Evidence Based Practice

Name of the Student

Name of the University

Student Id

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 Table of Contents
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3

1.1 Concept of evidence-based practice and how it supports decision-making..............................3

1.2 Two Micro and two macro analysis tools..................................................................................4

1.3 Critical Thinking........................................................................................................................7

1.4 Two Different Ethical Theories and Perspectives.....................................................................8

2.3 Range of Decision-Making Approaches That Could Be Used to Identify Possible Solutions to
a Specific Issue Relating To People Practice..................................................................................9

(2.2 & 2.4) Explaining the Rationale for That Decision and Identifying the Benefits, Risks and
Financial Implications of the Suggested Solution.........................................................................10

3.1 Different Ways And Approaches That Are Used To Measure Financial And Non-Financial
Performance Within Organizations...............................................................................................11

Task 2.............................................................................................................................................14

2.1 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................14

3.3 Graphical representation..........................................................................................................15

3.2 Key systems and data used......................................................................................................17

3.4 People practice add value to organisation...............................................................................18

People Practice in department A....................................................................................................19

References......................................................................................................................................20

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Task 1

1.1 Concept of evidence-based practice and how it supports decision-making

Evidence based practice is considered as the integration of the best research evidences with
patient values and clinical expertise which when applied by the practitioners will help in
improving the patient outcome (Lehane et al., 2019). The evidence-based practice model consists
of three fundamental components:

 Best evidence which is generally found in the clinically relevant studies that has been
conducted with the help of sound methodology
 Clinical expertise is defined as the clinicians academic curriculums, experience and
clinical skills
 Patient value are the concerns and unique preferences or the expectations of the patients
to the clinical encounters.

The primary purpose of EBP is to make use of best available evidences n order to make informed
decisions for patients. Majority of the best evidences results from researches however; REBP can
go beyond researches and include clinical expertise of the healthcare team and the clinicians and
along with the patient’s values and preferences.

Evidence-based practice approaches are highly used for making better decision as adequate
information is collected which helps practitioners in getting the desired results. An evidence-
based approach for decision-making is usually based on a combination of using the best available
evidence along with critical thinking (Collaborative et al., 2017). Critical thinking helps in
analysing facts in order to formulate judgement, which helps in improving decision-making
process. Through the application of EBP, the decision makers become less reliant on received
wisdom, anecdotes, and personal experiences sources that are not considered trustworthy. It is
crucial that professional actively make use of this approach because the management decision
have a huge impact on the lives and wellbeing of people in various parts of the organisations.
Applying EBP helps in improving decision making and resolving organisational issues since an
in-depth analysis of the issue is conducted based on the findings appropriate solutions are
developed. Often practitioners search for applied and well-tested solution therefore, achieving
desired results become easier.
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For example, in the nursing practices an evidence base approach for decision making plays a
crucial role as it helps in optimising the outcome for patients, helps in achieving a cost effective
nursing care, assists in enhancing clinical practices, and helps in maintain transparency and
accountability (Treweek and Littleford, 2018). The medical professionals work with objective
and scientific data regarding the health conditions of their patients.

Benefits of using Evidence base practice approaches:

 Assist clinicians in staying updated on evidence-based protocols and current standards

 Makes use of real time data which helps in improving care decisions
 Helps in enhancing transparency as well as accountability
 The care quality is highly improved
 Overall decision-making process and outcomes are enhanced

Disadvantages of evidence-based approach:

 There is often shortage of evidence which hampers decision making

 Sometime common sense is oversighted
 It is a time-consuming process as finding creditable evidences can take time

1.2 Two Micro and two macro analysis tools

Micro Environment

Microenvironment is element or factors in an organisation immediate environment, which has

adequate influence on the decision-making and performance of the organisation. It is essential
that organisations should conduct internal analysis in order to recognise these factors and
implement strategies that can help them to improve its performance. Two most common
microanalysis tools used are:

SWOT framework: SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; this
framework is used by organisations in order to understand the microenvironment of the firm that
affects its performance (Nasreen and Afzal, 2020). The framework evaluates organisation’s
competitive position and helps the firm in developing strategic planning for growth and
development. This framework helps in assessing both external as well as internal factors ad helps

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in analysing the current and future potentials. Future issues and challenges can be identified
since threats and opportunities of the business are explored in this framework.

Porte’s Five Forces framework: This is another microanalysis tool use to recognise the
competitive position of the business in a market (Bruijl, 2018). It identifies five forces that
provides detailed information regarding the industry in which the business is operating and
economic growth. By analysing these forces the attractiveness of the industry can be analysed
which is strategically used to overcome future challenges.

Bargaining
Power of
suppliers

Bargaining
Threat of
Power of
Substitution
Consumers
Porter's
Five
Forces

Threat of Industry
new entrant Rivalry

Figure 1: Porter’s Five Force

(Created by the learner)

Macro environment

Macro environment encompasses the primary uncontrollable external forces such as

demographic, social, technological, and political and more which influence the organisation’s
decision-making abilities and have significant impact on its performance (Gupta and Gentry,
2018). These external forces can be analysed with the help of macro analysis tool and based on
the analysis proper initiatives to improve market performance can be taken by organisations.
Two most common macro analysis tools are:

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Pestle Analysis: Pestle analysis is a popular framework, which describe macro-environmental
factors that help in conducting environmental research for strategic management. In this
framework all, the external factors such as political, technological, economic, legal,
environmental and social factors are studied in an in-depth manner and their impact on the
industry or organisation is explored (Perera, 2017). This framework helps in understanding
different external challenges that affects the firm. Base on the analysis future growth strategies
can be formulated for the organisation.

Political

Economical

Social

Technological

Legal

Environmental

Figure 2: Pestle Framework

(Created by the learner)

Scenario planning; scenario planning is a popular management tool which have been designed to
assist organisations in order to evaluate the efficacy or the strategies, plans and tactics, under a
range of possible future environment (Vecchiato, 2018). The five steps involved in scenario
planning are:

1. Understanding the organisation’s strategic position

2. Setting and prioritising objectives

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3. Developing a strategic plan

4. Manage and execute the plan

5. Reviewing and revising the plan

All these tools of macro and microenvironment can be efficiently used for analysing future
challenges of the organisation since they play a vital role in highlighting the external and internal
forces that are affecting the decision-making and performance of the firm.

1.3 Critical Thinking

A criticism of what is to be believed or to be done is clear in critical thinking profess. Critical
thinking is to ask questions such as, 'What are we aware of?' or, 'Is it true in all or just this case?'
It means being critical and questioning, rather than memorising information or accepting
mindlessly what a person heard. Eight qualities of critical thinking are identified by (Elder and
Paul, 2020). Critical thinking includes questioning, problems defining, the evidence examined,
assumptions, information analysis, emotional reasoning avoided, oversimplification avoided,
alternative interpretations considered, and ambiguities tolerated.

The main principles of critical thinking are:

 Collect all information.

 Comprehension and definition of all words.
 Ask how the facts are obtained.
 Ask about the findings.
 Seek hidden prejudice and preconceptions.
 The source of the facts question.
 Do not anticipate the answers from all of them.
 Look at the large image.
 Examine the cause and impact of many causes.
 Look for stubborn thinking.
 Comprise preferences and values.

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All aspects of life must be covered by critical thinking. Whether advertising or politics or any
exciting news article, a critical attitude and demand for proof are useful in any aspect of life;
instead of simply believing, look for proof. The quantity of information now accessible with
technology and is enormous. In the future, this explosion of knowledge is expected to continue.
Students need to "expand and successfully use their academic abilities of critical thinking, the
complex challenges they encounter and the important decisions they will need to make as a
consequence of explosions in information and other fast-moving technology." As stated in this
section, critical thinking includes questioning, characteristics of critical thinking. In order to
further develop the areas that institutions teach, it is essential to educate students on how to ask
excellent questions and think critically. Wechsler et al., (2018) consider critical thinking
education to be essential for our country itself. He believes that individuals must be able to think
critically to make good choices regarding personal and civic issues in order to live effectively in
democracy. I understood that I need to think more effectively in order to understand different
factors regarding my surroundings. Critical thinking can help me become more intellectual. I can
become more effective at academics, and I will be able to solve difficult problems instantly.

1.4 Two Different Ethical Theories and Perspectives

Utilitarianism

Theorists that follow utilitarianism concentrate on the outcomes, or consequences of people's

activities, and disregard intentions. The utilitarian principles laid forth by two British
philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill gave rise to contemporary utilitarianism. To
evaluate the effectiveness of an activity, consider how happy or joyful it makes others (Lexutt,
2020). While pleasure is, indeed, something that humans do everything for, it is not something
we should strive for. Utopian thinkers of the modern era agree that a moral theory should apply
to everyone impartially. as a result, they reasoned that by grounding the experience in something
that is as fundamental as primordial desires to seek pleasure and avoid suffering, the experience
will resonate.

The Three Generally Accepted rules of Utilitarianism State That

 “Pleasure, or happiness, is the only thing that has intrinsic value.

 Actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if they promote unhappiness.

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  Everyone's happiness counts equally”

Under and utilizing utilitarianism can be really effective in decision making of one employee or
leader. employee or leader who follows this theory never cross the limit and always do the right
thing being in a set of rules whatever be the consequences (Luhn et al., 2017). If the person only
take decisions which promote happiness he/she will surely come out to a good person in life and
suitable for any role in an organization.

Deontology

Dentological theories are probably most prevalent in the world if it is a kind of deontological
theory that is solely due to the normative form of the theory of God's command (god dictates
what you must do and shouldn't do). Ethics focuses on correct acts rather than desirable
outcomes or virtue. Deontological theories are regarded in different circumstances theories that
make regulations compulsory to be acceptable and prohibited. The issue is whether you follow
the guidelines for the deontologist. The actions of individuals are proper and only if they meet
the moral standards laid forth by the theory in question (Dmour, Abbod, and Balqa, 2018).

Generally Accepted rules of Deontology States That

 Even someone could save a thousand people , they cannot kill one
 Even someone could save my family from starvation , they cannot steal a loaf of bread

Deontology theories is more of like a double edged sword. It’s always been criticized for being
too restrictive .It is possible that in today’s modern world one has to go from some wrong path
for reaching the goal or destination, But deontology not allows that. As per the learners opinion
deontology theory is too good for these cruel world (Wright et al., 2019).

2.3 Range of Decision-Making Approaches That Could Be Used to Identify Possible

Solutions to a Specific Issue Relating to People Practice
The following are the four types of approaches to decision making:

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  Rational approach: It is a sensible and cost-effective strategy. A systematic process of
decision-making proceeds step by step. It assumes news that the organization, which is
controlled financially by decision-makers, is completely impartial and complete.
 Behavioral approach: This method tries to take the rationality limit in decision making
into consideration. This method implies that decision-makers function with limited
rationality instead of the complete rationality of the rational approach (Bowen, and
Bhalla, 2021).
 Practical approach: This method brings together the characteristics of rationality and
conduct. Decision-makers are trying to go above their limits and create as many options,
money and other practicalities as feasible within the specified period of time.

Low motivation and job satisfaction this common issue of people practice any is common in any
organization or company. From above said three approaches learner believes that the Rational
approach is versatile way to solve this problem. By going out of the rules of thumb, decision can
be taken to give some kind of bonus or incentive to a worker or employee whom will boost his
motivation and increase the job satisfaction, because money is the answer of almost every
problem in this world (Wright et al., 2019).

(2.2 & 2.4) Explaining the Rationale for That Decision and Identifying the Benefits, Risks
and Financial Implications of the Suggested Solution
It is reasonable and economical to use a rational approach to decision making. A systematic
process of decision-making proceeds step by step. It assumes that the company is managed and
handled economically by decision makers who are completely objective and fully approached.

The approach follows a sequential and formal path of activities. This path includes:

1. Formulating a goal(s)
2. Identifying the criteria for making the decision
3. Identifying alternatives
4. Performing analysis
5. Making a final decision.

Benefits of approach

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Forces organization to look ahead – since it is step by step and logical approach it definitely
force the manager and management to look head for the long term focus of the organization
eliminating the short term objectives

Improved fit with the environment – since a organization has planned it’s freely to fit with the
environment managers know what would be their next step

Better usage of the resources – since organizations have planned in place the goal is clear they
know what they want to achieve in the long term. So whatever resources is available it is been
used properly (Wright et al., 2019).

Provides a direction / vision- in this approach the direction or vision of organizations remains
very clear about the employees it’s been fixed from earlier what role one is playing in the
organization and what’s their target in the long term.

Risks of approach

Can be time consuming and expensive – it can be time consuming and expensive as the goal is
predetermined but there can be some hurdles in getting the goals and any in changes or fall in the
industry or business is absolutely possible. In that scenario the project will consume more time,
and be more expensive (Bovenkerk, 2020).

May be difficult in rapidly changing markets – the organization has a settle objective and plan,
but the business environment is not settling at that time it can be difficult to go on with this
approach

Chances of becoming bureaucratic – As the power of decisions is mostly centralized within few
hands and decision made by them is to be implemented in to complete organization there is a
chance of high bureaucracy here

3.1 Different Ways And Approaches That Are Used To Measure Financial And Non-
Financial Performance Within Organizations
Financial performance of an organization is principally measured on income statement or
balance sheet components, and may also report changes in sales growth. Someway or approaches

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to measure financial performance of an organization are total earnings, profit margin, average
order value, and return on assets (Bowen, and Bhalla, 2021).

Total earnings: Total earnings is overall sum of money gained by a company or organization by
selling their product or services without deducting any expenses or taxes.

Profit margin: the amount left to company after spending all the money on manufacturing, paying all
the wages, salaries and interest on loans and payment of tax is regarded as profit margin of the company.

it can be calculated on a single item produced or the profit of whole year (Wright et al., 2019).

Average order value: Average Order Value (AOV) is a metric that is used to calculate the total
number of orders placed by every single consumer in a particular time.

Return on assets: This is an indicator that how much profit company is earning by using is net
total assets.

Other metrics used to evaluate the activities that a company views as essential to its
accomplishment of strategic goals are not always related to financial success. Measures that
focus on relationships with customers, workers, operations, quality, cycle time, and the
organization's supply chain or pipeline are some of the most common non-financial strategies.
Other individuals call these ‘non-financial metrics ‘extra-financial to stress that all organizational
achievements come with an additional cost.

Customer

Conversion Rate: In this method it is checked that how many people a company can reach and
successfully convert them into their customer and convince them to buy their products or
services in a particular time ‘

Retention Rate: the number of customers successfully retained by the organization. This thing
shows the trust of a consumer on the organization or their products.

Internal Processes

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Product Defect Percentage: higher the number of defective products, greater the loss for business
because neither the product they can be sold or it can be used in any other way, in addition
defective products in company can seriously affects brands goodwill (Bowen, and Bhalla, 2021).

Efficiency Measure: In every business Efficiency can be measured differently, so this common
KPI will vary. For example, the manufacturing industry can measure efficiency by analyzing
how many units are produced every hour and the plant’s uptime percentage

Learning & Growth

Salary Competitiveness Ratio (SCR): The competitiveness of compensation options is calculated

by evaluating the salary inside the organization and in the industry for the same work done by
any other worker.

Employee Productivity Rate: Workforce efficiency measured over time. Total Revenue of the
company divided by the Total Number of Employees = Employee Productivity Rate.

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Task 2

2.1 Data Analysis

Based on the employee feedback taken it is analysed that majority of the employees are of the
opinion that their line managers do not treat them in a proper manner. Comparing the provided
data with the help of statistical analysis method, it is noted that 219 employees mentioned that
their mangers are not approachable. Furthermore, 188 employees informed that the mangers do
not support their development and career growth. It was also noted that managers did not take
initiative of resolving team conflict. The feedback evaluate that behaviour, attitude; style and
other practices of the line manager’s needs significant improvement to improve employee morale
and performance.

Based on the consumer feedback collected it is noted that there is a mixed positive and negative
review provided by the consumers regarding the services of department A. around 101
consumers agreed that services and good for value for money. Majority of the consumers
mentioned that that quality and packaging of the services and goods were acceptable and that
they would recommend the services to friends. On the hand, 100 consumers complained that
products were not delivered on time. 111 consumers stated customer services were not
responsive on call. It can be seen that customer service like handling of queries and complaints,
and range of product services needs to be improved to gain customer satisfaction.

Both the reviews suggests that proper improvement in the management style and method is
needed so that employees can be encouraged and provide with adequate guidance that will help
in improving the service provided by the department A. Improving service satisfaction will help
in increasing customer satisfaction rate and overall the outcome of the department will improve.

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3.3 Graphical representation

Chart Title
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Figure 3: Feedback of employees

(Created by the learner)

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 Chart Title

Figure 4: Feedback of employees

(Created by the leaner)

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160 Chart Title
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Figure 5: Feedback of consumers

(Created by the learner)

3.2 Key systems and data used

It is analysed that in order to measure the people and work performance it is essential to collect
data. In order to measure the performance of people, KPIs key performance indicator system can
be used. KPI is a popular tool used to measure of performance over time for a given objective.
Teams or individuals are provided with targets and achieving those targets helps in measuring
progress (Yu et al., 2018). In addition, progress report s another method that is used to measure
performance. In this report, the managers or supervisors keep recording the performances of their
employees and at the end of a month, these performances are review from the performance report
of pervious months in order to calculate the progress. Furthermore, many organisations also
make sue of feedback system in order to understand about performance. Collecting feedback
from supervisor or customers help employees in understanding the areas that need
improvements. Improving these areas help employees to enhance their skills and service
delivery, which in turn increases customer satisfaction rate.

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Apart from these employees, also make use of self-evaluation process in which they
systematically observe, analyse and value their professional actions as well as results this system
assist employee in improving their skills and help them in enhancing their confidence
(Philippakos, 2017). Often managers make use of checklist system in order to analyse work
performance. The list is prepared be keeping the objectives and activities as the activities are
completed the checks are corrected.

3.4 People practice add value to organisation

People are responsible for making and selling products and services; they work with the
consumer and collaborate in order to make successful decisions. One of the primary ways
through which people practice assists in adding value to the organisation is by providing
employees and management with the required trainings that help them in improving their
business knowledge and skill which in turn enhances the productive and performance of the
organisation (Adams, 2017). In addition, people practice helps in developing new strategies such
as reward management strategies that are aimed at enhancing the employee performance and
motivating employees to perform better. Moreover, strategies for increasing employee
cooperation and job satisfaction is developed and updated regularly to increase the value of an
organisation. As employees remain happy, satisfied and motivated they are inclined towards
working harder and with more creative and innovate way for the benefit of the organisation
(Sapada et al., 2018). Having a heathy and positive workplace environment allows brands to
attracted talented candidates towards itself. In addition, consumer loyalty is also achieved in
valuable organisations.

In order to measure people practice-ranking system is often used by organisations. In ranking

system based on the target achievement, performance and there such measurements employees
are ranked as per their improved performances (Biega, Gummadi and Weikum, 2018). This
ranking system helps in understanding the contribution of a particular employee at the
organisation. In addition, feedback mechanism is considered as one of the most popular and
effective way used to measure the people practice in an organisation. The effectiveness of a
policy, procedure or strategy can be understood by collecting feedback from employee’s
managers and consumers. The feedback can reveals the benefits as well as disadvantages of the

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practice methods used in the organisation. Rating scales are also used for reviewing
performances.

People Practice in department A

It is evident that in order to measure the people practice the organisation is making use of 360-
degree feedback system. The feedback help in understanding the opinion of the consumer and
employees regarding the management and the departments (Kahya and Çemrek, 2017). This
system helps the department to acknowledge the changes that they need to implement in order to
improve in addition; the department is making use of a rating scale system in order to understand
the performance of their employees. It is acknowledged that this system is not as beneficial as
employees might lack skill and knowledge but due to receiving point or score they are above
others therefore a much target based or performance base KPI system should be implemented
(Palma et al., 2021). The company can makes use of review report in order to measure the
performance of the employees.

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