O O 2O
See Fig. 5.24. P1 and P2 intersect in (0, 0) and (4/2, 15/4). (A) (B) (C) (D)
So 2 4 3 3
A Area shaded by vertical and horizontal lines y
5/2
2
2 2
° [(4 x x ) (x x)] dx x−
x
0
s in
−1 x
+
( (
1, p
2
5/2
2
y= y = sin−1x + x−x 2
° (5x 2 x ) dx
0 O 1 x
5 5/2 2 5/2
¨ª x 2 ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹
2 0 3 0
2 3
5 ¥ 5´ 2 ¥ 5´ FIGURE 5.25 Single correct choice type question 98.
¦ µ ¦§ µ¶
2 § 2¶ 3 2
Solution: Clearly
125 125 125

8 12 24 x x2 r 0 0 b x b 1
B Area (shaded by vertical lines) below the x-axis and y Sin 1 x p x x 2
1 The equation represents curve consisting of two branches
( x 2 x) dx
° intersecting in (0, 0) and (1, O /2) (see Fig. 5.25). Hence
0 the area is
1 1 1 1
(1) 1
2 3 6 ° (Sin x x x 2 Sin 1 x x x 2 ) dx
0
y
1
2 ° x x 2 dx
(2, 4)
0
( 52 , 154 ( 1 2
1 ¥ 1´
2 °
0
¦ x µ dx
4 § 2¶
O 1 x
1
( 12 , − 14 ( «¨
® [ x (1/2)] x x
2 ¬©
2 · 1¨
1º
¥ x (1/2) ´ · ®
¸ ©Sin 1 ¦ ¸ »
® ©ª 2 ¸¹ 8ª § 1/2 µ¶ ¹ 0 ®
0 ¼

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¨ 1 · 32 x 3 (16 y2 ) (41x 9 x)
2 ©0 [Sin 1 1 Sin 1 ( 1)]¸
ª 8 ¹ 32 2
x 16 y2
1¥O O ´ 50
¦ µ
4§ 2 2¶ 32 2
x y2 16
O 50

4 So
Answer: (B)
x 2 y2
1 (upper portion of the ellipse)
99. The area bounded by the curve 25 16
y2 4a(a x a ) (a 0) y
is
8a 2 16a 2 19a 2 13a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
Solution: See Fig. 5.26. We have
O x
«4a [a (a x)] 4ax if x a
y2 ¬
4a [a ( x a)] 4a (2a x) if x r a
Therefore
a
Area 4 °
0
4ax dx
Case II: x 0. We have
2 a
32 x 3 (16 y2 )(41x 9 x)
8 a s ¨ª x 2/3 ·¹
3 0
2
x 2 16 y2
16a
So
3
x 2 y2 16 (Portion of the circle below x-axis)
y
Therefore
Required area (Area in the first and fourth quadrants
y 2 = 4a(2a −x) of the ellipse) (Area in the second and third quadrants
of the circle)
I II
O (5 s 4) O (4 2 )

x
2 2
(a, 0)
10O 8O
18O
y 2 = 4ax
Note: The area of the ellipse
FIGURE 5.26 Single correct choice type question 99. x2 y2
1
Note: If a 3, then the area is 16. a2 b2
Answer: (B) is O ab (see Example 5.15).
100. The area of the region bounded by the curve Answer: (A)
32 x 3 (16 y2 )[41x 9 | x |], x x 0 101. The area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2,
y 1/x and x 1/2 is log e 2 p, where p equals
is 5 5
(A) (B)
(A) 18O (B) 27O (C) 36O (D) 45O 24 24
Solution: See Fig. 5.27. 7 7
(C) (D)
Case I: x 0. Now 24 24
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y y
y = x2
2 3
O x
(1, 1) 1
y=
x
O x (3, −3)
1 1
2 (2, −4)
y = −x

Answer: (C)
Solution: The two curves intersect in ( 1, 1). See 103. The area enclosed by the curve y2 x2 x4 is
Fig. 5.28. Now 1 2 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 3 3 3 3
¥1 2´
Required area(shaded portion) ° § x x ¶ dx
1/2 y
1 1 1
; = 3 ¨ª x 3 ·¹1/2
1/2
1¥ 1´
0 ( l g e 2) 1 (1, 0) −1 1 x
3 § 8¶ O
7
log e 2
24
Therefore p 7/24.
Solution: Since x and y have even powers, the curve is
Answer: (C) symmetric about both axes (see Fig. 5.30). The curve cuts
x-axis in ( 1, 0), (0, 0) and (1, 0). Also 1 b x b 1. Hence
102. The area of the region bounded by the curve
the area enclosed by the curve equals four times the area
y x 2 4 x and the line y x
is
in the first quadrant, that is
7 9 1
(A) (B) 4 (C) (D) 5
2 2 Area 4 x 1 x 2 dx
°
Solution: The line y x
meets the parabola 0
1
( )2 y4 2 ( 2 x) 1 x 2 dx
°
0
in (0, 0) and (3, 3). See Fig. 5.29. Now
1
3 ¨ (1 x 2 )3/2 ·
2 © ¸
Required area [( x)) ( x 2 4 x)] dx
° ª 3/22 ¹0
0
4
3 (0 1)
2 3
( ° ) dx
4
0
3 2 3 1 3 3 3
¨x · ¨x ·
2 ª ¹0 3 ª ¹0 Answer: (C)
3
(9 ) 9 104. The area of the region bounded by the parabola
2 y2 x 2 and the line y x 8 is
9

2
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115 125 115 125 2

(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
6 3 3 6 Area ° [ y
3
( y 6)] dy
y 1 2 1 2 2
¨ª y3 ·¹ ¨ª y2 ·¹ 6 ; y= 3
3 3 2 3
(11, 3) 1 1
3 (8 27) (4 9) 6(2 3)
3 2
35 5
30
O 2 11 x 3 2
−2 (6, −2) 70 15 180

6
125
y=x−8
6
Answer: (D)
106. The area of the figure (Fig. 5.33) bounded by the
Solution: See Fig. 5.31. The area is the shaded portion.
curves y ex, y e x and the line x 1 is
Therefore
1 1
3
(A) e 2 (B) e 1
2
e e
Area ° [( y 8) ( y 2)] dy
1¥ 1 ´ 1
2 (C) ¦§ e 2µ¶ (D) e
2 e e
1 2 3 1 3
¨ y · ¨ y3 · 6 ; y=3
2 ª ¹ 2 3 ª ¹ 2 2
y = e −x y
1 1
(9 4) (27 8) 6(3 2)
2 3
5 35
30
2 3 (0, 1)
15 70 180 y = ex

6 O 1 x
125

6
Answer: (D)
105. The area of the bounded region enclosed between
the parabola y2 x and the line y x 6 is Solution: We have
125 115 115 125 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 6 Area (e x e x ) dx
°
0
y 1 1
¨ªe x ·¹ ¨ªe x ·¹
0 0
(−4, 2) 2 (e 1) (e 1 1)
1
O x e 2
e
−3 Answer: (A)
(−9, −3)

107. The area of the region bounded between the para-
bola 4y 3x2 and the line 2y 3x 12 is
Solution: See Fig. 5.32. The area is the shaded portion. (A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 27 (D) 36
Therefore
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Solution: The line 2y 3x 12 intersects the parabola 109. The curve y a x bx passes through the point
4y 3x2 in the points ( 2, 3) and (4, 12). The required (1, 2) and the area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and
area is the shaded portion of Fig. 5.34. Therefore the line x 4 is 8. Then
4
¥ 3 x 12 3 2 ´ (A) a 3, b 1 (B) a 3, b 1
Area ° ¦§
2
2
x µ dx
4 ¶ (C) a 3, b 1 (D) a 1, b 3
3 2 4 1 4 Solution: By hypothesis the curve passes through the
¨ x · 6 ; x =4 ¨ x 3 ·
4 ª ¹ 2 2
4 ª ¹ 2 points (0, 0) and (1, 2) and x r 0. Also
3 1
(16 4) 6(4 2) (64 8) 4
4 4
9 36 18 °
8 (a x bx) dx
0
27 2a 3 / 2 4 b 2 4
¨x · ¨x ·
3 ª ¹0 2 ª ¹0
y
16a
8b
3
12
3x +
2y =
(4, 12) So
(−2, 3) 2a 3b 3 (5.21)
Since the curve passes through (1, 2), we have
−2 4 x
ab2 (5.22)
FIGURE 5.34 Single correct choice type question 107. From Eqs. (5.21) and (5.22), a 3 and b 1.
Answer: (C) Answer: (B)
108. Area enclosed between y ax2 and x ay2 (a 0) 110. The area of the region bounded by the curves y x2
is 1. Then the value of a is and y 2/(1 x2) is
1 1 1 3P 2 3P 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) (A) (B)
3 2 3 3 3
(IIT-JEE 2004)
3P 1 3P 2
(C) (D)
Solution: The two curves are parabolas which intersect 3 3
in (0, 0) and (1/a, 1/a). Hence,
(IIT-JEE 1992)
1/a
¥ x ´
1 Area ° ¦§ ax 2 µ dx y
a ¶
0
(0, 2)
1 2 3/2 1/a a 3 1/a
s ¨ x ·¹ ¨ª x ·¹
a 3ª 0 3 0 (−1, 1) (1, 1)
2 1 a 1
s s
3 a a a 3 a3 −1 O 1 x
2 1
2 2
3a 3a
1
2 FIGURE 5.35 Single correct choice type question 110.
3a
Solution: y x2 is a parabola which we denote by P.
So
Let C be the curve
1 1
a2 or a y 2/(1 x2)
3 3
Now
Answer: (A)
(i) C is symmetric about y-axis.
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(ii) C meets y-axis in (0, 2) and cannot meet x-axis. 112. The area of the plane region bounded by the curves
x 2y2 0 and x 3y2 1 is equal to
(iii) x m p d y m 0 and y x 0.
5 1 2 4
(iv) P and C intersect in the points ( 1, 1) and (1, 1). (A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
Shape of C is as shown in Fig. 5.35. Therefore
y
1
¥ 2 ´
Required area ° ¦§ 1 x x 2 µ dx
2 ¶
1
A (−2, 1) 1
1
¥ 2 ´
2 ¦ ° x 2 µ dx
§ 1 x2 ¶
0
1 2 1 O (1, 0) x
4 ¨ª Tan 1 x ·¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹
0 3 0
2 −1
4 Tan 1 1 B (−2, −1)
3
¥P´ 2
4¦ µ
§ 4¶ 3
3P 2 FIGURE 5.37 Single correct choice type question 112.

3 Solution: See Fig. 5.37. The curve x 2y2 0 represents
Answer: (D) parabola with vertex at (0, 0) and x b 0. Now
111. The area bounded by the curve |y| 1 x2 is

1
3 y2 1 x y2 ( x 1)
8 7 3
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D) 2
3 3 This is a parabola with vertex at (1, 0) and x b 1. There-
fore
y 1 1
(0, 1) Required area 2 (2 y2 ) dy 2 (1 3 y2 ) dy

° °
0 0
4 1 1 1
¨ª y3 ·¹ 2 ; y=0 2 ¨ª y3 ·¹
(−1, 0) (1, 0) x 3 0 0
4
(0, −1) 2 2
3
4
3
Solution: |y| 1 x2 represents two parabolas y
1 x2 and y x2 1 with vertices at (0, 1) and (0, 1), Note: For the parabola x 3y2 0, x b 0 so that in the first
respectively. Both will intersect with x-axis on ( 1, 0) and integral, we have taken x 2y2.
(1, 0) (see Fig. 5.36). Therefore Answer: (D)
1
113. The parabolas y2 4x and x2 4y divide the square
Area 4 (1 x 2 ) dx
° region bounded by the lines x 4, y 4 and the
0 coordinate axes. If S1, S2, S3 are, respectively, the
4 1 areas of these parts numbered from top to bottom,
4 ¨ª x 3 ·¹
3 0 then S1 S2 S3 is
4 (A) 121 (B) 123
4
3 (C) 212 (D) 111
8

3
Answer: (B)
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y 3
2 f (2)
4
4 (4, 4) 3
0
S1 4
S2
3
S3
4
0 4 x Answer: (C)
115. Let C1 and C2 be the graphs of the functions y

FIGURE 5.38 Single correct choice type question 113. x2 and y 2x, 0 b x b 1, respectively. Let C3 be the
graph of a function y f (x), 0 b x b 1, f (0) 0. For a
Solution: See Fig. 5.38. Now point P on C1, let the lines through P, parallel to the
4 axes, meet C2 and C3 at Q and R, respectively (see
y2
S1 °
0
4
dy Fig. 5.39). If for every position of P on C1, the ar-
eas of the shaded regions OPQ and ORP are equal,
1 16 then f (x) is equal to
(64)
12 3 (A) x2 x (0 b x b 1) (B) x3 x2 (0 b x b 1)
4 (C) x4 x3 (0 b x b 1) (D) x x2 (0 b x b 1)
¥ x2 ´
0
§°
S2 ¦ 4 x µ dx
4¶ (IIT-JEE 1998)
2 3/ 2 4 1 3 4
2s ¨x · ¨x · y
3ª ¹ 0 12 ª ¹ 0
(1, 1)
(0, 1)
4 1 C2 C1
s 4 3 / 2 (64)
3 12 Q P
4 16 16
s8
3 3 3 O (1, 0) x
4 2
x 1 16 C3 R
S3 °
0
4
dx
12
(64)
3
Therefore Solution: We have
S1 S2 S3 111 C1 y x2 (0 b x b 1)
Answer: (D)
C2 y 2x (0 b x b 1)
114. The graph of y f (x) meets the x-axis in the points C3 y f (x) (0 b x b 1)
(0, 0) and (2, 0) and encloses an area of 3/4 square
Let P (t, t2) so that ordinate of Q is t2 and the abscissa
units with the axes. Then
of R is t. Therefore
2
t2
° x f a(x) dx
0 °
Area of OPQ ( x value of C1 x value of C2 ) dy
0
3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1 t2
2 4 4 ¥ y´
Solution: By hypothesis f (0) f (2) 0 and
°
¦ y µ dy
§
0
2¶
2 2 3 t4
3 t (5.23)
°
0
f ( x) dx
4
3 4
t
Now °
Area of OPR ( y value of C1 y value of C 3 ) dx
0
2 2
2
° x f a(x) dx ; x f (x)= ° f (x) dx
0
∵ y of C3 0
0 0
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t From Eqs. (5.25) and (5.26), we get

2
°
[ x f ( x)] dx
y2 2 y
dy ¥ dy ´
x y µ
0 ¦
dx § dx ¶
t
1
t 3 f ( x) dx
° (5.24) 2 3
3 ¥ 2 dy ´ 3 ¥ dy ´
0 or ¦§ y 2 xy µ¶ 4 y ¦§ µ¶
dx dx
Now, by hypothesis,
Therefore, the highest order derivative in the equation is
Area of OPQ Area of OPR
dy/dx and its power is 3. Hence, order is 1 and degree
From Eqs. (5.23) and (5.24), is 3.
t
Answer: (B)
2 3 t4 1 3
3
t t f ( x) dx
4 3 °
0
118. The order and degree of the differential equation
2
1 t4
t d 2 y ¥ dy ´
t 3 f ( x) dx ¦ µ 2y 0
3 4 °
0
dx 2 § dx ¶
are, respectively
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 2 (C) 2, 1 (D) 2, 3
t2 t3 f (t)
Solution: The highest order derivative occurring in the
f (t) t3 t2 given equation is 2 and its power is 1. Therefore order is
Answer: (B) 2 and degree is 1.
Problem 116 onwards are based on Differential Equation Answer: (C)
116. The order of the differential equation whose gen- 119. The order and degree of the differential equation
eral solution is given by 3/2
¨ 2
x C5 ¥ dy ´ · d2 y
y (C1 C2 ) cos ( x C3 ) C4 e ©x ¦ µ ¸ a
©ª § dx ¶ ¸
¹ dx 2
where C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 are arbitrary constants,
is are, respectively
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 (A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 2, 1 (D) 2, 4
Solution: The given solution can be written as Solution: The given equation can be written as
3 2
y a cos(x C3) C4e5 ex ¨ 2
¥ dy ´ ·
2
2 ¥ d y´
©x ¦ µ ¸ a ¦ 2 µ
where a C1 C2. That is ©ª § dx ¶ ¸ § dx ¶
¹
y a cos(x C3) bex Therefore order is 2 and degree is 2.
where a C1 C2 and b C4e5. Since there are only 3 arbi- Answer: (A)
trary constants, the order of the differential equation is 3.
Answer: (C) 120. The order and degree of the differential equation
of all straight lines in the xy-plane which are at con-
117. The differential equation representing the family stant distance p from the origin are, respectively,
of curves y2 2c( x c ), where c is a positive pa- (A) 1, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 2, 2 (D) 1, 2
rameter, is of
Solution: The equation of a straight line which is at a
(A) Order 1, degree 2 (B) Order 1, degree 3 constant distance p from the origin is
(C) Order 2, degree 2 (D) Order 2, degree 3
x cosP y sinP p (5.27)
Solution: We have
2
y 2c( x c ) (5.25)
¥ dy ´
cos Q sin Q ¦ µ 0
Therefore § dx ¶
dy dy
y c (5.26) cot Q
dx dx
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This implies Similarly, if we multiple Eq. (5.29) with 3 and subtract it

from Eq. (5.30) we get
1
sin Q
cosec Q y2 3y1 10Be5x
1 y2 3 y1
B e5x (5.32)
1 cot Q2 10
1 Substituting the values of Ae3x and Be5x as in Eqs. (5.31)

2 and (5.32) in Eq. (5.28), we have
1 (dy/dx)
and cos Q (sin Q )cot Q 1 y 3 y1
y ( y2 5 y1 ) 2
dy/dx 6 10

1 (dy/dx)2 30y 5(y2 5y1) 3(y2 3y1) 0
Substituting the values of cosP and sinP in Eq. (5.27), we 30y 2y2 16y1 0
have
y2 8y1 15y 0
¨ dy/dx · y
x© ¸ p Hence
© 1 (dy/dx) ¸
2
1 ( dy/dx ) 2
ª ¹ d2 y dy
2
8 15 y 0
¥ dy ´
2
¥ ¥ dy ´ 2´ dx dx
2
¦§ y x µ¶ p ¦ 1 ¦§ µ¶ µ Answer: (A)
dx § dx ¶
Order is 1 and degree is 2. 122. The differential equation for which Ax2 By2 1
Answer: (D) (A and B are arbitrary constants) is the general
solution, is
121. The differential equation of the family of curves 2
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy
represented by the equation y Ae3x Be5x is (A) © y 2 ¦ µ ¸ y
©ª dx § dx ¶ ¸¹ dx
d2 y dy
(A) 8 15 y 0 ¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy
2 (B) x © y 2 ¦ µ ¸ y
dx dx
©ª dx § dx ¶ ¸ dx
¹
d2 y dy
(B) 2
8 15 y 0 2
dx dx ¨ d 2 y dy · dy
(C) x © y 2 ¸ y
d2 y dy ª dx dx ¹ dx
(C) 2
8 15 y 0
dx dx
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy
d y2
dy (D) y © x 2 ¦ µ ¸ x
(D) 8 15 y 0 ©ª dx § dx ¶ ¸¹ dx
dx 2 dx
Solution: We denote dy/dx, d2y/dx2, etc. by y1, y2, y3, … . Solution: Given equation is
Given equation is Ax2 By2 1 (5.33)
y Ae3x Be5x (5.28) Differentiating both sides of Eq. (5.33) w.r.t. x we get
Therefore dy
Ax ( By) 0 (5.34)
y1 3Ae3x 5Be5x (5.29) dx
Again Again differentiating Eq. (5.34) w.r.t. x we get
y2 9Ae3x 25Be5x (5.30) ¥ dy ´
2
d2 y
A B ¦ µ ( By) 2 0 (5.35)
If we multiply Eq. (5.29) with 5 and subtract it from Eq. § dx ¶ dx
(5.30) we get
6Ae3x y2 5y1 y(dy/dx) A ¥ dy ´ d2 y
2
¦ µ y 2
1 x B § dx ¶ dx
Ae 3 x ( y2 5 y1 ) (5.31)
6
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Therefore So
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy dy
dy (1 x 2 )
y x ©y 2 ¦ µ ¸ dx dz
dx ©ª dx § dx ¶ ¸
¹
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Answer: (B)
d2 y dy d ¥ dy ´
(1 x 2 ) 2x ¦ µ
dx 2
dx dx § dz ¶
Try it out The differential equation for which
d ¥ dy ´ dz
¦ µ
x2 y2 dz § dz ¶ dx
1
a2 b2 ¥ d2 y´ 1
¦ 2µ
is the general solution, is § dz ¶ 1 x 2
Therefore
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · 2 dy
(A) © y 2 ¸x y
©ª dx § dx ¶ dx d2 y dy d 2 y
¹̧¹ (1 x 2 )2 2 x(1 x 2 )
2
2 dx dx dz2
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy
(B) x © y 2 ¸ y Hence the given equation will be transformed to
©ª dx § dx ¶ dx
¹̧¹
d2 y
¨ d 2 y ¥ dy ´ 2 · dy y0
(C) x © y 2 ¸y dz2
©ª dx § dx ¶ dx
¹̧¹ Answer: (D)
¨ d2 y 2
¥ dy ´ · dy 124. The differential equation of all circles in the xy-
(D) x © 2 y ¸x
©ª dx § dx ¶ dx plane is
¹̧¹
Hint: In Problem 122, take (A) y3 (1 y12 ) 3 y1 y22 (B) y3 (1 y12 ) 3 y12 y2
1 1 (C) y3 (1 y22 ) 3 y1 y22 (D) y3 (1 y22 ) 3 y12 y2

A and B
a2 b2 where y1, y2, y3 are the first-, second- and third-order
Therefore (C) is the correct answer. The student is derivatives of y, respectively.
advised to proceed as in Problem 122. Solution: Equation of a circle in the xy-plane is
x2 y2 2gx 2fy c 0 (5.36)
123. If the substitution x tan z is used, then the trans- where g, f, c are arbitrary constants. Differentiating w.r.t.
formed form of the equation x, we get
d2 y dy x y y1 g fy1 0 (5.37)
(1 x 2 )2 2
2 x(1 x 2 ) y0
dx dx
Again differentiating Eq. (5.37) w.r.t. x, we get
is 1 y12 yy2 fy2 0 (5.38)
2 2
d y d y dy Again
(A) 2y 0 (B) 2 y0
dz2 dz 2
dz
2y1y2 y1y2 y y3 fy3 0
d2 y
dy d2 y
(C) 2 y0 (D) y0 Therefore
dz2 dz dz2
3 y1 y2 yy3
Solution: Given that x tan z. Therefore f (5.39)
y3
dy dy dz
Substituting the value of f [obtained in Eq. (5.39)] in Eq.
dx dz dx (5.38) we have
dy 1
1 y12 yy2
y2
(3 y1 y2 yy3 ) 0
dz 1 x 2
y3
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y3 (1 y12 ) 3 y1 y22 Now

Answer: (A) y(0) 1 (1 1)(2 0) k
k4
125. The differential equation whose general solution
is Therefore
y A sin x B cos x x sin x (y 1)(2 sin x) 4
is 4
y 1
2 sin x
d2 y d2 y
(A) y cos x (B) y 2 cos x
dx 2 dx 2 Hence
d2 y d2 y ¥P´ 4 1
(C) y 2 sin x (D) y 2 cos x y¦ µ 1
dx 2 dx 2 § 2¶ 2 1 3
Answer: (A)
Solution: We have
y A sin x B cos x x sin x (5.40) 127. Solution of the equation
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get sin( x y)
dx
y1 A cos x B sin x sin x x cos x (5.41)
is
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1
xc
y2 A sin x B cos x cos x cos x x sin x (A) ¥ x y´
1 tan ¦ µ
§ 2 ¶
y2 ( A sin x B cos x x sin x) 2 coss x
y 2 cos x ¥ x y´ 2
(B) 1 tan ¦
§ 2 µ¶ x c
Therefore
¥ x y´ 2
y2 y 2 cos x (C) tan ¦
§ 2 µ¶ x c
Answer: (B)
2
(D) tan( x y) 1
126. If y y(x) and xc
2 sin x ¥ dy ´ Solution: We have

¦ µ cos x, y(0) 1
y 1 § dx ¶ dy
sin( x y)
then y(O /2) equals dx
1 2 1 Put x y z. Therefore
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
3 3 3 dy dz
1
Solution: Given equation is dx dx
2 sin x ¥ dy ´ This implies

¦ µ cos x
y 1 § dx ¶ dz
1 sin( x y) sin z
Therefore dx
dy cos x dz
dx (Variables Separable) 1 sin z
y 1 2 sin x dx
Integrating we get dz
dx
1 sin z
dy cos x
° y 1 ° 2 sin x dx c Integrating we get
log(y 1)(2 sin x) c dz
(y 1)(2 sin x) k
° 1 sin z x c
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dz Solution: We have
° [sin(z/2) cos(z/2)] 2
xc
dy
ex y x2e y
2 dx
sec (z/2)
° [1 tan(z/2)] 2
dz x c
eydy (ex x2) dx (Variables Separable)
2 Integrating we get
xc
1 tan(z/2)
y
°e dy (e x x 2 ) dx c
°
2 ¥ x y´
1 tan ¦ (∵ z x y)
xc § 2 µ¶ 1 3
ey ex x c
Answer: (B) 3
The curve passes through (1, 1) implies
128. The differential equation
1
dy 1 y2 e e
c
3
dx y 1
c
determines family of circles with 3
(A) Variable radii and fixed centre at (0, 1) Therefore the curve equation is
(B) Variable radii and fixed centre at (0, 1)
x3 1
(C) Fixed radius 1 and variable centres along x-axis ey ex
3 3
(D) Fixed radius 1 and variable centres along y-axis Answer: (C)
Solution: Given equation can be written as
130. Equation of the curve passing through the point (1, 1)
y
dy dx (Variables Separable) and which is a solution of the equation
1 y2 dy 2 y
, x 0, y 0
Integrating we get dx x
y is
° 1 y2
°
dy dx c
(A) y2 x (B) y2 x3
1 2 y (C) x2 y3 (D) x2 y

2 ° 1 y2
xc
Solution: We have
1 dy 2 y
s 2 1 y2 x c
2 dx x
Therefore dy 2
2 2 2
dx (Variables Separable)
1 y x 2cx c y x
x 2 y2 2cx c 2 1 Integrating we get
( x c)2 y 2 1 dy dx
Answer: (C)
° y
2
x °
c
log y 2 log x c
129. The equation of the curve passing through the
y kx 2
point (1, 1) and satisfying the differential equation
Curve passes through (1, 1) k 1. Therefore the curve
dy is y x2.
ex y x2e y
dx
Answer: (D)
is given by
x 1 x 1
(A) e y e x (B) e y e x
2 2 3 2 dy
y (1 y2 ) x 2
x3 1 x 1 dx
(C) e y e x (D) e y e x is
3 3 3 3
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3 3 So
(A) y2 ce 2 x /3
1 (B) y2 ce x /3
1
y sin (Sin 1x c)
3 2 x 3 /3 3 2 x 3 /3
(C) y ce 1 (D) y ce 1
sin (Sin 1 x)cos c cos(Sin 1 x)sin c
x cos c 1 x 2 sin c
dy
y (1 y2 ) x 2 Answer: (B)
dx
Therefore 133. The equation of the curve passing through the
y point (1, 3) and whose slope at any point (x, y) is
dy x 2 dx (Variables Separable) [1 (y/x)] is given by
1 y2
(A) xy 4x2 7 (B) 2xy x2 7
Integrating we get (C) 3xy 2x2 7 (D) xy 4 x 2 7
y
° 1 y 2
dy x 2 dx c
° Solution: By hypothesis
dy y
1 1 1
log(1 y2 ) x 3 c dx x
2 3
dy y
2 2 3 1
log (1 y ) x 2c dx x
3
3
/ 3 2 c Put z y/x. Therefore
1 y2 e 2 x
Hence dz
z x z 1
3
dx
y2 k e 2 x /3
1 where k e2c dz
x (2z 1)
Answer: (A) dx
132. Solution of the equation Therefore,

dz dx
dy 1 y2 0 (Variables Separable)
2
2z 1 x
dx 1 x
Integrating we get
is given by
dz dx
(A) y x 1 x sin c 2 ° 2z 1 ° x
c
1
(B) y x cos c 1 x 2 sin c log 2z 1 log x c
2
(C) xy 1 x 2 c log 2z 1 log( x 2 ) c
(D) y xy (1 x 2 )(1 y2 ) c 2 k
2z 1 e 2 c log( x )

x2
Solution: We have k
2z 1
dy 1 y2 x2
¥ y´ k
dx 1 x2 2¦ µ 1 2
§ x¶ x
Therefore
The curve passes through (1, 3) k 7. Therefore 2xy
dy dx x2 7 is the curve equation.

1 y2 1 x2 Answer: (B)
Integrating we get
dy dx dy
° 1 y2
° 1 x2
c
dx
( x y)2
is
Sin 1 y Sin 1 x c
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(A) y tan(x c) x (B) y tan(x c) x So

(C) y cot(x c) x (D) y tan x cx
a c 0 or c a
Solution: The given equation is not directly variable
Hence the curve equation is
separable, but it will be variable separable if we put z
x y. Now y eax a ea(x 1)
Answer: (D)
dz
1 z2
dx 136. A and B are locations and the distance AB is 8 m.
dz dx O is the midpoint of AB. At the point ‘O’, a 2 m
or 2

z 1 x long object is fired vertically upwards. The speed of
the object after t seconds is given by
Therefore the solution is
ds
Tan 1z x c (2t 1) m/s
dt
or z tan(x c) Let @ and A be the angles subtended by the object
Hence at A and B, respectively, after 1s and 2 s. Then
cos(@ A ) is
y tan(x c) x
4 3 4 5
Answer: (A) (A) (B) (C) (D)
26 5 5 26
135. A curve y f (x) passes through the point P(1, 1). Solution: See Fig. 5.40. Let OM1 2 be the starting
The equation of the normal at P(1, 1) to the curve position of the object. Let M1N1 and M2N2 be the positions
y f (x) is of the object after 1s and 2s, respectively. Since ‘O’ is the
midpoint of AB and ON2 is perpendicular to AB, the
(x 1) a(y 1) 0 object subtends equal angles at A and B.
and the slope of the tangent at any point on the Let OAM1 P1 and OAM2 P2. By hypothesis
curve is proportional to the ordinate of the point.
ds
Then the equation of the curve is 2t 1
dt
(A) x2 y2 1 (B) y2 x
ds (2t 1) dt
(C) (y 1)2 a(x 1) (D) y ea(x 1)
s t2 t c
Solution: By hypothesis,
dy So
ky
dx t 0, s 0 c 0
where k x 0. Therefore the slope of the normal at (1, 1) is Now s t2 t is the distance travelled by the object in
t seconds. When t 1, we have s 2.
1 1
(By hypothesis)
k a 2 1
tan Q1
4 2
Therefore k a. Now
dy N2
a dx (Variables Separable) 2
y
M2
Integrating we get
2
dy N1
° y °
a dx c b
2
M1
log y ax c a
2
y e ax c q1
A 4 O B
The curve passes through the point (1, 1). This implies
1 eac
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4 Solution: See Fig. 5.41. The length of the normal at

and tan(A Q1 ) 1 P (x, y) PQ which equals
4
2
Therefore ¥ dy ´
y 1 ¦ µ k (By hypothesis)
§ dx ¶
tan A tan(A Q1 Q1 )
tan(A Q1 ) tan Q1
Therefore
1 tan(A Q1 )tan Q1
2
1 (1/2) 1 ¥ dy ´ k2
¦§ µ¶ 2 1
1 1(1/2) 3 dx y
Again k 2 y2
dy
p
6 3 dx y
tan Q 2
4 2 Now
ON 2 8
and tan(B Q 2 ) 2 y
OA 4 dy p dx (Variables Separable)
k y2
2
Therefore
Integrating we get
tan B tan(B Q 2 Q 2 )
2 (3/2) 1 y

1 2(3/2) 8 ° k 2 y2
dy p x c
Now, tan @ 1/3 and tan A 1/8 implies or k 2 y2 p x c

(1/3) (1/8)
tan(A B ) The curve passes through (0, k) c 1. Therefore the
1 (1/3)(1/8) curve is x2 y2 k2.
5 1 Answer: (B)

25 5
138. A solution of the differential equation
Hence
2
1 ¥ dy ´ dy
cos(A B ) ¦§ µ¶ x y0
1 tan 2 (A B ) dx dx
1 5 is

1 (1/25) 26 (A) y 2 (B) y 2x
Answer: (D) (C) y 2x 4 (D) y 2x2 4
Solution: We have
137. A normal is drawn at a point P (x,y) of a curve. It
2
meets x-axis in Q. If PQ is of constant length k and if dy x p x 4 y
the curve passes through (0, k), then its equation is
dx 2
(A) xy k2 (B) x2 y2 k2
2dy
(C) y2 kx (D) x2 4ky x p x2 4 y (5.42)
dx
y
Put x2 4y z. So
dy dz
2x 4 (5.43)
P
dx dx
K From Eqs. (5.42) and (5.43)
O Q x
dz
∓ 2 dx
FIGURE 5.41 Single correct choice type question 137. z
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Integrating we get Put 1 y2 t2 so that y dy t dt. Therefore

dz 1 y2
° ∓ 2 dx c
°
z ° y2
ydy p x c
2 z ∓ 2x c t
z ∓ x ca
° 1 t 2
( t ) dt p x c
1 t2 1
z x 2 p 2 c ax c a 2 ° dt p x c
2 2 2
1 t2
x 4 y x p 2 c ax c a
¥ 1 ´
4 y p 2c ax c a 2
¦1
§° µ dt p x c
1 t2 ¶
4 y ∓ 2 c ax c a 2 1 1 t
t log px
If 4y 2cax ca2 and ca 4, then y 2x 4 is a solution and 2 1 t
if 4y 2cax ca2 and ca 4 then also y 2x 4 is a solu- So
tion.
Answer: (C) 1 1 1 y2
1 y2 log pxc
2 1 1 y2
139. If the length of the tangent at any point on the curve
y f (x) intercepted between the point of contact Answer: (C)
and this x-axis is 1, then the equation of the curve is
140. Let
1 1 y2 dy 6
(A) log p xc
2
1 1 y dx x y
where y(0) 0. If x y 6, then the value of y is
1 1 y2 2
(B) log x c equal to
1 1 y2 (A) loge 4 (B) 2loge 3
(C) 6loge 2 (D) 4 loge2
1 1 1 y2
(C) 1 y2 log p xc (IIT-JEE 2006)
2 1 1 y2
Solution: Put z x y in the given equation. We get
2
1 1 y dz dy 6
(D) 1 y2 log pxc 1
1 1 y2 dx dx z
Solution: The length on the tangent is 1. This implies z

dz dx (Variables Separable)
6z
y 1 (dx/dy)2 1 Integrating we get
2
¥ dx ´ 1 z
1 ¦ µ 2
§ dy ¶ y
° 6 z dz x c
¥ dx ´
2
1 y2 ¥ 6 ´
¦ µ
§ dy ¶ y2
§ °
¦1 µ dz x c
6 z¶
z 6 log e 6 z x c
dy y
p y 6 log e 6 x y c (∵ x y z)
dx 1 y2
1 y2 Now
dy p dx (Variables Separable)
y y(0) 0 c 6 loge 6
Integrating we get Therefore

y 6 loge ®6 x y® 6 loge 6
1 y2
° y
dy p x c
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When x y 6, then 3( y1 mx1 )

and y1
y 6 loge 12 6 loge 6 4
y 6 loge2 6 loge 6 6 loge 6 Therefore
y 6 loge 2 y1
3 x1 0
Answer: (C) m
141. Tangent is drawn at any point P of a curve which and y1 3mx1 0

passes through (1, 1) cutting x- and y-axes in A and So the differential equation is
B, respectively. If AP PB 3 1, then
dy
(A) differential equation of the curve is 3xy0 (5.44)
dx
dy
3x y2 0 3 dx
dx dy 0 (Variables Separable)
y x
(B) differential equation of the curve is
3x y0
dx 3 dx
(c) the curve passes through the point (1/8, 2) ° y dy ° x
c
(d) the normal at (1, 1) is x 3y 2
3 log y log x c
(IIT-JEE 2006)
xy3 k
y Curve passes through (1, 1) k 1. Therefore
B
xy3 1
1
P Also (1/8, 2) lies on xy3 1.
3 Answer: (C)
O A x 142. Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on

such that f (1) 1. If the y-intercept of the tangent
at any point P(x,y) on the curve is equal to the cube
of the abscissa of P, then the value of f (2) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2
Solution: See Fig. 5.42. Equation of the tangent at
(x1, y1) is (IIT-JEE 2010)
y y1 m(x x1) Solution: Equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
where y y1 m(x x1)

where
¥ dy ´
m¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) ¥ dy ´
1 1 m¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x . y )
Now 1 1
y1 Now
y 0 x x1
m x 0 y y1 mx1
so that A (x1 y1/m, 0) and By hypothesis,
x 0 y m x1 y1
y1 mx1 x13
so that B (0, y1 mx1). Now AP PB 3 1 implies
Therefore the differential equation is
x1 ( y1/m)
x1 dy
4 y x x3
dx
dy y
x2 (Linear equation)
dx x
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The integrating factor is dr

4P r 2 k(4P r 2 )
1 dt
I.F. e °
dx/x
dr
x k
dt
Therefore the solution is
Since r is decreasing (because V is decreasing) we have
¥ 1´ ¥ 1´
y ¦ µ ( x 2 ) ¦ µ dx c
°
§ x¶ § x¶ dr dr
k or k 0
y 1 dt dt
x2 c
x 2 Answer: (A)
Now 144. Solution of the differential equation
f (1) 1 ( y3 2 x 2 y) dx (2 xy2 x 3 ) dy 0
1
1 c is
2
3 (A) xy ( x 2 y2 ) c (B) xy y2 x 2 c
c
2
(C) xy ( x 2 y2 ) c (D) x 2 y2 c xy
Therefore
Solution: We have
3
x 3 dy 2 x 2 y y3
y x
2 2 dx 2 xy2 x 3
x3 3 which is a homogeneous equation. Put y vx. Then
f ( x) x
2 2
xdv 2v v3
So v 2
dx 2v 1
8 3 dv 2v v3 3v 3v3
f (2) (2) x 2 v
2 2 dx 2v 1 2v 2 1
4 3 1 2
2v 1 3
Answer: (C) 2
dv dx
v(1 v ) x
143. A spherical raindrop evaporates at a rate propor- Integrating we get
tional to its surface area at any instant t. The dif-
¥ 1 1 1 ´ 3
ferential equation giving the rate of change of the
radius of the raindrop is
° ¦§ v 2(v 1) 2(1 v)µ¶ dv ° x dx c
dr dr log(v v2 1) log x 3 c
(A) k 0 (k 0) (B) 2 k2 0
dt dt
¥ y´ y2
(C) r dr t dt k (D) r 2 dr t dt 0 x3 ¦ µ 1 c
§ x¶ x2
Solution: Let r be the radius of the raindrop at any
xy y2 x 2 c
instant and V its volume. Then
Answer: (B)
4 3
V Pr
3 145. The normal at any point P(x, y) of a curve meets
By hypothesis, V is proportional to the surface area S x- and y-axes in A and B, respectively. If O is the
( 4Pr2). Then origin and OA and OB are the algebraic intercepts
of the normal at P such that
d ¥ 4 3´ 2 1 1
¦ P r µ¶ k(4P r ) 1
dt § 3 OA OB
where k is the constant of proportionality. So then the equation of the curve is [given that (5, 4)
is a point on the curve]
(A) x2 y2 9
(B) xy 20
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(C) (x 1)2 (y 1)2 61 y x y

(D) (x 1)2 (y 1)2 25 dy / dx 2
Solution: Normal at (x1, y1) is dy 2y
(Homogeneous)
1 dx x y
y y1 ( x x1 )
m Put y vx. Then
where dv 2v
v x
dx 1 v
¥ dy ´
m¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) dv 2v v v2
1 1 x v
dx 1 v 1 v
Now 1 v dx
dv
y 0 x x1 my1 v(1 v) x
x Integrating we get
x 0 y y1 1
m
1 v dx
By hypothesis ° v(1 v) dv ° x c
1 1 ¥1 2 ´ dx
1
x1 my1 y1 ( x1/m) °
¦
§ v 1 v µ¶
dv ° x
c
1 m log v 2 log 1 v log x c

1
x1 my1 (1 v)2 x cv
1 m x1 my1 ( x y)2 cy
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´ Answer: (B)
1 ¦ µ x1 y1 ¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) § dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1 1 1
147. By a suitable substitution, the equation
Therefore, the differential equation is
dy
dy dy y3 x y2 0
1 x y dx
dx dx
can be transformed to
dy
(1 y) x 1 (A) Variables separable (B) Homogeneous
dx
(1 y) dy ( x 1) dx (Variables Separable) (C) Linear (D) Bernoulli’s equation
Integrating we get Solution: Putting z x y2 in the given equation, we

get
° °
c (1 y) dy ( x 1) dx
dz
1 (2 y)
dy
c (y 1)2 (x 1)2 dx dx
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 c 1 ¥ dz ´
(z x ) ¦ 1µ z 0
2 § dx ¶
The curve passes through (5, 4) c 25. Therefore
¥ dz ´
(z x ) ¦ 1 2z 0
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 25 § dx µ¶
Answer: (D) dz
(z x ) (z x ) 2 z 0
dx
dz
146. If the algebraic sub-tangent at any point of a curve (z x ) z x 0
is equal to half of the sum of the coordinates of the dx
point, then the equation of the curve is dz z x
0
(A) x2 y2 cy (B) (x y)2 cy dx z x
(C) (x y)2 cx (D) x2 y2 c2 which is a homogeneous equation.
Solution: By hypothesis Answer: (B)
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148. Solution of the equation Integrating we get

dy dv dx
dx
y x
°v 2
v 1(v v 1) 2
° x c
is
v v2 1
(A) 2 y x 2 log y x 1 xc ° v v2 1
dv log x c
(B) 2 y x log y x 1 xc ¥ 1 1´
(C) 2 y x log y x 1 x c
¦ ° µ dv log x c
§ v2 1 v ¶
(D) log y x 1 y x c log(v v2 1) log v log x c
Solution: Putting y x z2 in the given equation, we v v2 1 k y
get
y y2 x 2 k xy
dy dz
1 2z Answer: (A)
dx dx
dz 150. The equation of the curve passing through the point
1 2z z
dx (1, O /4) and tangent at any point of which makes
2z ¥y y´
dz dx (Variables Separable) angle Tan 1 ¦ cos2 µ with the x-axis, is
z 1 §x x¶
2z
°z 1
dz dx c ° ¥ e´
(A) y Tan 1 ¦ log µ
§ x¶
Integrating we get ¥ y´
(B) y xTan 1 ¦ µ 1
¥ 2 ´ § x¶
° ¦§ 2 z 1µ¶ dz x c (C) y xTan 1 (1 log x)
2z 2 log z 1 x c (D) y x Tan 1 (1 log x)
2 y x 2 log y x 1 xc Solution: By hypothesis
Answer: (A) dy ¥ ¥y y´ ´
tan ¦ Tan 1 ¦ cos2 µ
dx § §x x ¶ µ¶
149. Solution of the differential equation
y y
3 2 2 2
cos2
dy y y y x x x

dx x3 Put y vx. Then
is dv
v x v cos2 v
2
(A) y y x k xy 2
(B) 2 2
y x k xy dx
dx
2
(C) y x k xy 2
(D) y x 2 k x 2 y2
2 (sec 2 v) dv 0
x
Solution: Substituting y vx in the given equation, we
Integrating we get
get
2 dx
v x
dv
v3 v2 v2 1 ° (sec v) dv °x c
dx
tan v log x c
dv
x v(v2 1) v2 v2 1 ¥ y´
dx tan ¦ µ log x c
§ x¶
v v2 1(v v2 1)
1 dx The curve passes through (1, O /4) 1 c. Therefore
dv
v v2 1(v v2 1) x
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tan v log x 1 ¥ y´
(C) sin ¦ µ xy c
y § x¶
tan 1 log x
x ¥ y´
y (D) y mx sin ¦ µ c
Tan 1 (1 log x) § x¶
x
Solution: We have
y xTan 1 (1 log x)
Answer: (C) dy
x y mx 2 x 2 y2
dx
151. Solution of the differential equation
Put y vx. Then
y2dx (x2 xy y2) dy 0
dv
is v x v mx x 2 v2 x 2
dx
1 1
( y/x ) ( y/x )
(A) y ke Tan (B) y kxe Tan dv
x mx 2 1 v2
(C) y kxTan 1 ( y/x) (D) x kye Tan
1
( x/y) dx
dv
Solution: We have (mx) dx
1 v2
y2dx (x2 xy y2) dy 0
Integrating we get
dy y2
2 (Homogeneous) dv
dx x xy y2
° 1 v2
°
m x dx c
Put y vx. Then
mx 2
dv v2 Sin 1v c
v x 2
dx 1 v v2 2
¥ y ´ mx
dv v2 (v v3 ) Sin 1 ¦ µ c
x v § x¶ 2
dx 1 v v2 1 v v2 Answer: (B)
2
1 v v dx
dv 0
v(1 v2 ) x 153. Solution of the equation
Integrating we get dy
x y x 2 y2
¥1 1 ´ dx
° ¦§ v 1 v 2µ
¶
dv log x c
is
log v log x Tan 1v c (A) y x 2 y2 k x 2
log(v x) Tan 1v c (B) y x 2 y2 k x

1 1
y e c Tan ( y/ x)
k e Tan ( y/x )
(C) x 2 y2 k x 2
1
( y/x )
y k e Tan (D) x x 2 y2 k y2
Answer: (A)
Solution: We have
152. Solution of dy
x y x 2 y2
x(dy/dx) y dx
mx 2
2
x y 2
dy y x 2 y2

dx x x
is
¥ y ´ mx Put y vx. Then
(A) Sin 1 ¦ µ c
§ x¶ 2 dv
2
v x v 1 v2
¥ y ´ mx dx
(B) Sin 1 ¦ µ c dv dx
§ x¶ 2
1 v2 x
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Integrating we get ¥ y´
(C) Sin 1 ¦ µ log c x
dv dx § x¶
° 1 v 2
° x
c
¥ y´
(D) cos ¦ µ Sin 1 (log c x )
§ x¶
log (v 1 v2 ) log x c
Solution: We have
v 1 v2 k x
dy y cos( y/x) x
y x 2 y2 k x 2
dx x cos( y/x)
Answer: (A)
Put v y/x. Then
154. Solution of the equation dv v cos v 1
v x
¥ y´ y dx cos v
x sin ¦ µ dy ( y sin x) dx dv v cos v 1 1
§ x¶ x x v
dx cos v cos v
is
dx
¥ y´ cos vdv
(A) sin ¦ µ log k x (B) y x log k x x
§ x¶
The solution is
¥ y´ ¥ y´
(C) cos ¦ µ log k x (D) tan ¦ µ log k x
§ x¶ § x¶ sin v log x c
Solution: We have y
sin log cx
x
¥ y´ ¥ y ´
x sin ¦ µ dy ¦ y sin xµ dx Answer: (B)
§ x¶ § x ¶
dy y sin( y/x) x 156. The general solution of the differential equation

dx x sin( y/x)
2yex/ydx (y 2xex/y) dy 0
Put y vx. Then
is
dv v sin v 1
v x (A) 2e x/y log x c (B) e x/y 2 y log x c
dx sin v
dv v sin v 1 1 (C) xe x/y log y c (D) 2e x/y log y c
x v
dx sin v sin v Solution: We have
dx
(sin v) dv 0 2yex/ydx (y 2xex/y) dy 0
x
Integrating we get Therefore
dx dx y 2 xe x/y

°
(sin v) dv
x °
c dy 2 ye x / y
cos v log x c 1 x
e x/y
2 y
¥ y´
cos ¦ µ log k x
§ x¶ So
Answer: (C) dx x 1
e x/y (5.45)
dy y 2
155. The general solution of the equation
Put x vy. Then
¥ y ´ dy ¥ y´
x cos ¦ µ y cos ¦ µ x dv dx
§ x ¶ dx § x¶ v y
dy dy
is
dv 1
¥ y´ y e v [By Eq. (5.45)]
(A) Cos 1 ¦ µ log c x dy 2
§ x¶
dy
¥ y´ 2e vdv 0
(B) sin ¦ µ log c x y
§ x¶
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Integrating we get The curve passes through the point (0, 1) implies that
v dy 1 1 c or c 2
° 2e dv ° y
c
Therefore the curve equation is
v
2e log y c 2
y 1 2e x /2
x/y
2e log y c 2
y 1 2e x /2
Answer: (D) Answer: (B)
157. General solution of the differential equation 159. General solution of the differential equation
ydx xdy dy ¥ P´
0 (cos2 x) y tan x ¦ 0 b x µ
y2 dx § 2¶
is
is
(A) xy c (B) x2 cy
(A) y 1 tan x ce tan x
(C) y2 cx (D) y cx (B) y 1 tan x e tan x c
Solution: We have (C) (y 1)etan x tan x c
dy dx (D) (y 1) tan x c e tan x
0
y x Solution: We have
log y log x c dy
(cos2 x) y tan x
y kx dx
Answer: (D) dy
(sec 2 x) y sec 2 x tan x (Linear)
dx
158. A curve is passing through the point (0, 1). If the slope
So P sec2 x and Q sec2 tan x. The integrating factor is
of the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to x xy, then
the equation of the curve is I.F. e ° Pdx e tan x
x 2 /2 x 2 /2
(A) y 2e (B) y 1 2e Therefore, the solution is
2
x /2 x 2 /2
(C) y 1 e (D) x 1 2e
ye tan x (sec 2 x tan x) e tan x dx c
°
Solution: By hypothesis,
t
° t e dt where t tan x
dy
x xy
dx So
dy
( x) y x (Linear equation) ye tan x e t (t 1) c
dx
e tan x (tan x 1) c
Now P x, Q x. The integrating factor is
2 Hence
I.F. e ° Pdx e x /2
y 1 tan x c e tanx
Answer: (A)
2 x 2 /2
y e x /2
°
xe dx c 160. The general solution of the equation
2 dy y
x x2
e t ( 1) dt c where t
° 2 dx x
et c is
x 2 /2
e c x2 x3
(A) xy c (B) xy c
That is 2 3
y 1 c e x
2
/2 x4 x5
(C) xy c (D) xy c
4 5
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Solution: We have is
c
dy y (A) xy 1 x cot x
x2 (Linear) sin x
dx x (B) xy c sin x x cot x
Therefore P 1/x and Q x2. The integrating factor is (C) xy sin x c cot x
(D) y sin x cx x cot x
I.F. e ° P dx e log x x
Solution: We have
dy
x (1 x cot x) y x
y( x) x 2 ( x) dx c
° dx
dy (1 x cot x)
x4 y 1 (Linear)
c dx x
4
Here
This implies
1 x cot x
x4 P ,Q 1
xy c x
4
Answer: (C) The integrating factor is
¥1 ´
° P dx ° §¦ x cot x¶µ dx
161. General solution of the differential equation I.F. e e e log( x sin x ) x sin x
dy 2 Therefore, the solution is
( x log x) y log x
dx x
°
y( x sin x) 1( x sin x) dx c
is sin x x cos x c
(A) xy log x cx 2(1 log( x) )
So
(B) y log x cx 2(1 log x )
c
xy 1 x cot x
(C) x log x cx y 2(1 log x ) sin x
(D) xy log x cx 2(1 log x ) Answer: (A)
Solution: Given equation is
163. If y 0 when x 1, then a particular solution of the
dy y 2 equation
(Linear)
dx x log x x 2 dy 1
(1 x 2 ) 2 xy
The integrating factor is dx 1 x2
dx
° is
I.F. e x log x
e log(log x ) log x O
(A) y(1 x 2 ) Tan 1 x
Therefore, the solution is 3
2 P
(B) y(1 x 2 ) Cot 1 x
y log x °x 2
log x dx c 2
¨ 1 1 1 · O
(C) y(1 x 2 ) Cot 1 x
2 © log x
ªx
c
x x ¸¹ ° 4
2 O
(log x 1) c (D) y(1 x 2 ) Tan 1 x
x 4
Therefore Solution: Given equation is
xy log x cx 2 (log |x| 1) dy ¥ 2 x ´ 1

¦ µy (Linear)
Answer: (D) dx § 1 x 2 ¶ (1 x 2 )2

162. Solution of
dy
x y x xy cot x 0 ( x x 0)
dx
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2x
°
1 x 2
dx sec 2 x dx c
°
I.F. e
2 tan x c
e log(1 x )
Therefore
1 x2
xy sec x tan x c
Answer: (B)
2 1
y(1 x ) ° (1 x 2 ) dx c
(1 x 2 )2 165. General solution of the equation
1 dy
Tan x c (1 x) xy 1 x
Now x 1 y 0 so that dx
O is
0 Tan 1 1 c or c
4 (A) y(1 x) c ex (B) y(1 x) x c ex
Hence the solution is (C) x(y 1) x c ex (D) x(y 1) c ex
O Solution: Given equation is
y(1 x 2 ) Tan 1 x
4 dy ¥ x ´ 1 x
¥O ´ O ¦ µ y (Linear)
¦ Cot 1 xµ dx § 1 x ¶ 1 x
§2 ¶ 4
So x
I.F. e
° 1 x dx
O
y(1 x 2 ) Cot 1 x ¥ 1 ´
4 ° ¦§ 1 1 x µ¶ dx
e
Answer: (C)
e x log(1 x )
164. General solution of the equation e x (1 x)
dy Hence the solution is
( x cos x) y( x sin x cos x) 1
dx
¥ 1 x ´ x
y[e x (1 x)] ¦ ° e (1 x) dx
is § 1 x µ¶
(A) y sec x tan x c (B) xy sec x tan x c x
°e (1 x) dx c
(C) xy sec x tan x c (D) y sec x x tan x c
Solution: Given equation is e x [ xe x ° e x (1) dx] c
e x xe x e x c
dy ( x sin x cos x) 1
y sec x
dx x cos x x xe x c
Therefore
So
dy ¥ 1´ 1 y(1 x) x c ex
¦ tan x µ y sec x (Linear) Answer: (B)
dx § x¶ x
The integrating factor is 166. General solution of the equation
¥ 1´
° ¦§ tan x µ¶ dx
x dy 1
I.F. e (1 x 2 ) y e Tan x
dx
e log( x sec x )
is
x sec x 1
x
(A) y e Tan c
Hence the solution is 1 1
x x
(B) ye Tan c e 2 Tan
¥1 ´
§x°
y( x sec x) ¦ sec xµ ( x sec x) dx c
¶ (C) 2 y e Tan
1
x
ce Tan x
1
1
x
(D) 2 y e 2 Tan c
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Solution: The given equation is Now
dy y e Tan x
1
y(0) 1
(Linear)
dx 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 1 c
The integrating factor is c0
dx Hence
° 2 1
I.F. e 1 x e Tan x 1
y(1 t ) 1 or y
Therefore the solution is 1 t
1
e Tan x Tan 1x Therefore
Tan 1x
ye °1 x2
e dx c
1
y(1)
1 1 2
(e Tan x )2 c
2 Answer: (A)
1 1
e 2 Tan x c
2 168. If y y(x) is a function of x and y(0) 0, then a solu-
tion of the equation
Hence
1 1 dy
2 y e Tan x
2ce Tan x y tan x sec x
dx
Take 2c as c.
is
Answer: (C)
(A) y xsec x (B) y xcosec x
167. If y(t) is a solution of (C) x ycosec x (D) x ysec x
dy Solution: The given equation is

(1 t ) ty 1
dt dy
y tan x sec x
and y(0) 1, then y(1) is equal to dx
1 1 The integrating factor is
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 1
2 2
(IIT-JEE 2003) I.F. e ° tan dx e log(cos x ) cos x
Therefore the general solution is
dy

t
y
1
(Linear)
°
y(cos x) sec x cos x dx c x c
dt 1 t 1 t
Now
y(0) 0 c 0
t
I.F. e
° 1 t
dt
So the solution is y cos x x or y = x sec x.
1 t 1 Answer: (A)
e
°
1 t
dt
169. If y y(x) is a function of x and y(1) 0, then the

e t log(1 t ) solution of the equation
(1 t )e t
dy y
x x
The solution is dx x 1
¥ 1 ´ t is
y(1 t )e t ¦ ° e (1 t ) dt c
§ 1 t µ¶ x
(A) y ( x log x )
e t c x1
Therefore 1
(B) y ( x 1 log x )
x1
y(1 t) 1 cet
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x1 Now
(C) y ( x 1 log x )
x x 0 y y1 mx1
x
(D) y ( x 1 log x ) Therefore
x1
OB y1 mx1 x1 2 (By hypothesis)
Therefore differential equation is
dy y
1 dy
dx x( x 1) y x x 2
dx
dy y 2 x
(Linear)
dx dx x x
° x( x1)
I.F. e
¥1 1 ´
°
¦
§ x x 1µ¶
dx
1
e I.F. e ° (1/x ) dx
¥ x 1´ x
log ¦
§ x µ¶
e The solution is
x1
¥ 1´ ¥ 2 x´ 1
x y¦ µ ¦
§ x¶ °
§ x µ¶ x
dx c
The solution is ¥ 2 1´
¥ x 1´ x1
°
¦ 2 µ dx c
§x x¶
y¦
§ x µ¶
° x
dx c
2
log x c
x log x c x
Therefore
Now
y 2 xlog |x| cx
y(1) 0 0 1 0 c
y 2 cx xlog |x|
c 1
Answer: (A)
Therefore
¥ x 1´ 171. The tangent at any point P on the curve y f (x)
y¦ x log x 1
§ x µ¶ meets the y-axis in B. N is the foot of the perpendic-
ular drawn from P onto the x-axis. If the rectangle
x with OB and ON (O is the origin) as adjacent sides
y ( x 1 log x )
x1 is of constant area and equals a2, then the equation
Answer: (D) of the curve is
a2 a2
(A) y cx p (B) y cx 2 p
170. Tangent at any point P(x, y) of a curve y f(x) 2 x
meets the y-axis in B. If the algebraic value of OB
is equal to x 2, then the equation of the curve is a2 a2
(C) y cx p (D) y cx p
x 2x
(A) y 2 c x x log|x|
(B) y c x x log |x| Solution: Tangent at (x1, y1) is
(C) y 2 c x x log|x| y y1 m(x x1)
(D) x 2 c y x log|x| where
¥ dy ´
Solution: Tangent at (x1, y1) is m¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
y y1 m (x x1)
B (0, y1 mx1), N (x1, 0). The differential equation is
where
Now
¥ dy ´ ¥ dy ´
m¦ µ x ¦ y x µ a2
§ dx ¶ ( x , y ) §
1 1 dx ¶
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dy y
xy x 2 p a2 B
dx
dy y a2
∓ 2 P (x, y )
dx x x y
2
dy y a O A x
(i) (Linear)
dx x x 2
1
° dx
x
1
I.F. e FIGURE 5.43 Single correct choice question 172.
x
The co-ordinates of A are (x1 (y1/m), 0). Now
Therefore
¥ y ´
Area of $OAP y1 ¦ x1 1 µ 2a 2
¥ 1´ a2 1 § m¶
y¦ µ
§ x¶ ° c
x2 x Differential equation is
a2
2 c dx
2x xy y2 p 2a 2
dy
This implies
(i) We have
2
a dx
y cx xy y2 2a 2
2x dy
(ii) If dx x 2a 2
2
dy y y
dy y a2
2 The integrating factor is
dx x x
1
then ° y dy 1
I.F. e e log y
y
a2
y cx The solution is
2x
Therefore the solution is ¥ 1´ 2 a 2 1
x¦ µ
§ y¶ ° y2 y
dy c
a2
y cx p ¥ y 31 ´
2x 2a 2 ¦ µ c
Answer: (D) § 3 1¶
a2
172. Tangent at a point P on the curve meets the x-axis c
y2
in A and O is the origin. If the area of the triangle
OAP is constant ( a2), then the equation of the Therefore
curve is
a2
a2 a2 x cy
(A) x cy p (B) y cx p y
y x
(C) xy c( x y) (D) cxy a 2 (ii) If
dx
Solution: See Fig. 5.43. The equation of the tangent at xy y2 2a 2
(x1, y1) is dy
then
y y1 m(x x1)
where dx x 2a 2

dy y y2
¥ dy ´
m¦ µ
§ dx ¶ ( x , y )
1 1
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In this case dy
2 y tan x y2
dx
a2
x cy is
y
¥x ´
Therefore the solution is (A) cos2 x y ¦ sin 2 xµ cy
§2 ¶
a2 ¥ 1 ´
x cy p (B) 2 cos2 x y ¦ x sin 2 xµ cy
y § 2 ¶
Answer: (A) ¥x 1 ´
(C) cos2 x y ¦ sin 2 xµ cy
§2 4 ¶
173. If y(0) 1, then the solution of the differential
equation y
(D) cos2 x sin 2 x cy
4
dy
x3 x 2 y y4 cos x
dx Solution: The given equation is
is given by dy
2 y tan x y2 (Bernoulli)
(A) x3 y3 sin x (B) x3
3y3
sin x dx
3x3 y3 3 3 dy 2
(C) sin x (D) y 3x sin x y 2 tan x 1
dx y
Solution: Dividing the given equation with x3 y4, we
have Put 1/y z. Therefore
1 dy dz
dy y 3 cos x
y 4 y2 dx dx
dx x x3
dz
Put y 3 z so that 2z tan x 1
dx
dy dz dz
3 y 4
(2 tan x)z 1 (Linear)
dx dx dx
1 dz z cos x The integrating factor is
3
3 dx x x
I.F. e °
2 tan x dx
dz 3z 3 cos x

x3
2
dx x e log(cos x)
The integrating factor is cos2 x
I.F. e °
( 3/x ) dx Therefore the solution is
x3
Therefore the solution is z cos2 x cos2 x dx c
°
3 cos x 3 1
zx 3 ° x3
( x ) dx c
2 °
(1 cos 2 x) dx c
3 sin x c 1¨ sin 2 x ·
©x c
This implies 2ª 2 ¸¹
x sin 2 x
x3 c
3 sin x c 2 4
y3
But z 1/y. Therefore
Now y(0) 1 c 0. Therefore
¥ x sin 2 x ´
cos2 x y ¦ µ cy
x3 3y3 sin x §2 4 ¶
Answer: (B) ¥ x sin 2 x ´
cos2 x y ¦ µ cy
§2 4 ¶
174. General solution of the equation
Answer: (C)
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175. The curve passing through the point (0, O /4) satis- 1 3 2
fying the differential equation tan y ( x 2 1) e x

2 2
dy Answer: (C)
x sin 2 y x 3 cos2 y
dx
176. General solution of the equation
is
dy
1 3 2 (1 x 2 ) xy x 3 y3
(A) tan y ( x 2 1) e x /2 dx
2 2
1 2 3 x 2 /2 is
(B) tan y ( x 1) e
2 2
1 ¥ 1 1´ 1
1 2 3 2 (A) 2 ¦ 2
µ log(1 x 2 ) c
(C) tan y ( x 1) e x x 1§ y 2 x ¶ 2
2 2
1 2 3 2 ¥ 1
1 ´ 2
(D) tan y ( x 1) e x (B) 2 ¦ 2 1µ 1 log(1 x ) c
2 2 x 1§ y ¶
Solution: The given equation is 1 1
(C) log(1 x 2 ) c
dy y2 ( x 2 1) 2
sec 2 y x(2 tan y) x 3
dx 1 1
(D) 2 2
2
c
y ( x 1) 2( x 1)
Put tan y z. Therefore
dz
(2 x)z x 3 (Linear in z)
dx 1 dy ¥ x ´ 1 2x3
¦ µ
The integrating factor is y3 dx § 1 x 2 ¶ y2 1 x 2
Put 1/y2 z so that
I.F. e °
2 x dx 2
ex
2 dy dz
Therefore
y3 dx dx
2 2
ze x x 3e x dx c
° 1 dz ¥ x ´ x3
¦ 2 µ z
2 x2 2 dx § 1 x ¶ 1 x2
° x e x dx c
dz ¥ 2 x ´ x3
1 2 x 2 ¦ µ z (Linear)
° x e (2 x) dx c dx § 1 x 2 ¶ 1 x2
2
1 t 2
° te dt c wherre t x
2 [ 2 x /(1 x 2 )] dx
I.F. e °
1
e t (t 1) c 2
2 e log(1 x )
1 2
e x ( x 2 1) c 1
2
1 x2
So
Therefore
1 2
tan y ( x 2 1) ce x ¥ 1 ´ 2 x 3 1
2 z¦
§ 1 x ¶
2 µ °
1 x2 1 x2
dx c
The curve passes through (0, O /4). This implies
2x3
1
1 c
° (1 x ) 2 2
dx c
2
t 1
3 ° dt c where t 1 x 2
c t 2
2
¥ 1 1´
Therefore °
= ¦ 2 µ dt c
§t t¶
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¥1 ´ This implies
¦ log t µ c x
§t ¶ e y (e x 1) c(e e ) 1
¨ 1 · Answer: (B)
© log(1 x 2 )¸ c
ª 1 x2 ¹ 178. General solution of the equation
So dy 1 e y

1 1 dx x x 2
2 2
1 log(1 x 2 ) c is
y (1 x ) (1 x 2 )
(A) 2 x e y (2cx 2 1) (B) 2 y e x (2cx 2 1)
¥ 11 ´ 2
2 ¦ 2 1µ 1 log(1 x ) c (C) 2 x e y (cx 2 1) (D) 2 y e x (cx 2 1)
x 1§ y ¶
Answer: (B) Solution: We have
177. Solution of the equation dy 1 e y

dy dx x x 2
e x y (e x e y )
dx dy e y 1
e y 2
is dx x x
(A) e y (e x 1) ce x Put e y z so that
(B) e y (e x 1) c(e e ) 1
x
dy dz
e y

x
dx dx
(C) e x y (e x 1) ce e dz z 1
x 2
(D) e x y e x e e c dx x x
Solution: The given equation is dz z 1
2 (Linear)
dx x x
dy
ey e x e y e2 x The integrating factor is
dx
dx
dz x °
e z e2 x where z e y I.F. e x
dx
e log x
1
x
I.F. e °
e dx ex
e x
Therefore Therefore
x x
ze e e 2 x e e dx c
° ¥ 1´ 1 1
x ex x
°
z ¦ µ 2 dx c
§ x¶ x x
° e e e dx c
e y 1
t x 2 c
° te dt c where t e x 2x
2 x e y (2cx 2 1)
e t (t 1) c
x Answer: (A)
e e (e x 1) c

1. If (C) k 2 (D) b 4
16 Solution: Let
x 1/ 4
° 1 dx a b Tan 1 (k )
x 16
0 x 1/ 4
then
I ° 1
0
x
dx
8 Put t x1/4 so that dx 4t3dt. Also

(A) a (B) b 2
3
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x0t0 Therefore
and x 16 t 2 O /2
O
Therefore 2I °
O / 2
1 dx O I
2
2
t So (A) is true.
I ° 1 t 2
(4t 3 ) dt
(B) We have
0
2 O
t4 1 1 dx
4 °
0
1 t 2
dt I ° 1 2 tan x
dx
0
2 O
¥ 1 ´ dx
4 ¦ t2 1
°
§
0
µ dt
1 t2 ¶
° 1 2
0
tan(O x )
¨1 2· O
4 © (8 0) (2 0) ¨ª Tan 1t ·¹ ¸ dx
ª 3 0 ¹ ° 1 2
0
tan x
¥8 ´
4 ¦ 2µ 4 Tan 1 2 O
§3 ¶ 2tan x
8
° 1 2tan x
dx
4 Tan 1 2 0
3 I
Therefore a 8/3, b 4 and k 2. Therefore
Answers: (A), (C), (D) O
O
2. Which of the following statements are true?
2I °
0
1 dx O I
2
O /2
O sin x O So (B) is true.
(A) °
O / 2
1O sin x
dx
2 (C) We have
O / 2
O
dx O [( x O )3 cos2 (3O x)]dx
(B) ° 1 2 tan x

2
I °
3O / 2
0
O / 2 Put t x O so that
O
(C) ° [( x O )3 cos2 (3O x)]dx
2 3O O
3O / 2 x t
2 2
sec 2 x
O O
° 2
f (t )dt
and x
2
t
2
(D) lim 2 2 2
f (2)
xmO / 4 x (O /16) O Therefore
Solution (A) We have O /2
O /2 I ° (t 3 cos2 t )dt (∵ 3O x 2O O x)
sin x
O
I °
O / 2
1 O sin x
dx O / 2
O /2
1 cos 2t
O /2
O sin(O / 2 O / 2 x )
0 ° 2
dt (∵ t3 is an odd function)
°
O / 2
1 O sin(O / 2 O / 2 x )
dx O / 2
O /2
1 cos 2t
O /2
O sin x 2 ° 2
dt
°
O / 2
1 O sin x
dx 0
O /2
O ¨ sin 2t ·

2 ©ª 2 ¸¹ 0
O /2
dx
°
O / 2
1 O sin x
I
O
0
O
2 2
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Therefore (C) is true. O /2 O /2

(D) We have °
0
3dx 2 ° (1 cos 2 x) dx
0
sec 2 x ¥O ´ ¥O ´ 1 O /2
3 ¦ µ 2 ¦ µ 2 ;sin 2 x =0
° f (t ) dt
¥ 0´
§ 2¶ § 2¶ 2
lim 2
¦§ µ¶ 3O O
O O2 0 O 0
xm
4 x2 2 2
16
So (B) is true.
f (sec 2 x)2 sec 2 x tan x
lim Also
xm
O 2x
4 ¥O ´
(2012)I n (2012) ¦ µ (606)O
f (2)2(2)(1) § 2¶

2(O / 4)
Therefore (D) is true.
8
f ( 2) Answers: (A), (B), (D)
O
So (D) is not true. 4. Let
Answers: (A), (B), (C) O /2 2
¥ sin nx ´
O /2
sin(2 n 1) x
Jn °
0
¦§ µ dx
sin x ¶
3. If In °
0
sin x
dx, then
O /2
sin(2 n 1)
(A) I1, I2, I3, … are in AP (B) I n
O and In ° sin x
x dx
2 0
(C) (2012)In (2012)O (D) (2012)In (606)O Then

Solution: We have (A) Jn1 Jn In (B) Jn In1 In
nO O
O /2 (C) J n (D) J n
sin(2 n 3) sin(2 n 1) 2 2
I n 1 I n °
0
sin x
dx
Solution: We have
O /2 O /2
2 cos 2(n 1) x sin x sin 2 (n 1) x sin 2 n x
°
0
sin x
dx J n 1 J n ° sin 2 x
dx
0
2
;sin 2(n 1)x =O0 /2 0 O /2
sin (2 n 1) x sin x
2(n 1) °
0
sin 2 x
dx
Therefore <
[ sin (A B) sin(A – B) sin2A – sin2B]
In1 In O /2
sin (2 n 1) x
I1 I2 I3 °
0
sin x
dx I n
So (A) is true. Therefore (A) is true. So

Now
O
I n I1 J n 1 J n I n (See Problem 3)
2
O /2
sin 3 x Hence J1, J2, J3, … are in AP with common difference O / 2.
°
0
sin x
dx
So
O /2 O
¥ 3 sin x 4 sin 3 x ´ J n J1 (n 1)
°
0
¦
§ sin x µ dx
¶ O
2
O
(n 1)
2 2
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nO Then which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?

2 (A) f q(x) exists for all x (0, d)
Answers: (A), (C) (B) f a(x) exists for all x (0, d) and f a is continuous
on (0, d), but not differentiable on (0, d)
5. f(x) is a differentiable function such that (C) There exists A 1 such that | f a( x) || f ( x) | for
x
all x (0, d)
f ( x) x 2 e t f ( x t )dt (D) There exists B 0 such that | f ( x) | | f a( x) | b B
°
0
for all x (0, d)
(IIT-JEE 2010)
Then
x3 x3 Solution: We have
(A) f ( x) x (B) f ( x) x2
3 2
3 x
2
(C) f a( x) x 2 x (D) 2
° ( f (x) x ) dx 0 f ( x) °
0
1 sin tdt log e x
2
Solution: We have By Leibnitz Theorem,
x
1
f a( x) 1 sin x
2 t x
°
f ( x) x e f ( x t )dt
0 cos x 1
x and f aa( x)
2 1 sin x x2
x 2 e ( x t ) f ( x ( x t )) dt
°
0 When sin x 1 0, f q(x) does not exist. Therefore (A) is
x not true. Hence, f a(x) exists for all x 0, is continuous but
x 2 e x e t f (t ) dt
° not differentiable when sin x 1 and hence (B) is cor-
0 rect.
Since lim f ( x) d , f a(x) is bounded and both f(x)
Therefore x md
and f a(x) are positive in (1, d), there exists @ 1 such
x that
e x f ( x) x 2 e x e t f (t ) dt
° f a( x ) f ( x ) x 0
0
Answers: (B), (C)
e x f ( x ) e x f a( x ) x 2 e x 2 x e x e x f ( x )
So 7. Let
n
f a( x ) x 2 2 x n
2
Sn ¤n 2
kn k 2
°
f ( x) ( x 2 x) dx k 1
x3 n 1
n
x2 c

3
and Tn ¤n
k 0
2
kn k 2
Also, f (0) 0 c 0. So
for n 1, 2, 3, . Then
x3
f ( x) x2 O O
3 (A) Sn (B) Sn
3 3 3 3
Hence (B), (C), (D) are true. O O
(C) Tn (D) Tn
Answers: (B), (C), (D) 3 3 3 3
6. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval Solution: We can see that {Sn} is an increasing
(0, d) by sequence and {Tn} is a decreasing sequence. Also
x 1
dx
f ( x) °
0
1 sin t dt log e x lim Sn
nmd ° 1 x x 2
lim Tn
nmd
0
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1 So only (A) is correct.

dx
Sn ° 1 x x
0
2 Answer: (A)
1
dx O
°¥1 ´ 3
2 8. If I n ° (1 O
sin n x
x
dx, n 0, 1, 2,... then
0
¦§ xµ¶ )sin x
O
2 4
1
2 ¨¥ 1´ 2 · 10
Tan 1 ©¦ x µ
3 ª§ 2 ¶ 3 ¸¹ 0 (A) I n I n 2 (B) ¤I
m 1
2 m 1 10O
2 ¨ 1 ¥ 3 2 ´ ¥ 1 2 ´·
© Tan ¦§ s µ Tan 1 ¦ s µ¸ 10
3ª 2 3¶ §2 3¶¹
2 ¥O O ´
(C) ¤I
m 1
2m 0 (D) I n I n 1
¦ µ
3 § 3 6¶ (IIT-JEE 2009)
O2
s Solution: We have
3 6
O 0 O
sin n x sin n x
3 3 In °
O
(1 O x )sin x
dx °
(1 O x )sin x
0
dx
Also {Tn} is decreasing. This implies O O

sin n ( x) sin n x
1
dx O
° x
(1 O )sin( x)
dx
(1 O x )sin x
dx °
Tn ° 1 x x 2

3 3
0
O x O
0
0 O sin n x sin n x
Answers: (A), (C)
° (O
0
x
1)sin x
dx °
(1 O x )sin x
0
dx
O
1
x 4 (1 x)4 sin n x(O x 1)
8. The value(s) of ° 1 x2
dx is (are) °0
(O x 1)sin x
dx
0
O
22 2 sin n x
(A)
7
O (B)
105
°
0
sin x
dx (5.46)
71 3O
(C) 0 (D) Now
15 2
O
(IIT-JEE 2010) sin(n 2) x sin n x
Solution: Let
I n 2 I n °
0
sin x
dx
1 O
x 4 (1 x)4 2 cos(n 1) x sin x
I ° 1 x2
dx °0
sin x
dx
0
2
1
1 8 7 6 5 4
;sin(n 1)x =O0
° 1 x
0
2
[ x 4 x 6 x 4 x x ] dx n1
2
( 0) 0
1
4 n1
¥ 6 ´
° ¦§ x 4 x 5 5x 4 4 x 2 4 2µ
dx
1 x ¶ Therefore I I . So (A) is true.
0 n n2
1 Now, from Eq. (5.46)

¨ x 7 4 x6 4x3 ·
© x5 4 x 4 Tan 1 x ¸ O O
ª 7 6 3 ¹0 sin x
1 4 4
I1 ° sin x °
dx 1 dx O
1 4 4 Tan 1 1 0 0
7 6 3 O O
22 sin 2 x

7
O and I2 °
0
sin x °
dx 2 cos xdx
0
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O Therefore
2 ;sin x =0
2(sin O sin 0) 0 g(x) 2x ex 1 e 2 for 1 b x b 2 (5.48)
(iii) For 2 x b 3,
Therefore
1 2 x
I1 I3 I5 I7 I21 O
This implies
g( x) °
0
° °
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
1 2
10 2 x
t 1
¤I 2 m 1 10O °
(e 1) (2 e
1
°
)dt (t e)dt
2
m 1
1
Also e 1 2 (e 1) ( x 2 4) e( x 2)
2
I2 I4 I6 I20 0 2
x
ex 2e
This implies 2
10 Therefore
¤I
m 1
2m 0
x2
g( x) ex 2e for 2 x b 3 (5.49)
Answers: (A), (B), (C) 2
From Eqs. (5.47), (5.48) and (5.49), we have
9. Let
«
«e x , 0bxb1 ®e x 1 for 0 b x b 1
®® x 1
®® x 1
f ( x) ¬ 2 e , 1 b x b 2 g( x) ¬ 2 x e e 2 for 1 x b 2
® x e, 2xb3 ® 2
® ® x ex 2e for 2 x b 3
® 2
x
Clearly g is continuous at x 1, 2. Also ga (x) f (x)
and g( x) ° f (t)dt for 1 b x b 3
0
(by Leibnitz rule) and f is not differentiable at x 1,
because f is discontinuous at x 1. Even though f is
Then g (x) has continuous at x 2, it is not differentiable at x 2.
(A) local maximum at x 1 log 2 Further ga (x) 0 only when x 1 loge 2 or x e.
(B) local maximum at x 1 and local minimum at x 2 Also
(C) no local maxima gq (x) e x 1 for 1 x b 2 gq (1 loge 2) 0
(D) local minima at x e and gq (x) 1 for 2 x b 3 gq (e) 0
(IIT-JEE 2005) Therefore, g has local maximum at x 1 loge 2 and local
Solution: minimum at x e.
Answers: (A), (D)
(i) For 0 b x b 1,
x x
Note: Actually computation of g(x) is not necessary
g( x) ° f (t )dt e t dt e x 1
° (5.47) because we know that ga(x) f(x) by Leibnitz Rule.
0 0 Finding g(x) is only for academic interest.
(ii) For 1 b x b 2,
1 x 10. The function
g( x) ° f (t)dt ° f (t)dt x
t
0 1 f ( x) ° t (e 1)(t 1)(t 2)3 (t 3)5 dt
1 x
1
e t dt (2 e t 1 )dt
° °
0 1
has a local minima at x equals
e 1 (2 x 2) (e x 1 1) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2x e x 1
e 2 (IIT-JEE 1999)
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Solution: By Leibnitz Rule, x

log e (t )(1 t )
x
f a( x) x(e 1)( x 1)( x 2) ( x 3) 3 5 °
1
t(1 t )
dt
Therefore x
log e t
f a(x) 0 x 0, 1, 2 and 3 °
1
t
dt
The critical points of f are 0, 1, 2 and 3. 1

(log e x)2
(i) Clearly f a(x) does not change its sign at x 0; so f 2
has no local extrema at x 0.
Hence
(ii) x 1 f a(x) 0 and x 1 f a(x) 0. Hence f
has local minima at x 1. Also f has local minima at ¥ 1´ 1
f (e ) f ¦ µ and f (1) 0
x 3. § e¶ 2
(iii) x 2 f a (x) 0 and x 2 f a(x) 0. So f has So (A), (B) and (D) are true.
maxima at x 2. Answers: (A), (B), (D)
Answers: (B), (D)
12. Let
11. For x 0, let
1
¥ 1 ´
x I Tan 1 ¦
° dx
log e t § 1 x x 2 µ¶
f ( x) °
1
1 t
dt 0
1
Then and J Tan 1 (1 x x 2 ) dx

°
0
¥ 1´ 1 2
(A) f ( x) f ¦ µ (log e x) Then
§ x¶ 2
1 1
¥ 1´ 1
(B) f (e) f ¦ µ (B) I 2 Tan 1 x dx
§ e¶ 2 (A) I Tan x dx°
0
°0
¥ 1´ 2
O
(C) f ( x) f ¦ µ (log e x) (C) J loge 2 (D) I J
§ x¶ 2
(D) f (1) 0
Solution: We have
Solution: We have 1
¥ 1 ´
I Tan 1 ¦
° dx
§ 1 x x 2 µ¶
x
log e t
f ( x) °
1
1 t
0
1
¥ x ( x 1) ´
1/ x Tan 1 ¦
° dx
¥ 1´ log e t § 1 x( x 1) µ¶
f¦ µ
§ x¶ °1
1 t
dt 0
1
(Tan 1 x Tan 1 ( x 1))dx
°
Put t 1/u so that 0
1 1
1
dt du Tan 1 x dx Tan 1 ( x 1) dx
u 2
°
0
°
0
So 1 1
x x Tan 1 x Tan 1 (1 x 1) dx
° °
¥ 1´ log e (1/ u) ¥ 1 ´ log e x
f¦ µ
§ x¶ °
1
¦ µ du
1 (1/ u) § u2 ¶ °
1
x(1 x)
dx 0 0
¥ a a ´
¦∵ f ( x)dx
° ° f (a x)dxµµ¶
Now ¦§
0 0
x 1
¥ 1´ ¥ log e t log e t ´
f ( x) f ¦ µ ¦
§ x¶ °
§ 1 t t(1 t ) µ¶
1
dt 2 Tan 1 x dx
°
0
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Now f a( x) 2( x 1) ( x 2)3 3( x 1)2 ( x 2)2

1 ( x 1) ( x 2)2 ; 2( x 2) 3( x 1)=
J Tan 1 (1 x x 2 ) dx
° ( x 1) ( x 2)2 (5 x 7)
0
1 Therefore
¥O 1 2 ´
°
0
¦§ Cot (1 x x )µ¶ dx
2 f a( x) 0 x 1, 2,
7
5
1
O ¥ 1 ´
Tan 1 ¦
° dx Again
2 § 1 x x 2 µ¶
0
f aa( x) ( x 2)2 (5 x 7) 2( x 1) ( x 2) (5 x 7)
O
I ( x 1) ( x 2)2 (5)
2
Therefore Now f q (1) 2 0 f has maximum at x 1. Also
f q (2) 0
J I O/2 (5.50)
2
Also ¥ 7´ ¥7 ´¥7 ´
and f aa ¦ µ 5 ¦ 1µ ¦ 2µ 0
§ 5¶ §5 ¶§5 ¶
1
I 2 Tan 1 x dx
° Therefore f is minima at x 7/5. Hence (A), (B), (C) and
0 (D) all are true.
¨ 1 · Answers: (A), (B), (C), (D)
1 x
2 © ¨ª x Tan 1 x ·¹ ° 2
dx ¸
©ª 0 1 x ¸¹ 14. Area of the region bounded by the curve y ex and
0
Ö 1 1· the lines x 0 and y e is

2 © 0 ¨ª lo og(1 x 2 )·¹ ¸
ª4 2 0¹ e
¥O 1 ´
2 ¦ log e 2µ
(A) e 1 (B) ° log (e 1 y) dy
e
§4 2 ¶ 1
O 1 e
log e 2 (C) e e x dx
2 °
0
(D) ° log
1
e y dy
From Eq. (5.50), we have

(IIT-JEE 2009)
O
J I Solution: The line y e meets the curve y ex in P(1, e)
2
and the y-axis in (0, 1). See Fig. 5.44. Then
O ¥O ´ 1
¦ log e 2µ x
2 §2 ¶
log e 2
Area (shaded part) ° (e e
0
) dx
Answers: (B), (C), (D) e(1) (e 1) 1
13. The function So (C) is true. Also,

e
x
Area log e y dy (∵ y e x x log e y)
°
f ( x) ¨ª 2(t 1)(t 2)3 3(t 1)2 (t 2)2 ·¹ dt
° 1
1
(A) has three critical points e
(B) has maxima at x 1 °

log (e 1 y) dy
7 1
(C) has minima at x
5 ¥ b b ´
(D) f q (2) is equal to zero ¦∵ f ( x) dx
° ° f (a b x) dxµ
¦§ µ¶
a a
Solution: By Leibnitz Rule,
Hence (B), (D) are also correct.
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y Let C2 represent
y x2 4x 3
p y=e
e
(x 2)2 1
(1, e )
1 (x 2)2 (y 1)
y = ex Therefore C2 is also a downward parabola with vertex at
(2, 1) and meeting the x-axis in A(1, 0) and B(3, 0). The
O Q (1, 0) x line y 3x 15 intersects the curve C2 in (4, –3) and the
curve C1 in (5, 0). The area bounded by the curves C1, C2
and the line y 3x 15 is A1 A2 A3. Now
5 3
FIGURE 5.44 Multiple correct choice type question 14. 2
A1 ° ( x 6 x 5) dx ( x 2 4 x 3) dx
°
1 1
1 5 5 5
15. The area bounded by the curves y x2 6x 5, ¨ª x 3 ·¹ 3 ¨ª x 2 ·¹ 5 ; x =1
y x2 4x 3 and the line y 3x 15 is divided into 3 1 1
three regions A1, A2 and A3 (see Fig. 5.45). Then « 1 3 3 3º

¬ ¨ª x 3 ·¹ 2 ¨ª x 2 ·¹ 3 ; x =1 »
5 3 3 1 1 ¼
( x 2 6 x 5) dx 2 1
(A) A1 °
1
° ( x
1
4 x 3) dx [125 1] 3[25 1] 5(5 1)
3
4 « 1 º
¬ (27 1) 2(9 1) 3(3 1)»
(B) A2 ( x 2 4 x 3) dx
° 3 ¼
3 124 26
5 72 20 16 6
3 3
°
(C) A3 (3 x 15) dx
4
124
42
26
3 3
73 124 152
(D) A1 A2 A3
6 3
Solution: Let 28

3
C1 : x 2 6 x 5 y
( x 3)2 ( y 4) Now
4
Therefore C1 represents a parabola (downward) with
vertex at (3, 4) meeting the x-axis in A(1, 0) and D(5, 0). A2 ( x 2 4 x 3) dx
°
3
y 1 4 4 4
¨ª x 3 ·¹ 2 ¨ª x 2 ·¹ 3 ; x =3
C1 3 3 3
1
(64 27) 2[116 9] 3 (4 3)
3
A1 37 4
14 3
3 3
Finally
C2 E 5
A
(1, 0)
B
(3, 0) A2 A3
D (5, 0) x °
A3 (3 x 15) dx
4
3
[ x 2 ]54 15[ x]54
y = 3x − 15 2
3
(25 16) 15(5 4)
C (4, −3) 2
3 3
FIGURE 5.45 Multiple correct choice type question 15. s 9 15
2 2
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1 1 3 Hence
or A3 (ED)(EC ) s 1 s 3
2 2 2 ¥ e 1´ x
f ( x) e x ¦ e
Therefore § 2 e µ¶
¥ e 1´
Area A1 A2 A3 ex ¦ 1 µ
§ 2 e¶
28 4 3
ex
3 3 2
32 3 2 e

3 2 So
64 9 1
f ( 0) 0
6 2 e
73
Hence (A) is true. Now
6
ex
So (A), (B), (C), (D) all are correct. f a( x ) 0 x
2 e
Thus f (x) is decreasing and so (C) is true. Again
16. Function f(x) satisfies the relation 1 1
ex
1 ° f ( x) dx ° 2 e
dx
f ( x) e x e x f (t )dt
° 0 0
1
0 (e 1)
2 e
Then
0 (∵ 2 e)
(A) f (0) 0 (B) f(x) is increasing
So (D) is not true.
1
Answers: (A), (C)
(C) f(x) is decreasing (D) ° f (x) dx 0
0 x
et
Solution: We have 17. f ( x) x ° dt e x for x r 1. Then
t
1
1
f ( x) e x e x f (t ) dt
° (A) f is increasing in [1, ∞)
0 (B) lim f ( x) d
1 x md
x x (C) f is decreasing in [1, ∞)
e e ° f (t) dt
0 (D) f a has maximum at x e
1
x x Solution: We have
e Le where L ° f (t) dt (5.51)
x
0
et ¥ ex ´
f a( x ) ° dt x ¦ µ e x
Now t § x¶
1
1 x
et
°
L f (t ) dt
0
° t
dt r 0
1
1
t t Therefore f is increasing in [1, ∞). So (A) is true. Now
° (e Le ) dt
0
[from Eq. (5.51)]
e 1 L (e 1) ex
f aa( x) 0 for x r 1
x
Therefore
So f a is strictly increasing. Since f is increasing,
L ( 2 e) e 1
lim f ( x) d
e 1 x md
L
2 e Hence (B) is true.
Answers: (A), (B)
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18. Consider the equation So (D) is true.

dy Answers: (A), (D)
(sin y) cos y (1 x cos y)
dx
19. Consider the differential equation
Then
dy
(A) the equation can be reduced to linear equation 1 x( x y) x 3 ( x y)3
dx
(B) the equation can be reduced to homogeneous
Then the given equation
using the substitution cos y z
(C) the equation can be reduced to variable sepa- (A) can be reduced to Bernoulli’s (extended form)
rable, using the substitution cos y z linear equation
(D) the general solution of the equation is given by (B) can be reduced to homogeneous form using the
sec y (1 x) ce x substitution x y u
(C) can be reduced to variable separable using the
Solution: We have 1
substitution v
dy x y
(sin y) cos y(1 x cos y)
dx 1 2
(D) has solution 2
ce x x 2 1
Put cos y z. Therefore ( x y)
dy dz Solution: We have
sin y
dx dx
dy
1 x( x y) x 3 ( x y)3
So the given equation is dx
dz Put x y u. Then
z(1 xz)
dx
dy du
dz 1
z z2 x dx dx
dx
1 dz 1 Therefore, given equation is
2 x
z dx z du
ux x 3u3 (Bernoulli) (5.52)
Put 1/z v, so that dx
1 dz dv So (A) is true. Also from Eq. (5.52)

z2 dx dx du
u 3 u 2 x x 3 (5.53)
dx
Therefore
Put u 2 z so that
dv
v x (Linear)
dx du 1 dz
u 3
So (A) is true. The integrating factor is dx 2 dx
Therefore, Eq. (5.53) transforms into
I.F. e °
dx
e x dz
(2 x)z 2 x 3 (Linear)
So the solution is dx
v(e x ) xe x dx c Now the integrating factor is

°
I.F. e °
2 xdx 2
xe x e x c e x
So so that the general solution is
v ( x 1) ce x 2
ze x 2 x 3 e x dx c
2
°
1 2
( x 1) ce x ( x 2 1)e x c
z
sec y x 1 ce x (∵ z cos y) So
2
z x 2 1 ce x
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2
u 2 x 2 1 ce x (∵ z u 2 ) ¥ ¥ dy ´ 2 ´
y2 ¦ 1 ¦ µ µ x 2 y2
1 2 § § dx ¶ ¶
2
x 2 1 ce x (∵ u x y)
( x y) 2
¥ dy ´
y2 ¦ µ x 2
So (D) is true. § dx ¶
Answers: (A), (D) dy
y px
dx
20. The family of curves for which the length of the nor-
dy
mal at any point equals the length of the radius vec- Case I: y x . Then
tor joining the point with the origin is (are) dx
(A) circles with centre at origin y dy x dx (Variables Separable)

(B) ellipses with centre at origin 1 2 1 2
y x c
(C) rectangular hyperbolas 2 2
(D) all lines passing through origin y 2 x 2 2c
Solution: Let y f(x) be the curve. Length of the which is a rectangular hyperbola.
dy
normal at P (x, y) is OP. That is Case II: y x . Then
dx
1/ 2
¥ ¥ dy ´ 2 ´ ydy xdx 0
y¦1 ¦ µ µ x 2 y2
§ § dx ¶ ¶ y2 x2 c
which is a circle.
Answers: (A), (C)

1. Match the items of Column I to those of Column II. (B) We have
O /2 O /2
Column I Column II dx sin x
° 1
0
cot x
°
0
sin x cos x
dx
O /2
dx O
O
(A) ° 1 tan
0
3
x
(p)
4
4
O Answer: (B) m (p)
O /2 (q)
dx 2
(B) °
0
1 cot x
(C) We have
(r) O O
O sin x
(C) °
sin x
dx O
I ° 1 cos 2
x
dx
1 cos2 x (s) 0
0 3 O /2
sin x
O
f ( x) 2O
2 ° 1 cos 2
x
dx [( f (2a x) f ( x) where a O / 2]
(D) °0
f ( x) f (O x)
dx (t)
3
0
1
dt
Solution:
2 ° 1 t
0
2
where t cos x
(A) We have O
2 Tan 1 1
O /2 dx O /2 cos3 x 2
°0 1 tan 3 x
°
0 cos x sin 3 x
3
dx Answer: (C) m (q)
O

4
Answer: (A) m (p)
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(D) We have (C) We have

O 3 3
f ( x) dx 1 ¥ 1 1 ´
I ° f ( x) f (O x)
dx °
2
1 x 2

2 ° ¦§ 1 x 1 x µ¶ dx
2
0
O 3
f (O x) 1¨ 1 x ·
log
°
0
f (O x) f ( x)
dx ©
2ª 1 x ¸¹ 2
1¨ ¥ 4´ ¥ 3´ ·
Therefore © log ¦ µ log ¦ µ ¸
2ª § 2 ¶ § 1¶ ¹
O 1 2
log
°
2 I 1dx O
0
2 3
Answer: (C) m (r)
O
I (D) We have
2
Answer: (D) m (q) 2
dx 2
°x ¨ªSec 1 x ·¹
1
2. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II. 1 x2 1
Sec 1 2 Sec 1 1
Column I Column II O O
0
1 3 3
dt O
(p)
(A) ° 1 t
1
2 3 Answer: (D) m (p)
1 3. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.

dt ¥ 2´
(q) 2 log e ¦ µ
(B) °
0 1 x2
§ 3¶
Column I Column II
3 n
dx 1 ¥ 2´ 1 nr
(C) ° 1 x 2
(r)
2
log e ¦ µ
§ 3¶
(A) lim
nmd n
¤
r 1
n r
(p) O /3
2
n
n (q) O /2
2
dx O (B) lim
nmd
¤ (n r ) r(2 n r )

(D) °x x2 1
(s)
2
r 1
n
1 1 O 2
(C) lim
nmd
¤
r 1 2rn r 2
(r)
2
Solution:
n
(A) We have n O
(D) lim
nmd
¤n
r 1
2
r 2
(s)
4
1 1
dt dt O
° 2
2 ° 2
2 Tan 1 1
1 t 1 t 2 Solution:
1 0
Answer: (A) m (s) (A) We have
(B) We have 1 nr
Tr rth term =
n n r
1 t
dx dx Put n 1/h so that
° 0 1 x 2
lim
t m1 0 °
0 1 x 2
1 rh
`Tr h
lim (Sin 1t Sin 1 0) 1 rh
t m1 0
O Since there are n terms in the sum, the required limit is
Sin 1 1
2
1 1
Answer: (B) m (s) 1 x 1 x
°
0
1 x
dx °
0 1 x2
dx
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O /2 O

°
0
(1 sin Q ) dQ where x sinP 2
Answer: (C) m (q)
O O /2
;cosQ =0 (D) We have
2
O n
(0 1) Tr rth term
2 n r2
2
O
1 Put n 1/h so that
2
Answer: (A) m (r) h
Tr
1 (rh)2
(B) We have
Therefore the required limit is
n
Tr rth term 1
(n r ) r(2 n r ) dx 1 O
° 1 x 2
¨ª Tan 1 x ·¹ Tan 1 1
Put n 1/h so that 0 4
0
h Answer: (D) m (s)

Tr
(1 rh) r(2 rh)
h

(1 rh) rh(2 rh)
Column I Column II
Therefore the required sum is
a
dx 2O
(p)
1
dx
1
dx (A) ° x a2 x 2
3
° (1 x) x(2 x)
° (1 x) (1 x) 1 2
0
d
0 0
x O2
(q)
¨ªSec 1 (1 x)·¹
1
0
(B) ° (1 x)(1 x ) dx
0
2 2 2
= Sec 1 2 Sec 1 1 O
O
3
O
0
(C) ° x sin
0
xdx (r)
2 2
3
O
O x

3
(D) ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx (s) O / 4
Answer: (B) m (p)

(C) We have Solution:
1 (A) We have
Tr rth term =
2 a
2rn r dx

h
where h
1 I ° x
0 a2 x 2
2r r 2 h n
h Put x a sin P. Therefore

2rh r 2 h2 O /2
cosQ O
Therefore the required limit is
I ° sinQ cosQ dQ 4
0
1 1 Answer: (A) m (s)
dx dx
°
0 2x x2
°
0 1 (1 x)2 (B) We have
1
¨ªSin 1 (1 x)·¹ d
x
Sin 0 Sin 1 1 1
0
I ° (1 x)(1 x ) dx
0
2
Put x tan P so that x m ∞ P m O /2. Therefore

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O /2 O /2
tan Q dx
I ° 1 tan Q
dQ O s2 °
0
1 cos2 x
0
O /2
sin Q So
° cosQ sinQ dQ
0 O /2
dx

O I O
0
° 1 cos2 x
4
O /2
Answer: (B) m (s) sec 2 x
(C) We have
O
0
° sec 2 x 1
dx
O /2
O sec 2 x
°
I x sin xdx 3 O °0
2 tan 2 x
dx
0
O d
dt
(O x)sin 3 (O x)dx
° O ° 2t
0
2
where t tan x
0
d
O O ¨ t·
3 Tan 1 ¸
°
O sin xdx I 2 ©ª 2 ¹0
0
O ¨ t ·
© lim Tan 1 0 ¸
Therefore 2ª t md 2 ¹
O O O
s
2 I O sin 3 xdx ° 2 2
0 O2
O /2
3 2 2
2O ° sin
0
xdx
Answer: (D) m (q)
(3 1)
2O 5. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
3
4O
Column I Column II
3
4
So
2O
(A) ° [ x 1 x 3 ] dx is
0
(p) 5
I
3 e2
log e x
Answer: (C) m (p) (B) The value of °
1/ e
x
dx is (q) 1
(D) We have
9
O
x (C) ° [ x ]dx where {t} denotes the (r) 5/2
I ° 1 cos
0
2
x
dx 0
fractional part of t is
O
2
O x
°
0
1 cos2 (O x)
dx (D) ° 1 x dx equals (s) 10
0
O
dx
O ° 0
1 cos2 x
I Solution:
(A) We have
4
Therefore
O
I ° [ x 1 x 3 ] dx
dx 0
2I O ° 1 cos 2
x
1 3 4
0
° °
(4 2 x)dx (( x 1) (3 x))dx (2 x 4)dx
0 1
°
3
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4 (1 0) 2 (3 1) (16 9) 4 (4 3) 6. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.

4 4 7 5 10
Answer: (A) m (s) Column I Column II
O /2
(B) We have dx 1
(p)
e 2
(A) ° 1 sin x
0
2
log e x
I ° x
dx
¨ 1 2 ·
1/ e © 1 n2 1 n2 ¸
1 e2 (B) lim © ¸ is (q) 1
log e x log e x nmd © 3 n ¸
°
1/ e
x
dx °
1
x
dx
©ª 1 n2

1 n2 ¸¹
2 O /2
1 2 1 1 2 e f ( x) O
¨ log e x · ¨ log e x ·
2 ª ¹ 1/ e 2 ª ¹1 (C) °
0 f ( x) f ¦
¥ O ´
xµ
dx
k
(r) 4
2 §2 ¶
1¨ ¥ 1´ · 1 2
©0 ¦ log e µ ¸ ¨ log e e 2 0 · where k is
2 ©ª § ¶
e ¸¹ 2 ª © ¹̧
(D) The area common to the (s) 1/3
1 1 curves y2 x and x2 y is
( 2 2 0)
2 2
(t) 2/3
1
2
2 Solution:
5/2
Answer: (B) m (r) (A) We have
O /2
(C) We have dx
9
I ° 1 sin x
0
°
I { x } dx ({t} is the fractional part of t) O /2
dx
0
9
°¥ x x´
2
0
¦§ sin cos µ¶
°
( x [ x ]) dx ([t] is the integer part of t)
0
2 2
x
9
O /2 sec 2
¥1 4 9 ´ 2
° ° °
xdx ¦ [ x ]dx [ x ]dx [ x ]dxµ
¦§ µ¶ ° ° ¥ x´
2
dx
0 0 1 4
0
¦§ 1 tan µ¶
2
4 9
2 3/ 2 9 ¥ ´ 1
¨ª x ·¹ ¦ 0 1dx 2dxµ
3 0 ¦
§ 1 4
µ¶ ° ° 2 ° (1 t)
dt
2
0
2 3 1
(3 ) (3 2 s 5) ¨ 1 ·
3 2 ©
18 13 5 ª 1 t ¸¹ 0
Answer: (C) m (p) ¨1 ·
2 © 1¸
ª2 ¹
(D) We have
1
2 1 2
Answer: (A)m (q)
°
0
°
1 x dx (1 x) dx ( x 1) dx
0
° 1
(B) We have
1
1 1 2
(2 1) (2 1) 1 2 3 n 1 2 3 n

2 2 1 n2 1 n2 1 n2 1 n2 1 n2
1 3 n (n 1)
1 1
2 2 2(1 n 2 )
1
n

Answer: (D)m (q) 2(1 n)
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1 Column I Column II

¥1 ´
2 ¦ 1µ (A) The area bounded by the curves (p) 9
§n ¶
y ( x 1)2 , y ( x 1)2 and the
So 1
line y is
4
¥ 1 2 3 n ´
lim ¦ µ (B) The area bounded by the curves (q) 5/6
§
nmd 1 n 2
1 n 2
1 n 2
1 n2 ¶
y x , 2 y 3 x and x-axis in the
1 1 first quadrant is
lim
nmd ¥ 1 ´ 2
2 ¦ 1µ (C) The slope of the tangent to a curve (r) 4
§n ¶
y f (x) at (x, f (x)) is 2x 1. If the
Answer: (B)m (p) curve passes through the point (1,
(C) We have 2), then the area bounded by the
curve, the x-axis and the line x 1
O /2
f ( x) is
I °
0
¥O ´
f ( x) f ¦ x µ
(D) The area bounded by the curve (s) 1/3
§2 ¶ y cos x between x 0 and x 2O
is
¥O ´
O /2 f ¦ xµ
§2 ¶ (t) 2/3
°
0
¥O ´
f ¦ x µ f ( x)
dx
§2 ¶ Solution:
Now (A) See Fig. 5.47. The two curves y (x 1)2 and
y (x 1)2 intersect on y-axis at (0, 1).
O /2
O The line y 1/4 cuts y (x 1)2 in (1/2, 1/4) and
2I ° 1dx 2
0
(3/2, 1/4).
The curve y (x 1)2 in (–3/2, 1/4) and (–1/2, 1/4).
so that I O /4. Hence k 4. Therefore the required area is
Answer: (C)m (r) 1/ 2 1/ 2
¥ 2 1´ ¥ 2 3´
(D) The required area (see Fig. 5.46) is given by 2 °0
¦§ ( x 1) µ¶ dx 2
4 ° ¦§ x
0
2 x µ dx
4¶
1
2 1 1
2 ¨ 1 1 3·
°
0
( x x ) dx
3 3 3
2© ¸
ª 24 4 8 ¹
1
Answer: (D) m (s)
3
y
x2 = y y = (x + 1)2 y = (x − 1)2
C (1, 1) (0, 1)
−1 1
2 2
O 1 x (−1, 0) O (1, 0) y=1
y2 = x FIGURE 5.47 Matrix-match type question 7, part (A).
Answer: (A)m (s)

FIGURE 5.46 Matrix-match type question 6. (B) The line x 2y 3 meets the curve in (9, 3) (see Fig.
5.48). Then the required area (shaded portion) is
7. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II. 3 9
¥ x 3´
°
0
§ °
x dx ¦ x
3
2 ¶
µ dx
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2 3/ 2 3 2 3/ 2 9 1 2 9 3 (D) See the graph of y cos x in [0, 2O] shown in Fig.

¨ x · ¨ x · ¨ x · (9 3) 5.50. Then the required area (shaded part) is
3ª ¹0 3 ª ¹3 4 ª ¹3 2
2 2 1 3 O /2 3O / 2 2O
33/ 2 (27 33/2 ) (81 9) (6)
3 3 4 2 ° cos x dx ° ( cos x) dx ° cos x dx
18 18 9 9 0 O /2 3O / 2
O /2 3O / 2 2O
;sin x =0 ;sin x =O / 2 ;sin x = 3O / 2
y
(1 0) [ 1 1] [0 ( 1)]
1214
y
(9, 3)
O 3 x
(0, 1) (2p, 1)
3
−
2
FIGURE 5.48 Matrix-match type question 7, part (B).

p 3p 2p x
Answer: (B)m (p) 2 2
(C) We have dy
2x 1
dx y = cos x
y x2 x c
FIGURE 5.50 Matrix-match type question 7, part (D).
The curve passes through the point (1, 2). This implies
Answer: (D)m (r)
211cc0
Therefore the curve is 8. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II.
2
¥ 1´ 1
y x2 x ¦ x µ Column I Column II
§ 2 ¶ 4
2 (A) The area bounded by the ¥ 3´
¥ 1´ 1 (p) log e ¦ µ
¦x µ y curves y x2, y x2and y2 § 2¶
§ 2 ¶ 4 4x 3 is
(See Fig. 5.49.) Therefore (B) The area bounded by the ¥ 9´
curve y x (x 1)2, the y-axis (q) log e ¦ µ
1 § 2¶
1 1 5 and the line y 2 where 0 b x
Area ( x 2 x) dx
°
3 2 6 b 2, is
0
(C) The area of the region 1
y (r)
bounded by the curves
O O 3
(1, 2)
y tan x, b x b ,
3 3
O O
y cot x, b x b and the
6 2
x-axis is
log e 3 10
¨3· (s)
(D) °
0
©ª e x ¸¹ dx (where [] 3
−1 O 1 x denotes the integer part) is
( −12 , −14 ( Solution:

(A) The curves y x2, y x2 are touched by y2 4x 3
at the points (1, 1) and (1, 1), respectively (see Fig.
FIGURE 5.49 Matrix-match type question 7, part (C). 5.51). The curve y2 4x 3 cuts the x-axis at (3/4, 0).
Answer: (C)m (q) The required area (shaded portion ) is given by
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¨1 1 · 2 2 2 8
2 1 4
°
2 © x dx °4 x 3 dx ¸ s ¨ª(4 x 3)3 / 2 ·¹ 12
©ª 0 ¸¹ 3 4 3 3/ 4
3/ 4 2
4
2 1 1 3
(1 0)
3 3 3 10

3
y
Answer: (B)m (s)
(C) y tan x and y cot x intersect in A(O /4, 1). The
required area (shaded part, Fig. 5.53) is
O /4 O /3
O /4 O /3
(1, 1) ° tan x dx ° cot x dx ;log
O /6 O /4
e sec x =O /6 ; log e sin x =O / 4
3
0 4 x ¥ 2 ´ ¥ 3 1 ´
¦ log e 2 log e µ¶ ¦ log e 2 log e
(1, −1) § 3 § 2 µ¶
3
2 log e 2 2 log e
2
3 3
log e 2 log e log
4 2
FIGURE 5.51 Matrix-match type question 8, part (A).
y
Answer: (A)m (r)
(B) The curve y x(x 1) meets x-axis at (0,0) and
2
y=
nx
(1, 0) and ym d as x m d. Also ym d as x m
co
y = ta
tx
d. Therefore the required area (dotted portion,
Fig. 5.52) is equal to
2
(2 s 2) (= area of the square) ( x 1)2 xdx
° A
0
2
¨ x4 2 x2 ·
4 © x3 ¸
−p O p p p p x
ª 4 3 2 ¹0 3 6 4 3 2
¨ 16 16 4 ·
4 © ¸
ª4 3 2¹
¨ 48 64 24 ·
4 © ¸¹ FIGURE 5.53 Matrix-match type question 8, part (C).
ª 12
Answer: (C)m (p)
y
(D) We have
(2, 2) (i) 3e x 3 if x 0
2 3
(ii) 3e x 2 if x log e
2
(iii) 3e x 1 if x log e 3
(iv) [3e x] 0 if x log e 3
Therefore
log e 3 log e 3/ 2 log e 3
° [3e x ] dx ° 2 dx ° 1 dx
0 1 2 x
0 0 log e 3/ 2
¥ 3´ ¥ 3´
2 ¦ log e µ ¦ log e 3 log e µ
FIGURE 5.52 Matrix-match type question 8, part (B). § 2¶ § 2¶
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9 dz z ¥ log x ´ 1
log e log e 2 ¦ µ where z
4 dx x § x ¶ y
9 dz z log x
log e
2 dx x x
Answer: (D)m (q)
9. In Column I, differential equations are given and in 1 1
Column II their solutions are given. Match them. I.F. e
° x dx e log x 1
x
Column I Column II The solution is

¥ 1´ log x ¥ 1 ´
dy x3 z¦ µ ° ¦ µ dx c
(A) ex y x2e y (p) e y e x c § x¶ x § x¶
dx 3
log x
(B)
dy
ex y (q) y(cx log e ex) 1
°x2
dx c
dx
¨ 1 1 1 ·
(C) ( y log e x 1) y dx xdy (r) xe y tan y c © log x
ªx ° dx c
x x ¸¹
dx (s) e x e y c 1 1
(D) x e y sec 2 y log x c
dy x x
Therefore
Solution z log x 1 cx log (ex) cx
(A) We have 1
log (ex) cx
dy y
ex y x2e y 1 y [log (ex) cx]
dx
Answer: (C)m (q)
e y dy (e x x 2 ) dx (Variables Separable)
(D) We have
e y dy
° ° (e x
x 2 ) dx c dx
x e y sec 2 y
x 3 dy
ey ex c
3 dx
ey xe y sec 2 y
Answer: (A)m (p) dy
(B) We have d
( xe y ) sec 2 y
dy dy
ex y
dx xe y tan y c
e y dy e x dx Answer: (D)m (r)
The solution is
e y ex c
ex e y c Column I Column II
Answer: (B)m (s)
(A) A normal PG to a curve (p) hyperbola
(C) We have meets the x-axis in G. If the
( y log x 1) y dx xdy distance OG (‘O’ is origin) is
dy y twice the abscissa of P, then
( y log x 1) the curve is a
dx x
(B) A normal is drawn at a point (q) parabola
dy y ¥ log x ´
y2 ¦ (Bernoulli) P(x, y) of a curve. It meets
dx x § x µ¶ the x-axis in G. If PG is of
1 dy 1 ¥ log x ´ constant length k and the
2 ¦ µ
y dx xy § x ¶ curve passes through
(0, k), then the curve is a
(Continued)
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Column I Column II ¨ ¥ dy ´ 2 ·
y 2 ©1 ¦ µ ¸ k 2
(C) The normal at every point (r) rectangular ©ª § dx ¶ ¸¹
of a curve passes through a hyperbola dy
fixed point. Then the curve y p k 2 y2
dx
is a
y
(D) The curve in which the sub- (s) circle dy p dx (Variables Separable)
tangent at every point is k 2 y2
bisected at the origin is y
(t) ellipse
° k y2
2
dy p dx c °
Solution k 2 y2 p x c
(A) See Fig. 5.54. Normal at (x1, y1) is So the curve passes through (0, k) c 0. There-
fore the curve is
1
y y1 ( x x1 ) k2 y2 x2 or x2 y2 k2
m
Answer: (B)m (s)
where m (dy/dx) x , y . Therefore G ( x1 my1 , 0).
1 1
(C) Equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is
By hypothesis
1
y y1 ( x x1 )
x1 my1 2x1 m
¥ dy ´
y1 ¦ µ x1 where m (dy/dx) x . This passes through a fixed
§ dx ¶ x 1 , y1
1 , y1
point (@, A ). This implies
The differential equation is 1
B y1 (A x1 )
dy m
y x ydy xdx
dx Therefore, the differential equation is
The solution is (B y)dy (A x)dx 0
2 2
y x The solution is
c
2 2
y 2 x 2 2c ° (B y)dy ° (A x)dx c
which is a rectangular hyperbola. ( y B )2 ( x A )2
c
2 2
y ( x A )2 ( y B )2 2 c
which is a circle and (@, A ) is its centre.
Answer: (C)m (s)
P
(D) In Fig. 5.55, PG is drawn perpendicular to x-axis
and T is the point on the x-axis where the tangent
O G x
at P meets x-axis. By definition, TG is the sub-
tangent. The equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is
FIGURE 5.54 Matrix-match type question 10, part (A).
y y1 m(x x1)
Answer: (A)m (p), (r)
(B) In Fig. 5.54, PG k (constant). This implies where m (dy/dx) x1 , y1 . Therefore
¥ ¥ dy ´ 2 ´ 1/ 2
¥ y ´
y¦1 ¦ µ µ k T ¦ x1 1 , 0µ and G ( x1 , 0)
§ § dx ¶ ¶ § m ¶
Since (0, 0) is the mid-point of TG, we have
y1
x1 x1 0
m
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Therefore the differential equation y
dy
2x y0 P
dx 90°
2 dx
dy (Variables Separable) 90°
y x T O G N x
2 dx
°
y
dy
x
c °
2 log y log x c
FIGURE 5.55 Matrix-match type question 10, part (D).
y2 kx
Answer: (D) m (q)
which is a parabola.
1. Passage: f is continuous for all x r 0. Then answer the a a
following questions.
° f ( x) g( x)dx ° f (a x) g(a x)dx
(i) If g [0, a] is continuous and f (x) f (a x), 0 0
g(x) g (a x) 2, then a
a ° f (x)[2 g(x)]dx
° f (x)g(x)dx
0
0
[∵ f (a x) f ( x) and g( x) g(a x) 2]
a a Therefore
(A) ° g( x) dx (B) ° f ( x) dx a a
0
a
0
0
°
2 f ( x)g( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx °
0
°
(C) 2 f ( x) dx (D) 0 a a
0
°
f ( x) g( x)dx
0
° f (x) dx
0
O
cos x ¥¨ ¥1 ´ ·´
(ii) °e ¦§ © 2 sin ¦§ 2 cos xµ¶ dx ¸µ¶ Answer: (B)
0
ª ¹
¥ ¥1 ´´
O (ii) Let f x e cos x ¦ 2 sin ¦ cos xµ µ
(A) O (B) § §2 ¶¶
2
Since f is continuous for all real x, it follows that
O2 a
(C) (D) 0
2 ° f (x) dx exists. Also
0 ¥ ¥1 ´´
3O / 4
x f (O x) e cos(O x ) ¦ 2 sin ¦ cos(O x)µ µ
(iii) § § 2 ¶¶
° 1 sin x
dx
O /4 ¥ ¥ 1 ´´
e cos x ¦ 2 sin ¦ cos xµ µ
§ § 2 ¶¶
(A) O ( 2 1) (B) O ( 2 1)
¥ ¥1 ´´
(C) 2O 2 (D) O 2 e cos x ¦ 2 sin ¦ cos xµ µ
§ §2 ¶¶
Solution: f ( x)
(i) Since f and g are continuous for x r 0 it follows that
a a a Therefore
° f (x) dx, ° g(x) dx and ° f (x) g(x)dx exist. Now O O

0 0 0
°0
f ( x) dx ° f (O x) dx
0
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O O
( 2 2 2 )
°
f ( x) dx
0
2
O ( 2 1)
Now Answer: (A)
O
° f (x) dx 0
0
2. Passage: If f :[a, b] m , g : [a, b] m are continuous
and 0 b f ( x) b g( x) x [a, b], then the area of the
Answer: (D)
region bounded by the curves y f(x), y g(x) and
(iii) Let b
3O / 4
x
°
the lines x a, x b is given by [ g( x) f ( x)]dx. Us-
I °
O /4
1 sin x
dx a
ing this information, answer the following questions.
(i) The area of the region between the curves y
It exists because x/(1 sin x) is continuous on [O /4, x2 and y x3 is
3O /4]. Now
1 1
3O / 4 (A) (B)
x 3 4
I °
O /4
1 sin x
dx
(C)
1
(D)
1
6 12
O 3O
3O / 4 x
4 4 (ii) The area of the region bounded between the
°
O /4
¥ O 3O
1 sin ¦
´
xµ
dx
parabola y x2 x 6 and the line y 4 is
§4 4 ¶
7 9
¥ b b ´ (A) (B)
2 2
¦ ∵ f°( x )dx °
f (a b x)dxµ
¦§ µ¶ 5
a a (C) (D) 4
3O / 4 2
O x
°
O /4
1 sin x
dx (iii) The area of the region bounded by the curves
log e x
3O / 4
y ex log e x and y is
dx ex
O °
O /4
1 sin x
I
e2 5 e2 1
(A) (B)
4e 2e
So
e2 1 e2 1
3O / 4 (C) (D)
dx 3e e
2I O °
O /4
1 sin x Solution:
3O / 4 (i) The curves y x2 and y x3 intersect in (0, 0) and
O dx
I
2 °
O /4
1 sin x
(1, 1) only. Also 0 b x b 1 x3 b x2. Hence the
required area is
3O / 4
O 1 sin x 1 1 3 1 1 4 1
° dx ° ( x 2 x 3 ) dx ¨x · ¨x ·
2 cos x 2
0 3 ª ¹0 4 ª ¹0
O /4
3O / 4 1 1 1
O
° (sec 2 x sec x tan x) dx 3 4 12
2
O /4 Answer: (D)
O

2
[
;tan x =O3O/ 4/ 4 ;sec x =O3O/ 4/ 4 ] (ii) We have
2
O ¥ 1´ 25
[( 1 1) ( 2 2 )] y x2 x 6 ¦ x µ
2 § 2¶ 4
2
¥ 1´ ¥ 25 ´
¦x µ ¦y µ
§ 2¶ § 4¶
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The line y 4 intersects the parabola in ( 1, 4) and 1 1 e 1

(2, 4) (see Fig. 5.56). Hence the required area is
2e 2e 4 4e
2 2 e 5

° [ 4 ( x 2 x 6)] dx ° (2 x 2
x) dx 4 4e
1 1 e2 5

2 1 2 1 2 4e
2 ; x = 1 ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 2 ·¹
3 1 2 1
y
1 1
2(2 1) (8 1) (4 1)
3 2
3 9
6 3
2 2 log x
e
y=
y ( 1 , −1
e ( ex
O (1, 0) x
y = ex loge x
1 O 2 x
FIGURE 5.57 Comprehension-type question 2, part (iii).

Answer: (A)
y = −4
(−1, −4) (2, −4)
3. Passage: General solution of the differential equa-

A x ( 12 , − 254(
tion f ( x)dx g( y)dy 0 is ° f (x) dx ° g( y)dy c.
FIGURE 5.56 Comprehension-type question 2, part (ii). Answer the following questions.
Answer: (B)
(i) General solution of the equation
(iii) The two curves intersect in (1, 0) and (1/e, 1). dy
sin( x y) cos( x y) is
Since dx
1 (A) tan( x y) x c
lim d
xm0 x ¥ x y´
(B) 1 tan ¦ ce x
lim log e x d § 2 µ¶
xm0
(C) tan( x y) ke x
e log e x ¥ d ´
and lim ex log e x lim ¦ µ ¥ x y´
xm0 xm0 ¥ 1 ´ § d ¶ (D) tan ¦ ce x y
¦§ µ¶
x § 2 µ¶
1/ x dy x(2 log x 1)
e lim 2
(ii) Solution of is
1/ x
xm0 dx sin y y cos y
e lim ( x) (A) sin y x 2 log x c
xm0
0 (B) y x 2 log x c
Now see Fig. 5.57. (C) y sin y x log x c
1
¥ log e x ´ (D) y sin y x 2 log x c
Required area ° ¦ ex log e xµ dx
§ ex ¶ dy y 1
(iii) Solution of
1/ e
is
¨¨ x2 1 1 2 dx x (1 log x log y)2
1 ¨ 2 ·1 · x 1 ·

2e ª
log e x
¹ 1/e
©
e © log x ¸ dx ¸
x ¸ ° x2
©ª 2 ¹ 2 (A) xy ¨ª1 (log xy)2 ·¹ c
ª 1/ e 1/ e ¹ 2
1 ¨1¥ 1 ´ 1¥ 1 ´·
(0 1) e © ¦ 0 2 µ ¦ 1 2 µ ¸ x2
2e ª 2 § e ¶ 4 § e ¶¹ (B) 1 (log xy)2 yc
2
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x2 (iii) We have
(C) xy ;1 log ( xy)= c
2 dy y 1 1

x dx x (1 log x log y) 2
(1 log xy)2
(D) xy(1 log x log y) c
2
Put xy u so that
Solution
du x

(i) The given equation is dx (1 log u)2
dy Therefore
sin( x y) cos( x y)
dx
(1 log u )2 du xdx
Put x y u. Then
(1 log u)2 du xdx c
° °
du
1 sin u cos u
dx 2(1 log u) x2
u(1 log u)2 ° u du c
u u u u 2
2 cos2 2 sin cos
2 2 2 x2
u(1 log u)2 2u 2 ¨©u log u 1du· ° c
Therefore ª ¹̧ 2
x2
1 u(1 log u)2 2u 2u log u 2u c
du dx 2
u u u
2 cos2 2 sin cos x2
2 2 2 u ¨ª1 2 log u (log u)2 ·¹ 2u log u c
1 2 u
2
sec
2 2 du dx x2
u u[1 (log u)2 ] c
1 tan 2
2 x2
xy[1 (log( xy))2 ] c
Integrating we get 2
1 u Answer: (A)
sec 2
2 2 du x c
°1 tan
u 4. Passage: The differential equation
2 dy f ( x, y)
u´
¥ dx g( x, y)
log ¦ 1 tan µ x c
§ 2¶
where f and g are homogeneous functions of same
¥ x y´
1 tan ¦ ce x degree can be solved by using the substitution y vx.
§ 2 µ¶ Answer the following questions.
Answer: (B) (i) Solution of the differential equation
(ii) The given equation is ¥ dy ´ ¥ y´
¦§ x yµ Tan 1 ¦ µ x
dx ¶ § x¶
dy x(2 log x 1)

dx sin y y cos y is
y 1 y
(sin y y cos y)dy (2 x log x x)dx x Tan x
(A) x 2 y2 ke
Integrating we get y
Tan 1 x
2 2
(B) ( x y ) y kxe
° (sin y y cos y)dy ° (2 x log x x)dx c y y
Tan 1 x
2 21 (C) xy ke x
cos y cos y y sin y x log x ° x dx ° xdx c
x y
2 2 2 x
x log x c (D) xy( x y ) ke
Therefore (ii) Solution of the equation (x3 2y3) dx 3xy2dy
0 is
y sin y x2 log x c
Answer: (D) (A) x 3 y3 cx 2 (B) x 2 y2 cx
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¥ 1 1´ 1 1 dv 2v3 1 (1 v3 )
(C) x 3 y3 c ¦ 2 2 µ (D) 3
3
cx 2 x 2
v
§x y ¶ x y dx 3v 3v2
dy y x ¥ 3v2 ´ dx
(iii) Solution of the equation is ¦ 3µ
dv 0
dx y x § 1 v ¶ x
¥ y´ The solution is
(A) x 2 y2 2 Tan 1 ¦ µ c
§ x¶
3v2 dx
2 2
(B) log( x y ) 2 Tan ¦ µ c
y´ 1 ¥ ° 1 v 3
dv ° x
c
§ x¶
log(1 v3 ) log x c
¥ y´
(C) tan( y2 x 2 ) log ¦ µ c log(1 v3 ) x c
§ x¶
¥ y´ (1 v3 ) x c
(D) x 2 y2 x 2 y2 Tan 1 ¦ µ c
§ x¶ x 3 y3 cx 2
Solution: Answer: (A)
(i) Put y vx so that (iii) We have
dv dy dy y x
v x
dx dx dx y x
Therefore Put y vx. Then
¨ ¥ dv ´ · 1 dv v 1
© x ¦§ v x dx µ¶ vx ¸ Tan v x v x
ª ¹ dx v 1
¥ dv ´ dv v 1 (1 v2 )
¦v x vµ Tan 1v 1 x v
§ dx ¶ dx v 1 v1
dx ¥ 1 v ´ d x
(Tan 1v)dv ¦ dv 0
x § 1 v2 µ¶ x
Integrating we get ¥ 1 v ´ dx
dx
° ¦§ 1 v
2µ
¶
dv
x °
c
° (Tan 1v)dv ° c 1
x Tan 1v log(1 v2 ) log x c
v 2
v Tan 1v ° 1 v dv log x c
2 ¥ y´ 1
Tan 1 ¦ µ log( x 2 y2 ) log x log x c
1 § x¶ 2
v Tan 1v log (1 v2 ) log x c
2 ¥ y´
2 Tan 1 ¦ µ log( x 2 y2 ) c
y ¥ y ´ 1 § x¶
Tan 1 ¦ µ log( x 2 y2 ) log x log x c
x § x¶ 2 Answer: (B)
1 y ¥ y´
log( x 2 y2 ) Tan 1 ¦ µ c 6. Passage: The general solution of the differential
2 x § x¶
y ¥ y´
equation
Tan 1 ¦ µ
§ x¶
x 2 y2 ke x
dy
Py Q
Answer: (A) dx
(ii) We have where P and Q are functions of x alone is given by
3 3 2
( x 2 y )dx 3 xy dy 0
y e° Q e°
Pdx Pdx
dy 2 y3 x 3
° dx c
(Homogeneous)
dx 3 xy2 Answer the following questions.
(i) Solution of the differential equation
Put y vx. Then
¥ dy ´
dv 2v3 1 x¦ yµ (1 x 2 )e x
v x § dx ¶
dx 3v2
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is
1 x2
x2
° x
dx c
(A) ye x log x c x2
2 log x c
2
x2
(B) ye x log x c Answer: (A)
2
2 ¥ x2 ´ x2 (ii) We have
(C) y e x ¦ log x 2 µ ce
§ ¶ x(1 x 2 )dy ( y yx 2 x 2 )dx
2 x2 dy y(1 x 2 ) x 2
(D) ye x log x c
2 dx x(1 x 2 )
(ii) Solution of the equation x(1 x2)dy (y yx2 dy y x
x2)dx is (Linear)
dx x 1 x 2
(A) y xtan x c (B) y xTan 1 x c
c
(C) y xTan 1 x cx (D) xy Tan 1 x 1
x ° dx
I.F. e x e log x
1
(iii) General solution of the differential equation x
dy
( x 1) ny e x ( x 1)n 1 The solution is
dx
¥ 1´ x 1
is y¦ µ ° dx c Tan 1 x c
§ x¶ 1 x2 x
x n
(A) y e ( x 1) c y xTan 1 x cx
(B) y(1 x)n e x c Answer: (C)
x n
(C) y (c e )(1 x) (iii) We have
x n
(D) y(c e ) (1 x) dy
( x 1) ny e x ( x 1)n1
dx
Solution
dy ¥ n ´ x n
(i) We have ¦ µ¶ y e ( x 1) (Linear)
dx § x1
¥ dy ´ The integrating factor is
x¦ yµ (1 x 2 )e x
§ dx ¶
n
dy (1 x 2 )e x I.F. e
° x 1 dx e n log( x 1) 1
y (Linear) ( x 1)n
dx x
The solution is
¥ 1 ´ e x ( x 1)n
y¦ µ ° dx e x c
I.F. e °
1dx
e x § ( x 1)n ¶ ( x 1)n
The solution is y (e x c)(1 x)n
(1 x 2 )e x x Answer: (C)
ye x ° e dx c
x

1
0 e 0 (0 1)
1. The value of ° xe x dx is _______.
1
0
Answer: 1
Solution: We have
O /2
1 3
° xe dx ¨ªe x ( x 1)·¹
x 1 2. 3 ° sin
0
x dx equals _______.
0
0
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Solution: We have 0 d
0
O /2 O /2
° log (x e) dx ° e x
dx ; x log e ( x e)=1 e
3 ¥ 3 sin x sin 3x ´ e
° sin
0
xdx °
0
¦§
4
µ¶ dx 1 e 0
0
x d
1¨ O /2 1 O /2 · ° dx ¨ªe x ·¹
© 3;cos x =0 ;cos 3 x =0 ¸ xe 0
4ª 3 ¹ 1 e
0
1¨ 1 · ¥ e ´ x

4 ©ª
3(0 1) (0 1)¸
3 ¹
° ¦§ 1 x e µ¶ dx ( lim e
1 e
x md
1)
1¥ 1´ 8 2 0 0
¦ 3 µ¶ ; x =1 e e ; log( x e)=1 e (0 1)
4§ 3 12 3
[0 (1 e)] e[1 0] 1
Therefore
1 e e 1
O /2 2
3
3 ° sin
0
x dx 2
y
Answer: 2
y = loge (x + e)
Try it out If we use Walli’s formula, then (0, 1)
O /2 y = e−x
( ) 2
° sin 3 xdx
d
3(( ) 3 (1−e, 0) O x
0
1
1 ¥ 2x 1 ´
3. ° Tan
0
¦§ µ dx is equal to ______.
1 x x2 ¶ FIGURE 5.58 Integer answer type question 4.
Solution: We have Answer: 2
1 1 5. If A is the area bounded between the curves y xex, y

¥ 2x 1 ´ ¥ x x 1 ´
° Tan 1 ¦ µ dx Tan 1 ¦ ° dx xe x and the line x 1, then the integer part of A is
§ 1 x x ¶
2
§ 1 x( x 1) µ¶
0 0 ______.
1 1
Tan xdx Tan 1 ( x 1)dx
° 1
° y
0 0 y = xe x
1 1 y = xe −x
1 1
° °
Tan xdx Tan (1 x 1)dx (1, e)
(1, 1e (
0 0
1 1
Tan 1 xdx Tan 1 xdx
° ° O 1 x
0 0
0
Answer: 0
4. The area bounded by the curves y loge (x e), y e x Solution: The two curves meet at (0, 0) and are
and the x-axis is _______. intersected by the line x 1 in (1, e) and (1, 1/e),
respectively. Hence the required area is
Solution: The two given curves intersect in (0, 1) (see
Fig. 5.58). So 1 1 1
° ( xe x xe x )dx ° xe x dx ° xe x
dx
log e ( x e) m d as x m d
0 0 0
and y e x m 0 as x m d 1
1 «
®¨ x ·1
º®
ªe ( x 1)¹ ¬ ª x( e )¹ e x dx »
¨ x ·
°
Now y loge (x e) meets x-axis in (1 e, 0). Therefore 0 0
® 0 ®¼
the required area (shaded part) is
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[ 1
[0 ( 1)] ¨ª xe x ·¹ ¨ªe x ·¹
0
1
0 ] Therefore
I I1 I2 5 2 7
«¥ 1 ´ ¥ 1 ´ º Answer: 7
1 ¬¦ 0µ ¦ 1µ »
§ e ¶ § e ¶¼
2 «® x 2 for 0 b x 1
1 1 7. Let f ( x) ¬
e ® x for 1 b x b 2
2
2
e
Therefore, A 2/e, which implies that the integer part of
If K ° f (x) dx, then [K 1] (where [t] denotes the inte-
0
A is zero. ger part of t) is ______.
Answer: 0 Solution: We have
2 1 2
6. If [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x,
° f ( x)dx x 2 dx
° ° xdx
then
0 0 1
3
1 1 2 2
¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¨ª x 3/ 2 ·¹
° x 2 [ x] dx
1
3 0 3 1
1 2
(2 2 1)
Solution: Let 3 3
3 4 2 1

I ° x 2 [ x] dx
1
3
Therefore
3
4 22
I1 ° x 2 dx
1
K 1
3
3 [K 1] 2
I2 ° [ x] dx
1
Answer: 2
O /2
Now cos x cos3 xdx , then the value of 3I is
8. If I °
O / 2
2 3
_____.
I1 ° (2 x) dx ° (x 2)dx
1 2 Solution: We have
2 1 2 1 3 3
2 ; x = 1 ¨ª x 2 ·¹ ¨ª x 2 ·¹ ; 2 x =2 O /2
2 1 2 2
cos x cos3 xdx
1 1
I °
2(2 1) (4 1) (9 4) (6 4) O / 2
2 2 O /2
3 5
6 2 2 ° cos x cos3 x (∵ cos x cos3 x is an even function)
2 2 0
17 7 O /2
5
2 2 2 °
0
cos x sin x dx
3
O /2
I2 ° [ x] dx ¥ ¥ O´ ´
cos x sin x ¦∵ in ¦ 0, µ ,sin x r 0µ
1
2 °0
§ § 2¶ ¶
0 1 2 3
° ( 1) dx ° 0dx ° 1dx ° 2dx
1 0 1 2
¥ 2´
2 ¦ µ ¨ª(cos x)3/ 2 ·¹
§ 3¶
O /2
0
(0 1) 0 (2 1) 2(3 2) 4 4
[0 1]
1 1 2 2 3 3
This implies 3I 4.
Answer: 4
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9. If [t] denotes the integer part of t, then and for x 1, x 1 x2 1. Therefore

¨1 2
· ®« x 1 for 0 b x b 1
© Sin 1 xdx ¸ f ( x) ¬
°
©ª 0 ¸¹ ® x 1 for 1 x b 2
Solution: We have So
1 1 A Required area (shaded portion)
1 x
° Sin xdx ¨ª x Sin 1 x ·¹
1
° dx 1 2
0
1 x2 ( x 2 1)dx ( x 1)dx
0 0
1
°
0
°
1
Sin 1 1 ¨© 1 x 2 · 1 1 1 2
ª ¹̧ 0 1 2
¨ª x 3 ·¹ ; x =0 ¨ª x 2 ·¹ ; x =1
O 3 0 2 1
(0 1) 1 1
2 1 (4 1) (2 1)
O 3 2
1 23
2
6
Therefore
y
¨1 ·
© Sin 1 xdx ¸ 0
°
©ª 0 ¸¹ (1, 2)
Answer: 0
1
4
10. If K ° 5x x 5 1 dx, then the integral part of K
O 1 2 x
1
is ______.
Solution: We have
1 FIGURE 5.60 Integer answer type question 11.
K ° 5 x 4 x 5 1 dx Answer: 3
1
2 1 12. The cut off from the parabola 4y 3x2 by the straight
¨( x 5 1)3 / 2 ·
3ª ¹ 1 line 2y 3x 12 is ______.
2 Solution: The line intersects the parabola 4y 3x2 in
¨ª 2 2 0 ·¹
3 the points (–2, 3) and (4, 12) (see Fig. 5.61). Therefore
4 2
4
3 ¥ 3 x 12 3 2 ´
Therefore
Required area ° ¦§
2
2
x µ dx
4 ¶
3 2 4 1 4
¨4 2 · ¨ x · 6 ; x =4 ¨ x 3 ·
[K ] © ¸1 4 ª ¹ 2 2
4 ª ¹ 2
ª 3 ¹ 3 1
(16 4) 6(4 2) (64 8)
Answer: 1 4 4
y
11. Let f(x) Min {x2 1, x 1} for 0 b x b 2. If A is the
area bounded by y f(x), the x-axis in the interval (4, 12)
[0, 2], then the integral part of A is ______.
Solution: The line y x 1 and the curve y x2 1 −2 0 4 x
cut each other in the points (0, 1) and (1, 2) (see Fig.
5.60). Now
0 b x b 1 x2 1 x 1
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9 36 18 2 2 3
s ¨ª(3 x 2 )3/ 2 ·¹
27 3 3 0
Answer: 27 4
(0 3 3 )
3 3
13. The area bounded by the curves y x, x 2y 3 4
in the first quadrant is ______.
y
(IIT-JEE 2003)
Solution:
The line and the curve intersect at (9, 3) in the first quad-
rant (see Fig. 5.62). Therefore 3 3 x
O
9
Required area ° x dx – Area of the triangle with ver-
tices (3, 0), (9, 0) and (9, 3)
0 FIGURE 5.63 Integer answer type question 14.
2 3/ 2 9 1 Answer: 4
¨ª x ·¹ s 6 s 3
3 0 2
2 15. If A is the area bounded by the curves y x loge x,
( 33 ) 9
3 y 2x 2x2, then 12A is _____.
9 Solution: We have
¨1 ¥ 2
1´ ·
y y 2x 2x2 2 © ¦ x µ ¸
©ª 4 § 2 ¶ ¸¹
Then
y = x
2
(9, 3) ¥ 1´ 1 y 1¥ 1´
¦§ x µ¶ ¦§ y µ¶
O 3 9 x 2 4 2 2 2
which is a downward parabola with vertex at (1/2, 1/2)
x = 2y + 3
meeting x-axis in (0, 0) and (1, 0). The curve y x loge x
meets the x-axis in (1, 0). Further
lim x log e x d
Answer: 9 x md
and lim x log x 0

14. The area bounded by the curve 3y2 x2 (3 x2) is xm0
______. Now the required area is (see Fig. 5.64)

Solution: We know that 1 1
A (2 x 2 x 2 ) dx x log e xdx (∵ 0 x 1 log e x 0)
° °
(i) The curve is symmetric about both axes.
0 0
(ii) It passes through origin.
(iii) It meets x-axis in ( 3 , 0), (0, 0) and ( 3 , 0) . y
(iv) 3 b x b 3
y = x loge x
Therefore shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 5.63. ( 12 , 12 (
Therefore
3 O x
x (1, 0)
Required area 4 ° 3 x 2 dx
3
0
lim x loge x = 0
3 x→0+
4 ¥ 1´
¦ µ ° ( 2 x) 3 x 2 dx
3§ 2 ¶
0
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1 1 Therefore
2 ·1 2 1 «®¨ x
2 · ¨ x 2 · º®
¨ª x ¹ ¨ª x 3 ·¹ ¬ © log e x ¸ © ¸ » 1
0 3 0
® ª 2 ¹ 0 ª 4 ¹ 0 ¼® I 2 (1 x 50 )(1 x 50 )100 dx
°
0
2 « 1º
1 ¬(0 0) » 1
3 4¼
I1 x 50 (1 x 50 )100 dx
°
1 1
0
3 4 1
7 I1 x(1 x 50 )100 ( x 49 )dx

12
°
0
Therefore 12 A 7. «® ¨ x(1 x 50 )101 · 1 1 (1 x 50 )101 º®
Answer: 7 I1 ¬ © ¸
® ª 101 s 50 ¹ 0 0 101 s 50
° dx »
®¼
16. The value of 1
I1 0 I2
O /2 5050
cos x
° (sin x) [cos x cot x log(sin x)sin x ]dx Hence
0
¥ 5051 ´
is _____. (IIT-JEE 2006) ¦§ µ I 2 I1
5050 ¶
Solution: Let f ( x) (sin x)cos x , 0 b x b O / 2 so that So
cos x 5050 I1
f a( x) (sin x) [cos x cot x sin x log sin x] (check it)
I 5051
Therefore I2
O /2
Answer: 5051
O /2
° f a( x)dx ; f ( x)= 10 01 1
0 18. Let
0
x2
Answer: 1 cos x cos Q
1
y( x) ° 1 sin 2 Q
dQ
O 2 /16
° (1 x 50 )100 dx
then
0
17. The value of (5050) is ______.
1 ¥ dy ´
¦§ µ¶ KO
° (1 x 50 )101 dx dx x O
0
where the value of K is ______.
Solution: Let
Solution: By Leibnitz Rule,
1
50 100
° (1 x ) dx dy
x2
cos Q ¥ cos x ´
I (5050) 01 dx
sin x ° 2
1 sin Q
dQ cos x ¦
§ 2
1 sin x
s 2 xµ
¶
O 2 /16
50 101
° (1 x
0
) dx
Therefore
Let ¥ dy ´ ¥ 1 ´
¦§ µ¶ 0 ( 1) ¦ s 2O µ 2O
dx x O § 1 ¶
1
I1 (1 x 50 )100 dx So K 2.
°
0 Answer: 2
1
x
I 2 (1 x 50 )101 dx
° 19. Let f ( x) ° 2 t 2 dt. Then, the number of real
0
1
roots of the equation x 2 f a( x) 0 is ______.
(IIT-JEE 2002)
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Solution: We have Therefore

f a( x) 2 x 2 (By Leibnitz Rule) 1 1
e cosO x e cosO x
Now 2I °
0
e cosO x e cosO x
dx dx 1 °
0
x 2 f a( x ) 0
So
x4 2 x2
1
x4 x2 2 0 I
2
( x 2 2)( x 2 1) 0 From Eq. (5.54), we get
x p1 are the real values of x
2012
¥ 1´
Therefore the number of real roots of the equation
x2 f a(x) 0 is 2.
° 0
f ( x)dx 2012 ¦ µ 1006
§ 2¶
Answer: 2 Answer: 1006
20. Let [x] denote the largest integer not exceeding x 21. If f is differentiable on [0, 1], f (0) 0 and f (1) 1,
and {x} x – [x]. Then the value of 1
2
2012 cos(O { x })
then the minimum value of
______.
° [ f a(x)] dx is equal to
e 0
°
0
e cos(O { x })
e cos(O { x })
dx
Solution: We have
is ______. [ f a( x) 1]2 r 0
1
Solution: Let 0 b [ f a( x) 1]2 dx
°
0
cos(O { x })
e
f ( x) 1
e cos(O { x}) e cos(O { x}) [{ f a( x)}2 2 f a( x) 1]dx
°
Since the period of {x} is 1, we have that the period of f(x) 0
is also 1. Therefore 1 1 1
2
2012 1
°
0
°
[ f a( x)] dx 2 f a( x)dx 1dx
0
°
0
° f ( x)dx (2012) f ( x)dx ° (See P4) (5.54) 1
0 0 [ f a( x)]2 dx 2[ f (1) f (0)] 1
°
0
Now, let
1
1 [ f a( x)]2 dx 2(1 0) 1
°
I ° f (x)dx
0
0
1 Therefore
e cos(O ( x [ x ])
° e cosO ( x [ x ]) e cos( x [ x ])O
dx 1
2
0
1
° [ f a(x)] dx r 1
e cosO x 0
°
0
e cosO x e cosO x
dx
1
2
1
e cos O (1 x )
Hence the minimum value of ° [ f a(x)] dx
0
is 1 and the
°e
0
cos O (1 x )
e cosO (1 x )
dx minimum value will be attained when f(x) = x x [0, 1]
1 Answer: 1
e cosO x
°
0
e cosO x e cosO x
dx
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EXERCISES
O O /4
dx
1. Evaluate ° sin x cos x dx .
0
9. Show that °a
0
2
cos x b2 sin 2 x
2
(a 0, b 0) is
Hint: Draw the graphs of both sin x and cos x in [0, O ].

1 ¥ b´
equal to Tan 1 ¦ µ .
ab § a¶
2. f is a real-valued function defined for all x r 1 such
that 1
log(1 x) O
f (1) 1 and f a( x)
1
10. Show that ° 0
1 x 2
dx
8
log 2.
x 2 [ f ( x)]2
Hint: Put x tan Q.
Show that lim f ( x) exists and is less than 1 O /4.
x md 29 3
( x 2) 2
Hint: Observe that f is strictly increasing on [1, d) 11. Evaluate ° 3
3
3
( x 2) 2
dx .
t t
dx dx
and
°x 2
[ f ( x)]2
° 1 x 2 O
sin 2 Kx
1
3. Let f be differentiable function such that

1 12. Show that ° 0
sin x
dx 0, if K is an integer.
2 O O /2
°
f a( x) f ( x) f ( x)dx
0
13. Prove that ° f (sin x) 2 ° f (sin x)dx.
0 0
4 e2 O O
and f (0) O
3 14. Show that ° 0
xf (sin x)dx
2 ° f (sin x) dx.
0
Determine f(x).
O /8
4. Prove that
15. Evaluate ° x 8 sin 9 xdx.
sin 2 Kx
sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x sin(2 K 1) x O / 8
sin x
O 2 /4
where K is a positive integer and hence show that 16. Compute °
0
sin xdx.
O /2
sin 2 Kx 1 1 1
°
0
sin x
dx 1
3 5 2K 1
Hint: Put t x.
17. If f q(x) is continuous on [a, b], then show that
n/2
2 x [ 2 x ] b
5. Evaluate °e
0
dx where [x] is the integral part
° xf aa(x)dx [b f a(b) a f a(a)] [ f (a) f (b)]
of x and n is a positive integer. a
100O 18. Let f be an odd function in the interval [–T/2, T/2]

x
6. Evaluate °
0
1 cos 2 xdx .
where T is a period of f. Prove that ° f (t)dt is also a
a
2 /O periodic function with the same period.
sin(1 / x)
7. Evaluate ° x2
dx . Hint: x
1/O F ( x) ° f (t)dt
a
3
xdx T /2 x T
8. Evaluate °
0
x 1 5x 1
.
F ( x T ) F ( x) ° f (t ) dt ° f (t ) dt
x T /2
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Exercises 589
19. If n is a positive integer and CK denotes the Binomial 1/ 3

coefficient nCK, then show that dx ¥ 1´
29. Show that ° Tan 1 ¦ µ .
2
(2 x 1) x 1 § 2¶
2
C1 C 2 C 3 ( 1)n Cn 2 4 6 (2 n) 0
C0
3 5 7 2n 1 1 3 5 (2n 1) log e 2
3
1 30. Show that ° 1 e 2 x dx log e (2 3 ).
2
Hint: Compute (1 x 2 )n dx using Binomial expan-
° 0
0 O / 4
sion and also using the substitution x sin P. cos3 x
31. Evaluate ° 3
sin x
dx .
20. On the interval [–1, 1] find the greatest and least val- O / 2
ues of the function e 1
x
F ( x) °t 2
2t 1
dt
32. Compute ° log (1 x) dx .
e
0
2t 2 0
Hint: F is greatest at x 1 and least at x –1/2. e

3
x
°
33. Show that (log e x) dx 6 2e.
1
dx O
21. Solve the equation °
log e 2 ex 1

6
.
1
2 1
2
dx ¥ 72 7´
34. Show that ° x log(1 x )dx log
0
e 2 .
2
22. Show that °
0 x x 2 5x 1
log e ¦
§ 9 µ¶
.
O /4
3/ 2
16
1 16
35. Evaluate ° (cos 2 x)
0
cos xdx .
23. Show that
° Tan
1
x 1 dx O 2 3 .
3 Hint: Put 2 sin x sin Q .
O /2 b
dx 2 ¥ 1 ´ xn
24. Show that
° 3 2 cos x

5
Tan 1 ¦
§ 5 µ¶
. 36. If
°x
a
n
(16 x)n
dx 6, then prove that a 2,
0
b 14 and n is a natural number.
x
25. If f is an odd function, then show that
° f (t) dt is an 1
Sin 1 x O
x
a 37. Show that ° x
dx log e 2.
2
even function. Will ° f (t) dt be odd, if f is even?
a
0
1
Hint: For the latter part, consider f (x) cos x and log e (1 x)
a x 0, so that the conclusion is not true. If a 0, the
38. Evaluate
°
0
1 x2
dx.
conclusion is true.
t
2 x
26. Show that ° 3
1 dx
8
log e .
39. Let F(t) ° (1 x)(1 x ) dx. Show that
0
2
xx 2 5
1 O
lim F (t ) .
5
2 t md 4
x9 2
27. Show that ° (1 x ) 5 3
dx
45
. O
x tan x O
0 40. Show that ° sec x tan x dx 2 (O 2).
28. Prove that 0
dx x 2n 3 dx O 2
sin 8 x log(cot x)
° (1 x )
2 n

2(n 1)(1 x ) 2 n 1
°
2(n 1) (1 x 2 )n 1 41. Evaluate ° cos 2 x
dx .
0
1
dx 1
and hence compute ° (1 x )
0
2 4
.
42. Evaluate °
x Sin 1 x
dx .
1 1 x2
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2 54. Show that

3 x 5 4 x 3 2 x 2 x 20
43. Show that ° x2 4
dx 3O 8 .
lim
¨ n1

n2

n3 1· O 1
¸ log e 2
nmd ©
2
ª n2 12 n2 2 2 n2 32 n¹ 4 2
d
dx O ¥ n! ´
1/ n
1
44. Prove that ° 1 x
0
4

2 2
. 55. Show that lim ¦ µ
nmd n n ¶
§

e
.
1 56. Show that

2 2
45. The value of °(
1
1 x x 1 x x ) dx is ____.
¨ 2 4 2n ·
©¥ 1 ´ n2 ¥ 2 2 ´ n2 ¥ n 2 ´ n2 ¸ 4
lim ¦ 1 2 µ ¦ 1 µ ¦ 1 µ ¸ e.
x nmd © § n ¶ § n2 ¶ § n2 ¶
© ¸
46. Show that F ( x) ° log (t
e 1 t 2 ) dt is an even ª ¹
function. 0
Hint: Assume that the limit is l and take logarithm.
Hint: Observe that log(t 1 t 2 ) is an odd func-
57. Show that
tion.
¥ 1 4 r2 1´ 1
3/ 2 lim ¦ µ log e 2.
3O 1 nmd § 1 n 3
8n 3 3
r n 3
n¶ 3
47. Show that °
1
x sin O x dx
O2
.
58. Show that
48. If f ( x) 2 x 1 x 1 , then show that

¥1 n2 n2 1´ 3
lim ¦ 3
3
µ .
nmd § n (n 1) ( n 2) 8n ¶ 8
2
9
° f (x)dx 5 4log 2 e 59. Show that lim ¦
¥ 1

1 1´
µ log 2.
2 §
nmd n1 n2 2n ¶
49. Show that n 1
1 O
O
x O ¥a b 2 2 2´
60. Show that lim
nmd
¤
r 0
2
n r 2

2
.
° (a
0
2 2 2 2
cos x b sin x) 2
dx
4 ¦§ a 3b3 µ¶ 61. Prove that the area common to the parabolas y 2x2
and y x2 4 is 32/3.
where a 0, b 0.
62. Show that the area included between the parabolas
log e 5 x x
e e 1 8 ab (a b)3/2
50. Evaluate °
0
x
e 3
dx. y2 4a(x a) and y2 4b(x b) is
3 b a
.
O 63. Compute the area bounded by the curves y x 1

cos x and (y 1)2 4(x 1).
51. If S °
( x 2)2
dx, then show that
0 64. Find the area enclosed by the curves 3x2 5y 32
O /2
and y |x 2|.
cos x sin x 1 ¥ 2 ´
°
0
( x 1)
= ¦
§
4 2O
1 2S µ
¶
65. Compute the area of the figure bounded by the pa-
rabola (y 2)2 x 1, the tangent to it at the point
with ordinate 3, and the x-axis.
O /2 O /2
cos x sin x 1 sin 2 x
Hint: Take I dx ° ° 2 x. Use 66. Find the area of the figure which lies in the first
( x 1) 2 x1 quadrant inside the circle x2 y2 3a2 and bounded
0 0
integration by parts. by the parabolas x2 2ay and y2 2ax(a 0).
x 67. Compute the area given by x y 6, x2 y2 b 6y and
2 y2 b 8x.
52. If F ( x)
° sin(t
1/ x
)dt, then find Fa (1).
68. A curve y f (x) passes through the point P(1,
2n 1). The normal to the curve at P is a(y 1) x
1 r
53. Evaluate lim
nmd n ¤r 1 n2 r 2
. 1 0. If the slope of the tangent at any point on the
curve is proportional to the ordinate of the point,
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Exercises 591
determine the equations of the curve. Also obtain dy ¥ x ´

the area bounded by the y-axis, the curve and the 86. Solve ¦ µ y x y.
dx § 1 x 2 ¶
normal to the curve at P.
(IIT-JEE 1996) dy 2
87. Solve xy y3 e x .
dx
69. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve C:
y tan x, the tangent drawn to C at x O /4 and the dy
88. Solve x 2 y x 3 y4 cos x, given that y O when
x-axis. dx
x O .
70. Compute the area enclosed between the parabolas
x y , 3y 4(x 1).
2 2
dy
89. Solve (1 x 2 ) 2 xy x 1 x 2 .
71. Find the area of the figure bounded by the curve dx
x y 1 and the line x y 1. 90. The gradient of a curve which passes through the
72. Compute the area of the figure enclosed by the curve point (4, 0) is defined by the equation
y x (1 x ).
2 2 2
dy y 5x
0
73. Compute the area of the loop of the curve y x 2 2 dx x ( x 2)( x 3)
(1 x). Find the equation of the curve and also the value of
74. Find the area of the figure contained between the y when x 5.
8
parabola x2 4y and the curve y . dy
x2 4 91. Solve ( y 1)cos x e sin x (cot 2 x).
dx
75. Compute the area of the figure bounded by the
92. Find the equation of the curve through the origin
curve y log e x , the y-axis and the straight lines
which satisfies the differential equation
y log e a and y log e b .
dy
76. Solve (y2 3x2)dy 2xy dx 0, given y 1 when x 0. ( x y)2
dx
2
¥ dy ´ dy
77. Solve y ¦ µ 2x y 0, given y 5 when dy ¥ x 1´
§ dx ¶ dx 93. Solve xy2 ¦ y.
x 0. dx § x µ¶
78. Find the curve such that the length of the polar ra- ¥ x y ´ dy 1
dius of any point M equals the distance between the 94. Solve ¦ 2 µ
cos x .
§ y ¶ dx y
point of intersection of the tangent at the point M,
the y-axis, and the origin. Hint: Put y vx.
dy 1 dy
79. Solve . 95. Solve x tan( y x) 1.
dx 2 x y2 dx
80. Solve (3 y2 3 xy x 2 )dx ( x 2 2 xy)dy . dy y2 y 1
96. Solve 0.
dy x y dx x 2 x 1
81. Solve .
dx y x dy
97. Solve x 2 y ( x 1)sec y.
2
82. Solve (2 y)dx ( y 6 x)dy 0 . dx
dy e y 1 98. Form the differential equation representing of all

83. Solve . parabolas having latus rectum 4a and whose axes
dx x 2 x
are parallel to x-axis.
dy
84. Solve 2 y tan x sin x . 99. Form the differential equation representing all cir-
dx cles in the xy-plane with fixed radius r.
dy sin x cos2 x dy
85. Solve y tan x . 100. Solve x 2 y2 x 2 y2 1 ( xy) 0.
dx y2 dx
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ANSWERS
1. 4( 2 1) 1 e a
68. Curve: y e a( x 1) . Area = 1
e2 1 2a a
3. f ( x) e x
3 1¥ 1´
69. ¦ log 2 µ¶
n 2§ 2
5. (e 1)
2 70. 8/3
6. 200 2 71. 1/3
7. 1 72. 4/3
8. 14/15 73. 8/15

3 3 2
11. 8 O 74. (3O 2)
2 3
15. 0 75. b – a
16. 2 76. y3 y2 x 2
21. x 2 log e 2 77. y2 5 p 2 5 x
11 5O 78. x 2 2cy c 2 or x2 = 2cy
28.
48 64
1 2 1 1
31. –0.083 79. x ce 2 y y y
2 2 4
32. 1
x
3O
35. 80. ( x y)2 cx 3 e x y
16 2
O 81. y p x 2 log cx
38. log e 2
8 82. y2 2 x cy3
41. 0 83. 2 xe y 1 2cx 2
42. 2 84. y cos x c cos2 x
45. 0 cos6 x
3 3
85. y cos x c
50. 4 – O 2
3 x2 1
52. sin 1 86. y c(1 x 2 )1/ 4
2 3
2
53. 5 1 87. e x y2 (2 x c)
63. 64 / 3 88. y3 (1 3 sin x) x 3
64. 33/2
89. y 1 x 2 c(1 x 2 )
65. 9
¥ x2 ´ 7
¨ 2 3 1· 90. y x log e ¦ , y 5 log
66. a © 2
Sin 1 ¸ § 6 x 3 µ¶ 12
ª 3 2 3¹
91. ( y 1)e sin x cot x x c
27O 2
67. ¥ 1 x y´
12 92. log e ¦ 2x
§ 1 x y µ¶
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Answers 593
¥ xy ´ 1
93. log e ¦ xc 97. y sin y cos y log e x c
§ 1 xy µ¶ x
3
x d 2 y ¥ dy ´
94. log e y sin x c 98. 2a ¦ µ 0
y dx 2 § dx ¶
2 3
2 ¥ d2 y´
2
¨ ¥ dy ´ 2 ·
x /2 99. r ¦ 2 µ ©1 ¦ ¸
95. sin( y x) ce § dx µ¶ ¸
§ dx ¶ ª© ¹
2x 1 2y 1 1 1 x2 1
96. Tan 1 Tan 1 c 100. 1 x 2 1 y2 log e c
3 3 2 1 x2 1
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Index
A Codomain, 14 left, 146
Commutative property of addition (+), 4 right, 146
Absolute maximum, 55, 243 Comparison test, 72 second, 169
Absolute minimum, 55, 243 for sequences, 66 signs of, when passing critical point,
Acceleration, 230 Complement, 3 240
angular, 230 Completeness property of R, 7 test for convexity, 246
Addition (+) Composite function, 15, 52 theorem, 148
associative property of, 4 Composite theorem, 468 third, 169
closure property of, 4 Concave function, 246 use in velocity problems, 229
commutative property of, 4 Concavity, 246 Derived function, 146
existence of additive identity for, 4 Congruence function, 20 Differential equations, 480–481
existence of additive inverse for, 4 Constant function, 15 degree, 481
Addition theorem, 458 Constant of integration, 351 general solution of, 481
Additive identity, 4 Continuity homogenous, 485
Additive inverse, 4 of composite function, 52 linear, 487
Angle of intersection of curves, 225 function, 45 order, 481
Angular acceleration, 230 at a point, 45 particular solution of, 481
Angular velocity, 230 properties of continuous function, solution of, 481
Antiderivative, 350, 460 54–55, 69 Differentiation
Archimedes’ principle, 7 of sum, product and quotient of of implicit function, 167
Areas, 475–478 continuous functions, 50–52 logarithmic, 166
Associative law for composition of Convergence parametric, 167
function, 16 Cauchy’s general principle of, 62 by substitution, 150
Associative property of addition (+), 4 comparison test for, 63 substitution method of, 165
Average change, 229 of a monotonic sequence, 63 Direct integration using standard
subsequence of a convergent integrals, 353–360
sequence, 63 Discontinuity, 45
Convex function, 246 Discontinuous function, 45, 458
B Convexity, 246 Disjoint sets, 2
Cosine hyperbolic, 158 Diverge, 64
Bernoulli’s equation, 490 Critical point, 240–241 Divergence
Bijection, 17–18 Curve (s) of a sequence, 64
differentiability theorem, 152 angle of intersection of, 225 of series, comparison test for, 72
Binomial differential, 402–403 normal to, 225 Domain, 14
Bounded below, 6 tangent to a, 224
Bounded intervals, 10
Bounded set, 6
Bounded subset, 54 E
D
Empty set, 2
D’Alembert’s test, 73 Equal functions, 14
C Darboux theorem, 243 Equation of the normal, 227
Decreasing sequence, 62 Equation of the tangent, 227
Carathéodory theorem, 150 Decreasing sequences, 62–63 Euclid’s algorithm, 20
Cartesian product, 14 Definite integral, 454–455 Euler’s substitutions, 403–404
Cauchy sequence, 62 geometrical interpretation of, Even functions, 18
Cauchy’s theorems 456–460 Even integer, 9
first theorem on limits, 65 as a limit of a sum, 473–474 Even part of function, 19
general principle of convergence, of a non-negative function, 456 Extended form of linear equation, 490
59, 62 properties of, 461–462 Extremum value, 244
for series, 71 Degree of differential equation, 481
mean value theorem, 248–249 De Morgan’s laws, 3–4
root test, 73
second theorem on limits, 67
Density property of Q, 9, 68
Derivative, 146
F
Chain rule, 149–150 differentiable function for a local
Closed interval, 10 Finite limit, 59
extremum with first, 240 Finite set, 19
Closure property of addition (+), 4 geometric meaning to, 224–225
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596 Index
First derivative test, 239 I of sub-tangent, 226

Fixed point, 57 of tangent, 226
Fractional part, 8 Identity function, 16 L’Hospital’s rule, 248–251
Function (s), 14 Image, 14 Limit
classes of integrable, 396–405 Implicit function, 168 Cauchy’s first theorem on, 65
composite, 15–16 Implicit function, differentiation of, 167 finite, 59
congruence, 19 Increasing sequence, 62 of a funtion, 26
constant, 15, 147 Increasing sequences, 62–63 infinite, 58
decreasing or monotonically Indefinite integral, 351, 461 left, 27
decreasing, 153 Indefinite integration, 349 right, 26
equal, 13 Indeterminate form, 248 of a squence, 60
even, 18 Indexed family of sets, 2 of a sum, 473–474
fundamental classes of integrable, Inductive set, 5 theorems, 30–37
396–405 Inequality theorems, 40–45 Linear equation
graph of, 9 Infimum, 7 Bernoulli’s equation, 490
graph of a, 21 Infinite limits, 58 differential, 487
greatest and least values of, 244 Infinite series, 69–70 extended form of, 490
homogenous, 484 Integral part, 7 of first degree, 487
identity, 16 Integrand, 351, 454 Local extremum value, 238
increasing or monotonically Integrating factor (I. F.), 487 Local maximum value, 238
increasing, 153 Integration Local minimum value, 238
integration of trigonometric, 404 of linear fractions, 402 Logarithmic differentiation, 166
limit of, 26–27 by parts, 352, 383–386, 468 Lower bound, 6
non-empty subset, 13 rule of selection, 384
odd, 18 by substitution, 360–361
one-one, 16
onto, 17
of trigonometric functions, 404 M
Interior point, 26
periodic, 18–19 Intermediate value theorem, 56–57 Maxima, 237
polynomial, 233 for the derivative, 243 Mean value theorem, 231
real-valued, 14–15, 26, 36 Intersection, 2 Cauchy’s, 248–249
restriction of, 17 Intervals, 9–10 for integrals, 459
step, 19 bounded, 10 Lagrange’s, 234
symbol of, 14 closed, 10 Method of substitution, 352
Fundamental classes of integrable half closed, 10 Minima, 237
functions, 396–405 half open, 10 Monotonic decreasing, 63
Fundamental theorem of integral length of, 10 Monotonic function, 458
calculus, 459 open, 10 integrability of, 458
second form, 461 unbounded, 10 theorem relating to, 236–237
Inverse of a function, 17 Monotonic increasing, 62
bijective, 16–17 Monotonic sequence, 62–63
G Irrational number, 9 subsequence of, 64
Monotonic subsequence, 68
Geometric interpretation Multiplication (·)
of the derivative, 224–225 L associativity property of, 4
Lagrange’s mean value theorem, closure property of, 4
234–235 Lagrange’s mean value theorem, commutative property of, 4
Rolle’s theorem, 232–233 233–234 distributive law, 4
Graph of a function, 21 geometric interpretation of, 234–235 existence of multiplicative identity, 4
construction of, 23–26 Least element, 244 existence of multiplicative inverse, 4
Greastest value of a function, 244 Least upper bound, 6
Greatest element, 244 Least value of a function, 244
Greatest lower bound, 6 Left continuous at a point, 45 N
Left derivative, 146
Left limit, 27 Neighbourhood, 10, 26, 146
H Left D-neighbourhood, 26 concept of strictly increasing
Leibnitz rule, 469–470 (decreasing), 237
Half closed interval, 10 Length infinity at, 58
Half open interval, 10 of interval, 10 Newton–Leibnitz theorem, 459
Homogeneous differential equation, 485 of normal, 226 Non-empty subset as function, 13, 18
Homogeneous function, 484 of sub-normal, 226 Normal, 224–225
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Index 597
parametric form of, 227 Restriction of a function, 17 Subset, 2

Normal, length of, 226 Riemann integrability criterion, 458 Substitution, differentiation by, 150
Normal to the curve, 225 Riemann integrable, 454 Substitution method, 165
nth term of the sequence, 60 Riemann intermediate sum, 454 Substitution theorem, 461
Null set, 2 Riemann upper sum of f over [a, b], 455 Sub-tangent, length of, 226
Right continuous at a point, 45 Successive derivatives of a function, 169
Right derivative, 146 Sum of sequences, 61
O Right limit, 26
Right D-neighbourhood, 26
Supremum property, 7
Symmetric set, 18
Odd functions, 18 Rolle’s theorem, 231–232, 249
Odd part of function, 19 geometric interpretation of, 232–233
One-one function, 16 for polynomial functions, 233
Root test, Cauchy’s, 73
T
Onto, 17
Open interval, 10 Tangent (s)
Order of differential equation, 481 to a curve, 224
Ordinary differential equation, 480 S equation of, 227
length of, 226
Sandwich theorem, 36–37 parametric form of, 227
P Second derivative test, 241
Sequences, 59–60
Theorem (s)
addition, 458
Parametric differentiation, 167 Cauchy, 62 Carathéodory, 150
Parametric form of the tangent, 227 divergence of, 64 Cauchy’s first theorem on limits, 65
Periodic functions, 18–19 divergence of a, 64 Cauchy’s mean value, 248
Period of a function, 19 limit of, 60 Cauchy’s second theorem on limits,
Point of extremum, 240 monotonic decreasing, 63 67
Point of inflection, 246–247 monotonic increasing, 62 composite, 468
Point of local extremum, 238 of non-negative real numbers, 66 Darboux theorem, 243
Point of local maximum, 238 of non-zero real numbers, 67 definite integral, 454–460
Point of local minimum, 238 nth term of, 60 fundamental theorem of integral
Power set, 3 of partial sums, 70 calculus, 459
Preimage, 14 of positive terms, 67 indefinite integral, 461
Primitive, 350 product of, 61 inequalities, 40–45
of f on an interval I, 351 quotient of, 61 intermediate value, 56
Product of sequences, 61 of rational numbers, 68 Lagrange’s mean value, 233–234
Product Rule, 148 ratio test for, 66–67 limit, 30–37
Product theorem, 468 strictly decreasing, 62 mean value, 231
Proper subset, 2 strictly increasing, 62 monotonic nature of a function,
sum of, 61 236–237
unbounded, 61 Newton–Leibnitz, 459
Series, 13, 59–60 for polynomial functions, 233
Q Cauchy’s general principle of product, 468
convergence, 71 Rolle’s, 231–232
Quotient of sequences, 61 comparison test for the convergence sandwich, 36–37
Quotient Rule, 148 or divergence of, 72–73 ssqueezing, 36–37
infinite, 69–70 substitution, 461
of non-negative terms, 72 transforming, 23–24
R of positive terms, 72 Transforming theorem, 23–24
Set difference, 3 construction of y = k f (x) from
Range, 14 Sets, 2–3 y = f (x), 25
Rate measure, 229 Sine hyperbolic, 158 transformation of x-coordinate, 25
Rate of change, 229 Ssqueezing theorem, 36–37 transformation of y-coordinate, 24
Rational number, 9 Standard integrals, 351 Trigonometric functions, integration of,
Ratio test for sequences, 66–67 direct integration using, 353–360 404
Real number system, 4 Step function, 20
absolute value, 11 Strictly decreasing, 63
modulus vlaues, 11 locally, 237
Strictly increasing, 62
U
symmetric set and, 18
Reciprocal of a function, 151 locally, 237 Unbounded above, 7
Reduction, 405 Sub-normal, length of, 226 Unbounded below, 7
Subsequence, 63
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598 Index
Unbounded intervals, 10 Variables separable/separation of X

Unbounded set, 7 variables, 483
Union, 2 Velocity, 230 X-coordinate transformation, 25
Uniqueness of the limit, 30, 60 Velocity of a particle, 230 XY-plane, 21
Unique part of function, 19 angular, 230
Universal set, 3
W Y
V Y-coordinate transformation, 24
Wallis formula, 472
Value, 14 Well ordering principle, 7
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Calculus

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www.jeeneetbooks.

Dr. G.S.N. Murti

Dr. K.P.R. Sastry

Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

1. I am very thankful to my 12th class students of 2011–2012 batch, namely

2. I am very much thankful to my wife Smt. Balamba for her constant

Features and Benefits

Note to the Students

About the Cover Picture

1.4 Graphs of Functions

A function associates one quantity –

CLEAR, CONCISE, AND INVITING WRITING

Consider a particle moving on a straight line. Let s(t) be and hence

DEFINITIONS the distance traveled by it in time t from a fixed point.

Some important formulae and con-

B. WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS AND ASSESSMENT – AS PER IIT-JEE PATTERN

MULTIPLE Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. Then

questions have four choices (C) f is continuous on [0, 1) (D) lim f ( x)  1 1

statement I; (c), (d) which

Matrix-Match Type Questions

4. Show that 12. Compute

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

1. (A), (D) 6. (B), (C), (D)

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WE WOULD LIKE TO HEAR FROM YOU

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1 Functions, Limits, Continuity, Sequences and Series 13

2 Derivative and Differentiability 145

3 Applications of Differentiation 223

4 Indeﬁnite Integral 349

5 Deﬁnite Integral, Areas and Differential Equations 453

0.7 Absolute Value of a

This chapter summarizes

the concepts and important

0.1.2 Union and Intersection

0.1.3 Disjoint Sets

0.1.4 Indexed Family of Sets

0.1.6 Power Set

E and A belong to P(A).

0.1.7 Set Difference

0.1.8 Universal Set

If A and B are any two subsets of universal set X, then

The following theorems are easy to prove.

T H E O R E M 0.1 Let A, B, C be sets. Then

T H E O R E M 0.2 Let A, B be subsets of a universal set X. Then

T H E O R E M 0.3 Let { Ai }i I be an indexed family of subsets of universal set X. Then,

0.2 Real Numbers

0.2.1 Addition and Multiplication

A4 : a 0  a a  (Existence of additive identity for and 0 is the real number zero)

A5 : a ( a )  0 a  (Existence of additive inverse, a being the negative of a)

With regards to multiplication, we have the following properties:

M 2 : a, b   a  b  b  a (Commutative property of multiplication)

M 3 : (a  b)  c  a  (b  c) (Associativity property of multiplication)

M 4 : a 1  a a  (Existence of multiplicative identity, where 1 is the usual one)

CONVENTION: Here afterwards we will write ab for a  b.

R2: If x  and x x 0, then either x  or x  but not both.

0.2.3 Properties of (, , , )

questions have four choices (C) f is continuous on [0, 1) (D) lim f ( x) 1 1

T H E O R E M 0.3 Let { Ai }i I be an indexed family of subsets of universal set X. Then,

A4 : a 0 a a (Existence of additive identity for and 0 is the real number zero)

A5 : a ( a ) 0 a (Existence of additive inverse, a being the negative of a)

M 2 : a, b a b b a (Commutative property of multiplication)

M 3 : (a b) c a (b c) (Associativity property of multiplication)

M 4 : a 1 a a (Existence of multiplicative identity, where 1 is the usual one)

CONVENTION: Here afterwards we will write ab for a b.

R2: If x and x x 0, then either x or x but not both.

0.2.3 Properties of (, , , )

1. is an inductive set. 2. If S is an inductive set, then S and hence is

Notation: denotes the set of all integers. That is

1. S {x | x 3} is bounded above without greatest 2. T [1/ n | n ] is bounded above, 1 is the greatest

T H E O R E M 0.8 If x , then there exists a unique integer n such that n b x n 1.

0 b {x} 1 for all x and x [ x] {x}

4. [x] = x if and only if x {x} 0

2. If n and k are positive integers and k 1, then

T H E O R E M 0.13 If x, y , then x , x y , xy and x / y whenever y x 0.

DEFINITION 0.18 Unbounded Intervals Let a . Then

DEFINITION 0.20 Let x . We write

T H E O R E M 0.18 1. | 0 | 0 and | x | | x | x .

3. For a and 0, we have

| x y | | x | | y | if and only if both x and y are of same sign.

T H E O R E M 0.19 Let {xn | n 1, 2, 3, …} and { yn | n 1, 2, 3, …} be subsets of such that [ xn 1 , yn 1 ] [ xn , yn ] for

1. A is the set of positive integers, f : A m where f (n) f (0) 02 0 1 1

[Here 1/2 should not be taken (why?)]. f ( 1) is not f (0) 0, f (1) 1, f ( 1) 1 1

Let A and f (x) x2 and g(x) 2x for all x A. Then

2. f is said to be onto if y B x A f (x) y.

1. Let A B [0, d) (i.e., the set of all non-negative y B y y f ( y)

If f : A m B is a function and range of f C such that C B, then f : A m C is onto.

DEFINITION 1.9 Inverse of a Function Suppose f : A m B is a bijection. Define g : B m A by g(b) a, where

1. If f : A m B is a bijection, then f 1: B m A is also a 2. If f : A m A is a bijection, then f f 1 f 1 f I A .

1. Let f : m [0, d) be defined by f ( x) x x and (f )( x) f ( x) x 2 x C

1. f : m defined by f ( x) x is an even function 3. f : m defined by f (x) cos x is an even function,

1. f : m defined by f (x) x3 is an odd function 3. Let X [ 2, 1] [1, 2] and define f : X m as f (x)

Try it out If a b are integers, then the function f : [a, b] m defined by

Let f : m be defined by f ( x) x x . Draw its y

Solution: The graph of f {( x, x) | x } is shown in x (x, x)

Solution: The graph of f {( x, x ) | x } is shown in (x, -x)

Let f : m be defined by f ( x) 2 x x . Draw its y

{( x, f ( x)) | x [a, b]}

For the function f (x) x for 0 b x b 4 draw the graph x+

Solution: The graph of y f (x) x and the transformed 4

Let y 2 x , x . Define y 2x 1. Draw the graph and y