TASK 1 MODULE 2

PROPHASE - One of the most significant events that occurs during prophase is crossing over. The genetic
variation is mostly due to crossbreeding. Crossing over is the process of genetic material being
exchanged between two homologous chromosomes using the recombinase enzyme.

PROMETAPHASE - During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope, the physical membrane that encloses
the nucleus, breaks down. The creation of a protein called a kinetochore around the centromere, the
central point connecting the sister chromatids, is another critical event during prometaphase.

METAPHASE - Metaphase is a stage of a human's body.  The mitotic spindle pulls the chromosomes
together at the metaphase plate. Microtubules from opposite spindle poles capture the two sister
chromatids on each chromosome. The spindle has captured all of the chromosomes and lined them up
in the center of the cell, ready to separate, during metaphase.

ANAPHASE - Each pair of chromosomes is divided into two equal, distinct chromosomes during
anaphase. The mitotic spindle is a device that separates the chromosomes.

TELOPHASE - The nucleolus reappears and enlarges, the daughter nuclei expand to their interphase size,
chromatin decompensation results in a brighter presence of the nuclei with phase-contrast optics, and a
period of accelerated, postmitotic nuclear migration during which the daughter nuclei become located
prior to septum formation are the key events of telophase.
 TASK 2 (COMPARE AND CONTRAST MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS)

MITOSIS MEIOSOS

Type of cell Eukaryotic cells Haploid

Number of cell
1 2
divisions

Number of
chromosomal 1 1
duplications

Number of
daughter cells 2 4
produced

Number of
chromosomes in 46 chromosomes (diploid cells) 23 chromosomes (haploid cells)
daughter cells

The daughter cells have genetic diversity

Genetic The daughter cells have the same due to crossover in prophase I and
relationship of genetic profile as the parent cell. independent assortment that occurred
daughter cells to Diploid cells are found in both during meiosis I. Daughter cells are
parent cell daughter and parent cells. haploid cells and the parent cell is a
diploid cell.

Each daughter cell receives a mix of

Mitosis is a cell division process that
chromosomes from the two sets in the
results in daughter cells that are
parent cell during Meiosis I. In addition,
Genetic genetically similar to their parents.
before they are separated, the
relationship of The cell copies - or'replicates' - its
chromosomes in each matched pair
each daughter chromosomes, then evenly divides
exchange certain genetic material in a
cells the copied chromosomes such that
mechanism known as crossing over. In
each daughter cell has a complete
sperm and egg cells, these mechanisms
collection.
result in new gene combinations.

Mitosis is a process that allows a

cell to produce more cells that are
Meiosis is a method of cell division that
genetically identical to the parent
creates four gamete cells by halving the
Purpose and cell. It is essential for the
number of chromosomes in the parent
importance of development of embryos as well as
cell. For sexual reproduction, this
cell division the growth and development of our
process is necessary to create egg and
bodies. Mitosis creates new cells
sperm cells.
and removes old, lost, or destroyed
ones.
 Task 3

EXPERIMENT NO. 1