NAME: MASUNUNGURE EDWIN S

STUDENT NO: N0187746Y

FACULTY: ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 1 : Investigating the change of volume in the change of Temperature for acid-
base Neutralization.
Abstract………………………………………………3

Aim…………………………………………………. 3

Objectives…………………………………………... 3

Theoretical Background………………………….….3

Apparatus…………………………………………….4

Proceedure……………………………………………4

Analysis of results …………………………………5

Results …………………………………………….. 5

Discussion…………………………………………..5

Conclussion……………………………………..… 6

References…………………………………………. 7
Abstract
This experiment was carried out inorder to find and investigate how the change in volumes
affected the changes in temperature in acid-base neutralizations where different amounts of
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Hydroxide were used and taking not the temperature changes
before and after the mixture reacts and also recording the maximum temperature.
In this experiment it was assumed that no heat escaped and that it was channeled to the liquid
was released by the reaction and it was negative resulting in an exothermic reaction which is a
reaction in which heat moves out of a system. The temperature changes were then used to
calculate the heats or reactions and plot graphs.

Aim
To study the effect of change of volume in acid-base neutralization reaction.

Objectives
1) To determine the maximum temperature obtained during neutralization
2) To determine the optimum acid-base concentration to achieve the maximum temperature.

Theoretical Background
When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as
sodium hydroxide, the result is a neutral solution. The products of the reaction do not have the
characteristics of either an acid or a base. Here is the balanced molecular equation.

Chemical reactions occurring in aqueous solution are more accurately represented with a net ionic
equation. The full ionic equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid by sodium hydroxide is
written as follows:

Since the acid and base are both strong, they are fully ionized and so are written as ions, as is the NaCl
formed as a product. The sodium and chloride ions are spectator ions in the reaction, leaving the
following as the net ionic reaction.

All neutralization reactions of a strong acid with a strong base simplify to the net ionic reaction of
hydrogen ion combining with hydroxide ion to produce water.
These reaction are vital in Chemical Engineering and industries in order to know the correct amounts of
reactants in rations and also to know maximum temperatures and practice our energy balances

Apparatus
1.0 M HCl

1.0 M NaOH

Beaker

Insulator

Thermometer

Distilled water

Procedure
1. A polystyrene-cup calorimeter was constructed as demonstrated.

2.The acid was placed in the calorimeter and the temperature monitored for 1 min, to ensure a
stable initial temperature.
3. Recording of the initial temperature was done.
4. The base was then added to the calorimeter, and quickly stirring the solution.
5. Monitoring of the temperature of the solution was done as it rose followed by recording
of the maximum temperature once it begins to drop again.
6. Reaction solution was disposed by pouring to the container provided and rinsing the stir
bar and calorimeter with distilled water.
7. The process was repeated using different volumes

Precautions
 Wearing of protective clothings including gloves since HCL and NaOH are corrosive
  Avoid skin contact with the chemicals

Calculations
 Assumptions are at S.T.P conditions

Calculation of change in Temparature

T = Final Temparature – Initial Temparature

Calculation of Heat of Neutralisation

H = M*Cp*(T2 – T1)

Where M = mass,
Cp = heat Capacity (4200J/kg ˚C) ,
T = Temparature
H = Joules
At experiment 1 H = (120/100) *4200*2 = 1008J

Table of results
Experime 1M 1 Initial Maximum Change in Heat of
nt NaO M Temparature( Temparature( Temparature( Neutralisation(jou
number H HC ˚C) ˚C) ˚C) les)
(ml) L
(m
l)
1 20 10 19 21 2 1008
0
2 40 80 19 23 4 2016
3 60 60 19 24 5 2520
4 80 40 19 22 3 1512
5 100 20 19 20 1 504
(a)Graph of maximum temperature against NaOH/ HCl concentration

Max Temperature vs concentration(NaOH)

25

24

23
Temparature

22

21

20

19

18
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Concentation(NaOH) per 120ml solution

Maximum Temperature vs Concentation(HCL)

25

24

23
Temperature

22

21

20

19

18
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
concentration(HCL)

b) The doubling of both the acid or base resulted in increase(almost doubling) of enthalpy heat
as we noted an increase of temperature upto a maximum and then saw a decrease , this was
due to molecule saturation to collide and concentration of one component no longer
determined the reaction.
An increase in concentration increased rate of reaction resulting in increase (doubling) at first
to third concentrations.

Discussion
From the reaction we see that an increase in volume (concentration) of acid or base resulted in
increase in heat of enthalpy up to an optimum value followed by a decrease as we further
increased concentration. Maximum heat of 2520 joules was encountered at optimum
temperature of 24 ˚C

Conclusion
From the experiment we can see that an increase in concentration of acid resulted in an
increase in enthalpy of neutralization due to more molecules reacting and colliding upto a
maximum(optimum) value of temperature which then followed with a decrease in heat of
enthalpy due to low concentrations of base sufficient for neutralization.
Sources of errors

 Error of parallax in measuring both acid and base

 Use of low concentrations (diluted) solutions made it hard
 Some heat was lost since the beakers were not covered
Ways to improve

 Carrying out experiment as many times as possible

 Increase of concentrations
 Covering the apparatus to avoid heat loss

References
 Briggs A level Chemistry Textbook
 Introduction to Thermodynamics by JM Smith Van Ness
 Youtube Tutorials