MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)
Review Module–Statistics and Probability (Part 2)
9.05 Binomial Distribution
1. In testing a certain kind of bolt, it is found that 20% of bolts
fails to pass the standard specification. On the next 15 bolts
tested. Determine the following.
a) Probability that exactly 5 bolts will pass the test.
b) Probability that exactly 3 to 5 bolts will pass the test.
c) Probability that at least one bolt will pass the test.
d) Probability that at most will pass the test.
May 2017 CE Board
2. In November 1994, Intel announced that a “subtle flaw” in
its Pentium chip would affect 1 in 9 billion division problems.
Suppose a computer perform 20 million divisions (a not
reasonable number) in the course of a particular program.
What is the probability of no error? Of at one error?
I. 0.00000000111, 0.00222
II. 0.9978, 0.00222
III. 0.99999999989, 0.00000000111
IV. 0.000000000111, 0.99999999989
3. A box contains 3 red marbles and 2 white marbles and 5
green marbles. A marble is drawn and replaced three times
from the box. Find the probability that
a) 1 red marble was drawn,
b) 2 red marbles were drawn,
c) at least one red marble was drawn.
4. The probability of a man hitting a target is 1/3. How many
times must he fire so that the probability of hitting the target
at least once is more than 90%.
9.06 Negative Binomial Distribution
The number X of trials required to produce k successes in a
Bernoulli Sequence is called a negative binomial random
variable, and its probability distribution is called the
negative binomial distribution.
1. Determine the probability of obtaining 5th head on 7th toss
of a fair coin.
2. A couple decides to continue to have children until they
have two males. Assuming that P(male) = 0.5, what is the
probability that their second male is their fourth child?
3. The probability that a randomly selected box of a certain
type of cereal has a particular prize is 0.2. Suppose you
purchase box after box until you have obtained two of
these prizes.
a) What is the probability that you purchase four
boxes?
b) What is the probability that you purchase at most
four boxes?
2. An oil drilling company ventures into various locations,
and its success or failure is independent from one location to
another. Suppose the probability of a success at any specific
location is 0.25. The drilling company feels that it will “hit it
big” if the second success occurs on or before the sixth
attempt. What is the probability that the driller will hit it big?
9.07 Geometric Distribution
In a Bernoulli sequence, the number of trials until a specified
event occurs for the first time is governed by the geometric
distribution.
1. At a “busy time,” a telephone exchange is very near
capacity, so callers have difficulty placing their calls. It may
be of interest to know the number of attempts necessary in
order to make a connection. Suppose that we let p = 0.05 be
the probability of a connection during a busy time. We are
interested in knowing the probability that 5 attempts are
necessary for a successful call.
2.It is known that 3% of people whose luggage is screened
at an airport have questionable objects in their luggage.
What is the probability that a string of 15 people pass through
screening successfully before an individual is caught with a
questionable object?
3.The acceptance scheme for purchasing lots containing a
large number of batteries is to test no more than 75 randomly
selected batteries and to reject a lot if a single battery fails.
Suppose the probability of a failure is 0.001.
a) What is the probability that a lot is rejected on the
20th test?
b) What is the probability that it is rejected in 10 or
fewer trials?
9.08 Multinomial Distribution
1.A box contains 5 red, 3 white and 2 blue marbles. A sample
of six marbles is drawn with replacement, i.e. each marble is
replaced before the next one is drawn. Find the probability
that:
a) 3 are red, 2 are white and 1 is blue.
b) 2 of each color appears.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)
2. The surface of a circular dart board has a small center
circle called the bull’s-eye and 20 pie-shaped regions
numbered from 1 to 20. Each of the pie-shaped regions is
further divided into three parts such that a person throwing a
dart that lands in a specific region scores the value of the
number, double the number, or triple the number, depending
on which of the three parts the dart hits. If a person hits the
bull’s-eye with probability 0.01, hits a double with probability
0.10, hits a triple with probability 0.05, and misses the dart
board with probability 0.02, what is the probability that 7
throws will result in no bull’s-eyes, no triples, a double twice,
and a complete miss once?
9.09 Hypergeometric Distribution
1. A box contains 3 red marbles and 2 white marbles and 5
green marbles. Three marbles are drawn. Find the
probability that
a) 1 red marble was drawn.
b) 2 red marbles were drawn.
c) at least one red marble was drawn.
2. A foreign student club lists as its members 2
Canadians, 3 Japanese, 5 Italians, and 2 Germans. If
a committee of 4 is selected at random, find the probability
that
(a) all nationalities are represented.
(b) all nationalities except Italian are represented
3. A company is interested in evaluating its current
inspection procedure for shipments of 50 identical items. The
procedure is to take a sample of 5 and pass the shipment if
no more than 2 are found to be defective. What is the
probability of shipments with 20% defectives will be
accepted?
Relationship of Hypergeometric and Binomial
distribution
4. A manufacturer of automobile tires reports that among a
shipment of 5000 sent to a local distributor, 1000 are slightly
blemished. If one purchases 10 of these tires at random from
the distributor, what is the probability that exactly 3 are
blemished?
9.10 Normal Distribution
1. Suppose the diameters of bolts manufactured by a
company are normally distributed with mean of 0.25 inches
and standard deviation 0.02 inches. A bolt is considered
defective if its diameter is Greater than or equal to 0.20
inches or less than or equal to 0.28 inches. Find the
percentage of defective bolts manufactured by the company
2. Suppose the scores on an examination are normally
distributed with mean 76 and standard deviation 15. The top
15% of the students receive A’s and the bottom 10% receive
F’s. Find (i) the minimum score to receive an A and (ii) the
minimum score to pass (not receive an F).
3. A fair coin is tossed 10 times, show the probability
distribution of number of heads.
4. A coin is tossed 400 times. Use the normal curve
approximation to find the probability of obtaining
(a) between 185 and 210 heads inclusive;
(b) exactly 205 heads;
(c) fewer than 176 or more than 227 heads.
9.11 Poisson Distribution
1. A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100
people enter his store each hour.
(a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period
Exactly three enters the store.
(b) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period
more than 5 people enter the store.
2. Potholes on a highway can be a serious problem, and are
in constant need of repair. With a particular type of terrain
and make of concrete, past experience suggests that there
are, on the average, 2 potholes per mile after a certain
amount of usage.
(a) What is the probability that no more than one pothole
will appear in a section of 1 mile?
(b) What is the probability that no more than 4 potholes
will occur in a given section of 5 miles?
3. For a certain type of copper wire, it is known
that, on the average, 1.5 flaws occur per millimeter.
Assuming that the number of flaws is a Poisson random
variable, what is the probability that no flaws occur in
a certain portion of wire of length 5 millimeters?
4. An automobile manufacturer is concerned about
a fault in the braking mechanism of a particular model.
The fault can, on rare occasions, cause a catastrophe at
high speed. The distribution of the number of cars per
year that will experience the catastrophe is a Poisson
random variable with λ = 5. What is the probability that at
most 3 cars per year will experience a catastrophe?
Relationship of Poisson and Binomial Distribution
5. If the probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction
from serum is 0.001, determine the probability that out of
2000 individuals exactly 3 will suffer from bad reaction.