Physical Education and Health

Grade 12

MODULE 1
Nature and Background of 
the Different Dances

https://www.google.com/search?q=nature+and+background+of+dance+philippines&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwij_drrmN7uAhXkJaYKHRhhCnIQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=nature+and+background+of+dance+philippines&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BggAEAgQHjoECAAQGFCKd1jEmAFg1J0BaABwAHgAgAGDAogByBCSAQUwLjcuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=ojojYKOkMeTLmAWYwqmQBw&bih=525&biw=1242

LESSON 1
Introduction to Dance

CONTENT STANDARD:
The learner demonstrates understanding of fitness and exercise in optimizing one’s health as a habit; as requisite
for physical activity performance, and as a career opportunity

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learner leads dance events with proficiency and confidence, resulting in independent pursuit and in
influencing others positively.

MELC:
 Engages in moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPAs) for at least 60 minutes most days of
the week in a variety of settings in- and out-of school
 Participates in an organized event that addresses health/fitness issues and concerns
 Observes personal safety protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo- and hyperthermia
during MVPA participation

OBJECTIVES_______________________________________________________________

1. Define dance
2. Discuss the nature of the different styles and characteristics of dance
INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________

“Dance is an activity which can take many forms and and fill many different needs. It can be
recreation, entertainment, education, therapy, and religion in its purest and most basic forms, dance is art,
the art of body movement.” ( Barbara Mettler 1980 )

Dancing is the most vibrant and beautiful form of art. Besides this, it's a great way of social
interaction and provides a fun workout, which increases flexibility and cardiovascular health. It is an act
of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment. The word dancing came from an old
German word “damson” which means to “stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and
relaxing. Dance is always a bliss to watch in terms of costumes, elegant moves and music. Dance forms
take centuries to develop and reflect the customs of the society. Numerous dance styles have evolved over
the years and each style has a history behind it. From medieval to contemporary dance forms, every style
has its own meaning and reason of origination. Dance is regarded as the best stress reliever and also helps
in keeping one's health and fitness in check. For centuries, people around the globe have expressed
themselves through dance, where the practice still continues, today.
This course on dance includes rhythmical movement patterns; the promotion and appreciation of
Philippine Folk dance, indigenous and traditional dances as well as other dance forms. It consists of an
array of offerings which learners can choose from.

Pre-Test:
Directions: Choose the letter of the word/phrase that corresponds to your answer.
1. It is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generations. It communicates the customs,
beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the people of a region or country.
A. Social and Ballroom Dance C. Folk/Ethnic Dance
B. Creative Rhythms D. Recreational Dance

2. It is a social gathering with the more formal atmosphere than the simple and informal parties in
which the recreational dances are the usual forms, the participants are usually in formal attire
A. Social and Ballroom Dance C. Folk/Ethnic Dance
B. Creative Rhythms D. Recreational Dance

3. It includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances. Many of these dances have
simple patterns and combinations of walking steps, polka step and the waltz step
A. Social and Ballroom Dance C. Folk/Ethnic Dance
B. Creative Rhythms D. Recreational Dance

4. It is an end product of exploration and improvisation of movements as children learn to move the
parts of their body and to use them as instruments of expression
A. Social and Ballroom Dance C. Folk/Ethnic Dance
B. Creative Rhythms D. Recreational Dance
 5. This refers to movement set to music where there emerges organization, structure and pattern. It is
a composition that implies arrangement of parts into a form.
A. Visual arts C. Dance
B. Music D. Fitness

6. When your feet are positioned in one foot in front of other foot of a pace distance and one arm is
raised in front as in 1st position; other arm raised overhead. This fundamental dance position is
on?
A. 1st position C. 2nd position
B. 3rd position D. 4th position

7. Bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint is what kind of non-locomotor

movement?
A. Flexion C. Pendula
B. Extension D. Percussive

8. The following are the objectives of teaching folk dancing, EXCEPT

A. To foster patriotism and nationalism through the study of our dance.
B. To arouse better appreciation of Philippine music and folk dances.
C. To provide through dancing, a healthful form of relaxation and recreation
D. None of the above

9. When partners stand side by side, both facing on the same direction. Girl at R of partner. The hand
crossed in front, R hands joined over L is what type of Social and Ballroom dance position?
A. Ballroom or Social Dance Position C. Challenge Position
B. Promenade Position D. Cuddle or Skating position

10. This dance evolved from the Mambo and has its origins in the religious ritual dances of West
Africa. The music is usually in 4/4 time, sometimes 2/4. The Cha-cha-cha is a Cuban dance, based
on the Rumba. Counting is 1,2, 3 and 4
A. Samba C. Chachacha
B. Rumba D. Jive

DISCUSSION/LEARNING ACTIVITY_____________________________________________

Dance refers to movement set to music where there emerges organization, structure and pattern. It
is a composition that implies arrangement of parts into a form.
Dance is one of the most beautiful forms of art that has grown in leaps and bounds. Dance is no
longer just a hobby; it is also one of the most lucrative professions as well. Besides, dance therapy is very
much in vogue these days simply because the experience of dancing helps a person to heal from within.
Dance is a form of expression that helps a person bring forth who they are, and what they're passionate
about

Dance is one of the most beautiful forms of art that has grown in leaps and bounds. Dance is no
longer just a hobby; it is also one of the most lucrative professions as well. Besides, dance therapy is very
much in vogue these days simply because the experience of dancing helps a person to heal from within.
Dance is a form of expression that helps a person bring forth who they are, and what they're passionate
about/

Dancing is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm. It is

an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment. The word dancing came from an
old German word “danson” which means to “stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching
and relaxing.

Dance differs from athletes or other daily activities because it focuses primarily on “ an aesthetics
or even entertaining experience” ( Myers, 2005). It provided variety of functions throughout history due
to its multidimensionality. Although there have been immense comparative differences in period and
culture people still dance mainly for four reasons: to please the Gods, to please others, to please
themselves or self-expressions and to build community within an ethnic group or social interactions.
( Myers 2005 )

Brief History and Nature of Dance

From the earliest moments of known human history, dance accompanied ancient rituals, spiritual gatherings
and social events. As a conduit of trance, spiritual force, pleasure, expression, performance and interaction, dance
became infused into our nature from the earliest moments of our existence - from the moment when first African
tribes covered themselves in war-paint to the to the spreading of music and dance across all four corners of the
world. Without a doubt, dancing remains one of the most expressive forms of communications that we know.
The oldest proof of existence of dancing comes from the 9000 year old cave paintings that were found in
India, which depicts various scenes of hunting, childbirth, religious rites, burials and most importantly, communal
drinking and dancing. Since dancing itself cannot leave clearly identifiable archeological artifacts that can be found
today, scientist looked for secondary clues, written word, stone carvings, paintings and similar artifacts. Period
when dancing became widespread can be traced to the third millennia BC, when Egyptians started using dance as
integral parts of their religious ceremonies. Judging by the many tomb paintings that survived the tooth of time,
Egyptian priests used musical instruments and dancers to mimic important events - stories of gods and cosmic
patterns of moving stars and sun.
This tradition continued in ancient Greece, where dance was used very regular and openly to public (which
eventually brought the birth of the famous Greek theatre in 6th century BC). Ancient paintings from 1st millennia
clearly speak of many dance rituals in Greek culture, most notably the one before start of each Olympian Games,
precursor to the modern Olympic Games. As centuries went on, many other religions infused dance in the core of
their rituals, such as Hindu dance "Bharata Nhatyam" which is preformed even today.
Of course, not all dances in those ancient times were intended for religious purposes. Ordinary people used
dance for celebration, entertainment, seduction and to induce the mood of frenzied exhilaration. Annual celebration
in honor of Greek god of wine Dionysus (and later Roman god Bacchus) included dancing and drinking for several
days. 1400BC year old Egyptian painting showed the group of scantily dressed girls who danced for the wealthy
male crowd, supported by the several musicians. This kind of entertainment continued to be refined, until medieval
times and the start of the Renaissance when ballet became integral part of the wealthy class.

European dances before the start of Renaissance were not widely documented, any only few isolated
fragments of their existence remain found today. The most basic "chain shaped" dance practiced by commoners
was most widespread across Europe, but the arrival of Renaissance and new forms of music brought many other
styles in fashion. Renaissance dances from Spain, France and Italy were soon surpassed by Baroque dances which
became widely popular in French and English courts. After the end of French Revolution, many new types of
dances emerged with focused on less restrictive woman clothing, and tendency for skipping and jumping. These
dances soon became even more energetic in 1844 with the beginning of so called "international polka craze"
which also brought us the first appearance of famous waltz.

After the short period of time when great ballroom masters created wave of complicated dances, the era of
modern day 2 person dance started with the careers of famous ballroom dances Vernon and Irene Castle. After
those early years of 20th century many modern dances were invented (Foxtrot, One-Step, Tango, Charleston,
Swing, Postmodern, Hip-hop, breakdancing and more) and the expansion of musical brought those dances into
worldwide popularity.
http://www.dancefacts.net/dance-history/history-of-dance/#:~:text=From%20the%20earliest%20moments%20of,spiritual%20gatherings%20and%20social%20events.&text=Period%20when%20dancing
%20became%20widespread,parts%20of%20their%20religious%20ceremonies.)

Dance can be seen among all people and civilization of the world. Dance thrived at different
periods of history and mostly were a result of intellectual exchange and contact ( Alejandro and Santos-
Gana 2002). The origin of dance are rooted in the prehistoric past. Various artistic, religious and social
forces started out the incorporation and development of dance.
Dance has been a major form of religious ritual and social expression within primitive cultures. It
was used as a way of expressing and reinforcing tribal unity and strength, as an approach for courtship,
and mating and as means of worship communication and therapeutic experience. It was said that the first
use of dance was as a gesture in order to communicate. People from the prehistoric era performed ways
they hoped would appease the forces of nature or give them new powers of their own. As Kraus and
Gaufman ( 1981) said “ man danced originally to supplicate the Gods on all important occasions of life.”
The ancient Greeks also thought highly of dance. For them it was closely linked with other kinds
of experience. Dancing was taught as an aid to military education among the boys in Athens and Sparta. It
was not just for religious and military training but also a form of entertainment and display.
Dance was also commonly used in education. Greek philosopher such as Plato, Aristotle and
Socrates strongly supported this art as an integration of the body and soul. Plato immensely gave
importance to dance in education as stated in his education on the Laws. He highlighted the two kinds of
dance and music: the noble ( fine and honourable) and the ignoble ( imitating what is mean or ugly).
The ancient Rome, on the other hand, gave less importance to dancing. It stopped valuing such
qualities in art the nation grew wealthy and powerful. The Romans ceased to create and perform within
the arts themselves. Dance became brutal and sensationalized as their entertainers were slaves and
captives from many nationalities and it was used more often for gruesome purposes ( Kraus,et al 1981).
Dance eventually became an integral part of corruption in the latter days of the Roman Empire, resulting
in the condemnation of dance by early Christians.

Benefits of Dance
Physical
• Develops cardiovascular and muscular endurance
• Improves coordination, balance, flexibility and body composition
• Lower risk of cardiovasular diseases
• Lower body mass index
• Improves lipid metabolism
• Enables joint mobility
• Helps improve and maintain bone density thus helps prevevent osteoporosi
• Help recover coordination and neuromuscular skills after injury
Mental/ Emotional

 Helps keep the brain sharp

 Decreases incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
 Decreases depressive symptoms
 Increases self-esteem and improves body image
 Aids releasing emotional and physical tension
Social

 Give sense of togetherness within the group

 Encourages positive social interaction and interpersonal relationship in a group
 Contributes to the individual’s potential for self-actualization in society
Cultural

 Promotes cultural values

PHASES OF THE DANCE PROGRAM

1. Creative Rhythms
Creative rhythms are sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. It is an end
product of exploration and improvisation of movements as children learn to move the parts of their
body and to use them as instruments of expression. 

2. Folk/Ethnic Dance 
 It is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generations. It communicates the
customs, beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the people of a region or country. Folk dancing
belongs to the people. It emanates from them. Ethnic tribes have their specific tribal art forms
originated and danced by the people of the tribe. Examples of folk dances are the rural and country
dances, jotas, mazurkas, pandanggos, among others with foreign influence. Examples of ethnic
dances are the dances of the mountain peoples of the Cordilleras, dances of the ethnic groups in
the Cagayan Valley Region and the ethnic dances in the Mindanao Regions. 

3. Social and Ballroom Dance 

The setting of the social and ballroom dance is a social gathering with the more formal
atmosphere than the simple and informal parties in which the recreational dances are the usual
forms. Social and ballroom dancing are generally held in the evenings. The participants are usually
in formal attire. 

4. Recreational Dance 
It includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances. Many of these dances
have simple patterns and combinations of walking steps, polka step and the waltz step. The setting
is usually informal gatherings and parties, reunions etc. 

5. Creative Dance 
It is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration and improvisation of
movements as the dancer or the choreographer expresses his feelings or emotions, ideas, and
interpretations. This is a dance with a definite form, a beginning and an ending. The principles of
art form are all observed in the composition of the dance. Examples of creative dance are ballet,
jazz, and modern or contemporary dance.

FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS

There are five fundamental or basic positions in dance that are commonly termed as 1 st position,
2 position, 3rd position, 4th position, and 5th position of the feet and arms.
nd

1st position
Feet: Heels close together, toes apart with an angle of about 45 degrees.
Arms: Both arms raised in a circle in front of chest with the finger tips
 about an inch apart.
nd
2 position
Feet: Feet apart sideward of about a pace distance.
Arms: Both raised sideward with a graceful curve at shoulder level.
3rd position
Feet: Heel of one foot close to in-step of other foot.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 2nd position; other arm raised
 upward.

4th position
Feet: One foot in front of other foot of a pace distance.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 1st position; other arm raised
  overhead.
5th position
Feet: Heel of front foot close to big toe of rear foot.
Arms: Both arms raised overhead.

The Basic Natural Movements:

1. Locomotor movements - are those that move the body in space in any direction with the feet
as the moving base.
Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping, galloping and sliding

2. Non-locomotor - are those in which various parts of the body move in space with a fixed
base. The base may be standing, kneeling, sitting or lying.

Non-locomotor movements:
1. Flexion--- Bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint.
2. Extension—Turning, twisting or circling
3. Pendular---- Swinging/ swaying arms forward, backward or sideward.
4. Percussive—Striking and hitting: pushing and pulling.
5. Vibratory----- Shaking and beating.
6. Sustained---- A slow, smooth flowing movement with a balance of movement
throughout the entire series.
7. Suspended--- A sharp movement followed by a series of slow or prolonged movements
until a peak is reached.

EXERCISE 1 IDENTIFICATION

Directions: From the pool of words below, choose the appropriate answer to the following
descriptions.
Gallop Bend or Flex Walk Leap
Run Slide Twist
Hop Stretch Swing

____________________1.A movement of the arms, legs, upper trunk, head or body as a whole in
a circular of pendular fashion around a stationary center.
____________________2.The extension or hyperextension of the joints of the body.
____________________3.A movement around a joint, either forward, backward or sideward
.____________________4. A series of stepping and cutting movements done either sideward or
forward with one feet always leading.
____________________5.A spring on one foot landing on the other foot.
____________________6.A glide followed by a quick close.
____________________7.A spring from one foot landing on the same foot.
____________________8.may be compared to a fast walk except that the weight is carried
forward on the ball of the foot.
____________________9. A series of steps. The steps are from one foot to the other. The weight
being transferred from heel to toe.
____________________10.A rotation of some body parts around its long axis. It can only take
place at the spinal, neck, shoulder, hip and wrist joints.
II. Direction: Identify the following movements of Locomotor and Non-Locomotor.
_____1.Gallop _____. 8. Bend or Flex
_____ 2.Swing ______9. Jump
_____ 3.Slide ______10. Walk
_____ 4.Twist
_____ 5.Leap
_____ 6.Stretch
_____ 7.Hop

Lesson 2: Philippine Folk Dance

Objectives:
  Discuss the nature and background of Philippine folk dances.
 Explain how to optimize the energy system for safe and improved performance.
 Organizes dance event for a target health issue and concern

Introduction:
The history of Philippine folk dancing incorporates influences from immigrants and conquerors
while at the same time maintaining distinctly Filipino roots. Philippine folk dancing is a true reflection of
daily life in past centuries while enchanting modern audiences at the same time.
There is no recorded "start" to Philippine folk dance - as long as there have been people on the
islands they have been dancing. In fact, their mythology is filled with many different gods and goddesses
that needed to be placated, implored, or thanked for various natural events like rain and harvests. Many of
these festivals still feature ancient folk dances performed in costume of the tribal period.
It is impossible to know when exactly dancing became a part of life in the Philippines. Many
traditional dances were designed to thank the gods for natural and agricultural events, such as rain and
harvests. The dances were performed during festivals and remembrances of past military victories, and
still are performed at celebrations of births and weddings in modern times. Many modern folk dance
festivals still feature ancient dances performed in costume of the tribal period of the Philippines.
Philippine folk dance mirrors the culture and tradition of the Filipinos. It has also been a source of
culture identify of the people. In this diversified country, there are also great diversity of dances in
different forms and dynamics that grow out of various times, situation and experiences.
https://sites.google.com/site/philippinefolkdancevol1/history

These are traditional dances of a country which were evolved naturally and spontaneously in
connection with everyday activities and experiences of the people who developed them.
Folk dancing is the heartbeat of the people.
Types of Folk dances:
 National – traditional dances of a given country.
 Regional – local.
 Character – created by individual or group.

OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES

 To foster patriotism and nationalism through the study of our dance.
  To arouse better appreciation of Philippine music and folk dances.
 To provide through dancing, a healthful form of relaxation and recreation.
 To develop a graceful and rhythmic coordination of body movements that will improve posture.
 To preserve for posterity, folk dances and music indigenous to the different regions of the
Philippines.
 To demonstrate the growth of Filipino culture through the evolution of Philippine dances.

Characteristics of Philippine Folk Dances:

 In general, dancers stand apart.
 There is little, if any, bodily contact.
 Most of the dances are done by pairs or couples.
 Hand movements play an important part.
 Most dances are in long formation.
 Most dances begin and end with “saludo.”
 Dances from the lowlands have more foreign elements those found in the uplands.
 War dances are found among non-Christian tribes.
Classification of Philippine Dances
General Classification
I. Geographical extent of origin
National dances-found throughout the islands with little or no modification.
                 Examples:  Rigodon, Carinosa, Jota, Balitaw, Pandanggo.
Local dances-found in a certain locality.
        Examples:  Tinikling-Leyte, Maglalatik-Binyang, Esperanza-Nabua, 
       Subli-Batangas, Biniganbigat-Abra      
II. Nature
Occupational-depicting action of certain occupation, industry, or human labor. 
Examples:  Planting, Harvesting, Pounding, Winnowing, Pabirik, Mananguete, 
Religious or Ceremonial – performed in connection with religious vows and ceremonies. 
Examples: Dugsu, Sua – sua, Putong, Sta. Clarang Pinong-pino, etc. 
Comic dances – depicting funny movements for entertainment. 
Examples: Kimbo – kimbo Makonggo, Kinoton 

 Game dances – with play elements (dance mixers) 

        Examples: Lubi – lubi, Pavo 
Wedding dances – performed during wedding feast. 
Examples: Panasahan, etc. 
Courtship dances – depicting love making. 
Examples: Hele – hele, Bago Quiere, Maramion, Tadek, Daling – daling 
Festival dances – suitable for special occasion or any social gathering. 
Examples: Pandanggo, Habanera, Jota, Surtido
War dances: showing imaginary combat or duel. 
Examples: Sagayan, Palu-palo, etc. 

III. Movements 
    1. Active – with fast energetic movements. 
      Examples: Tinikling, Maglalatik, Sakuting, Polkabal, etc. 
    2. Moderate  
        Examples: Cariñosa, Tagala, Habanera, Purpuri, etc. 
    3. Slow 
        Examples: Pasakat, Amorosa, Tiliday, Kundiman, etc.
    4. Slow and Fast
        Examples: Putritos, Ba-Ingles, Habanera Botoleña, Alcamfor, etc. 

IV. Formation 
Square or Quadrille - Examples: Rigodon, Los Bailes de Ayer, etc. 
Long formation (two or more parallel lines) - Examples: Lulay, Sakuting 
Set – consisting of two or more pairs as a unit, partners facing each other or standing side by side.
Examples: Binadyong, Haplik, Kakawati, etc.

   

      
Special Classification - Group dances having special distinctive features. 
  Dances with Songs
Examples: Aburaray, Manang Biday, Lulay, Rogelia, Lawiswis Kawayan, etc. 
 Old Ballroom Dances
Examples:  Polka, Mazurka Chotis, Valse, etc.
 Dances with Implements
Examples: Maglalatik, Sakuting, Jota Moncadena, Tinikling, Salakot,
 Dances of Combined Rhythm
Examples: Surtido, Pantomina, Los Bailes de Ayer

 Factors Affecting Folk Dances                   

 Geographical location
 Economic conditions
 Climatic conditions 
 Customs and traditions.
 Do’s in Folk Dancing
 Dance in a natural, simple and direct manner.
 Dance with ease and smoothness.
 Use the proper costume for the dance.
 Follow directions and dance instructions as closely as possible.
 Dance with feeling and expression.

Don’ts’s in Folk Dancing

 Do not exaggerate the dance steps.
 Do not make the dances too dainty and graceful like ballet.
 Don’t make entrance and exit long.
 Don’t make steps too elaborate and complicated.
 Don’t call a dance a folk dance unless steps come from traditional dances.

COMMON DANCE TERMS

Arms in lateral position – Both arms are at one side either right or left, at shoulder, 
chest or waist level.
Brush – Weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of the other foot and 
lift that foot from the floor to any direction.
Crossed Arms – Partners facing each other or standing side by side join their left 
hands together and the right hands together; either right over left or left over right hands.
Cut – To displace quickly one foot with the other.
Do-si-do – Partners advance forward, pass each other’s right (left) side, step 
across to the right move backwards without turning around, pass each other left side to proper places.
Hayon-hayon – To place one forearm in front and the other at the back of the waist.
Hop – A spring from one-foot landing on the same foot in place or in any direction.
Jaleo – Partners turn around clockwise (with right elbows almost touching) or 
counterclockwise (with left elbows almost touching) using walking or any kind of dance step.
Jump – A spring on one foot or both feet landing on both feet in any direction.
Kumintang – moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise or 
counterclockwise direction.
Leap – A spring from one-foot landing on the other foot in any direction.
Place – To put foot in a certain position without putting weight on it.
Pivot – To turn with the ball, heel or whole foot on a fixed place or point.
Point – Touch the floor lightly with the toes of one foot, weight of the body on the 
other foot.   
Masiwak – To turn the hand from the wrist half-way clockwise then raise and lower 
wrist once or twice. This is an Ibanag term.
Panadyak – To stamp in front or at the side with the right foot and tap with same 
foot close to the left foot. This is a Tagalog term.
Patay – To bend the head downward and to support the forehead with the R forearm or with the crook of
the R elbow while the left hand supports lightly the palm of the right hand. This is usually done with the
left foot pointing in rear and knees slightly bent. This is an Ilocano term and the movement is commonly
found in Ilocano dances.
Salok – T o swing the arm downward-upward passing in front of the body as if scooping, the trunk is bent
following the movement of the arm doing the salok. This is a Tagalog term.
Saludo – Partners bow to each other, to the audience, opposite dancers, or to the neighbors with feet
together. This is of Spanish origin and is used in almost all Philippine dances.
Sarok – Cross the R foot in front of the L, bend the body slightly forward and cross the hands down in
front of the R hand over the L. This is a Visayan term.
Slide – To glide foot smoothly along the floor. The movement may be finished with or without transfer of
weight.
Stamp – To bring the foot forcibly and noisily on the floor with or without transfer of weight.
Tap – To rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot, flexing the ankle joint keeping weight of the
body on the other foot. There is no change or transfer of weight.
Whirl – To make fast turns by executing small steps in place to right or left.
BASIC DANCE STEPS
2/4 time dance steps
Dance Steps Step Pattern Counting
1. Bleking step                  heel-place, close 1,2
2. Touch step point, close 1,2
3. Close step step, close 1,2
4. Hop step step, hop 1,2
5. Cross step step, cross or cross, step 1,2
6. Change step step, close, step 1 and 2
7. Changing step jump (one ft. in front and
The other in rear) there are two
Changing steps in a measure 1,2
8. Contraganza step leap, cross-step, step 1 and 2
9. Habanera step step, close, step 1, 2 and
10. Heel and toe 
      Change step heel-place, toe-point, step, close, step 1, 2/ 1 and 2
11. Shuffling step with both feet flat on floor, take tiny
Slide steps 1 and 2 and

¾ time dance steps

1. Native waltz step, close, step 1, 2, 3
2. Cross waltz cross-step, close, step 1, 2, 3
3. Waltz balance step, close-heels raise, heels down 1, 2, 3
4. Mazurka step slide, cut, hop 1, 2, 3
5. Redoba step slide, cut, cut 1, 2, 3
6. Sway balance w/ 
     A point step, cross-step, step point 12, 3/ 1, 23
7. Sway balance w/
     A hop step, cross-step, step, hop 12, 3/ 1, 23

8. Sway balance w/
     A waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/ 1, 2, 3
9. Engano w/ a waltz step, cross-step, step, close, step 12, 3/ 1, 2, 3

4/4 time dance steps

1. Schottische step step, close, step hop (raise foot in front) 1, 2, 3, 4
2. Escotis step step, close, step, hop (raise foot in rear) 1, 2, 3, 4
3. Chotis step brush, raise, brush, raise/
Step, step, step, close 1, 2, 3, 4/ 1, 2, 3, 4
Activity: Instructions
1. Create four movement combinations 16 measures per movement in 2/4 time signatures.
2. Choose a song/canned music that will serve as the accompaniment of your movement
combinations.
3. Create variations on the movement combinations.
4. Write the movement combinations below.
5. Prepare to present it to the class
 Did you know?

Francisca Reyes Aquino is acknowledged as

the Folk Dance Pioneer. This Bulakeña began her
research on folk dances in the 1920s making trips to
remote barrios in Central and Northern Luzon. Her
research on the unrecorded forms of local celebration,
ritual, and sport resulted into a 1926 thesis titled
“Philippine Folk Dances and Games,” and arranged
specifically for use by teachers and playground
instructors in public and private schools.

In the 1940s, she served as supervisor of

physical education at the Bureau of Education that
distributed her work and adapted the teaching of folk
dancing as a medium of making young Filipinos aware
of their cultural heritage. In 1954, she received the
Republic Award of Merit given by the late Pres. Ramon
Magsaysay for “outstanding contribution toward the
advancement of Filipino culture”, one among the many
awards and recognition given to her.

Her books include the following: Philippine

National Dances (1946); Gymnastics for
Girls (1947); Fundamental Dance Steps and
Music (1948); Foreign Folk Dances (1949); Dances for
all Occasion (1950); Playground
Demonstration (1951); and Philippine Folk Dances,
Volumes I to VI ( www.ncca.gov.ph)

In 1935, the University of the Philippines ( UP) Filipiniana Dance Group was founded by
Francisca Reyes-Aquino which served as the experimental group for her extensive research on the
different folk dances of our country.
It was originally named the “ UP Folk Song and Dance Club”. It was during the time of Cynthia
Abad Santos, who succeeded Reyes-Aquino that the term “ Filipiniana” was used as the group official
name.
Today UP Filipiniana continues its mission of furthering and deepening the practice of Philippine
Folk dance and its accompanying dance forms through research, teaching restaging and participating in
cultural events locally and internationally.
Sources:University of the Philippines Diliman Information
Lesson 2: Social and Ballroom Dances
Objectives:
 Discuss the nature and background of Philippine folk dances.
 Explain how to optimize the energy system for safe and improved performance.
 Organizes dance event for a target health issue and concern

Popular couple dances without set patterns are classified as social and ballroom dances. Most
social dances are characterized by the man leading and the woman partner following whatever steps,
styling, and rhythmic variations he chooses and indicates. 

Social dances are usually done to introduce people with one another during a formal social
gathering or to welcome guests to a social gathering. Many of the social dances like polka and mazurka
started as folk dances while some were deliberately designed for its social purpose, such as the waltz,
regoudon and polonaise (Nimor, 2006). Social dancing is believed to had existed since the beginning of
human society in some forms. 

Ballroom dancing has lots of benefits for young people. It is less threatening to their young
developing bodies compared to many sports such as football, basketball and hockey that endanger
forming cartilage, break bones and in some cases disfigurement cause by various swinging sticks and
equipments. Ballroom dancing provides general conditioning for the body. Mentally, it stretches the
thinking and the “do – it” abilities of the young. The sense of achievement is a confidence builder.
Teamwork of couples is more stimulating to concentration and learning. For older groups, competitive
dancing is an excellent learning achievement and self-confidence. Socially, the young people have an
opportunity to interrelate with others, especially the opposite sex, in a setting that includes discipline and
emphasis on courtesy and consideration for others. Ballroom dancing provides lesson on social skills that
will be beneficial to the youth for the rest of their lives. 

Ballroom dance training offers unique advantages. It is not only a rhythmical exercise that adds
life, graceful muscular movements but it is also a group recreation. A child who has learned ballroom
dancing gains not only improved posture and coordination but ease in relationships with companions.
Dancing is one means of instilling graceful body coordination, it is also a muscular activity that brings
social ease. A girl who has learned to be a good ballroom dancer never fades into a wall flower. A Boy
who can dance is spared from many agonies of a teenage self – consciousness. Children who dance well
are popular, ones instilled, those ingredients of a good manners are never forgotten. Ballroom dancing
offers more than mere steps it includes charm of manners and consideration of others.
COMMON DANCE TERMS
1. To Address Partner is to bow to partner. Facing partner, boys bow by bending slightly from the
waist as girls do curtsy. Curtsy is to bend knees and body slightly with a bow of the head; the
weight of the body is on one foot. One-foot crosses the other in rear.
2. An Amalgamation is a combination of two or more patterns or movements. 
3. An Amateur Dancers is a person who is dancing as a hobby and who does not seek financial gain
from teaching or dancing. 
4. A Ball change is a transfer of weight from the ball of one foot to the other foot. 
5. A Basic figure is a standardized step pattern, which together with other constitute the basics of a
dance.
6. To Brush is to lightly touch the inside edge of the supporting foot with the inside edge of the free
foot between changes of weight. 
7. A Chasse is composed of three changes of weight with a close on the second and may be
performed sideward or forward. 
8. A Choreography is a creation or compilation of steps, patterns and movements, which make up
the dance or a dance routine. 
9. To Close is to move the free foot next to supporting foot with one change of weight. 
10. A Commando is a forward or backward rock and close. 
11. A Combination is a group of consecutive patterns and choreography. It is similar to
amalgamation but it sometimes involves a slightly more advanced set of patterns. 
12. A Continuity Movement is the continuous passing of the step from one step to the next.
13. The Contrary body movement is the action of turning the opposite hip and shoulder toward
direction of the moving leg. It is used to begin all turning movements.
14. A Conversation is a position when partners stand side by side, right hand of the gentleman holds
the lady’s waist; L arm of the lady placed at the gentleman’s, outside arm at the side. 
15. A Corte, in tango, is a stop and change of direction either forward or backward. 
16. A Cuban motion is a discreet but expressive hip movement achieve by bending and straightening
the knees with carefully timed weight transfer. 
17. Dance Sports is the official name given to competitive Ballroom Dancing. 
18. The Floor chart is the ability of the leader to maneuver around the dance floor in a skilled and
controlled manner as to avoid colliding with the other dancers.   
19. A Drop is a theatrical movement in which the follower’s body remains in contact with the floor. 
20. A Fan is a half a turn done on the ball of one foot while the free foot is kept directly behind the
foot on which the turn is made.
21. A Figure is a standardized step pattern that, together with the other patterns, constitute the dance.
22. A Hip motion is a very general term to mean any type of hip movement used in Latin dancing.
23. A Pivot is a turning movement during which the free foot is kept either in front or directly behind
the foot on which the turn is made.
24. A Spin is a turn done in place using both feet, usually done as a couple.
25. Variation is a varied or more advanced pattern than the corresponding basic figure, which still
contains the same main elements. 
DANCE POSITION

Ballroom or Social Dance Position – partners stand face to face, shoulders and hips parallel. Boys
R hand is placed around Girl’s waist. Girl’s L hand rests lightly against his R shoulders. Boy’s L hand is
raised to the side holding the Girl’s R hand. The fingers of her R hand rest lightly in the palm of the Boy’s
L. 

Open or Conversation Position – partners stand side by side, both facing the same direction. Girl
R of partner. Boy’s R is around Girl’s waist in back. Girl’s L hand rest lightly on Boy’s R shoulder.
Outside hands may be joined with arms extended forward or the outside hands maybe on hips or side. 

Shoulder – Waist Position – partners face each other. Boy’s places hands on Girl’s waist. Girl’s
hands are on the Boy’s shoulders. 

Cross – Hold Position – partners stand face to face, R hand joined over L hands, extended about
waist level. 

Promenade Position – partners stand side by side, both facing on the same direction. Girl at R of
partner. The hand crossed in front, R hands joined over L. 

Schottische Position – partners stand side by side, Girl to R of Boy both facing the same direction.
Boy’s R arm around Girl’s waist, her L arm shoulder behind his R shoulder, her L hand resting lightly on
that shoulder, free hands on waist. 

Varsovienne Position – partners stand side by side, girls stand to the R and slightly in front of
Boy. Boy reaches R arm over the girl’s R shoulder and takes her R hand in his, his L holds her L a little
above his L shoulder. 

Swing is a rhythmic rotation of a couple performed with a walking step or shift steps. 

Elbow Swing – hook designated elbows firmly of the hand carried at the height of the locked
elbows. While swinging, pull away from partner at shoulders. 

One Hand Swing – with the elbow bent and down, join the designated hands at shoulder height. In
balancing “pull against pull” while swinging, apply pressure against the thumbs and heels of hands,
pulling away at shoulders. 

Two – Hand Swing – Boy present hands at shoulder height with palms up, elbows close to sides
and should support while balancing “pull against pull” leaning away at shoulders. 

Waist Swing – In a modified closed ballroom dance positions with R foot and hips adjacent the
support weight of the body on the R foot swing, balance “pull against pull”, leaning away from partners at
shoulder. 
 Hungarian or Russian Swing – dancers stand facing in opposite direction with R(L) hips adjacent,
each R(L) arm around each other’s waist in front, on partners hip, L(R) arm curved overhead, both lean
slightly away from each other when turning.

        Star post – Partners are in opposite directions, their right hands holding each other, lady facing away
from audience; while gentleman faces the audience.

          Challenge position- Partners face each other about a step apart without touching.

          Cuddle or skating position – Woman is at man’s left or right side, both facing the same direction;
one arm of man is across woman’s back.
SOCIAL DANCE GUIDELINES

1. Practice correct dancing position even without a partner.

2. Maintain a good standing position. Bring out the best in your look.
3. Keep your weight over the balls of your feet to make you feel quicker and lighter, and place your
weight even on the soles of your shoes. No weight on the heel.
4. Maintain the habit of keeping feet close together unless you are taking a definite step. Feet apart
are not a pretty sight.
5. For a graceful dancing, always turn your toes out, not in.
6. When dancing with a partner, adapt a comfortable position for both of you; not too close and not
too far.
7. Don’t lean forward or backward. Just assume a natural comfortable dancing companion.
8. When facing the audience, the lady is at the right side of the male. 
       

SOCIAL DANCE ETIQUETTE

1. Do not teach your partner on the dance floor.

2. Anticipate the next step.
3. Be confident strive to become a proficient dancer.
4. Don’t show off.
5. Find mutual topics of interest for conversation, never gossip.

Dancing Personalities

Dancing is an expression of one’s personality. We can read one’s personality and character by the
way he dances. Traits such as timidity, aggressiveness, and consideration for others, arrogance, and other
characteristics are revealed when people dance.
1.Dancers who loves themselves--- point their toes too gracefully.
2. The cuddly couples--- are fun to watch if they are not related to you.
3. The bully type--- meanders around the dance floor, pushing his partner into everything that comes his
way.
4. The casual dancers--- girl show that sloppy I don’t care posture and the man just shuffling along.
5. The possessive man--- holds tightly on his partner’s back. His posture is crouching as though ready for
a springing pounce.
6. The jealous girl--- clings to her partner like a glue, looks up in his eyes and is always tremendously
attentive.
7. The timid souls--- could almost sink to the floor if you stare at them. Males have an apologetic manner
and takes faltering steps, barely touches his partner. He is hard to follow because he is too shy to lead.
The girls of this type take uncertain steps, droop their arms and get an until-death-do-us part grip on their
partner. 
In common usage, Ballroom dance refers to the ten dances of International Standard and
International Latin, though the term is also often used interchangeably with International standard dances.
International Style
International Standard dances are normally performed with Western Music. A couple
dances counter clockwise around a rectangular floor following the line of dance.

Costume
Women – full gown          Men       - bow tie and tail coats or tuxedos, vest

Dances:
1. Slow Waltz             
2. Tango           
3. Viennese Waltz 
4. Slow Foxtrot          
5. Quick step

International Latin Dances are performed with contemporary Latin American Music and with the
exception of a few traveling dances.

Costume
  Women – Short skirted Latin outfits  
Men - outfitted in tight fitting shirts and pants

Dances:
1. Cha-cha     
2. 2. Samba     
3. 3. Rumba     
4. 4. Paso Doble     
5. 5. Jive

 
Rumba
The name Rumba was originally applied specifically to the dancing style with lascivious
movement of the hip, bosom and other flexible parts. The Rumba influence came in the 16 th century from
the black slaves from Africa. The native Rumba folk dance is essentially a sex pantomime danced
extremely fast with exaggerated hip movements and with a sensually aggressive attitude of men and a
defensive attitude on the part of women.

The music is written in 4/4 time, which gives 4 counts to each bar of music, 1, 2, 3, 4. The beat
values are 2, 3, 4-1 or quick, quick, slow.

Cha-cha-cha
There are various theories as of the origin of Cha-cha. It could derive from the Spanish chacha
meaning nursemaid, or chacha meaning to chew coca leaves, or from cha meaning tea.  This dance
evolved from the Mambo and has its origins in the religious ritual dances of West Africa. The music is
usually in 4/4 time, sometimes 2/4. The Cha-cha-cha is a Cuban dance, based on the Rumba. Counting is
1,2, 3 and 4

Reggae 
First developed in Jamaica in the late 1960’s. The term reggae more properly denotes a particular
music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady. It is based on rhythmic
style characterized by accents on the off-beat known as the skank. It usually accents the second and fourth
beat in each bar. The music is 4/4 time and counting is 1, 2, 3,4.

Samba
Comes from Brazil. It differs from other Latin- American dances because it is lively and vigorous
and the feet is constantly leaving the floor. It is literally a bouncing step. It involves much knee action
with the dancers’ bodies resembling a swinging pendulum as they sway and turn. 2/4-time 1 and 2

Waltz 
It is the first dance to use closed dance position. The waltz was to be performed solely for the
demonstration of elegance and not pleasure. The name comes from the German word to revolve, turning
with smooth gliding steps. Music is ¾ time 1, 2, 3.

Paso Doble
It finds its roots in the Spanish style music of the 1930’s. It is popularly known as the man’s
dance, portraying the story of the matador with (the female being) his cape where the matador is to wield
his cape according to the anger and intensity of the roaring boar.

Jive
The origin of the word jive is unknown but it may refer to jivetalk, or bad mouthing. This word
reflects the character of the dance for it is sassy and loud. It came from the African American slaves. It is
known by many names, sometimes called Swing, Jitterbug, Lindy hop, or Charleston, although it is
completely different dance. Music is 4/4 time 1,2,3 and 4/ 1 and 2, 3 and 4.
Swing
An outgrowth of the jitterbug, it is marked by quick, strenuous movements sometimes
accompanied by acrobatics in its present form; it maybe a lively smooth dance. Benny Goodman is the
band leader credited with the developing the rhythm of Swing. It is named after Charles Lindbergh’s solo
flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927 Music is 4/4 time sometimes 3/4 1,2,3,4/ 1,2 ah 3

Tango 
Originated in the lower class of Buenos Aires especially in the Bario de Las Ranas. It was first
known as baile con corte- the dance with a stop. It is characterized by sudden changes of direction and its
many flaring and dipping steps. Music is 2/4 time 1,2/ 12

Foxtrot
An American dance evolving from trotting dance in 1913. Dancers gliding around the dance floor
with little up and down motion. It is known as the first truly American ballroom dance, was named after
Harry Fox. Music is in 2/4 time 12/ 1,2

Performance Task:

Covid-19 is a very timely and relevant world health case this year. In relation to this, a healthy
lifestyle is a way to clash with this health issue, and also exercise and proper eating habits are two
factors which avert the occurrences of lifestyle diseases. Now, you are tasked to become an event
organizer. The school will be holding its annual foundation day with a theme: Dance: As a
Hallmark in Optimizing One' fitness and wellness. Your performance must include the following;
Creativity, coordination, and practicality. Note that it will be presented in a Recital Dance Program

Goal To become an event organizer

Role Organizer, Dancer

Audience Grade 12 students, Teachers

Situation Your school will be celebrating its Annual Foundation with a Theme: Dance “As a
Hallmark in Optimizing One’s Fitness”

Product To present a choreographed dance. The dance will be presented in Recital Dance Program

Standard/Criteri Your work presentation will be rated according to standards: Knowledge of Choreography,
a Technical Skills, Performance Skills and Rhythm/Tempo
 Excellent Good Acceptable Partial
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts

Knowledge of Excellent Good Acceptable Partial

Choreography
Demonstrates Demonstrates good Demonstrates Demonstrates
Memory of the excellent knowledge of knowledge of some knowledge
routine and knowledge of the choreography. choreography. of choreography,
execution of the choreography. Keeps up with Keeps up with but unsure of
moves looks true and does it well. group. Few errors, group. Some some
to the moves that however it does not errors(3-5 errors) movements.
were interfere with causing brief pause Sometimes
choreographed. performance. in performance. hesitates/
watches others
and makes
several errors

Technical Excellent Good Acceptable Partial

skills
Dance performed Dance performed Dance performed Only some
Pointing toes, back with great with attention to with attention to understanding of
straight, arm attention to details of most details of technical
placement is not quality of technique, has technique, but elements (ie.
sloppy, moves are movement, body attained proficiency hasn't attained footwork, quality
executed position, in dance style. proficiency in of movements,
smoothly. placement on dance style yet. body positions)
stage and other Some technical demonstrated in
details of dance. errors. performance.
Also
demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
dance style.

Performance Excellent Good Acceptable Partial

Skills
The dancer draws The dancer The dancer The dancer is
Projection of eye the judge in to communicates with communicates with generally
contact and want to watch audience/judges audience/judges focused, but only
cheerful facial them and is able through eye through eye some attempt
expressions with to engage the contact and facial contact and facial made to grab
the judges. The audience and body and body attention of the
dancer is confident completely expression. Is able expression. judges with eye
with movements. through their to engage the Occasionally loses contact and good
performance. A judges. focus. facial expression.
true joy to watch!

Rhythm/Tempo Excellent Good Acceptable Partial

Staying on count Shows a Accurate in beat, Generally accurate Shows a basic

and with the beats complete tempo, rhythms of in beat, tempo, understanding of
of the music. understanding of dance sequences rhythms of dance tempo and beat,
tempo and beat throughout the sequences most of but falls behind
and stays on dance. the time. and/or speeds up
rhythm in places or
throughout the makes errors in
dance. rhythm.
References:

 https://www.britannica.com/art/ballroom-dance
 www. ncca.gov.ph
 Physical Education and Health Volume II by REX Bookstore
 https://www.britannica.com/art/ballroom-dance
 Bronoso, Marvin, (2018) ICT COORDINATOR / MENTOR at The Manila Times College of
Subic, PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance
https://www.slideshare.net/MarvinBronoso1/physical-education-12-nature-of-dance
 Ladaran, Ted Bryan Yap M.A. (2020), Physical Education 2 : Rhythmic Activities. Holy Name
University, College of Education, Physical Education http://hnupe.weebly.com/pe-2.html

Prepared by:

Mrs. Emely T. Nonato

PE Teacher