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6 - the best

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 3 (Harvard University)

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6.05 -- Ideal Gas Lab Report

Title: Measuring Volume and Temperature Gas Lab

Objective(s): The objective is to analyze and create a relationship through the

variations between volume and temperature in gas

Hypothesis:

If volume and temperature increase at a constant rate, then they are considered
correlated because of their ability to correspond with each other.

Example: If one goes up, so does the other; vice versa

Procedure:

Access the virtual lab and complete the two trials of the experiment simultaneously. List your
controlled variables, independent variable, and dependent variable. Explain why these are the
variables. Summarize the steps of the experimental procedure.

Materials:

Syringe

3 Tanks of Various Gases

Ice

Water

Salt

Thermometer

Watch

Variables:

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IV: Temperature, it is what is being changed consistently in the experiment to see the
effect on other variables

DV: Volume, it is what is being measured due to the changes in temperature

Controlled Variables: Gas and Syringes, they remain constant the whole time and have no
effect on any outcomes

Remember, controlled variables are factors that remain the same throughout the
experiment. An independent (test) variable changes so that the experimenter can see the
effect on other variables. The dependent (outcome) variable will change in response to
the test variable.

Controlled Variables Gas and Syringes

Independent Variable Temperature

Dependent Variable Volume

Summary of Steps:

Examine the relationship between the volume and temperature of gas using gases sealed
inside syringes. You will place the syringes in water baths at various temperatures and
record their volumes. Using this data, you will calculate an experimental value of
absolute zero and compare it with the calculated value.

Data:

Collect your data in the table below. Don’t forget to record measurements with the
correct number of significant figures.

Water Bath Temp (⁰

C) Volume (mL) Air Volume (mL)

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N2/H2/He

Ice & Salt Water -15.0 4.3 4.1

Ice Water 0.9 4.6 4.6

Room Temperature 21.1 5.2 5.1

Water

Warm Water 49.1 5.5 5.5

Hot Water 81.1 5.9 5.8

Data Analysis:

Create a separate graph of temperature vs. volume for each of the gas samples. You are
encouraged to use graphing software or online tools to create the graphs; be sure to take
screenshots of the graphs that also include your data.

Make sure to include the following on your graphs:

• Title
• Labels for axes and appropriate scales
• Clearly plotted data points
• A straight line of best fit

The x-intercept of the volume vs. temperature relationship, where the best fit line crosses the x-
axis, is called absolute zero. Use the best fit line to extrapolate to the temperature at which the
volume would be 0 mL. Record this value. It is your experimental value of absolute zero.

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Temperature vs Volume of a Gas

7

5
Volume (mL)

4 Volume Air (mL)

Linear (Volume Air (mL))
3 Volume Hydrogen (mL0
Linear (Volume Hydrogen (mL0)
2

0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

This sample graph shows temperature data plotted along the x-axis and volume plotted on the y-axis. The
best fit line for the data is extrapolated and crosses the x-axis just short of the absolute zero mark.

Graphing tool: https://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/

You may find any other graphing website, or you may hand draw the graph.

Google Graphing Help: https://drive.google.com/open?

id=16_5c7nTBqTEGuyhSOkygZKJXZ_84K2AI

Calculations:

1. The actual value for absolute zero in degrees Celsius is −273.15. Use the formula
below to determine your percent error for both gas samples. Your final answer should be
positive since there are absolute value signs on the numerator!

Air

|-275 – (-273.15)| x 100

-273.15

-1.85/-273.15 x 100

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0.677%

Hydrogen

|-255 – (-273.15)| x 100

-273.15

18.15/-273.15 x 100

-6.64%

2. If the atmospheric pressure in the laboratory is 1.2 atm, how many moles of gas were
in each syringe? (Hint: Choose one volume and temperature pair from your data table to
use in your ideal gas law calculation.)

Use PV=nRT to solve for n. Make sure you use the right R value.

Air:

n = PV/RT

n = (1.2 atm x 0.00459 L) / (0.0821 x 273.9 K)

n = 0.00024 moles air

Hydrogen

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n = PV/RT

n = (1.2 atm x 0.0052 L) / (0.0821 x 294.1 K)

n = 22.35 moles hydrogen

Conclusion:

Write a conclusion statement that addresses the following questions:

My experimental absolute value and accepted value were very similar. Both numbers appeared to
be very close to the line of best fit. According to my data, my hypothesis is supported due to both
volume and temperature corresponding with one another. For example, when the temperature
began at -15 and rose to .9, and the volume was 4.3 and then to 4.6 follows the hypothesis. The
number increase and decrease mutually. Errors could potentially include: a miscalculated volume
or temperature, too much time left on experiment (clock), and not enough trials. I think we can
further explore this experiment by using different elements, testing different liquids other than
water, and replicating the experiments alongside other scientists.

Post-Lab Reflection Questions

Answer the reflection questions using what you have learned from the lesson and your
experimental data. It will be helpful to refer to your chemistry journal notes. Answer questions in
complete sentences.

1. Why was the line of best fit method used to determine the experimental value of absolute
zero?
The line of best fit was used to determine the experimental value of absolute zero because
not only does it give an estimate of the most accurate regression, but further explains
itself by intersecting the x – axis on a specific point on the graph.

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Using a best fit line is helpful when dealing with gases outside of "ideal" situations. It is
difficult to create and work in absolute zero temperature conditions. As a gas is cooled
and intermolecular forces start to affect the gas, the gas is no longer in ideal conditions.
The best fit line supports how the gas would demonstrate in non-ideal conditions.

2. Which gas law is this experiment investigating? How does your graph represent the gas
law under investigation?

The Charles gas law was being investigated in this experiment. According to Charles, he
observes the direct relationship between volume and temperature. In our case, the graph
represents the preview of correlation between volume and temperatures effects on gas.

3. Using your knowledge of the kinetic molecular theory of gases, describe the relationship
between volume and temperature of an ideal gas. Explain how this is reflected in your lab
data.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases can describe the relationship between volume
and temperature in an ideal gas. To better explain, KMT states: “Since the temperature is
remaining constant, the average kinetic energy and the rms speed remain the same as
well. The volume of the container has decreased, which means that the gas molecules
have to move a shorter distance to have a collision.” As temperature increase, particles
will gain kinetic energy and expand resulting in a larger volume.

4. Pressure and number of moles remained constant during this experiment. If you wanted
to test one of these variables in a future experiment, how would you use your knowledge
of gas laws to set up the investigation?

I would use Avogadro’s law. His law is displaying pressure directly proportional with
moles. The use of this law allows us to remove the first constants of the first experiment
and manipulate them to be tested.

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